APPENDIX VI

[461]Bates,op. cit., Maps III to X.[462]Herodotus, IV. 191.[463]Duveyrier,op. cit., p. 318.[464]De Foucauld:Dict. Touareg-Fraçais, Alger, Vol. I. p. 451.[465]De Foucauld:Reconnaissance du Maroc, Paris, 1888, p. 10seq.[466]F. Stuhlmann:Die Mazighvölker, Kolonial Institut, Band 27.[467]I.e.Libyans.[468]Lenz:Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko, etc., Leipzig, 1884.[469]Hanoteau:Grammaire Kabyle, p. ix.[470]De Foucauld:Dict., Vol. I. p. 452,sub“Amajer.”[471]Barth,op. cit., Vol. V. App. III.[472]Or in Air “Imajeghan.”[473]Sergi:Africa, etc., pp. 342-3.[474]Barth,op. cit., Vol. I. pp. 222-6.[475]Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.[476]Loc. cit.[477]Richardson:Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, Vol. II. p. 140.[478]Loc. cit.[479]Bates,op. cit., p. 42seq.[480]Ibid., p. 71.[481]And therefore of the Tehenu.APPENDIX VITHE KINGS OF THE TUAREG OF AIRThefollowing list of the kings of Agades was collected by Mr. H. R. Palmer, now Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Nigeria, in a record which has been referred to in the body of this work as the Agades Chronicle. The information was supplied by a learned Hausa scribe and is derived from Tuareg sources, probably in part MSS. The record ranks as “good oral testimony.” It was published in an English translation prepared by Mr. Palmer and printed in theJournal of the African Society, Vol. IX. No. XXXVI., July 1910. I am indebted to Mr. H. R. Palmer and to Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., the publishers of theJournal, for permission to reproduce the informationin extenso.In the following pages little more is given than the bare list of kings with the dates, but much of the other information contained in the Chronicle has been incorporated in the text of the third, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth chapters of this book. The spelling of some of the proper names in the list and in the text has been slightly modified to accord with the system of transliteration adopted.The genealogical table following the list of kings has been compiled from the information contained in the Chronicle.Date.Name.Period of reign.Remarks.A.D.A.H.I1406809Yunis, son of Tahanazeta20 yrs.II1425829Akasani6 „Son of the sister of Yunis.III1429833El Haj Aliso20 „He was killed by his people.IV1449853Amati?4 „Brother of the above: he also was killed and the dynasty ended.V??Ibn Takoha4 yrs. 2 mths.A new dynasty.VI1453857Ibrahim ben Hailas9 yrs.VIIYusif ben Gashta16 „Brother of the above.VIII1477882Muhammad the Great10 „IX1486892Muhammad SottofeDate confirmed approximately from Nigerian records. He was a contemporary of M. Rimfa of Kano, 1463-99, and Ibrahim of Katsina, 1493-6.X1493899Muhammad ben Abdurahman el Mekkaniyi9 „Son of sister of above: he was killed.XI1502908The twins Adil and Muhammad HammatKnown as the children of Fatimallat. They reigned together. Their date is confirmed by the advent of Askia to Air in their reign in 1515.XII1516922Muhammad bin Talazar2 yrs.XIII1518924Ibrahim24-5 yrs.Son of M. Sottofe.XIV1553961Muhammad el Guddala39-40 „Brother of above (name also given as Ghodala and Alghoddala).XV15911000Akampaiya2½ „XVI1594?—Yusif8 & 28 yrs.Son of sister of above.XVII1601?—Muhammad bin Mubaraki ibn el GuddalaSon of younger brother of Yusif’s father, and presumably grandson of No. XIV; deposed Yusif and was shortly after himself deposed.XVIII1629?—Muhammad Attafrija2 yrs.Son of Yusif: his mother was daughter of No. XIV. Deposed.XIX1631?—Aukar ibn Talyat1 mth.Deposed.XX1631—Muhammad Attafriya? 31 yrs.For the second time.XXI16531064Muhammad Mubaraki34 „? Son of father of above.XXII16871098Muhammad Agabba33-4 yrs.XXIII17201132Muhammad el Amin9 mths.XXIV17201133El Wali1 yr. 2 mths.Brother of above.XXV17211134El Mumuni Muhammad9 mths.XXVI1722?—Muhammad AgageshaSon of No. XXII.XXVII17351147Muhammad Hammad5 yrs.Son of No. XXI. Deposed.XXVIII17391152Muhammad Guwa4 yrs. 7 mths.? Son or grandson of No. XVII.XXIX17441742Muhammad HammadFor the second time.XXX1759—Muhammad Guwa4 yrs. 6 mths.Do.XXXI17631176Muhammad Hammad5 yrs. 6 mths.For the third time.XXXII17681181Muhammad Guddala25 yrs.Son of above.XXXIII1797—Muhammad Dani5 yrs. 7 mths.Deposed inA.H.1212.Interregnum7 yrs.Government of chief learned men.XXXIV17971212El Bekri [El Bakeri]19-20 yrs.Succeeded in 1797, but was not installed till later.XXXV18151231Muhammad Gumma5 yrs. 1 mth.XXXVI1826—Ibrahim Waffa7 yrs.Deposed.XXXVII1835—Guma7 „Killed.XXXVIII18--—Abdul Qader22-3 yrs.Deposed in 1857.XXXIX18571274Ahmed Rufaiyi12 „Twice deposed, finally in 1869.XLabout 18691286Sofo el Bekri? 32 „Four times deposed.XLIabout 19001318Osman Mikitan4 yrs. 5 mths.XLII19041322Ibrahim Da Sugi4 yrs.Three times deposed.XLIII19081336Tegama11 „Died in prison.XLIV1919OmarReigning[Illustration]APPENDIX VIISOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOKA greatstudent was showing a friend over his library, and it happened to the friend to ask the obvious question that has occurred to nearly everyone in the same circumstances. The learned man in reply remarked wearily, that neither had he read all the books which adorned his shelves, nor yet were those all the books which he had read. I would say much the same of the lists which are given below. Many as are the works mentioned, those dealing with Air in any detail are very few.A fuller bibliography of the people and places in the Central Sahara generally will be found in Gsell’s first volume of hisHistoire de l’Afrique du Nordand in Oric Bates’Eastern Libyans.MapsCarte de l’Air: Mission Cortier, Service Géographique des Colonies. Two sheets. 1912. 1/500,000. With a table of astronomical positions.Territoires Militaires du Chad: Édition Meunier. 1921. 1/4,000,000.Afrique Occidentale Française: Service Géographique des Colonies. Sheet 3. 1/2,000,000.Carte du Sahara: Delingette and others, Société d’Éditions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales. 1/4,000,000.Afrique: Service Géographique de l’Armée. Sheet 19. 1896. 1/2,000,000 with neighbouring parts on other sheets.Africa settentrionale (Edizione provvisoria). 1917. Ministero delle Colonie. 1/4,000,000.A geological map and diagrammatic section of Air, in Chudeau’s thesis (see Bibliography).Map of Air and neighbouring parts, compiled from data collected by the author.R.G.S. Journal, Vol. LXII., August 2, 1923. 1/2,000,000.Original sketch maps and topographical data in the works of Barth, Foureau-Lamy, Jean, Chudeau and Buchanan enumerated in the Bibliography.The Anglo-French frontier was delimited by the Mission Tilho. There are various sheets covering the frontier from Lake Chad to the Niger, on a scale of 1/500,000, but they do not extend far into Damergu.General maps of the Sahara are not enumerated. They are many.General Books about the Central SaharaDuveyrier, H.:Exploration du Sahara. (Les Touareg du Nord.)Two volumes. Paris. 1864.Duveyrier, H.: Biographical sketch by Manoir and Schirmer, 1905.Carette: “Recherches sur l’Origine et les Migrations des principales tribus de l’Afrique septentrionale.” InExploration scientifique de l’Algérie. Paris, 1853. Vol. III.Schirmer, H.:Le Sahara. 1893.Gautier, E. F.:La Conquête du Sahara. Paris, 1922.Boissier, G.:L’Afrique Romaine. Paris, 1901.Marmol-Caravajal:History of Africa. Three volumes. 1667.Tissot, C. J.:Géographie comparée de la province romaine de l’Afrique. Two volumes and atlas. 1884-8.Bates, O.:The Eastern Libyans. London: Macmillan, 1914.Gsell, S.:Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. In course of publication. Four volumes have appeared. Paris, 1921, etc.Richardson, J.:Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara. London, 1847. Two volumes.Minutilli, F.:La Tripolitania. Rome, 1912.de Agostini, E.:Le Popolazioni della Tripolitania. Tripoli, 1917.Denham and Clapperton:Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Murray, 1826. Two volumes.Lyon, G. F.:Travels in Northern Africa. London: Murray, 1921.Bazin, R.:Life of Charles de Foucauld. London, 1923.Hornemann:Travels in the Interior of Africa. Commentary by Major Rennell. French edition. Dentu: Paris, 1803.Rennell’s miscellaneous works and addresses to the African Society, and his Commentary on Herodotus.Largeau, V.:Le Sahara. Paris, 1877.Desplagnes, L.:Le Plateau Central Nigérien. Paris, 1907.Linguistic and GrammaticalThe contributions of Halévy, Letourneux, Hanoteau, etc. in various periodicals.Hanoteau, A.:Grammaire de la Langue Tamachek. Algiers, 1896.Masquerey, E.:Dictionnaire Français-Touareg. Paris, 1898.——Essai de Grammaire Touareg. Paris, 1896.de Foucauld, C.:Dictionnaire abrégé Touareg-Français. Two volumes. Algiers, 1918, etc.——Notes pour servir à un Essai de Grammaire Touaregue. Algiers, 1920.Freeman, H. Stanhope:A Grammatical Sketch of the Temahuq Language. London: Harrison, 1862.Books dealing with the Tuareg and the Anthropology of the Sahara generallyRipley, W.:The Races of Europe. 1900.Sergi, G.:The Mediterranean Race. London, 1901.——Arii ed Italici. 1898.——Africa, La stirpe camitica. Turin, 1897.Keane, A. H.:Man, Past and Present. Cambridge, 1920.Boule, M.:Fossil Man. Edinburgh, 1923.Duveyrier, H.:Les Touareg du Nord(Volume I of the work already cited).Cortier, M.:D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara. Paris, 1908.Bissuel:Les Touareg de l’Ouest.Aymard, Capt.:Les Touareg. Paris, 1911.Foureau, F.:Mission chez les Touareg. 1895.——Une Mission au Tadamayt. 1890.King, H.:A Search for the Masked Tawareks. London, 1908.Rinn, L.:Origines Berbères. 1889.Schirmer, H.:De nomine et genere populorum qui Berberi . . . dicuntur. 1892.Buchanan, A.:Sahara. Murray, 1926.Stuhlmann, F.:Die Mazighvölker. Kolonial Institut. Band 27.——Ein Ausflug im Aures. Kolonial Institut. Band 10.——Handwerk und Industrie in Ost-Afrika. Kolonial Institut. Band 1.Newberry, Percy:Beni Hassan. 1893.Rosellini, I.:I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia. 1832-44.Elliot Smith, G.:The Ancient Egyptians. 1923.Maspero, G.:L’Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’orient. 1909.Meyer, E.:Geschichte des Altertums.Rodd, F.: A paper on the Origins of the Tuareg,R.G.S. Journal, Vol. LXVII. No. 1. Jan. 1926.Classical and Arabic AuthorsPliny’sNatural History. Various editions.Strabo’sGeography. Various editions.Herodotus’Geography. Various editions.Hanno’sPeriplus(London, 1797), andGeographi Græci Minores(Editio Mueller).Sallustius:De bello Jugurthino. Various editions.Ptolemy’sGeographyandMarinus of Tyre.The Works of Diodorus Siculus.Corippus:Libri qui supersunt. Berlin, 1879.The Works of Aulus Gellius.Silius Italicus:Œuvres complètes. 1850.Leo Africanus:History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. London, 1896. Three volumes.Ibn Batutah’sTravels. Translation of Defrémery and Sanguinetti. Paris: Société Asiatique. 1893. Four volumes.—— Lee’s edition in the Oriental Translations Fund, with references to Kosegarten’s edition, 1929.Ibn Khaldun’sHistory of the Berbers. Translation by Slane. Algiers, 1852-4. Four books.Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim’sHistory of the Conquest of Egypt. In the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.El Noweiri: Extracts in the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.Abdallah abu Obeid Ibn Abd el Aziz el Bekri:A Description of North Africa. Edition Slane. Algiers, 1913.—— WüstenfelsDas Geographische Wörterbuch des Abu Obeid el Bekri. 1876.Abu el Hassan Ali Mas’udi:The Meadows of Gold. Oriental Translations Fund, 1841.Sultan Bello’s History. See Denham and Clapperton’s journey.Works dealing more particularly with AirBarth, H.:Travels in Central Africa. Five volumes. London, 1857. (For Air, see principally Vol. I. Historical and ethnological references to the Tuareg are contained in all the volumes.)Jean, C.:Les Touareg du Sud-Est; L’Air. Paris, 1909.Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Foureau-Lamy. Paris.Buchanan, A.:Out of the World North of Nigeria. London: Murray, 1921.Novitates Zoologicæ, the Journal of the Tring Museum, Vol. XXVIII. pp. 1-13, 75-77. 1921.Rodd, F.: A paper (with map) on Air,R.G.S. Journal, Vol. LXIII. 2, August, 1923.von Bary, E.: his Diary edited by Schirmer. Paris (Fischbacher), 1898.Chudeau, R., and Gautier, E. F.:Missions au Sahara et au Soudan. Two volumes (especially Vol. II.). Paris, 1908.Palmer, H. R.: “Some Asben Records.” (The Agades Chronicle),Journal of the African Society, No. XXXVI. Vol. IX., 1910.INDEX“A” names, tribal,128“A type” of Tuareg houses,244-6,247,248,249,253,255,258,260,302,316; ornamentation of,246,247,248“A’ada” (right of passage),237Abadarjan, Ridge of,70,71,78Abalkoran, the,379“Abandoned of God,” the,274Abarakan,216,217,238,241,243,299; position of,425Abattul,213,214,388; Itesan defeated at,391; mosque of,213,214,291Abattul, Mount,156,213Abd el Jelil (Selma I),372,373Abd el Qader, Sultan,93,99,100,108-9,117,379,467Abd el Rahman,290Abdallah, King of Bornu,374Abdallah, Abu,405Abdallah ibn Yasin,405Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim,468Abdominal strain of camel riding,180,194Abdulkerim,122,436Abellama,60,69,70,75; position of,424Aberkan, Kel,437“Abesagh” acacia,226Abeshan, Sultan,103Abirkom, Kel,437“Abisgi” bush,82,449; leaf as condiment,160Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in,273,274“Aborak” tree,226; articles made from wood of,229Abscess, native treatment of,82Absen (Air),17,28Absenawa (people of Air),17Abu Abdallah,405Abu Bakr Dau,409Abu Muhammad,176Abyssinia, Semitic influence in,342Acacia, People of the,307,437Acacia trees,58,67,86,211,226,447,449; eaten by camels,199; a defence from insects,121; thorns of,165,166,199Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades,409-10Adamber, the,437Adar, Kel Geres move to,390,391Adaudu,242,243Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan,363Addax antelopes,446Aderbissinat,69-70; fort,70; well,75Adermellen well,451Adesnu, spirits of,279“Adghar,”18n.[18],254Adghar n’Ifoghas,18n.[18],209,260,399Adil, Sultan,409-10,464Adjeur,seeAzger.Adoral valley,242Adrar Ahnet, tribes of,351Adultery not common among Tuareg,177Adze, Tuareg,229Aerwan wan Tidrak,156n.[150]Æthiopia; matriarchate in,152n.[144]; Romans in,323Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the,437Afasas,241,250,436; valley,210n.[200],243,439Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in,248,250,251Afasto, position of,425Afaza grass,158,160,212Afis,315,430; inscription on grave at,260; position of,425Afis mountains,308,314,315Afis, Kel,430Africa, partition of,20,22,25; problem of introduction of camel into,206-8Africa, North,seeNorth Africa.“Africa Minor,”1“Ag Ali” (son of Ali),350n.[338]Ag Malwal,408Ag Mastan,169,353Aga (salt),125,441Agadem,333-4,450; road to,32; well,58Agades,19,84,298,303,405,413,426,440; Air administered from,115-16,383; decline of,411,414; foundation of,102,364,365,409; population of,113,402; position of,424,425; prosperity of, former,411; quarters of,91; races and languages of,117,118; revolt of 1917 and,84,85,86,98,189-90; sanitary system of,91; site of, peculiar,110,112-16,364; Songhai colonisation of,410,440; Songhai element in people of,117; Sudanese in aspect,87,90Amenokal of,seeAmenokal; Añastafidet’s residence at,92,100,145; Barth’s journey to,23; battle at,392; blacksmith-jewellers of,229-30; earth from, daubed on women’s faces,173; exchange rates at,221,414; French occupation of,27,52; French post at,86,91,118,218; gaol of,107; Hole of Bayazid at,281; Holy Men of,290; House of Kaossen at,92-3; houses of,87,90,91,92,246; King of,seeAmenokal; Kings of, list of,463-5; leather-working at,164,165,174,227,228; markets at,91; merchants of,410; minaret of,87,93-4,302; measures of,221; mithkal of,221-2; Mosque, Great, of,86,87,93-4,257,258; pots made near,160,161; prostitution in,177; sandals made in,164,165; Sultan of,seeAmenokal; tribal history kept at,362; weights of,221-2; wells at,90; wireless station at,188; women of,118Agades Chronicle, the,53,93n.[81],100n.[86],102,103,303,362,363,369,379,387,388,396n.[411],414,415; list of kings of Air compiled from,463-5; on selection of first Amenokal,397-8Agades Cross, the,44,277,283,284Agades, Kel,117,130,440Agades, River of,33,34,69,70,71,76,77,78,79,80,81,83,115,119,121,123,127,183,189,258,456; plain of,79,82-3,85-6Agades-Tabello road,85-6Agades-Taberghit road,62Agades-Tanut road,69-70Agades-Termit road made practicable,451Agajida,290Agalak mountains,216,299,301Agalak well,300Agalak, Kel,436Agalenge,428Agamgam,315,318,319,320,321; pool,219Agaragar,239,264,315Agate, ornaments made of,282,283Agdalar, the,368Agejir,239,240,241,429; houses in,248,252; mosque of,255Agellal,26,290,299,302,418,431,437,440; houses in,248,254; position of,425Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar,380,381,432,433; Ikazkazan,437; Imaqoaran,431; present, mixed,440Agerzan valley,243Agewas,320Aggata mountain,33,216,299,300; spirit drums of,279,300Aggata well,299,300,430; position of,425Aggata, Kel,290,429,430,440,441“Agha” (salt),125,441Aghalwen,412“Aghelam,”219Aghelashem wells,9“Aghil” (measure of length),222Aghil, Kel,441Aghimmat, Kel,429Aghmat well,66,74“Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit,23Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air,318,322,324,326; derivation and application of name,364“Agoalla,”147Agoalla Kel Tagei,397Agoalla Mafinet,397Agoalla T’Sidderak,397Agoras, the, of Assode,301,304,308,309Agram (Fashi),413Agriculture: in Air,131-4,135; despised by noble Tuareg,127,134,174,360Agumbulum, the,369,397“Agwalla,”147Agwau,262,314,315,319,430,435; valley,314Agwau, Kel,304,314,435Ahaggar,2,3,4,6,9,18,334, forms of the name,128Amenokal of,169,352-3; camels of,196; De Foucauld in,11-12,13; Hawara occupy,359; Ibn Batutah in,453,454,455,456; language of,12,387; mountains,2,3,4,6,18,332Ahaggar, Kel,17,139;seeAhaggaren.Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus),308,438Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar),109,148,209,345,350,384n.[402],402; works on,8-9,20Originally Auriga,270,348,349,352; Azger and, their origin and connection,349-53; caravan roads controlled by,353; dialect of,270; French occupation resisted by,10,13,328,350,352-3; polytheistic traces among,275; as raiders,182,350,354; tribal divisions of,350-51Ahamellen, Kel,351,352,353,355,359,370Ahawagh,347“Ahel” and “Kel,”129Ahir (Air),454Ahitagel,352Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei,197,210,211Ahmadu ag Musa,210Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan,99Ahnet mountains,17,260,351,352,354Ahnet, Kel,351,354Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek,26-7,127,149,154,155,161,172,180,181,182,215,266,269,270,278,298,305,419,428,438,440; disputed headship of Auderas,142-3; female descent exemplified in family of,149,150,151; French assisted by,26-7,142,290; on the Kel Owi,149,387,389; on Queen Kahena,170,265; raiding reminiscences of,191-3; his son,150,151,165; his sword,233; tribal history in possession of family of,361-2; on the Veil,289; his wife,150,161,172,284Aiawan, the,434Ain Irhayen, position of,424Air,5,6,18-19,112,115,334; as a geographical term,28; attempted identification with Agisymba Regio,318,322,324,325; origin of name of,28; original inhabitants of,138,363-4,365-6; not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks,327Air, accounts of,18-19,452-3,456; agriculture in,5,131-4; Askia’s conquest of,409-10,411; astronomically determined points in,422-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between,384; Bornu and, war between,406-7,412; boundaries of,28-33; camels of,195,196-7; caste system of,136,137-8,seeNobles and serfs; civilisation of, pre-Tuareg,365; climate of,28,123; cotton of,132; Damergu economically part of,47; disease in,178,179-80; dialect of,270,347,349; distribution of,394; drainage system of,23,28-31,71,76,122-3,183,214-15,242; economics of,133-4,218-20; European penetration of,8-14,19-27; evacuation of, 1918,113,121-2,302,309,360-61,426; exploration of,23-4,24-5,27; fair tribes of,162; fauna and flora of,27-8,119,120; French occupation and annexation of,26,27,50,52,99,114n.[104],361,420; revolt against,see belowrevolt in, 1917; geology of,27,31,33-5,76,78,79,183,215,216,241-2; Goberawa in,364,365-6,379,403; graves and tombs of,259-63; history of,17,360-416; Holy Men of,290,293; holy tribes of,290-91,306; houses and huts of,89,90,244-55; infant mortality high in,178; Lemta invasion of,356,358,359; Libyan influence in,403; lions in,119,120; live-stock of,202,204-5,361; mosques of,255-8; mountains of,2,4,5,16,23,27,83-4,156-7,332,334; negroid original inhabitants of,363-4,365-6; oases of,32; population of,402; raids from,190-91; raids on,113-14,188,189,350; rains in,79,120-21,123-4; revolt in, 1917,39,59,60,69,70,84-5,86,93,98,121-2,127-8,185,205,302,309,420; roads of,32,37,38,353-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in,207,213,216,260,263-5,269,271,276,315,318,319,321-2,360; rocks of,72,76,78,126; Roman campaigns near,322,323,324,325-6; Sanhaja in,364,365,368,375,405; scale of life in, former,411; Senussiya in,290; spirits of,278-81; tribal names in,128,129; tribal warfare in,101; Sultan of,seeAmenokal.Tuareg of,seeTuareg of Air; invasion of Air by,359,366-93,394,395,396,397,403,404,405-6; its date,364,371,373,375,381,403,404; their vicissitudes in,401-16; Tuareg symbol for name of,454Air, Central,299,418; belonged to People of the King,394; rains in,123; tribal names derived from,378,380,398; view over,126Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in,394Air, North-eastern: houses of,252,254; unnamed valley of,304Air, Northern,298-329; ancient monuments in,263; evacuation of, 1918,309; houses of,252,309-11,316; Kel Owi tribes of,303-8,394; palm groves of,317; roads traversing,318-22; salt caravan route from,315Air, Southern: Goberawa in,379; graves in,263; servile tribes in,394;seeTegama.’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar,412Ajaraneen, the,368Ajiru,24,129n.[117],146,243,305,436Ajiru, Kel,436Akaraq,71,77,79,82,183,189,418; valley,77-8,258,263Akasani, Sultan,102“Akel,” meaning of,134n.[123],136,367n.[370]Akil,408,409Akir (Air),28Akri,47Akritan hills,47Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos),357,445Alali, Bir,51,52,92Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg,376Alaren (Allaghan), Kel,432Alarsas,121Albes, well of,243Alburdatan, the,437Alfalehle plant,10Alfalehle river,30-31Algeria,41; Christianity in,294; the Circumcelliones,328; French expedition from,25,26-7; French occupation of,22; funerary monuments in,261; rock drawings in,318Algeria, Southern,332,334; French operations in,11; native Camel Corps in,189Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road,353Algiers,418“Alguechet,”6n.[5]Alhassan, the,434n.Ali, King of Bornu,410Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu,413,414Ali ibn Tama el Ghati,96,154-5,191,192,193,280,282Ali Killun,408Aliso, El Haj, Sultan,102,463“Alkarhat,” game of,281“Allagh” (spear),234Allaghan, Kel,432“Allelthrap” (ghosts),281Alliances, tribal,147-8Alluvial soil, Air,31; plain of River of Agades,79,121Almoravids, the,405,420Almoubari, Sultan,102n.[91],391Alms-houses,255Almubari (El Mubaraki),102n.[91],391Alphabet, Tuareg,266,267-8Alwali,96,209-10,211Alwalitan, the,433“Alwat” plant,77,210,211Amadu,154,180,315,418Amahar (form of Imajegh),457-8Amakeetan (Immikitan), the,368,370,429“Amán” (peace),237Amarkos, Kel,434Amati, Sultan,102,463Amazigh (form of Imajegh),457Amazigh, the,458Amazons, suggested explanation of story of,152,170,288Ameluli,91Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades),54,96,97-100,134,144,304,387,409; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first,101,102,104-5,396-7; list of his successors,463-5election of,99,103,104,107,108,109,391,393,432; family of, foreign appearance of,117; family name of,434n.; female descent of,151; first, possibly a Byzantine prince,102,104; legend of Imanen women sent to,384; installation of,99-100,101-2,383,384,391,393,396-7,432; Itesan and election of,100,103,109,379,391,393,397,432; judicial functions of,107,110,141,390; Kel Geres and election of,100,146,384,391,392,393,397; Kel Owi and election of,100,108,383,396-7; officials and courtiers of,106-7; palace of,97,100; People of,374,384,seePeople of the King; position of,101,104-5,107-8,109-10,116,141,144,145,146; precarious tenure of office,99,368,392; revenue of,110; second, Agades mosque presented to,257,258Amenokal of Ahaggar, the,169Amenokal, Kel,seePeople of the King.Amezegzil, the,430“Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”),140Amidera valley,84Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan,413,464“Amitral” (measure of length),222Amjid, wells of,10Ammianus,356Amon, Egyptian deity,295Amosciarg (form of Imajegh),460Amóshagh (form of Imajegh),459-60,462Amulet cases, leather,228Amulets, Tuareg,282,284“Amunan,”459“Amzad” (mandoline),272Anai (S.W. of Murzuk),318,319,320,321,324Anai (Kawar),318Añastafidet, the,96,107,144,239,290,301,302,303,374; origin of authority of,384,386; election of,145; freed slaves of,139; house of,92,100,145,301; position and duties of,107,145-6Añastafidet, people of the,374,384,386,394,429; numbers of,402; tribes and subtribes of,435-9,440Anfissak valley,242; well,242,436Anfissak, Kel,243,436Angels, Tuareg belief in,278Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,1n.[1]Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria,41Anglo-German Convention, 1890,25Anigara,433Anigara, Kel,380,381,433Animals, domestic, Air,202-6; rock drawings of,264-5Animistic view of nature, Tuareg,295Aniogara, Kel,429,433Ankh, the Agades Cross and the,285Annur, chief of the Kel Owi,23,24,108,134,135,146,304-5,308,312,313,435Ansaman (T’in Shaman),364-5Ansatfen, family of,368,369Ant-bear secured by Buchanan,121Antassar, Kel,428Antelopes,446,449,450Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with,173Anu Areran, position of,424Anu Maqaran,215,216,238,243,299,418,434; rock drawing,321-2Anu n’Ageruf, position of,425Anu n’Banka,62,66,74Anu Samed valley,311; houses in,248Anu Samed, Kel,435Anu Wisheran,248,418,429Anu Wisheran, Kel,429Aouror well,74,75Aowjal,seeAujila,368,369“Ara” (salt),125,127n.[115]Ara valley,183,184,216,240Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by,328-9; works by,468Arab country, meaning of term in Air,385n.[405]Arab element among Imghad,138,139Arab geographers and historians,61,468;seeBekri, Ibn Khaldun, etc.Arab merchants, Agades,96,106; caravan raided by Ahodu,192-3Arab raiders,12,13,14,188Arabia,266; question of introduction of camels from,207; invasions from,371Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on,368,369,371Arabic: Temajegh and,271; used by Tuareg,268,269Arabs: Air not invaded by,324; head-cloths worn by,286; Kaossen believed killed by,98; North Africa conquered by,293-4,346,356,371,375-6,404; patriarchal system of,339; raids by,12,13,14,188; robes of,285n.[253]; Southland invaded by,325,326,376,403,444; Spain conquered by,376Tuareg (Muleththemin,q.v.) and,14-15,273,274,287,294,364; Arab influence on,324-5; Arab opinion of,454; connection with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet,339,342; Arab tribes assimilated by,347n.[329],354; Arabs considered newcomers by,170; Arabs called“white” by,162; upper-class Arabs considered nobles by,459Arakieta,238,243“Araruf,”200Araten valley,78,428Archean rocks, Air,33,34,35,78Architecture, Tuareg,184,241,244-59; ascribed to the Itesan,253,377,378“Areg,”274n.[243]Areitun,431Areitun, Kel,431“Argem” (funerary monuments),260-62,263Arguin,332n.[301]Arharkhar valley,156n.[152]Aril, Kel,441Arki, King of Kanem,372Arm daggers, Tuareg,234Arm rings, Tuareg,91,285-6,289Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to,55,235-6,328Ar’rerf Ahnet, the,351Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments,283Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk,45Arsu,304Art, Tuareg,246,263-5Arwa, Mount,216,300,321Arwa Mellen,215,299,418“Aryan,” the word,339Arzuges, the,356,358Asaki, the,291Asawa,347Asben (Air),17,28,313n.[274],363-4,369,403; derivation of,363-4Asben horses,202Asbenawa (people of Air),17,202,313Asbytæ,364n.[362]Asclepias, use of juice of,180Asclepias, People of the,307,433Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in,152,171; religious feasts,274Ashegur well,32,219,315,318,320,321,414Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet),339-40,439Asiu,23,30,31,354,367,455,456Askar,seeAzger.Askia, Ishak,411Askia Ismael,291Askia, Muhammad el Haj,291,409-10; conquests of,116,117,409-10; pilgrimage of,409,411Asnagho, peak,300Assa,125Assada valley,34,214-15,218,298,418Assadoragan,309Assarara,247,314,315,435Assarara mountains,314Assarara, Kel,134,303,304,314,430,435Assatartar,308,314,436Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden),436Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan),430Assawas swamp,31,78Assingerma,241n.[217]Assode,145,233,299,300-303,314,413,454n.[458]; first real capital of Air,303; houses of,248,254,302; mosque of,255,257,301-2; position of,425Astacures, the,356,358Astronomically determined points in Air, list of,422-5Atagoom,185,239; amulets worn by,282; cases of possession in family of,279-80Atan, Kel,433Atara, the,155“Ataram” (west), varying sense of,244,247Ataram, Kel,129,441Atkaki,239Atlas languages,270Atlas mountains,2; MZGh names in,461,462Atrebisa,412Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan,391,464Audaghost, Libyan kings of,404,405Auderas,26,33,155-7,161,214,241,253,404n.[418]; author’s stay at,123,127,154-5,157,158-62,171-2,178,275,279-80,418,423,424n.[436]; basin of,34,131,156,213; cemetery at,181; headship of, disputed,142-3; houses of,213,248; Itesan “Kel names” derived from,380,381; Kel Ataram of,129n.[117]; lion killed near,119-20; measures of,221; plough seen at,133; position of,424,425; possession, case of, at,279-80; rainy season at,123-4; village organisation in,131,142-3Auderas, Kel,440Augela (Aujila),336Augila, people of,282Aujila,318,334,336; story of compulsory migration from,366,368,369; trade with Kawar,369,370Aulimmiden, the,18,101,109,408,441; the Abalkoran and,379; Amenokal and,144; El Baghdadi attacked by,292; horses of,202; Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to,455; Ilemtin a form of the name,355; Kel Geres defeated by,391,415; identical with the Lemta,341,345,355,356,357-8,379,445; matriarchal inheritance system disliked by,152n.[149]; origin of,341,377,379; position of, explained,357-8; raids on,139,190; Tademekka occupied by,345,348,357,387,414Aulus Gellius,468Auraghen, the,347,348,352,354,355; noble in Azger, servile in Southland,348; noble Kel Owi once belonged to,387Auraghiye dialect,270,347,349,387Aureran well,215,299; position of,425Aures, people of,294Aures, Queen of the (Kahena),170,265,294Auriga, the,270,340,341,343,346,347,348,349,352; Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren,353,355,387Ausa,415Austria, “talhakim” made in,282Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the,356,357,358Autochthonous significance of MZGh root,461Awa, tomb of,281Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the,357Axe, Tuareg,229“Azalai,” the,219Azamkoram mountains,418Azañieres mountains,157,308,314n.[276]Azañieres, Kel,145,147,148,243,303,304,435,436,437; legend of the mother of,384Azañierken, the,430,431Azanzara valley,84Azar valley,243Azar, Kel,433Azaret, Kel,437Azawad,61Azawagh (Asawa),347Azawagh, the,32,49,54,61,62-3,80,114,115,242,309,347n.[333],426; cold encountered in,63,167,418; deserted sites in,64; millet cultivation in,74; Ifadeyen move into,209,399; population decreasing in,64; Sanhaja in,364; Tegama of,54; valleys of,61-2,63,66-7,71,76; wells of,74-5; wind prevalent in,63Azawagh, Kel,64,65,80; name disappears,65Azawak,31Azbin (Air),17Azel,428Azel, Kel,427Azelik valley,71Azenata, the,437Azger country, the,9,18,335,353,355,356; Aulimmiden return to,387; Auraghen noble in,348; Ifoghas of,54Azger Tassili, the,260,261Azger Tuareg,17,148,331,335,347,402; Ahaggaren and, origin and connection of,348,349-53,359,402; Ausuriani identified with,356,358; camel brands of,201-2; caravan roads controlled by,353; courage of,354; divination by women of,281; European contact with,8,9; fort built to watch,12; French penetration and,12,18,350,354; Imanen of,348n.[385],432; Imanen kings of,352,353; inheritance, system of,153; Kaossen sheltered by,92; Kel Ahamellen break from,352,359; old Lemta stock represented by,341,348,350,355-9,432; migrations of,18,350; purity of stock of,18,354; raids by,350,354; tribes of, noble and mixed caste,354-5; warlikeness of,353,354; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air,384Azger-Auraghen, the,348,387Azjer Tuareg,seeAzger,17Azuraiden,436Azzal,121,122,436“B type” of Tuareg houses,246-8,249n.[221],250,252,254,309,310-11,314,315,316“Bab Ras el Hammada,”323Babies, Tuareg method of carrying,179Bacos valley,216Badge of office, Añastafidet’s,145Bagai,328Bagezan horses,202Bagezan mountains,23,33,34,84,85,123,126,127,156,183,216,238-40,299,319,384,385,389; an unknown area,238; houses of,239,240-41; limes found in,160,239; lions in,120; name of, connected with Agisymba,324; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi,414Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe,381,385,432; Kel Owi group,184,385,429,435; present, composite,239,240,438-9Baghdadi, El,213,214,215,291,292,293Baghzen, Kel,129Bagirmi,26Bahr Bela Ma,3Bairam, feast of,274Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan,363,465Bakiri, Sultan,99;seeBekri.Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders,180,194Bangles, women’s,283-4“Barbars,” the term,371,372Barca,334; food taboos in,295; the Hawara in,345Bardai,327,335,336Bardamah, the,406; women of,452Bardetus mountain,327Barkasho,169-70Barth, Dr. Heinrich,8,9,21,22-3,28,31n.[36],36,49,118,127n.[115],128,132,180n.[172],214,243,299,362,392;Travels and Discoveries in Central Africaby,14,23,106n.[96],277n.[247],410n.[423],412n.[425],452n.[450],455n.[459],460,461,468; expeditions of,8,9,18,20,21,23-4,36,59,60,61,215; attempts on his life,290,304,312account of Air by,18,28; origin of name of,28,454; Tuareg invasion of,359,368,370-71,382-3,386,387,391on Abd el Qader,108,117; on site of Afasas,241; his journey to Agades,23,70,71,78,80n.[75],122; at Agades,86,87,90,91,92,93,99,117,118; on date of foundation of Agades,116; on the Amenokal and Añastafidet,100,105,108,145n.[135],146; Annur and,304-5,312,313; on Assode,301; at Auderas,133,156n.[150]; in the Azawagh,49,63,67,70,71,78,80n.[75]; on Bardamah women,406; on El Maghili,291-2; on Elakkos,444; on exchange rates,222; on Gamram,49,334n.[309]; onIbn Batutah’s journey,406,454,455; Kanem and Bornu chronicle collected by,372-3; lion’s prints seen by,120; on population of Murzuk,113; on the MZGh root in North African names,460-61,462; as an ox-rider,203; rock drawings discovered by,265,319; Roman remains discovered by,322; on site of T’in Shaman,364; at T’intellust,308,312-13; his quarters there still known as the House of the Christians,312-13on the Tuareg: etymology of word,273-4; absence of national name,459-60; Air invaded by,359,368,370-71,382-3,386-7; date of invasion,382-3,386,391,404; the Aulimmiden, origin of,341,357-8,377; the Auraghen (Oraghen),347-8,387; Azger tribes,355; Damergu tribes,53,54; Elakkos tribes,444; female descent system,152-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding,134-5,142n.[133]; the Kel Fadé,399; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air,382-3,386,387,391; their earlier habitat,387; their language,270; the Kel Wati,412; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding,344-5,359; tribal names,129,130; tribal organisation,380n.[396],393,426,427; women, fatness of,118,172Bary, Erwin von,24-5,146,241,321,355n.[344],468; Air explored by,24-5; boundary fixed by,31; detained at Ajiru,24,243-4; on disease among Tuareg,179,180; on the Imajeghan,139n.[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi,151; on lions in Air,120; on rains in Air,123n.[114]; on social distinctions lost among Kel Owi,144n.[134]; prevented from entering Sudan,24,244; on tribal names,129n.[117]Basalt boulders,210,215,216,217Basalt flows, Air,33,34,119,126,183,216Basin formations,3,32,43Basket, grain measures in,221Basset,206Bates, Oric:Eastern Libyansby,6n.[3],145n.[136],166n.[160],176,267n.[236],294n.[259],336n.[314],364n.[362],466,467; references to, on: the Ausuriani,356; cross symbol among Tuareg,276,278; cross-belts, Libyan,194; eating of dogs,295; female descent,151; funerary monuments,260,262; Imghad and Imajeghan,137; Lebu and word Libyan,337; MZGh root of Libyan names,457n.[461],461; the “penistasche,”164n.[158]; religious beliefs,275; sun worship,276,278,295Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved,11Bayazid, the Hole of,281Bazin, R.:Life of Charles de Foucauld,12n.[9],271n.[240],467Beds, nomads’,212Beduaram,21Bekri, El, Sultan,99,293,325,336n.[316],345,372,404n.[417],465,468“Bela,”134Belkho, paramount chief of Air,24,146,191,243,244,305-6,436; defeat of the Isherifan by,50,75,440Bello, Emir of Sokoto,362,372; on “Barbar” invasion of Air,371; on Goberawa Copts,294,363; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem,369-70,374; on Sultan of Agades,99,108on Tuareg invasion of Air,364,368,369-70; the original five tribes,368,369,394,397,400,432,433; their modern representatives,394-5,397,400Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on,293Belly of the Desert, the,30,347n.[333]Belts, Libyan,194,265; Tuareg,180,194Ben Guten, the,131n.[120],437Ben Hazera,282n.[252]Ben Mubarak, Muhammad,413Benghazi,110Beni Abbes,333,344Beni Dugu dynasty,372,375Beni Ghalgha,372-3Beni Hume dynasty,372,373,374,378Beni Itisan,377Beni Khattab,347; conquest of Zuila by,112Benue, the,30Beranes Libyans,339,340,341,342,346Berber, linguistic sense of word,339Berber languages,270,271; camel names in,206; MZGh root in,458“Berbers”: confused use of term,371-2; applied to Libyans and Tuareg,338,371,372,458,461; Jewish tribes of,294Berbers of North Africa,16; arrival in N. Africa,262; Arab invasion resisted by,170; former Christianity of, suggested,273; funerary monuments of,261; Ibn Batutah on,453; Ibn Khaldun’sHistoryof,295,330,338; matriarchal inheritance system of,152-3; MZGh root, significance of, among,458; origins of,7; robes of,285n.[253]; sun worship by,295; Tuareg and,7,16,371,372,458,461; element of, in Tuareg Imghad,138Berdeoa, country of the,334,335-6Berdianen, the,428“Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri,371,373n.[386]Bettina plant, the,10n.[7]Beughqot,242,390; valley,71,209,210n.[200],218,238,243,244,390,436Beurmann,9Bianu, feast of,274-5Bibliographical material, list of,466-8Bight of Benin,22,30Bila, Mount,157,214,215,216,299,418Bilalen,143Bilasicat valley,243Bilet,157Bilma,21,305,413; French fort at,320; wireless station at,188salt caravan,69,85,114,115,195,210,217,218-20,443; Amenokal’s revenue from,110; number of camels in,218; French escort for,84,218,219; Minister accompanying,106; raids on,218,219,450; route of,32,114,145,219,264,315,320,450salt trade,133,218,219-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for,407,415war of,407,415Bir Alali,51,52,92Bir Gharama, disaster to French at,9-10,236Birds, taboo on,294Birjintoro,46Births, among Tuareg,179,181Bishoprics, North African,293Bissuel:Les Touareg de l’Ouest,10n.[7],351,467“Black” and “White” Tuareg,139-40Blacksmith, Tuareg,155,228-9,230,283-4Blanket carried by some Tuareg,166Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease,203Blemmyes, the,376“Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease,200-201,203“Blue,” negroes spoken of as,162Blue-eyed Tuareg,161Boghel valley,122Bomba, Gulf of,260Books, Tuareg,269; lost during revolt,360,361-2; fragments of, discovered,385Booz,320,321Borgu,336Borku,336Bornu,26,191,192,336,369; on early maps,336,410Beni Hume dynasty in,372,373,374,378; Bulala conquest of,374; Christian influence in,294; history of, chronicle of,372-3,374Empire of,37,47,374,406,410,412; decline of,407; war with Air,407,415,443Kanuri in,335,371,403,407Tuareg arrival in, problem of,375-6; their ascendancy in,372-4,375,376,403-4,406; expulsion of, from,335,358,372,374,375,403-4; migration into Air from,370,371,372,375,376-7,403-4; Tuareg besiege,413Bornu Chronicle,372-3,374,413Bornuwi,44Bororoji Fulani,57-8Borrow pits, Sudanese,90Boucle du Niger, La,30Boulders, basalt,34,183,210Boule, M.:Fossil Man,339n.[322],467Boundaries of Air,28-33Bourgou,336Bouthel, Sergeant,50-51Bows and arrows used by Kanuri,55; not used by Tuareg,235,236Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of,179; dress of,177; upbringing of,177-8Bracelets, women’s,283-4Brahim, Sultan,52,99,108Brands, tribal, on camels,201-2Branes, Libyan family of,338,339,340,341Brass, decorative work in,310Braun,320Bridle, camel,193,231Bridle stand,309Brigands,122British described as White Nobles,459British part in exploration of Central Sahara,20,313; in penetration of West Africa and Sudan,36-7British tendency to belaud obscure races,401Broking centres for desert traffic,110,111Buchanan, Captain Angus,20,68,110,120,121,155,164,238,299; fauna of Air collected by,27;Out of the World North of Nigeria,27n.[31],70n.[67],468Buda,453Buddei valley,127n.[115]Buddei-Telwa drainage system,183“Bugadie,”134Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria,88-9; Tuareg,89,90,248-50,251-2Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by,374Bulls,203Bullum Babá well,446,451Bullum village group,443,446Bundai hills,308n.[272]Burials, Tuareg,181-2Burin,9Burr grass,45,58-9,62,164,165,226,227; seeds ground and eaten,158,160,211Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in,45-6; Damergu,58-9,446; Elakkos,446,447,451; the Southland,42,43Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by,45Bushman drawings,264Bustard,43,265Butter, Tuareg,158“Buzu,”134,135-6,159Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed,102,104Byzantines: emigration from North Africa,376n.[390]; encounters with Tuareg,327“C type” Tuareg houses,250,251-2Ca’da Mosto,404n.[417]Cæsar, camels captured by,206Caillé,19Cairns, memorial,292-3Cairo,20; Arab rottl in,222Cairo-Timbuctoo road,318Calabashes, rare in Air,161; as grain measures,221; as drums,272Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on,293Camel Corps, French,10,11,68,84,188,189,193,198; camels stolen from,188; rate of travel of,193Camel skeletons, palæolithic,207Camel-borne trade, decline of,38Camel-riding, abdominal strain of,180,194; position for,232Camels,38,95,194-5,354; their arrival in Africa, problem of,206-8; breeds of,195-7; delicacy of,198; diseases of,72,199-201; equipment of, Tuareg,193-4,223-4,227,230-31,276-7; fodder of,62,64,199; herding of,135-6,141-2; a popular investment,134; loading and unloading,198,223,224-5; numbers of,204-5,361; prices of,204; raids for,188,190,191; rock drawings of,265; saddles of,223-4,227,230-31,276-7; salt needed by,125; with salt caravans,218,219,220; sores of,72,199,201; technique of travel with,193,198-9; Temajegh names for,197; thirst of,72,198-9,445-6; tribal marks on,201-2; rarely trotted,193Canaan,339Caravan roads,5,6-7,30,32,43-4,48,62,114,145,219,242,264,308-9,315,320,325,443,450; abandoned owing to destruction of wells,60-61; closed during war,361; controlled by Azger and Ahaggaren,353-4; controlled by Kel Owi,390,seeKel Owi road; evacuation policy and,361; the “Garamantian way,”318-20; junction at Iferuan,318; Roman garrisons on,208; and sites of cities,110,111,112,114Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and,145; breakdown of, during war,142,146Caravan wells,74-5,80; rights over,75Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake,11; camels for, supplied by Arabs,354; raids on,50,51,52,59,80,191-3,218,219,450; salt,seeunder Bilma.Cardinal points, Temajegh names for,244Carpentry,228Carthaginians, camels not used by,206Casamicciola,242Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes,355Caste system, Air,103-4,108,136,137-8;seeNoble and servile tribes.Cattle, Air,133-4,202,203,204,205; horns of, anointed by Bororoji,58Cats, Air,203Cave paintings, European,264Cemeteries, Nubian,260; Tuareg,181,216,259-63; urn cemetery, Marandet,121,161,263Central Africa: Arab influence in,325; Arab invasion of,376; bush of, discomforts of travel in,45-6; Empires of,47(seeBornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of,25-7; history of, in relation to that of Air,358,401,403-16; huts of,87,89; Mediterranean civilisation brought to,401; trend of migration towards,39,342Central Air,299,418; belonged to People of the King,394; rains in,123; tribal names derived from,378,380,398; view over,126Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by,12-13,93Central Sahara,2; bibliography of,467; British part in exploration of,20-24; caravan road,318; drainage system of,4,28-34; allocated to French,20,22; guides of,185,186; mountain groups of,2; rains in,28; Roman penetration of,322,323,324,325,326-7Central Sudan, caravan route to,7Centre Peak, Termit,448,450“Cercles,”41Chad, Lake,3,21,23,266; caravan road,7,8,320,325,326,333,334,335,369; diversion of water from,30; French expeditions to,25-6,50-51; Lemta extend to,345; track from Termit to,450Chad area: Arab invasion of,444; early home of the Lemta,376; Tuareg migration into Air from,376-7,378,379,396,403,432,445Chad road,7,8,320,325,326,333,334,335,369Chanoine, Lieut.,26Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air,318-19,320,321-2,324Cheese, Tuareg,157,158Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by,68Chickens,206“Chief of the Market Place,”106“Chief of the White People,”106Childbirth among Tuareg,179Children, Tuareg,174,177-9; belong to the mother,148-9; education of,268,400; naming of,181; suckled late,178-9Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by,375Christianity: question of its existence in Air,256-7,363; former Berber religion,273,274; among the Tegama,53,54; possibly former religion of Tuareg,275-8,293-4; traces of its influence among Tuareg,275-6,277,278,284-5,289,293-4Christians, House of the,312-13Chudeau, R.,27,32,257,468; on Assode,301n.[266];Le Sahara Soudanais,27n.[30],31n.[34],34-5,41n.[45],94n.[82],102n.[89],[91],205,402n.[416]“Cidamus, the people of,”336n.[314]Cillaba (Cilliba),323Cillala (Zuila),112Cinerite, Auderas basin,34,183Circumcelliones, the,12,328Circumcision, practised by Tuareg,179Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of,110,111,112,114Cities of the Desert,110-13,114Citroën Motor Expedition,271n.[239]Clapperton, Captain H.,8,20,21; death of,21;Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa(Denham and Clapperton),99n.[85],362,363n.[359],368n.[372],371n.[380],374n.[387],413,467Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg,376; bibliography of,468Clay amphoræ, grain stored in,317Climate, of Air,28,123; of the Sahara,4-5Cloth, native,164,166,167,194Cochia,404n.[417]Coins, Air,221-2Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh,63,167,418; scantiness of Tuareg dress for,166-7Colocynth, use of juice of,180Colour, used on houses of Agades,92; not used in Tuareg dress,95,96Colouring of Tuareg,161-2,173,367,460Concubinage in Air,170,171; the caste system and,136; impossible for noble women,160,171Congo, French expedition from,25,26Congress of Berlin,25Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from,101,102,104,396-7; list of tribes sending the delegation,397Cooley,Negroland of the Arabs,116n.[106]Copper mines, Tekadda,452-3,454Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air,294,363Corippus,207,295,327n.[294],357,445,468Cornelius Balbus,322,323Cornish, V.,66n.[63]Cortier:D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara,209n.[198],277n.[247],441,467; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar,398-9; Geographical Mission, maps of Air,27,71,131n.[120],156n.[152],183,210n.[200],214n.[206],215n.[207],218n.[208],238,241,311n.[273],314,422,424-5,454n.[456],466Cosmetics used by Tuareg women,173Cotton cultivation, Air,132,227Cottonest, Lieut.,10Counting, Tuareg method of,191Courage of Tuareg,11,169-70,236,237,354; of Tuareg women,169-70Cow-camels,197,201Cowrie-shell currency discarded,221Cows, scarce in Air,203Crescentic type of sand dunes,66-7,68Criminals, gaol for, Agades,107Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament,235,276-7,278,289,293; the Agades Cross,44,277,283,284; cross-hilted swords,233,234,276,289; on pommel of saddle,230,276-7,289; on shields,235Crows, camels attacked by,199Cruciform design, Tuareg use of,seeCross.Crusaders, the,233,276Cubes on women’s bracelets,284Currency, Air,221-2Currie, Sir J.,132n.[121]“Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia),410Curzon, Lord,279Cydamus,323Cyrenaica: camels introduced into,207; the Lebu in,337; raids into, in classical times,356; steppes and desert of,335“D type” Tuareg houses,250,251Dabaga,122,125Daggers, Tuareg,234Dala, King of Bornu,374Damagarim,42,43,44,48,150,218,320,361,443,446; date of Tuareg occupation of,415n.[432]Dambansa,46Dambida,46Damergu,23,32,41,43,44-62,209,309; an appanage of Air,47; Agades Cross in,284; Barth in,23; bush of,45-6,58-9,446; cattle supplied from,203; cultivation in,47,48,132,133,217; drainage system of,46; French entry into, and events leading to occupation of Air,50-52; Fulani of,16,54,55,56-8,203; geology of,46; granary of Air,47; hills of,46-7; measures of,221; negroid inhabitants of,415; oryx hide shields from,235; oxen used in,203; population of,48,64; raiders in,50,51,188,189; rains in,124; revolt, 1917, in,85; Sanhaja in,364,405; villages of,48Tuareg of,47-8,52-3,303,400,446; evacuated from Air to,360-61; their predominance in,54-5; their migration into,377,396,404,415; Sendal possibly ancestors of,396; Sultans of,47-8; tribes and sub-tribes of,18n.[18],400,426,427,428,433,436,437,438,439-40Dan Gudde, King of Gober,392Dan Kaba,55; position of,424Dancing, Tuareg,44,272Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq,50,51Dani, Muhammad, Sultan,392D’Anville,336Darfur, Tuareg in,51Date-palms: cultivation of,131,155,216,217,239,317; disputed ownership of,298; scarcity of,224Dates,160; date of ripening,157; preserved,160; trade in,218,220Daud, King of Kanem,407Daura,41; people of,363Daza, the,336De la Roncière, Charles,19n.[19],[20]Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg,179Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah,453Demmili,47,48Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition,8,20,21;Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa(Denham and Clapperton),99n.[85],362,363n.[359],368n.[372],371n.[380],374n.[387],413,467Depopulation of Air, results of,361Descent, Tuareg system of,103-4,148-53,373,398Desert between Air and Southland,456Desert, steppe and true,2,332,333,334Desert vegetation,64,70,226; hardiness of,67; rain and,124; Elakkos and Termit,445,446,449Desert warfare: small numbers involved in,11; tactics of,236-7Desiccation, of the Sahara,4; of upper reaches of Niger,30Desplagnes:Le Plateau Central Nigérien,261,467Devil, the, Tuareg belief in,278Dianous, Captain,10Dibbela well,21Dickson,9“Diffa” (reception),272Diodorus Siculus,152,468Diom-Talras track,451Dirki,413Disease in Air,178,179-80Diseases of camels,199-201Distance, no measure of, Air,222Distances covered by raiders,188,189-90Divination, methods of,281-2Divorce among Tuareg,176-7Doctor, author as,171-2,178,180,186Dogam village,184Dogam, Kel,381,432Dogam, Mount,33,131,156,183,213,214,215,216,432Dogs: Air,203,205-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans,295Domestic animals, Air,202-6Donatist heresy, the,328Donkeys: Air,202,203-4; wild,204Doors of Tuareg houses,245-6,247,277,309Drainage system of Air,23,28-31,71,76,122-3,183,214-15,242; of Sahara,3-4,9,28-33Draughts, game of,281Drawings, rock,263-5,269,315,318,319; of camel,265; of ox-drawn vehicles,321-2; of shield with cruciform design,276Dress, Tuareg,14,15,95-6,163-7,177,265,289; simplicity of,164; of women,172Drought, former administrative measures against,47,48Drugs, Tuareg,180Drum as badge of office,145Drums, spirit, legends of,278,279,300Drums, Tuareg,272Dryness of air in the Sahara,4Dual administration of empire of Melle,407-8Dubreuil,271n.[239]Duga, Kel,432Dûm Palm, People of the,307,398n.[413],432,435Dûm palms,87,122,125,131,156,158,226; rope made of fronds of,224; sandals made of fronds of,165; wood used in building,88,93,245,249Duguwa dynasty, the,372,373,375Dunama I,373Dunama II,374,406Dunes, sand,4,58,62,63-4,66-7,70,442,446,447Duveyrier, H.,8-9,266,271,322; explorations and work of,8-9;Les Touareg du Nordby,9,28-9,54n.[54],169,180,282n.[252],467; on Ahaggaren and Azger,350-52,353,354,355n.[346],356; on Bir Gharama disaster,10; on dogs of Air,206; on food taboos,206; on the “Garamantian way,”203,318-19,320,321,324; on derivation of Imajegh,457; on marriage system of Tuareg,171; on origin of Oraghen,347,348; on religion of Tuareg,274,275; on shields of Tuareg,234n.[215]; on T’ifinagh alphabet,266Dzianara, the,397“E type” of Tuareg houses,250“Early Period” rock drawings,264Earthenware, Tuareg,160-61Eastern Air, Kel Owi in,394Eastern Desert, roads across,320Eastern origin of camel, theory of,207,208Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of,340Eastern Sahara,2-3; drainage system,3Ebesan, El Haj,102-3Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres,390Economics of Air,133-4,218-20Education, Tuareg,174,177-8,268,400Efaken, Mount,156,213Efale, the guide,125,149,187,225,320Egeruen, position of,424Eghalgawen,68,69,347,412,418,451; position of,424; valley,76,77n.[72]; watering points,76,80,114Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif,71,77,78; fossil trees in,259n.[226]Eghbaren, the,428Egypt: Arab conquest of,404; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea People,337,340; matriarchate in,152n.[145]; raids into, in classical times,356; weights in,222Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air,294,363Egyptian oases, the,334,337Egyptian paintings, of Libyans,194,265; figures like Tuareg on,462Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in,376,462El Golea,9El Suk,394El Suk, Kel,355,377Elakkos,42,49,51,81,357,358,442-8; as battle-ground,396,442-3; bush of,49,58,446,447,451; Camel Patrol of,450; grain of,444,445; name of, its origin,357,445; oryx hide shields of,235,444; plain of,442; rains in,445; wells of,445-6,447Tuareg of,51,303,307,308,370,396,400,440; their migration into,376,377,404,415n.[432]; their predominance in,443,444,445Elakwas (Elakkos),357Elar, Kel,129,437Elattu,96Elazzas, hut foundations at,262-3; valley,216Elijah, the cave of,321n.[280]Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of,278-81; amulets against,282Elmiki (Immikitan), the,429Elmina, Portuguese factory at,409Elnoulli,241“Em” names, tribal,130Emagadezi people, the,107,117,130,410,440Emallarhsen, the,432Emilía,243Emirates of Nigeria,37,38,41; French administration of,42;seeDaura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.Emululi,239,241En Nitra, the,350“Enad” (smith),155,228-9,230Enclosures: funerary monuments,260-62,263; places of worship,258-9,292-3; round Tuareg houses,250,251,262-3“English Hill,” the,313English tendency to extol obscure races,401Ennedi,92Entrepôts of the desert,110,111Envelopes, leather,228Equatorial Africa,2,21; Arab pressure in,376; French, annexed,26; operations against French in,92; rainfall belt of,4; Tuareg migration to,375Erarar, Kel,436Erarar n’Dendemu,156,214,292,293Erdi,335Erosion in valleys of Air,34; of sandstone formations,77,79,81“Ers” (eresan),213“Ers, Rodd’s,”243Esbet,364n.[362]Escherha, the,433Etaras valley,183,243Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of,296Ethnology of Air,28Eti, Kel,412Etteguen, the,429Eunuchs, negro,179European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara,266European penetration, of the Sudan,36-7,38,41-2; of Tuareg country,8-14,19-27European salt competing with Bilma product,219Europeans, Tuareg hostility to,23,24,154; Holy Men and,290Evacuation of Air during revolt,113,121-2,302,309,360-61,426Exchange, rates of,221,222Exorcism of spirits,280Exploration of Tuareg country,8-14,19-27Eye troubles common in Air,179Eyes, Tuareg, colour of,161Ezelu valley,429Ezelu, Kel,429Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil,187; women’s, daubed with earth or ochre,173Factions in Libyan villages,338-9Fadé,23,317,319,320,321,399,400,427Fadé, Kel,169,318,399,400,431Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé,23n.[25]Fagoshia, position of,424Fairness of skin among Tuareg,161-2; a social distinction,162,173Faji, Tuareg village,39Faken, Mount,213Falezlez, Wadi,30-31Fall,51Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families,147; female descent,103-4,148-53,373,398Famine, the War of,414Faodet,253,254,315-16; position of,425Faodet, Kel,430,431Farak,50,51,52,54,59,60,62,439; disasters at,59; hill north of,60; water supply at,59Fardi, Wadi,3Fareg, Wadi,3Fares,304,314,316,319Fares, Kel,149,304,428,435Fasher, El,51Fashi,32,68,160,191,218,219,220,315,413,414,443,450Fashi road,320Fatimite era, the,346Fatness of Tuareg women,118,172,406; a sign of affluence,172Fauna of Air,27-8Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada,95-7Feast of the Veil,289Feasts, religious,274-5Fedala, the,437Fedekel, Kel,437Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’,165Feitei, Kel,433Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg,103-4,148-53,373,398; of kings of Kanem,373Femmes douairières, Tuareg,169Ferwan, Kel,102,104,119,129,150,415,441; described as heathen,258,386; Imghad of,139,398; numbers of,427; origin of,395,396,398-9,427; among original invaders of Air,395,396,398,399,400; tribes and sub-tribes of,427-8; women of, status of,174Festivals, Tuareg,181,274-5Fevers, value of quinine against,178Fez,343,452,453Fezzan, the,8,9,20,112,145,334,335; Ahaggaren and Azger migrate into,350; Arab conquest of,325,376; Azger of,350,354; British geographical work in,8,20; cattle trade between Air and,203; date palms of,317; exploration of,8,9,20,248; French and British factions in,22; anti-French and -British activities in, during war,84,92; Hawara of,347,379; houses of,248,254,255; conquered by Kanem,112,374,406; Kel Innek of,400; Lemta Tuareg of,376,403,445; oases of,6; Okba’s invasion of,376; Oraghen of,347; racial mixture in,16; raiders of,12,13,187,188,350; road from Air to,318-21; Roman occupation of,322,323,324,326,403,445; wheat exported from Air to,133Fezzan, Eastern, the,112,335; story of compulsory migration from,366,375Fezzan, Southern, mountains of,2,3,4Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and,32Fezzanian branch of Tuareg,254Fida, Abul,374n.[389]Fire-making, nomads’ method of,212Firing, camel diseases treated by,201Fish, taboo on,294Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed,318-20Flammand:Les Pierres Ecrites,264n.[232]Flat arm-rings,286Flatters, Colonel,26; French expedition under,9-10,236Flies, a pest, during rains in Air,120-21,125,126Flora of Air,27Flour, millet, preparation of,159-60Flowers rare in Air,226Fonfoni, wells filled in at,451Food, Tuareg,157-60,174,211,212Food taboos, totemic,294-5Footgear, Tuareg,164-6Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for,106,145Foreign origin and servile status,354Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle,407-8Fort Laperrine,12Fort Motylinski,12,13Fort Pradie,51,92Fortified settlements, buildings of type of,389Fossil trees, specimens of,81-2,259Foucauld, Charles de,11-12,13-14; on derivation and use of the word Imajegh,457,458,459; Tuareg dictionary by,12n.[9],269,271,454n.[456],467; on Tuareg religion,275Foureau, F.,36,299,467Foureau-Lamy Expedition,26-7,36,50,51,60,86,99,114n.[104],143,290,316,414n.[429],416; observations taken from,422,424-5Franks, emigration from North Africa,376n.[390]Freeman, H. Stanhope,267,467French, the: African exploration and expansion by,9-14,25-7,37; penetration of Tuareg country by,9-14,26-7,350,352; occupation and annexation of Air by,26,27,50-52,99,114n.[104]books destroyed by action of,361,385; Camel Corps of,10,11,68,84,188,189,193,198,218,219,446,450-51; colonial policy of,42,360-61,416; evacuation policy of,360-61,385; forts of,12,13,86,91,118,218,316,317,320; maps of Air by,27,65,68,71,131n.[120],156n.[152],183,210n.[200],214n.[206],215n.[207],218n.[208],238,241,311n.[273],314,422,424-5,454n.[456],466; mosque desecrated by,385; Nigeria indirectly defended by,85; sedentarism encouraged by,131; seeds supplied by,132; slavery abolished by,134n.[122]Tuareg and, hostilities between,9-11,13,26,51,52,114n.[104],236,328; migration of some tribes from,51,350,352; pacific counsels of others,26-7,51,52,414n.[429]; the 1917 revolt against,39,59,60,69,70,84-5,86,93,98,121-2,127-8,169,185,205,302,309,420French works on Air and the Tuareg,14,466,467,468.See under names of authors mentioned on these pages.Frobenius,264n.[232]Fugda,217,250,439Fulani, the, of Damergu,16,54,55,56-8,203; Agades Cross among,284; Hausa and, feud between,42-3; houses of,89; language of,118,155; musical instruments of,44; a noble race,56-7; in Punch and Judy show,56; tradition of return to the East among,58Fulani, Bororoji,57-8Fulani, Rahazawa,57Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the,37,57,363,415Funerals, Tuareg,181-2Funerary inscriptions, absence of,260,263Funerary monuments, North African,260-62“Fura,”157,305Furniture,309; household, Tuareg,229-30Gabes,337Gadé, Mount,77n.[73],79,85Gado, the,100Gagho (Gao),345Gago (Gao),332n.[303],404n.[417],445,452Gall,52Game: Auderas,184,213; Elakkos,446; Damergu,43; Termit,449,450; T’in Wana,81Gamram,47,49-50,52,60,334n.[309],412,413,438,439; its amenities,49; Belkho’s attack on,75; extract from diary written at,420-21Gangara,44,46,48,57,97; position of,424Ganziga, the,331,332,334Gao,110,318,332,369,374n.[389],404,405,445; Agades as entrepôt for,411; Aulimmiden capture,414; centre of gold trade,411; decline of,411; history of,407,408,409; Ibn Batutah in,345,452,456; Moors occupy,411Gao, King of, tribute from Air to,410Gaogao, (Gao),345,452Garama,112,306,323,326,436; the “Garamantian way,”318-20,321,324Garamantes, the,16,318,321,322,323,326,354,356; ox-drawn chariots of,203,208,318,320,321-2,324; suggested descendants of,335-6Garari,44Garazu, Ikazkazan of,436,443-4Gardens, cultivation of, Air,131,132; carried on by negro slaves,135Garet valley,418,429,434Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres),380,381,434Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek),429Garet n’Dutsi, Kel,434Gautier, E. F.,261-2,468;La Conquête du Sahara,10n.[8],467;Le Sahara,5n.[2],27n.[30],31n.[33]Gawgawa,345Gazelle,43,81,184,204,213,446,449,450Gedala, the,343Gedeyenan, the,428Geographical tribal names,128,129,130Geography, Tuareg knowledge of,265-6Geography of the Sahara,2-5Geres, Kel,17,53; Air invaded by,256,378,380-82,405-6; leave Air for Southland,65,143,366,390-91,392,415; and Amenokal’s installation,100,146,384,391,392,393,397; Aulimmiden defeat,391,415; camels, white, of,196; a Hawara people,65,82,348n.[335],387; houses of,251,253,254; Islam introduced by,256,258; Itesan and, connection between,370,373,378,380,392,393,397,398; Kel Owi defeat and displace,373-4,383,388,389,390,391,392,415; tribal record of,362; tribes of,65,381,422-3; wars of,388,390,391-2,415; women as heads of villages of,169Gergesenes, Libyans related to,339Gerigeri,455“Germa,” root of many place names,306German intrigues in North Africa during the War,12-13,93Gezula, the,343,349Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating,271,350n.[338]Ghadames,7,8,9,21,110,323,335,336n.[314]; population of,113; divination by women of,281Ghadamsi dialect,267,270Ghamarama,412Ghana, kingdom of,404,405,409Gharama, Bir,9-10,236Gharnathi, El,330;seeLeo Africanus.Gharus,438Gharus, Kel,139,143,150,308,438Gharus n’Zurru,69,74Ghat,7,9,20,23,24,114,145,185,335,390; difficulty of transcribing the word,271; caravan road to,30,318; caravan roads from, controlled by Azger,354; cattle trade with,203; development of,111-12,113; Holy Men of,280; houses of,248; Oraghen in,347; population of,113; race of, original,155; raiders from,12,13; religion of, recent conversion to Islam,257-8; Romans in,322,323,326; spirits at,280Tuareg of, female succession among,151-2; Lemta,403Ghati camels,195-6; brands of,201-2Ghela, Kel,351,373Gheshwa, Mount,33; volcanic cone,241,242Ghodala, El (Guddala),413; ruling family of,103Ghosts, Tuareg belief in,278-9,281Ghudet,320,321“Ghussub” water,19,157,305Gibbon quoted,328Gidjigawa,51Giga, Kel,80,429Ginea, Mount,47,51Giraffes,43,264,446Girls, Tuareg, freedom of,173,174-5Gissat hills,214,428Glyphs, rock,seeRock drawings.Goats, Air,203,204,205Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli),52,129,307-8,438Goatskins,223,224; decorated,227,228; for water,232Gober, Kingdom of,363,367,368,403,405; Air receives tribute from,383; Air at war with,392; chiefs of, Copts,294; Kel Geres migrate to,390,391,392; Songhai occupy,409Goberawa, the,363,403; in Air,363,364,365,368; driven from Air,379,381,405; the Itesan and,379God, Tuareg words for,278Goethe,91“Gogdem,”333-4Gogo (Gao),345,374n.[389]Gold Coast, British penetration of,36Gold currency, disappearance of,221Gold trade in Sudan,411,414Gorset, Mount,211Gourara,332,334Gourds,132; rare in Air,161Government of the Air Tuareg,144-8; of the tribal units,147-8Grain: from Damergu exported,47; dishes made from,157-8; of Elakkos,444; grinding of,159-160; measures of,220-21; former reserves of,48Grain pits, Assode,302Granary of Air, Damergu as,47Granite formations, Air,78,119,125“Grape design” on Tuareg pottery,161Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten,158Graves, Tuareg,181,259-63; peculiar form for a smith,229Great Bear, Tuareg name for,226n.[212]Great Bend, the,30Great South Road, the,80;seeKel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with,230-31Grimaldi race, survivors of,364n.[362]Gsell:Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord,173n.[168],207n.[194],208,466,467Guddala, El,413,464; ruling family of,103Guenziga, the,349Guides,72,81,125,149,185-7,225-6,320,447;seeEfale, Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on,409Guinea corn,47,131,133; cakes of,157Guinea-fowl,43,125,126Guinea-worm,180Gulbi n’Kaba, the,33,43,44,46,71Gulbi n’Maradi, the,33Guliski,50,60,451; position of,424; rainstorm at,83Guma, Muhammad, Sultan,392,465“Gumrek,”334n.[309]Gundai hills,308,309,313Gure,42,43,44,442Gurfautan, the,433Gurzil (the sun-god),295Haardt,271“Hád” plant,70“Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the,128Hadeija,21,41Haggar, French form of Ahaggar,128,454; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology of,345,346,347,353“Hair,”seeAir.Hair of Tuareg,161; of children,177; untidiness in, an abomination,117Haj Road, the,20,318Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in,453,454,455,456Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of,331Halévy, J., on Libyan script,267Halo, solar, an evil omen,296Ham,339Hamed el Rufai, Sultan,99Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan,103,109,392,464,465Hammada el Homra, the,322,324Hamid ibn Yesel,337Handful as unit of capacity,220-21Hannekar,59,60,72,74,81,418; track to Agades,62Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by,266,269,271,467; on MZGh root,458-9Harris Papyrus, the,6Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi,330;seeLeo AfricanusHassanein Bey,3,336Hatita camel mark,202Hats, Kano conical,166Haunted places, Air,278-9Hausa, the term,16n.[17]; called “black,”162; commercial genius of the people,38; feud with Fulani,42-3; houses of,89; not pure negroes,363Hausa language,16,17,40-41,118,154Hausaland,218; conquered by Bornu,412; Fulani ascendancy in,56,57,415; Goberawa withdraw into,379; Songhai occupation of,409“Hawar, people of,”325Hawara, the,65,270,274,325n.[290],341,359,385n.[405]; ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes,270,345,349,359,387; “Arabisation” of,346-7; Auriga the same as,341,343,346,347,349,387; home of,345; Ibn Khaldun on,341,343,345,346,347,353,379; Kel Geres descended from,65,82,348n.[334],387; division of Libyan family,341,343,346,347; Lemta people and,345,346,348,353; not all Tuareg,346-7Hawarid origin of the Lemta,345-6,353,359Hawk’s head as amulet,282Head-cloths, Arab use of,286Head-piece, camel’s,276Head-ropes, camel’s,193,224,228Head-stones on graves,260Headmen, village,127-8,131,339Heaven, Tuareg belief in,278Height of Tuareg,163Hell, Tuareg belief in,278Henna, use of,173Herding, live-stock,135-6Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg,151Hernia frequent among Tuareg,180Herodotus,7,176,206,208,281,282,295,324,365,369,457,468Heskura, the,343,349“Hill of the Christians,” the,313Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by,376,404Himyarite tribes,341; invasion of,342Himyer,341,371Historical works, native,360,361-2History, Tuareg knowledge of,265,360,361-2Hobble ropes,224Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar,128Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of,281Holy Books, niches in houses for,247Holy Men,289,290,293,316,355,357,405; amulets manufactured by,282; children named by,181; divination by,281; as exorcisers,280; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by,190Holy tribes,290-91,306,355,357,437,438,439,440Hornemann, F. C., expedition of,8,19-20,336; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air,383,386; on the Tegama,53; on Tuareg ascendancy in Gober,392; work by,19n.[22],336,467Horses, Air,202Hospitality, Tuareg laws of,210,237House of the Christians,312-13House-flies, country infested by, during rains,120,121,125Household duties, Tuareg,174Household slaves,134,136Houses: Central African,87,89; Northern Nigerian,87-8,89; Sudanese,87,88,90; Tuareg, various types of,89,90,92,181,184,239,240-41,244-55,256,302,309,310-11,314,315-16; attributed to the Itesan,239,244-6,251,252,253,254,377-8,381,389,393; fortified type,389Huart, C.:Arabic Literature,292n.[256]Human figure, rock drawings of,265Hume, King of Kanem,372;seeBeni Hume.Huts, Tuareg,184,253,254; stone circles round,262-3; on raised plinths,262-3“I names,” tribal,128,130,139,303-4,306,352,400,430; lost,395Iabrubat (Iburuban), the,434Ialla (God),278Ibandeghan, the,52Ibanderan, the,437Iberdianen, the,428Iberkom,316Iberkom, Kel,437Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the,379Ibn Abd el Hakim,325n.[289]Ibn Assafarani,369Ibn Batutah,18,19,452,468; account of Air by,18,19,452-3,456; Agades not mentioned by,116; his journey,114,406,452-6; on female descent,103,151; on the Mesufa,175-6,364,405Ibn Ghania,343,407Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman,151n.[141],293,294n.[258],295,325n.[289],330,337-43,371,377,468; classification of the Libyans by,338-43; on the divisions of the Muleththemin,349,379; on the origin of the Tuareg,343-4,345,346,347,348,353,379Ibogelan, the,351Ibrahim, Sultan,464Ibrahim Dan Sugi,99Ibram, Chief of the Tegama,53Iburuban, the,434Ibuzahil,102,104Ice in the Sahara,4Idakka, Kel,438Ideleyen, the,428Idemkiun, the,441Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo,407Idikel, position of,424I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg,460Ido well,450Idris, King of Bornu,410Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu,412,413,414Idrisi, El,337,369,374n.[389]“Iet,” Tuareg letter,276Ifadalen, the,397,400,438; Damergu,440Ifadeyen, the,60,65,74,80,82,191,209,395,428,431,436; of Damergu,440; literacy of,268,400; nomadism of,400; origin of,399-400; wells attributed to,74Ifagarwal, the,437“Ifarghan, village of,”156n.[150]Iferuan,26,114,115,122,129,189,218,246,290,302,308,311,315,317,418; French fort at,316; houses at,248; Kel Ferwan move from,389; Kel Ferwan named after,395,427; position of,424n.[435],425; rains in,123,124; roads meeting at,318,319; valley,258Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan),437Iferuan-Ghat track,185Ifli, Wadi,452n.[449]Ifoghas, the,52-3,54,254,327,394,428,441; of the Azger,18n.[18]; of Damergu,18n.[18],80,439; a holy tribe,355,357,439; probably Lemta,355-6,357,358Ifoghas n’Adghar,18,52,398-9Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar),18,52,398-9Ifrikiya,325,341; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs,170,265; the Hawara in,345Ifrikos,341,371Ifuraces, the,327,356,357,358,439“Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels,196Igademawen, the,243,306,436Igdalen, the,162,355,380,394,395,400,441; of Damergu,440; a holy tribe,290; Imghad among,394; their migration into Air,373,378,380,394,395Igedeyenan, the,428Igermaden, the,146,243,303,306,436; chief of,seeBelkho; massacre of,191; tribes and sub-tribes of,436Igerzawen, the,437Ighaghar basin,9,10,28Ighaghrar valley,156n.[152],214Ighazar basin, the,23,26,34,241n.[217],264,308,315,316,395,437; evacuated during revolt,122; Kel Owi occupy,308,389,427; measures used in,221; palm trees of,316,317; villages of,316,318; wheat cultivation in,133Ighazar, Kel,122,436-7,441Ighazar n’Agades,78Ighelablaban,239Ighelaf wells,451Ighelaf, Kel,60,433“Ighillan” (measure of length),222Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel,433Ighzan,33Igidi, desert of,332,333-4Igidi, the,358Iguendianna, the,428Igululof,309-11; houses in,248Igululof, Kel,304,435Igururan, the,304,435Ihadanaren, the,128,354Ihagarnen, the,162n.[156]“Ihaggar” (Ahaggar),128Ihaggaren, the,162n.[156]Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe,355Ihrayen spring,62,70,71Ihrsan, the spirits of,279Ijanarnen, the,395,433Ijaranen, the,378,394,395,400,403,433Ikadeen, the,351Ikademawen (Igademawen), the,436Ikaradan, the,117,430,441Ikawkan, the,428Ikazkazan, the,128,145,169,290,303,307-8,318,437-8; in Damergu,52,303,436,440; in Elakkos,303,307,308,443-4; Imghad of, called heathen,273; tribes and sub-tribes of,52,129,307-8,437-8,441Ikelan, the,134,135,136,155Ikerremoïn, the,351Ilaguantan, the,357,358Ilagwas (Elakkos),445Ilagwas, the,370Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with,445Ilemtin, the,355-6,358Ilettan,404“Illeli,”459Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word,457-62; a caste appellation,458,459,460Imajeghan (nobles,q.v.),15,170,171,354-5; Ahaggaren,350-51,352; Azger,348,354-5; dark colouring of,162; diminishing numbers of,150; marriage tribute payable to,141; among Kel Owi,144n.[134]; relations of Imghad and,137,138,139,140-43Imajeghan n’Arab, the,459Imam, the, Agades,96,97Imanen, the,354,355,400,432; affinity with the Itesan,384-5Imanen Kings of Azger,348,352,353Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes,384,392Imanghassaten, the,354Imaqoaran, the,52,395,396,397,398,400,431Imarsutan, the,52,304,435; Kel Tagei of,398,435Imaslagha, the,134,303,304,314; tribes and sub-tribes of,134,303-4,435-6Imasrodang, the,129,303,306,436; tribes and sub-tribes of,129,306,436-7,440,441“Imawal” (part of the Veil),287,288Imazir (form of Imajegh),457Imettrilalen, the,354Imezegzil, the,303,384,395,400; tribes and sub-tribes of,429,430Imghad (serfs),15,105,128,137-8,142,351; Barth’s error regarding,461n.[475]; categories of,138-9; concubinage and,138-9; dark colouring of,162,366; Imajeghan and, relations between,137,138,139,140-43; among Kel Owi,144n.[134]; lists showing tribes of,427-31,435-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as,138,365-6; nobles, conquered, as,138,394,460; origins of,137-8,139,365-6,394,460; prosperity of,137,142; racial types in,137,138; slaves rise to be,135; status of,105,140-43,150; veils, distinguishing, worn by some,139-40Imi n’Aghil,247Imi n’Ataram,247Imi n’Innek,247Imi n’Tasalgi,247Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the,431Immedideran, the,307,437; founders of Timbuctoo,407Immidir, Wadi,31Immikitan, the,243,303,304,371,429,443; of Assatartar,436; of Elakkos,370,440,443; name used for Tuareg,396; one of original five tribes,370,378,394,395-6,397,400,429,443; tribes and sub-tribes of,429-30Imohagh (form of Imajegh),457Imohaq (form of Imajegh),457Imóshag (form of Imajegh),457,459Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan),438Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan),50,52,428; hostilities with French,51,52Imuzuran, the,428In Abbagarit, position of,425In Allaram, position of,425In Asamed,26,30,31,33,54,59,61,62,123; filled in,60In Azawa,260,317,318,354,455,456In Bodinam,240In Gall,114,189,317,318,402,441,456; position of,424In Gall, Kel,441In Gezzam, position of,425In Kakkan, position of,425In Salah,30,111In Wadjud,430Inafagak valley,61Inardaf, the,433Independent tribes, Kel Owi,438-9Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of,163,164,177; the Veil made of,140,287Indigo plant,132Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun,163Industries, Tuareg,131,164-6,174,227-30,231,277,310; in women’s hands,174,227Inemba Kel Emoghi, the,350Inemba Kel Tahat, the,351Infant mortality high among Tuareg,178Infanticide,175Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in,151-3; of women’s property,168Inisilman (Holy Men),54,154,290,291; Azger tribes of,355;seeHoly Men and Holy tribes.Innek, Kel,129,369; first Tuareg to enter Air,254,369,370,375,397,398,400; sub-tribe of the Itesan,370,398,432Innek, Kel (unlocated),441Inscriptions: on arm rings,286; on graves,260; on rocks,213,260,264,268-9,271,315,360Insect pests during rains in Air,120-21,125-6Installation of Amenokal,99-100,103,108,109,379,383,391,393,397,432Intadeini,434Intadeini, Kel,434Intayet,430Inter-breeding in camels, result of,196-7Intirza, Kel,307Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak),433; (Kel Owi),435,436Inwatza,418Inzerak,214,215Ir n’Allem,122,365Iralghawen (Eghalgawen),347Irawattan, the,427Irawellan (outdoor slaves),134,135,155; numbers of,402Iraz, Sultan,406n.[422]Irejanaten, the,151Ireshshumen, the,351Irkairawan, the,434Irmakaraza, the,434“Irolangh,”134Iron in well, alleged effect of,453Iron-working, Tuareg,229Irratemat(sandals),165n.[159]Irrigation, Air,131,132,133,239Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades,102,104Isagelmas valley,80,82Isakarkaran, the,428Ischia, lava flows on,242Ishaban, Kel,355Isherifan, the (of Gamram),50,52,60,439; a holy tribe,290,438; Belkho’s defeat of,50,75,440Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak),433Ishnegga, the guide,72,81Islam: introduction of, into Air,256-8; Maliki sect of,291-2; matriarchate modified by,152; new spirit in,12,13; Tuareg conversion to, and lax practice of,273,274,290,291,293,324-5; women’s position under,152,168,170,174Issala, wells of,9Istambul (Constantinople),101,266Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements,8Itesan, the,109,214,253,394,406; original invaders of Air,244,253,254,370,373-4,378,379,380,381,395,400,432; leave Air for Southland,366,373-4,377,392,393,398,432; and the election of the Amenokal,100,103,109,379,391,393,397,432; the Goberawa and,379; houses attributed to,239,244-6,251,252,253,254,377-8,381,389,393; “Kel” names among, origin of,378,380,381,398; connection between the Kel Geres and,370,373,378,380,392,393,397,398; migration westward of,251,252,377,389,398,413; among the Sanhaja,377; tribes and sub-tribes of,380-81,398,432-3; wells attributed to,300,377,378Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek),429; (independent),438Itziarrame, the,432Iuraghen, the,347Iwarwaren, the,162Izagaran (Izagharan), the,52,397,400,440Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg,162n.[156]Izagheran, the,52Izar, Sultan,406Izarza, the,430-31Izarzaran, the, Damergu,440Izenan, the,434Izeyyakan, the,303,431,435“Izghan,”117Izirza, Kel,429Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades,102,104Izumzumaten, the,429Jackals,125Jado oasis,320,321,326,334Jaghbub,3Jajiduna,47,48; French fort at,51Jalo,3Janet,12,53,185Jauf,347n.[333]Jawan,325Jean, Lieut. C.,27,238,387;Les Touareg du Sud-Estby,14,28,50n.[50],94n.[82],101n.[88],102n.[89],[91],107n.[98],120n.[110],174n.[169],274n.[245],281n.[251],390n.[407],468; Agadesoccupied by,52; on Assode,301; astronomical observations made by,422,424,425; on Bornu wars with Air,413; on Egyptian influence in Air,363n.[360]; on French colonial policy,416; on the houses of Bagezan,240-41; live-stock census by,204; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air,380,391; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air,257n.[225],382,386; on date of mosques of Air,256,257; on polygamy in Air,170-71; on population of Air,402; on tribal origins and organisation,383-4,387,393,395,426,427,428-31,435-6,439-41,443-41; tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by,397; on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date,256,362,371,382,386,404; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos,415n.[432],443,444Jedala (Jadala), the,331,343,348,349Jekarkaren, the,428Jenne,409,411“Jenun” (Jinn),278n.[249],280Jerboa considered unclean,294Jerma,112,306,321,323,325,436Jewellers, Agades,229Jews, “Berber” tribes as,294; massacre of, in Tuat,291,292Jinns: amulets against,282; Tuareg tales of,278-81Joalland, Lieut.,50Jodar, Basha,411John, Byzantine general,327John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades,102,103,104,463Jokto, the,412-13Juba,206Judaism in North Africa,294Justice, system of, Agades,107,110Kadhi, the, Agades,96,107; house of,92Kaffardá valley,63Kahena, Queen,170,265,294Kahir (Air),406,454Kahor (Air),453,454,455Kaimakam,25Kalama,226Kalenuzuk, the,428Kallilua,46,48Kanem,369; chronicle of,372-3,374; Bornu dynasty expelled from,374,375; Fezzan overrun from,112,374,406; Kanuri seize power in,369,370,371-2,374,407; Tuareg as rulers of,371,372-3,374,375; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from,371-2,374,375; Tuareg invade Air from,369-70,372,375Kanem, Empire of,374,410Kano,38,44,106,110,291,335,413,418,419; Agades deserted for,411; annexation of,137; Bornu conquers,412; cloth of,164,166; country round,41; Fulani in,57; houses of,87,90; industries of,164,166; Kel Owi attack on,415; modern prosperity of,418,419; railway from Lagos to,38; Senussi “zawia” at,48; slave market in,38; Songhai attack on,410; Tuareg migrate to,38,39,361,411Kano, Emirate of,37Kanuri, the,16,49,117,218,441; Agades Cross among,284; as “Barbars” or “Beriberi,”371; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by,335,371-2,374,375,403,404; in Damergu,42,43,47,55,56; Daura conquered by,363; in Elakkos,443,446; Goberawa conquer,363; hair dress of,44; settlement and rise to power in Kanem,369,370,371-2,374,407; Kawar conquered by,335; language of,16,118,373n.[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by,335,358,369-70,372,375,404,414,415,444; their name for Tuareg,412n.[426]Kaossen,69,84,86,92-3,99,185,385,420; the House of, Agades,92Karawa,46“Karengia” grass,58-9,62;seeBurr grass.Karnuka,155Karruwe (weight),222Kashwar n’Tawa,68Kaswa n’Rakumi,91Katanga,91Katchena, Kel,40,117Katsina,38,110,291,413; Agades deserted for,411; annexation of,37; El Baghdadi preaches in,291,292; Fulani in,57; Itesan attack,391; slave market in,38; Songhai occupation of,409,410; Tuareg migrate to,39,361,411,427Katsina, Emir of,39Kaukau,345Kawa,414-15Kawar,31,32,98,218,334,335,369; caravan road by,7,8,37,318,320,325,358,369,403,443,446,450; Kanuri conquer,335,406; Okba’s campaign in,325,326n.[292]; pastureless,219; raids on,182,188,191,350Kawar road,318,320,325,358,369,403,443,446,450Kawkaw (Gao),452Kawkaw (Kuka),445Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes,335-6Kebbi,413“Kel” names, tribal,128-30,139,303-4,370; among the Itesan, derivation of,378,380,381Kel Aberkan,etc.,see underAberkan, Kel,etc.Kel Owi road,61,74-5,308,319,320,383,390.See also“Tarei tan Kel Owi.”Kelama,187Kelghimmat, the,429Kerfeitei, the,433Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s,406,453,454-5,456Keta valley,61,64Ketama, the,340,341,343,349,351Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to,101,102,104,105“Khans,”255Kharejite schism, the,346Khodi,142-3,185,438Khoms,21Kidal,52Kidigi,60Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg,412n.[426]King,seeAmenokal.Kings of Agades, list of,463-5“Kipti” (Copts) in Air,294,363“Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the,168Knives, Tuareg,234,236“Kohl” (antimony), use of,173Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister),106,406“Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the,20Korunka,180n.[172]Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by,452,453,468Kufara (heathen),273Kufra,3,6,98,335,336; a Senussi centre,336Kugha,404n.[417]Kuka,21,332n.[303],345,415,445Kukia, Libyan dynasty of,404Kunta, the,355“Kus-kus,”133,157-8Kuttus,42Laghuat,111Lagos,38,419; railway to Kano from,38Laguatan, the,357Lake, Gamram,49; rumoured, in Bagezan,238Lake Chad,seeChad, Lake,andChad area.Lamini, Sultan,413Lamy, Commandant,26,36;seeFoureau-Lamy Expedition.Land settled on chief women,169Language, Tuareg (seeTemajegh),15,339; words associated with Christianity in,277Laperrine,11,12Laperrine, Fort,12Laterite rock, disintegrating,449,450Latif, Sheikh el,192Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air,422-5Lava flows, Air,216,241-2Lazaret, Kel,437Leather and metal decoration,277,310Leather pouches, amulets in,282,284Leather-working industry,174,277-8; in women’s hands,174; decorated luggage rests,277; riding saddles,230-31,377Lebetae,337Lebu, the,337Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah,452-3,468Legends, Tuareg,279,280,281Lemta, the,254,331; Ahaggaren and,345; Aulimmiden as part of,341,345,355,356,357-8,379,445; Azger Tuareg as,331,335,341,348,350,351,352,355,357,358,432; area occupied by,331,334,335,341,344,345,355,356,357,358,370,445; Barth’s error regarding,344-5,358; Bornu Tuareg as,376; Hawarid origin of,345,346,353; Ibn Khaldun on,340,343,345,346,353; Ifoghas as,355,356,357,358; Ilemtin represent,355,358; Lemtuna and, confusion between,344-5,358; Leo Africanus on,331,334,335,344,345,349,355,356,357,358,359,370,445; as a Libyan people,331,334,335,340,341,343; migration of, south and west,341,345,356,357,358-9,376-7,378,379,445; original stock of first and last migrants into Air,254,345,349,356,359,370,403; Tuareg invasion of Air involved by migration of,358-9,377,379,403,445Lemtuna, the,331,343,344,349,358,404; confused with Lemta,344-5,358Length, measure of Air,222Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,”458Leo Africanus,6n.[5],110n.[101],330,347n.[333],363n.[361],468; account of Agades by,19,410; account of Air by,18,19,359; on the Amenokal,97n.[83],99,108,110n.[101]; Kel Owi not mentioned by,383,386; on the Lemta,331,334,335,344,345,349,355,356,357,358,359,370,445; on the divisions of the Muleththemin,330-31,332,334-5,337-8,343,344,345,348,349; on areas and tribes of the Sahara,330-35,336-7,343,344,345,355,356,357,358,359,364Leptis Magna,207,208“Leuata,” the,337Leucæthiopians, the,173n.[168],307Levata, the,337,340,357Library, Assode, remains of,302Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on,330-35,336-7;seeLibyans.Libyan, origin of word,337Libyan desert, the,3,334,335,336,337; story of compulsory migration from,366; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of,366,376Libyan dynasty, Kukia,404Libyan influence in Air and the Southland,403,405,406Libyan names, the MZGh root in, and its significance,339,356,457-62Libyans, the,16,164n.[158],262; areas and peoples of,330-35,336-7,338-43,356; belts worn by,194,265; term used for Berbers,7,371,372n.[382]; classification of, by Ibn Khaldun,338-43; descentfrom Prophet claimed by,339-40,342; dogs ceremonially eaten by,295; Eastern origin of, legendary,340; facial characteristics of,187; Leo Africanus on,330-35,336-7; marriage customs of,176; migration of, legendary,366-7; nationalism among,12-13; origin of, mixed,340,458,462; sun worship among,12-13; Tuareg relationship with,7,262,341,342,356,366,462; women, status of, among,151,152Libyans, Eastern, work on,seeBates.Libyans, Meshwesh,151,337,356,457,461,462Lime trees,160,239Lion claws as amulets,282Lions still seen in Air,119-20Literature, Tuareg,173,263; historical works,360,361-2Litham(the Veil),329,330Live-stock industry, Air,133-4,190,202-5; evacuation policy and,361; herding carried on by slaves,135-6Lizards, taboo on,294Load ropes,224Loading and unloading camels,198,223,224-5Lollius, L.,207Louata, the,340,357Love affairs, Tuareg,174-5,176Lugard, Sir F.,37,42Luggage rests, decorated,230,310Lyon, G. F., work by,21,467Lyon expedition, the,8Ma el Fares,325-6Macae, the,457,461,462MacGuire, Corporal,21Macii, the,460Madghis, Libyan family of,338,339,340,341Mafaras,326Mafinet hills,156; valley,131n.[120]Mafinet, Kel,381,432; Agoalla of,397“Magadeza,” the,106-7Magazawa Hausa women,44Maghili, El,291,292,293Maghrabi camels,196Maghreb, the,339Maghzen (Bagezan), Kel,381,432Magic square, rock drawing of,321Magnesia, battle of,206Maisumo valley,69; well,74,76“Makam el Sheikh ben Abd el Kerim,”292Maket n’Ikelan,138; tradition of,367-8,373,381,383,392,414n.[429]Malabar Indians, laws of inheritance among,151Malam Chidam,46Malaria,178,179,181,186Maliki sect, people of Air belong to,291,292Mallamei, the,439Manding origin of leather industry,227Manen, Kel,400,432Manga,21Mange in camels,201Manna, Leo Africanus on,19Mansa Magha,408Mansa (Kunkur) Musa,407,408Mansur, El,337Manumission of slaves,135,137,138,140,141Manuscripts found at Assode,302Maouen (Mawen), Kel,430Maps, Tuareg comprehension of,266Maps of Air,466-7;seeCortier.Maqrizi, El,372n.[383],374n.[389]Maradi,42,411Marandet,77,119,121; position of,424; urn cemetery at,121,161,263Marcellinus, Ammianus,207n.[191]Mari, Mount,242,308,390Mari well,242Mari Jatah I,407Mari Jatah, Vizier,408Maria Teresa dollars,221,222Marinus of Tyre,323n.[283]Markets, development of, along caravan roads,110Marmol,116Marriage, Tuareg system,170-71,174,175,196-7; festivals,181; late in life,173,289; not arranged,174; by purchase,181; wife’s intimate male friends,175-6Marriage portions,177; Imghad, part payable to Imajeghan,141Masalet,69,81,114Masa’udi, El,337,345,371,468Maspero, G.,286,468Masquerey, E., dictionary and grammar of Temajegh by,222n.[211],266,271,459,467“Masri” blades,233Masson, Captain,10“Master of the Interior of the Palace,”106Matali, chief of the Ifadeyen,399Maternus, Julius, in the Fezzan,323,326Matriarchate, the,151-3Matriarchy among Tuareg,103,148-53,170,171; and monogamy,171Mats,158,174,212,227Mauretania,332,377,379,404n.[419]Mawen, Kel,430,436Maxitani, the,457,460Maxyes, the,356,457Mazaces, the,457,461Mazi, the,460Mazia,46,48Mazices, the,356,358,457,461Mazigh, common ancestor of Libyans,339,341,458Mazigh, the,458Mazil, the, Arab tribe,354Measures and weights, Air,220-22Meat, little eaten by Tuareg,158-9“Mecca of the Slaves, The,”367;seeMaket n’IkelanMedicine, native,82,180,201Medina date palms,317Medinet el ’Amira,452n.[449]Mediterranean, the: civilisation brought southwards from,37,393,401; known to Tuareg,266Mela,282Melle, Empire of,37,47,48,407-8,409; administration of foreign races by,407-8; revolts in,411; Songhai overthrow,409Melle, Vizier of,408Melons,132“Men with Eyes in their Stomachs,” possibly Tuareg,376Menzaffer valley,59“Merabtin,” the,405“Meratha” (Imghad),140Mermeru,91Mesche mountain,327Meshagra, the, Arab tribe,354-5Meshwesh, the,337,457,461; probable ancestors of Tuareg,356,462; succession in female line among,151Mesi (God),278Mesufa, the,151,153,344,364,405,408; status of women of,175-6Meteorological record kept by author,423Migration from Red Sea, reference to,342Migrations, tribal,see under names of tribes.Migrations, Tuareg: into Air,52,53,113,254,256,359,364,365-6,366-93,403,404; date of,256,364,371,373,375,381,403,404; caused by Kanuri,335,358,369-70,372,375,404,414,415,444; Lemta movement and,358-9,377,379,403,445; stages of,52,53,254,359,366-93,394,403; into the Southland,17,38,39,51,65,143,361,366,373-4,377,390-91,392,393,398,411,415,432Mikitan, Osman,52,99,108,465Milen,60,62,67,68,69,70,71,418; well of,72-4,75,76Milk, camel’s,211; offering of, Bororoji custom,58Millet cultivation,47,64,131,133,444,445; dishes made from,157; flour, preparation of,159-60; stores for, in villages,42Millet mortar used as drum,272Mimosa,226Minaret, Agades,86,87,93-4,302; Assode,301,302Mineral springs,127,241Minéru,239,438Minir, El,239,438Minister for Foreign Affairs, Agades,106,116Mintaka, El,154,155,181,280,302Minutilli,336n.[316]Mirages, Northern Air,300Misgiddan (Tamisgidda), the,439Misurata,21“Mithkal,”221-2Mithridates,206Mixed caste, Azger tribes of,355-6Mizda-Murzuk road,322,323n.[285]Mokhammed,96Monarchy, democratic Tuareg system of,107-8Mongolian traits in Southland women,44Monkeys,213,239Monogamy,293; more frequent in Air than polygamy,170,171Moorish tribes, raids by,188Moors conquer Western Sudan,411Moroccan road, the,7Morocco,358; “Berbers” of,458; Ibn Batutah in,411; Negroland conquered by,411; Okba’s expedition in,326n.[292]; Sanhaja trade with,405; Tuareg invasion of,411Morocco, Southern,332,334Mosgu (Kel Tamisgidda), the,439Mosi added to Songhai empire,409Mosi, King of,408Moslem attitude to women,152,168,170,174Moslem faith: introduction of, into Air,256-8; Maliki sect of,291-2; new spirit in,12,13; polygamy permitted by,170; a form of snobbishness induced by,339-40,342; Tuareg adoption of,256,257-8,273,274,290,291,293,324-5.See alsoIslam.Moslem graves,259Mosque, People of the,439Mosques, Tuareg,93,94,255-8,301-2; Agades,86,87,93-4; Assode,301-2; records kept in,360,361; T’intaghoda,257,258,316Mosquitoes, Air, prevalent during rains,120,121Motor road between Lake Chad and Niger,42Motylinski, Temajegh dictionary by,12,454n.[456],459Motylinski, Fort,12,13Mounds of stones as memorials,292-3Mountain groups of the Sahara,2,5Mountain sheep of Air,450Mountains in the desert, beauty of,448“Msid Sidi el Baghdadi,”292Mubaraki, Muhammad,102n.[91],391,413,464Mud construction,41,43,48,249-50,252; Sudan and Northern Nigeria,88,89,90“Muda,” grain measure,221Muhammad (of Towar),185Muhammad, King of Bornu,410Muhammad, the Prophet, Moslem desire to claim descent from,339-40,342Mulai Ahmed, Sultan of Morocco,411Mulai Hamed el Mansur, Sultan of Morocco,411Muleththemin, the (Arab name for Tuareg),14-15,274,287,294,364; IbnKhaldun on origin of,340-49,353,379; Leo Africanus on the divisions of,330-31,332,334-5,337-8,343,344,345,348,349Munio,412Murmur,21Murzuk,7,8,9,20,21,191,325,353; capital of Fezzan,323; the “Garamantian way” from,318,319n.[278],324; population of,113; rains in,124; road to Lake Chad by,7,8,32,320; Roman remains on road to,322; as trade centre,112,113Musa, camel-man,169,170Musa, chief of the Imuzuraq,51Musa, Haj,290Musa, Mansa Kunkur,407,408Musa ag Mastan, Amenokal of Ahaggar,169,352-3Muscles of Tuareg not conspicuous,163,187Music, Tuareg,272Musical instruments, Tuareg,272Mzab,332,334MZGh root of North African names,339,356; its significance,457-62Nabaro,436Nabaro, Kel,436Nabarro,218n.[208]Nachtigal: population of Murzuk,113Nakda,452; copper mines of,452-3; Sultan of,453Names, tribal: North African, MZGh root of,339,356,457-62; Tuareg,128-31Naresht, son of Tifaut,405Nasamones, the,282,365,369Nationalism in North Africa,12-13“Natron” encrustations seen by Barth,127n.[115]Natrun, Wadi,3Nature, animistic view of, among Tuareg,295Neck ornaments,283Necklaces, women’s,283Needlework, skill of Tuareg men in,174Negro music, influence of,272Negroes: eunuchs purchased,179; matriarchate among,152-3; as slaves,135; Tuareg contempt for,173Negroid inhabitants of Air, pre-Tuareg,363-4,365-6,403,405; type of Air Imghad,138Negroland,101,371; historians of,365; Ibn Batutah’s journey through,406,452; Roman expedition to,326Negroland, Western,404; occupied by Songhai,409“Neutral vowel” in Tuareg tribal names,128New Year, feast of the,275News, communication of, in Africa,266N’Gurutawa,21Niches in Tuareg houses,246,247-8,252,254,255,256,309Niger, the,3-4,30,332; diversion of Upper into Lower, theory of,30; drainage basin of,3-4; Romans said to have reached,322; Tuareg communities on,377,384n.[402]“Niger,” Pliny’s,28-9Niger Empires, the,37,47,407-12;seeMelleandSonghai.Niger, Territoires du,41-2,43,416; raids in,189Niger-Tchad, Colonie du,41n.[46]Nigeria,17,18,24,219,335; author returns through,418-19; Anglo-French boundary,41; British penetration of,20,21,36-7; French indirectly defend,85; horses of,202; Mediterranean civilisation brought to,393,401; railway development in,38; rains in,123; totemism in,294Tuareg in,38-41,361; civilisation brought to, by,393,401; transport work in, by,38,298Nigeria, Northern,37; author’s journey begins and ends in,417-18; British annexation of,37; houses of,87-8Nigerian Emirates, the,26,37; British annexation of,37;seeKano, Katsina,andSokoto.Nile, the,266Nile valley, Libyan invasions of,340Nilotic Sudan, the,1n.[1]; Fulani settlement in,58; Semitic influence in,342No, Quarter of, Ghat,258Nobility of origin, Tuareg adherence to,137; records kept to establish,360,362Noble and servile tribes (seeImghadandImajeghan),15; lists showing,427-31,435-40Noble women, high standing of,150,151,168,169,171,172,174Nobles: British described as,459; conquered, as Imghad,138,394,460Tuareg (Imajeghan),137,217; appearance of,217; female descent of,150-51; Holy Men treated as,355; Imghad and, relationship between,136,137,138,140-43; northern, black veil worn by,139; original pure race represented by,137Nomadic Tuareg, described by Ibn Batutah,406Nomadism and sedentarism, difficulties of co-ordinating,131Nomads,16,209,212,406; ability to dispense with water,208,209-10; Ifadeyen famous as,400North and west, confusion of terms,244,247North Africa: the term,1Arab conquest of,346,375-6,404,462; Arab countries, traditional connection with,340; Bishoprics of,293; British part in exploration of,20-21; camels, problem of introduction into,206-8,267; caravan roads (q.v.) of,5,6-7; caravan roads and sites ofcities of,110,111,112,114; Central Empires, intrigues of, in,12-13,93; fossil camel skeletons found in,267; French expansion in,20,22; funerary monuments in,260-62; history of, its sources,330; Islam, spread of, in,256,257-8,325; migration from, compulsory, legend of,366,375,380; migrations into,39,340,341; negroid peoples once farther north in,342; partition of,20,22; Persian invasion of,375; population of, its superficial unity,338; rock drawing in,264; tribal names of, and MZGh root,339,356,457-62; Tuareg in, in early times,403North-eastern Air; houses of,252,254; unnamed valley of,304Northern Air,298-329; ancient monuments in,263; evacuation of, 1918,309; houses of,252,309-11,316; Kel Owi tribes of,303-8,394; palm groves of,317; roads traversing,318-22; salt caravan route from,315Nose-piece, camel’s,231Nose-ring, camel’s,231N’Ouajour,430Noweiri, El,326n.[292],468N’Sattafan, Kel,434n.Nubian cemeteries,260Nugguru, Kel,127,139,142,185,215,435,438,440,441Oases,2,3; accidental discoveries of,336; of Air,32; Egyptian,334,337; origin of the word,6; Saharan,3,5-6Oborassan,313,314Oborassan, Kel,435Ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with,173Oghum, Rocks of,68Ogive niches in Tuareg houses,246,247-8,252,254,255,256,309Okba ibn Nafé, campaigns of,325,326n.[292],376Okluf,126,127“Old Well,” the,418Ollelua,46Omar, Sultan,84,96,97-8,100,104,109,117,195,465; horses of,202; refuses to attack French,290Optatus,328Oraghen, the,347Orfella,110Orientation: of Moslem graves,259,260; of Tuareg houses,244,246-7,248,251,252,253,254Ornament of the Nobles, the,284Ornamental work, Tuareg,230-31,277,310Ornaments, Tuareg,282-6Orosius,356Oryx, white,444,446Oryx hide shields,235,444Osman Mikitan, Sultan,52,99,108,465Ostrich feathers, on camel’s nose-piece,231Ostriches,43,121,264,446Othman dan Fodio,363,415Oudney, Dr. W. (with Denham and Clapperton),8,20; death of,21Oung Oua (Ungwa), Kel,433Outdoor slaves,134,135-6,155,402Outhouses, Tuareg,250Over-population of Mediterranean lands, and compulsory migration, story of,366,375,380Overweg (with Barth and Richardson),18,20,21,23-4; death of,21Owari,239Owi, Kel,20,23,53,54,107,134-5,143,144,184,217,239; their arrival in Air,382-93,414,415; cause of migration of,386-7; date of arrival of,135,149,257,258,366,367,382-3,386,387,388,391; and the Amenokal,100,108,383,396-7; the Añastafidet of,92,96,100,107,139,144-6,148; arrogance of,383; Assode the capital of,301,303; Auraghen and,387; caravan road controlled by,61,74-5,308,319,320,383,390; claims and pretensions of, unjustified,384-5,386,392-3,414n.[429]; commercial ability of,390; country of,243,244,299,394; in Damergu,415; dialect of,270,387; disease among,180; disparaged by other tribes,135,149,295; attitude towards French of,51,52,414n.[429]; in Gober, tradition of arrival of,367-8; houses of,252,253,254; Ifadeyen and,399; Immikitan and,429; Itesan driven out by,366,373-4,391,392,393,398,432; Kel Geres displaced by,373-4,383,388,389,390,391,392,415; measures of,221; and mosque of T’intaghoda,257; mothers of, legend of,384-5,386; origin of,148,380,385-7; sun as mother of,295; tribal organisation of,303-8,430,435-9; women of, noble,150Ox, rock drawing of,265Ox and cart, drawing of,265,319,321-2,418Ox-drawn chariots of the Garamantes,318,320,321-2,324; rock drawing suggestive of,265,319,321-2,418Oxen: as pack animals,203,208; harnessed to carts,203,208,215;seeOx-drawn chariots.Pack-saddles, camel,223-4Paint, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with,173Paleolithic camel skeletons discovered,207Palicanus, L. Lollius,207Palm frond mats,227; rope,224; sandals,165Palm groves,316,317Palm trees not destroyed in warfare,236Palmer, H. R.,362,373n.[386],463,468Paper currency disliked by Tuareg,221Partition of Africa,20,22,25Pasture wells, Azawagh,74,75,80; rights over,75Patience, Tuareg, philosophic,296,420Patination of rocks of Air,35; of rock drawings,321Patriarchal government: Arab,339; of Tuareg tribal units,147“Penistasche,” the,164n.[156]People of the Acacia (Kel Tamat),307,437People of the Añastafidet,374,394; in Damergu,440; estimated numbers of,402; tribes and sub-tribes of,435-9People of the Asclepias (Kel Intirzawen),307,433People of the Deep Well (Kel Gharus),308People of the Dûm Palm (Kel Tagei),307,398n.[413],432,435People of the East (Kel Innek),129,369,441People of the Goats (Kel Ulli),52,129,307-8,438People of the King,143,144,146,148,149,304,306,366,392,393; represent earliest arrivals in Air,373,374,377,378-9; geographical area of,394; Immikitan possibly original stock of,396; interest attaching to,393; Kel Owi and,146,148,149,303,366,380,392; numbers of, estimated,402; origin of, legendary,384,386; tribes, sub-tribes, and organisation of,395,398,400,427-31; in Damergu,437-40People of the Mosque (Kel Tamisgidda),439People of the Rock (Tebu),335People of the Salt (Kel T’Isemt),441People of the Sand (suggested meaning of Tuareg),274People of the South (Kel Aghil),441People of the Spears (Kel Allaghan),432People of the Veil,seeTuareg.People of the West (Kel Ataram),129,441Peroz, Colonel,50Perry:Children of the Sun,152n.[146]Persian invasion of North Africa,375Petroglyphs,seeRock drawingsandRock inscriptions.Philistines, Libyans related to,339Phœnician script and Libyan,267Photographs of unveiled Tuareg not permitted,288Physical characteristics of Tuareg,161-3,172,177,187,217; deformation not practised,179“Pi” dogs,205Piebald camels,196Pigeons,125Pigs, taboo on eating of,294,295Pilgrim road, Timbuctoo-Cairo,20,114,318Pilgrimage, Muhammad Askia’s,409,411Pitchers,160-61Plaque, men’s ornament,285Pleiades, Tuareg name for,226n.[212]Pleistocene period, discovery of camel-skeletons of,207Pliny,207,324,468; quoted,322-3Plough seen by Barth,133Plutarch,206Poetry, Tuareg appreciation of,263,265,271,272; women authors of,169,173,271,272Poison, use of, by Tuareg,10Poisoned arrows used by bush folk,45Poisonous plants, deaths of camels due to,200Police, Agades,106Polygamy infrequent in Air,170-71Polytheism, traces of, among Ahaggaren,275Pomel,264n.[232]Pommel of Tuareg saddle, ornamental cross on,230,276-7,289Pompey,207Pools,213,215,442,445,449Population: of Air,402; variation of, in desert cities,113Portfolios, leather,228“Ports,” trans-desert traffic,110,111Portuguese and Songhai rulers,409,410Possession, case of, Auderas,279-80Pottery, Tuareg,160-61,317Pouches, leather,228Pradie, Fort,51,92Prayer enclosures,292-3Pre-Moslem, funerary remains,260-63; place of worship,258-9,263Precipitation of rain, North Africa,123,124Prime Minister, Tuareg, also Minister for Foreign Affairs,106; title of,106,406Property, women’s ownership of,168-9,177,293Prophet, the, Moslem desire to claim descent from,339-40,342Prophet’s Birthday, the, feast of,275Prosody, Tuareg,271Prostitution among Tuareg,177Proverbs, Tuareg,176,182,237,420,421Pseudo-Ashraf, the,339-40Ptolemy,323n.[283],[287],336n.[314],356,468; on the Kel Tegama,53,65Pumpkins,132; spirits in form of,280Punch and Judy show, Tuareg ascendancy symbolised in,55-6“Pura” water,19,157Qadria sect,302Qibla, the,95,97,255,258,259,292Querns, Tuareg,159-60,309Quinine, value of, in fever cases,178,186,187Quran, the,265,280,281,296; in Tuareg language,269; verse of, as amulet,282R and Gh sounds, confusion between,271Rabah,26Rabidin,427Racks in houses,309Rahazawa Fulani,57“Rahla” (riding saddle),230-31Raiding,11,12,13-14,113,187-93,350,407,444; Ahodu’s reminiscences of,191-3; the Amenokal and,109-10; Camel Corps organised to suppress,11,51,188,189,218,219; cessation of,187,193; in Damergu,50,51,59; fear of, still prevalent,311,315; legend of raiders swallowed up,281; regarded as a sport,187,193,328,443; technique of,11,187-93,236,237; weather conditions supposed to foretell,295-6; wells filled in to prevent,59,60,451; by women,169-70Railway development, its effect on camel-borne trade,38Rainbow, superstition regarding,296Rainfall in the Sahara,4,28; ancient,28; geological effects of,79; during storms,83Rain-water pools, Azawagh,62,67-8Rains, the: in Air,121,123-4,220; in Elakkos,445; discomforts of travel during,120-21,123,124,125; raids begun after,188Ramadhan, Tuareg observance of,274Rapsa (Ghat),322,323,326Rats eaten by Tuareg,294Rattray:Ashanti,152n.[146]Rebu, the,337“Red,” Tuareg spoken of as,162,173,367,460Red agate “talhakim,”282Red mud, cities and houses constructed of,41,43,48,88,90,452n.[452]Red ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with,173Red Rock Desert, pass over,323Red rocks, Air,35Red Sea, migrations of tribes from, into North Africa,340,341,342“Reg,”274n.[243]Reindeer Age, cave paintings of,264Rela, Kel,351n.[339]Religion of Tuareg,273-8,290,291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity,275-8,293-4; traces of Christian influence,275-6,277,278,284-5,289,293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice,273,274,290,291,293,324-5Rennell, Major,383,386; commentary on Hornemann by,336,383,386,467; map by,336; works by,336,383,386,467Revenue, the Amenokal’s,110Revolt against French in Air, 1917,39,69,70,84-5,98,309,394,420,421; Agades besieged during,70,85,86,98; camel requisitions a cause of,205; evacuation of Air during,113,121-2,302,309,360-61,426; Kaossen’s leadership of,69,84,86,92-3,185,385,420; Nigeria indirectly defended during,85; opening tragedy of,84; social effects of,127-8,338-9; Tegama’s part in, 98-9; T’ekhmedin’s part in,98-9; wells filled in during,59,60,451Rhymes, Tuareg,271Rhyndacus,206Riaina, the,434n.Richardson, J.:Travels in the Great Desert of Saharaby,151-2,467; death of,21; expeditions of,8,18,20,21,23-4,248,461; on houses of Ghat,248Ridge of Abadarjan,70,71,78“Rigm” (funerary monument),260n.[227],261-2,263Ring of stones marking graves,259Rings, agate, as neck ornaments,283Rings, arm, Tuareg,91,285-6,289Rio de Oro, raiding in,187,188Ritchie, death of,21River of Agades,33,34,69,70,71,76,77,78,79,80,81,83,115,119,121,123,127,183,189,258,456; plain of,79,82-3,85-6River beds of Central Sahara,28-31Rivoli,91Roads, caravan,seeCaravan roads; the “Garamantian way,”318-20,321,324Robe, T’ekhmedin’s, the fate of,195Robes, Tuareg,163-4,166-7,195Rock, People of the,335Rock drawings,213,216,260,263,264,318; of animals and birds,264-5; of camels,207,265; of human figures,265,319; of men with animal heads,319; modern,264,265; of ox and cart,265,319,321-2,418; of shield with cruciform design,276Rock inscriptions,213,260,264,268-9,271,315,360; funerary,260,263; profusion of,263,268Rohlfs, F. G., expeditions of,3,19;Kufraby,6n.[4],336Roman remains discovered by Barth,322Romans, the: caravan roads garrisoned by,208; penetration of the Sahara by,322-3,324,325,326-7; Tuareg swords probably derived from,234Romanus,207Roncière, Charles de la,19n.[20],[21]Roofs of Tuareg houses,249,250,256Rope-making, native,224; in leather,228Rothschild, Lord, his museum at Tring,27-8Rottl (Arab weight),222Royal Geographical Society, author’s computations in charge of,423Rufai el Ghati,192Sabha Jail,332n.[301]Sacrifices of sheep,95,97,274,275Sadaouet (Sidawet), Kel,431Saddle-sores on camels,199,201Saddle-stone querns,159-60,309Saddles, camel; Tebu,277; Tuareg,193,223-4,227,230-31,276-7,289; with cross on pommel,230,276-7,289Sahara, the,1-6; not once a sea-bed,78author’s companions cross,418;British influence in,21-2; climate of,4; European affairs well known in,266; French occupation of,25,350; funerary monuments of,260-62; Leo Africanus’ description of,331-5; mountain groups of,2; name of,1; oases of,2,3,5-6; population of,113; races of,2,8; railway across, advocated,38; rainfall in,4,124; rivers of,3,4; Roman penetration of,322-3,324,325,326-7; surface of,2-6; “talhakim” prized in,282; temperatures in,4; transport methods in, early,207-8; warfare in, small numbers involved,11Sahara, Central,2,4,8; British geographical work in,20-21,22-4Sahara, Eastern,2-3Sahara, Western,3-4Saharan Alps, the,35Saharan and Equatorial zones, transitional area between,41Sahel Zone, the,41Sakafat,437Sale,274n.[245]Saleh, El Haj,96,290,430Salla Laja (Laya), the Feast of the Sheep,95-7,274Salla Shawal,274Sallust,206,468Salt: impregnation of soil with,125; price of,218Salt caravans,69,84,85,114,115,133,145,195,210,217,218-20,335,443,452n.[450]; Amenokal’s revenue from,110; French escort for,84,218,219; Minister accompanying,106; raids on,188,218,219,450; route of,32,114,145,219,264,315,320,450Salt mines: Bilma,q.v.; captured by Moors,411; Taodenit,30,411,452n.[450]; Tegaza,411,452n.[450]Salt, People of the,441Salt-pits,125Salt trade,133,218,219-20,414; struggles between Air and Bornu for,415Saltpetre, uses of,211Sampfotchi hill,418Sand: effect on feet,165; wind-borne, polishing of rocks by,35,79; wells silted up by,66,72,74Sand, People of the,274Sand-dune formations,4,58; characteristic form in Azawagh,63-4,70; crescentic type,66-7; in Elakkos,442,446,447; mobile,66,67; valleys formed between,62Sand-grouse,81Sandstone formations: Elakkos,442; effects of erosion,77,79,81Sand viper,227Sandals, Tuareg,164-6Sanhaja, the,274,331,332,340,343-4,346,348,349,401; in Air at arrival of Tuareg,364,365,368,375,405; Empire of,343-4,403,404-5,407; Itesan among,377; Mesufa and Lemtunasections of,151n.[141],344,349,358,364,405; of North-west Morocco,364Santambul (Constantinople),101Sariki n’Kaswa,106Sariki n’Turawa, the,96,106Sattaf,187Say,50Schirmer, H.:Le Saharaby,5n.[2],142n.[132],327n.[293],467; on the Ifoghas,355n.[346]Scorpion,227Script, Tuareg,seeT’ifinagh.Seats, wooden, for women,309Sedentaries: factions among,338; numbers of,402Sedentarism, encouraged by French,131; nomadism and, difficulties of co-ordinating,131,143Seeds, very valuable in Air,132,133; used for food,158,160Sef, King of Kanem,372Seliufet village,23,122,248,316Seliufet, Kel,129,437Selma I, King of Kanem,372Selma II, first black king of Bornu,373,374Semitic influence in Africa,342Semitic languages, relationship of Temajegh to,270Sendal, the,394,396,400; one of original five tribes in Air,368,378; their modern representatives,395,396,400Senegal, caravan route to,7Senegal River,343Senegalese troops, French,84,98,118,316; Camel Corps of,189Senhaji, Muhammad Nasr el,408Senussiya, the: their part in the revolt in Air,12,13,51,84,93,98; caravan route opened by,7; in Equatorial Africa, operations against French,92; Kufra the centre of,336; Tuareg relations with,48-9,290Septimius Flaccus,323,326Serfs,seeImghad.Sergi, G.,458,460,467Sert,325Servile tribes,seeImghad.Sfax,337Sheath knives, Tuareg,234Sheep, Air,202,204,205,450; sacrifices of,95,97,274,275“Sheikh el Arab,”106Shellagh, the,458“Sherrifa,” title of royal family of Air,105Shields, Tuareg,234-5,276,444Shillugh language,270Shingit,408Shott country, the,9Sidawet,299,431,440; houses in,254; position of,425Sidawet, Kel,431,440Sidi, the guide,68,234n.[214],266,270,298,307,309,315,418; description of Belkho by,305,306; on the House of the Christians,311-12; leaves the author in Kano,419-20Sidi Hamada, shrine of,94-5; Feast of the Sheep at,95-7Sierra Leone, British penetration of,36,37Siggedim,334n.[308]Sijilmasa,110,405,452,453Silius Italicus,152n.[144],468Silk not in great demand among Tuareg,164Silurian rocks, Air,33,34,35Silver, saddles ornamented with,230-31Silver bracelets,283-4Silver coins melted down,229Silver currency,221“Sinko” (five-franc piece),221Siwa,3,318,337Siwi dialect,270Skin, colour of, in Tuareg,161-2,173Slave King of the Tuareg of Air, the,96,97,100,103,104-5,108,367,369Slave markets, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto,38Slave trade, African,38; British attempts to abolish,20,21,22; former Tuareg,135Slavery legally abolished in Air,134n.[122]Slaves,103-4,178; position of,15n.[13],103-4,105,134,178; raised to status of Imghad,135; slave mothers and status of children,150; stolen in raids,190; veil not worn by,15n.[13],140“Slaves, the Mecca of the,”367Sliding doors in Tuareg houses,245-6Smiths, Tuareg,155,228-9,230; jewellery made by,283-4Smoking, not a Tuareg practice,211Snobbishness, Moslem form of,339-40,342Snuff, taken by Tuareg,211; used as remedy for camel disease,200“Sô people,” the,407Soap-stone, ornaments of,282,283Social distinctions, Tuareg, present breakdown in,142Social effects of revolt of, 1917,127-8,338-9“Sofo” tower, Agades,94Sokakna, the, Arab tribe,354Sokna,9,347Sokoto,21,33,38,47,48,101,106,110,415; British annexation of,37; Fulani Empire of,37,57,363,415; Itesan settle near,109n.[100],366,373-4,392,393,398,432; Kel Geres settle near,17,39,65,143,366,373,390-91,392,415: route to, alternative,114; slave market in,38; stone buildings in,89n.[78]; Tegama expedition against,53Sokoto, Emir of, influence of,109n.[100]See alsoBello.Sokoto-Agades track,85Soleim Arabs invade Central Africa,376Solom Solom,122,365Songhai Empire, the,37,47,48,117,227,291,408,409,410,411; Agades colonised by,117,410,440; gold trade of,411,414; Moors overthrow,411,412; Portuguese and,409,410Songhai language,117,118Sorbo Hausa,50Sores, camels’,199,201Sottofé, Muhammad, Sultan,369,464South, People of the,441Southern Air: Goberawa in,379; graves in,263; servile tribes in,394Southern Algeria, native Camel Corps in,189Southland, the,17,36-79; Air and, political relations of,105,116; Barth’s expeditions in,23-4,36,49,59,60-61; bush of,42,43,44,45,58,444,446; houses and huts of,184,249,250; Itesan migration to,109n.[100],366,373-4,377,392,393,398,432; Kel Geres migration to,17,39,65,143,366,373,390-91,392,415; music of,17; Morocco and, trade between,405; Tuareg of,17-18; Tuareg ascendancy in,54-6; Tuareg migrations to,17,38-9,51,65,143,361,366,373-4,377,390-91,392,393,398,411,415,432Southward trend of migration in N. Africa,39Soyuti, El,291,292Spain, Arab conquest of,346,376,405Spear grass,226Spears, People of the,432Spears, Tuareg,233-4,236Spirits, Tuareg belief in, and tales of,278-81,300,306; amulets against,282Spoons, Tuareg,229,276Spouts on roofs of Sudanese houses,89,90Stambul, delegation from Air to,101,102,104,396-7Stambul, Sultan of, story of migration ordered by,366-7,380Stars, Tuareg names for,226n.[212]Steppe, the Great,334,335Steppe desert,114,115,332,333,334,447; and true desert,2,332,333,334Sticks for holding bridles and ropes,277Stone, not used in building in Sudan and Northern Nigeria,89; used by Tuareg,89Stone arm rings, Tuareg,91,285-6Stone flags, “Garamantian way” said to be paved with,319Stone houses,155,184,213,239,250,418Stone ornaments, small,283Stone “talhakim,” mystery of origin of,282-3Stones: circles of, round huts,262-3; coloured, to indicate tracks,293; graves marked by,259-60; hammered, not chiselled,260,264; mounds of, as memorials,292-3Strabo,207n.[193],468Stuhlmann, F.,468; on MZGh root in “Berber” names,458,460Sub-tribes: “Kel names” of,128-9; lists of,427-41Succession and inheritance, matriarchal tradition in,151-3,168Suckling of children, protracted,178-9Sudan, the,1n.[1],37; Air and, political relations with,105,116; Barth’s expedition in,23,37; British share in opening up,20; European penetration of,20,36-9; Fulani rise to power in,415; funerary monuments in,261; horse saddles of,231; houses of,87,88,90; Ibn Batutah in,452,456; Islam in,291; Lemta area extends to,345,357,358,370,445; Mediterranean civilisation in,37; salt trade with,414; Sanhaja power in,405; syphilis thought to originate in,179; taboos originating in,294; “talhakim” prized in,282; Tuareg driven from,358; Tuareg evacuated to,360-61; wheeled vehicles in,322Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian,1n.[1]Sudan, Nilotic,1n.[1]; Fulani settlement in,58; Semitic influence in,342Sudan, Western: French expedition from,25; added to empire of Melle,407; Moorish conquest of,411Sudan Empires, the,37; history of,405,406,407-15;seeMelleandSonghai.Sudanese buildings,249Sudanese historian on migrations from Red Sea,342Sudanese pottery,161,317; clay amphoræ,317Suk, El, country, Tuareg migration to,394Suk, Kel el,355,377,394Suleiman, Mansa,408Suliman, El Haj, library of,302Sultan of Agades,seeAmenokal.Sun, halo round, an evil omen,296Sun worship, Libyan,276,278,295; trace of, among Tuareg,295Sunni Ali,291,409Sunni Muhammad Dau,409Sunsets, magnificent, Air,123,181; superstition regarding,296Superstitions of Tuareg,275,293; concerning weather,295-6Susubaki,412“Switzerland of the Sahara,” the,317Sword dance, Tuareg,272Swords, Tuareg, cross-hilted,96,233,234,236,276,289Symbolism in Tuareg rock drawings,264,265Synesius,356Syphilis,179-80Syria, Ibn Khaldun on inhabitants of,339Syrtis, Great,325,337,365; people of,457Syrtis, Little,337Tabello,86,209,210,243,244,298,320; houses at,241,244-8,249,250,251,252; Itesan settlements at, abandoned,244,389; salt caravan assembles at,85,218,219,243Taberghit valley,58,61,62,66,67,68,70,74Tablet ornaments,283Tabonie,323Taboos, food, totemic,294-5Tabudium,323Taburgula,362Tabzagur, position of,424Tadadawa, Kel,381,434Tadek valley,395,396,428Tadek, Kel,26,80,143,149,150,170,185,239,298,318,428-9; antiquity of,149,366,428; represent original invaders of Air,395,396,400; expelled by Kel Owi,389; mother of, legend of,384; tribes and sub-tribes of,428-9,430,440Tadele, Kel,427Tademari,47,48,51Tademekka,169,254,441; Aulimmiden occupy,345,348,358,387,414Tademekka, city of,405,408; foundation of,399Tademekkat, the,355,356,357,377; driven out by Aulimmiden,345,348,358,387,414Tadenak, Kel,430Tadent,101Tadesa,239Tadsa, Tuareg defeat near,412Tafadek,428; position of,424Tafarzas, the,434Tafasas, Kel,439Tafassasset, the,30,31Tafassasset-T’immersoi basin,71Taferaut, Kel,438Tafidet, Child of,144;seeAñastafidet.Tafidet range,157,306,308,313,436; valley,32n.[37]Tafidet, Kel,134,148,307,370,436,437,443-4; “agoalla” of,147; and appointment of Añastafidet,145,306; place in Kel Owi Confederation,134,306,443-4; mother of, legend of,384; origin of,148,303,306Tafilelt area, Morocco, capital of,452n.[449]Tagay (Tagei), Kel,432Tagedufat,80,120; valley,32-3,63-4,66,67-8,71,74,76; well,74Tagei, Kel (Ikazkazan),210,307,438; (Imaslagha),435; (Itesan),397,398,432Tagermat, Kel,436“Taghalam,” the,219,220Tagharit valley,131n.[120]; lions in,119,120,214n.[206]Taghazit,23,33Taghist plateau,156,292Taghmeurt range,157,308,435,436Taghmeurt, Kel,435,436Taghmeurt n’Afara,313,315,318,319Tagidda n’Adrar,454,455,456; position of,424Tagidda n’Tagei,454,455,456Tagidda n’T’isemt,454,455,456; position of,424Tagiddas, the: and Ibn Batutah’s “Tekadda,”454-6; people of,441“Tagilmus” (the Veil),15n.[15],140,287-90Tagilmus, Kel,15,460Taginna, the,434n.Tagirit,397Tagmart (Taghmeurt), Kel,435Tagunar, Kel,430,431Tagunet,431Tagurast,91Tahanazeta,102Tahua,42,188,394Taiagaia, Kel,433Taitoq, the,17,350,351,354; dialect of,266-7Takadda (Nakda),452Takarkari, the,406“Takatkat,”164Takazanzat (Takazuzat), rock of,240Takermus, Kel,429“Takirbai,”164Takrizat,437Takrizat, Kel,209,290,437; a holy tribe,290,291“Takuba” (sword),233Talak plain,31,114,131,209,214,308,351,394,438,441; tomb of Awa in,281Talak, Kel,441Talat Mellen,308“Talha” acacia,226“Talhakim,” the (ornament),282-3,284“Talimt,”226n.[212]Talras,68,450Tamadalt Tan Ataram, position of,425Tamanet,242,243Tamanghasset,12“Tamat” acacia,226,227Tamat, Kel,52,60,307,428,437,438Tamatut well,60; destroyed,60,451Tamel, Kel,434Tamenzaret, wells of,215,418Tamet Tedderet, position of,425Tamgak,311,389,428,437; mother of Kel Owi settles in,386; “Wild Men” of,306-7,437Tamgak mountains,157,311,314n.[275],315,316,317,321,396Tamgak, Kel,306,394,400,437; one of the original five tribes,368,378,379; modern representatives of,395,396,400,437Tamizgidda, Kel,53,439Tamkak, the,368;seeTamgak, Kel.Tanamari,51“Tanghot” (spirit),281Tanut (in Damergu),47,48,52,69,81,119n.[107],418,451; position of,424Tanut (near Marandet),119,121Tanut Unghaidan,122Tanutmolet,316,430; houses in,248Tanutmolet, Kel,430-31Tanzar, the,434Taodenit,219; salt deposits of,30,411,452n.[450]“Tara,” camel disease,201Tara Bere,91Taranet, Kel,439Tarantulas,227Tarat Mellet, the,394“Tarei tan Kel Owi,”61,308,314Tarenkat,433Targa, the,19,445; Ibn Khaldun on,343; Leo Africanus describes Air and Ahaggar as inhabited by,19,331,332,333,334,337-8,359; and the name “Tuareg,”273,338,348-9,461Tariq,376“Tariqa,” Senussi,290“Tarki” (Tarqi) and the word “Tuareg,”257,274,460,461Tarrajerat,80Taruaji,418Taruaji mountains,78,84,86,126,127,156,183“Tasalgi” (north),244,247Tasawa,305,411Tasawat,244; mosque of,255-6Tasessat,239Tashel (Taschell, Tashil), the,433Tashkeur (Teshkar) well,446n.[446]Tasr, wells of,446-7Tassili, Azger,260,261Tatenei, Kel,381Tateus well,66,74Tattus, Kel,438Tautek,405Tawarek, the,118,257,273,460; Arab etymology of,257;seeTuareg.Tazizilet,69,71,219Tebehic,80,82; position of,424; spirits of,279Tebernit valley,243; water holes,242Tebu, the,16,109,218,318,358,403,413,443,446; Berdeoa, people of, identified with,335-6; Bornu dynasty of,372,374; boundary between Tuareg and,358,443; camel saddles of,277; camels of,196; Dunama II’s war with,374; Ikaradan, Temajegh name for,117,335,430,441; Itesan driven out by,389,413; language of,118,155; origin of,335-6; raids by,59,69,188,190,296,320,327,350,389,444,450; throwing irons used by,235; treachery of,98,236; Tuareg driven from south by,358; Tuareg feud with,98,190,442,443; women of, wives of kings of Kanem,373,374Technique of raids,11,189-93,236,237Tecoum, the,441Teda, the,335,373n.[387]Teda Inisilman,155Tedamansii, the,336Tedekel, Kel,437“Tedi” or “teddi” (measure of length),222Tedmukkeren (Tetmokarak), the,433“Tefakint,”221Tefgun, mosque of,27,149,317,428Tefgun, Kel,428T’efira,127n.[115]Tefis,248,431; mosque of,256,258,418Tefis, Kel,431Tegama (Southern Air),23,32,53,64,65,188,209,303; Barth in,23,53,118; camels of,196,197,210; servile tribes of,127,128,394; villages of,127-8Tegama valley,58Tegama, Kel,53-4,64-5,118,127,128,394,433,443; defeated by Kel Geres,391; women of,118Tegama, Sultan,98-9,109,465Tegaza,404n.[419],452; Moors capture,411; salt mines of,332,411,452n.[450]Tegbeshi,184“Tegehe” (descendants),350n.[336]Tegehe Mellen, the,350Tegehe n’Aggali, the,350,352Tegehe n’Efis,351Tegehe n’es Sidi, the,350,351Tegehe n’Essakal,351,352Tegemi (Tégémui),68Teget (Tagei), Kel,435Teghazar valley,84,86,241Teghzeren, Kel,433Tegibbut, the,434Tegidda valley,215,299Teginjir,33; plain,241,242; position of,425; spring,241Tegir,430Tegir, Kel,430Teguer, Kel,430Tehammam, the,427Tehenu, the,337,462n.[481]Tehert,337Tekadda,406,408Ibn Batutah’s,452-3,454,455,456; copper mines of,452-3,454; identification of, attempted,454,455; Sultan of,151,152,406,454,455“Tekerkeri, the,”406T’ekhmedin, the guide,185-7,195,225,239Tekursat valley, the,60,61Telamse, Kel,432Telezu valley,239,240,243Telia, position of,425Telizzarhen,265; rock drawings of,319Tellia valley,243Teloas-Tabello, position of,424Telwa river,122-3,127; valley,84,115,122-3,125,414,441Temagheri, the,372,373Temahu, the,376,462Temajegh,12,15,118,154,266,269,270-71,462; camel names in,197; Christianity, words associated with, in,277-8; dictionaries of,12,467; etymology of,15n.[14],373,462; “Kel” names in,129; Latin, traces of, in,75n.[70],278; origin of,267-8,270; Quran translated into,269; written,seeT’ifinagh.Tembellaga,58Temed,321,428“Temeder” (part of the Veil),287Temperatures in the Sahara,4,298Tents, Tuareg,89,212“Terga,”273,461;seeTarga.Tergulawen,50,61,62,67,69,114,242,390; road,70; well,59,60,74,80Terjeman, quarter of Agades,91,118Terminal points of trans-desert traffic,110,111Termit,32,46,58,67,68,81,218,320,448-50; author’s march to,46,81,444,446-51; drainage of,450; mountains of,448,449-50; position of,424; rocks of, oddly shaped,450; wells of,443,447,448-9,451Territories du Niger,41-2,43,189,416Tesabba valley,210Teshkar,446,447,451; position of,424Teskokrit,69,72Tessawa,42,43,46,47; position of,424Tessuma valley,243Tetmokarak, the,65,381,433Teworshekaken valleys,61Tezirzak,428Tezogiri valley,78Tgibbu (Tegibbut), the,434Thorns in vegetation of Air,199,226Throwing-iron, used by Tebu,235Thuben,323Thugga inscription,267Thukdha (Nakda),452Thunderbolt, an evil omen,296Thunderstorms, violent,82-3,451Tiakkar, the,434T’iaman,143Tibawi (Tebu),335Tibesti,7,92,98,218,334,335,403,444; identified with Agisymba Regio,325,326,327; camels of,195; camels commandeered for expeditions to,205; drainage system of,3; mountains of,2,4,32; raiding in,187,193,276,444; rainfall of,4; rock drawing in,276; unknown area of,32; Turkish penetration of,327Tidikelt,111Tidrak hills,156,181Tifaut,405T’ifinagh (Tuareg script),15-16,263,264,266-9,271,276,289; name of Air in,454; alphabet of,266-7; Arabic letters in,271; Ifadeyen familiarity with,268,400; inscriptions in,81,264,268,269,286; origin of,267-8; Quran in,269; taught by women,173-4,268T’igefen,450Tiggedi cliff,65,70,71,76-7,454n.[456]; defeat of Kel Tegama at,391“Tiggeur” acacia,226T’ighummar valley,215Tikammar cheese,157,158Tildhin, the,412Tilemsan,291Tilho, Colonel,30; Anglo-French frontier delimitation by,41; maps of,33n.[38],41,466; observations made by,422,424T’ilimsawin hills,156T’ilimsawin, Kel,432T’ilisdak valley,127,435Tilkatine, the,434n.Tilutan,404Timbuctoo,7,23,30,110,344,354,405; earliest accounts of,19; camels of,196; foundation of,407; Melle conquest and loss of,407,408; mithkal of,222; Moorish garrison in,411; “People of the West” in,441; salt caravan from,188,219,452n.[451]; Songhai conquest of,409; Tuareg of,18; Tuareg conquest and loss of,408,409Timbuctoo-Cairo pilgrim road,114,318Timbulaga,70T’imia,33,186,204,216-17,241,290,299,308,311,385,439; houses in,248,250; hut circles at,262; Kel Owi invasion of,389; massif of,33,216,242; measures used in,221; mosque of,385; rock drawing at,194n.[178]; women of,173T’imia, Kel,298,439; mixed,440T’imilen mountains,299T’imilen valley,243,299T’immersoi,31,32,33,78“Timmi” (oath of friendship),237T’imuru peak,300T’in Awak mountain,300T’in Dawin,78; position of,424T’in Shaman,116,364-5,367; French post at,86,99,365; position of,424T’in Taboraq,82,84,85; position of,424T’in Tarabin valley,9,30T’in Wafara,437T’in Wana,71,73,76,77,78,80,213; fossil trees at,81-2,259n.[226]; pool of,81; position of,424; rock inscriptions at,81T’in Wansa,309; houses in,248T’in Yerutan,404T’inalkum, Kel,355,383n.[400]T’inien,214; position of,424T’inien mountains,125,156T’intabisgi,427,428Tintagete, Kel,435T’intaghoda,26,122,308,316,390,436,437; Barth’s expedition attacked at,23,290,312; capital of Northern Air,316; houses of,248,316; mosque of,257,258,316T’intaghoda, Kel,129,312,437; a holy tribe,291,306,437T’intellust,308,309,311,319,320,321,436; Barth’s headquarters at,23,122,308,312-13T’intellust, Kel,435Tinteyyat,435Tinylcum, the,383Tinylkum, Barth’s,355Tirekka,405“Tirik” (riding saddle),230-31T’iriken peak,299-300Tirza,180n.[172]Tisak n’Talle,91T’Isemt, Kel,441Tishorén (Tuareg),460Tiski, the Children of,342-3,349Tissot, C. J.:Géographie comparée,207n.[190]Tit, Ahaggar Tuareg defeated at,10,11,328T’iugas and her six daughters, story of,384T’iwilmas,314,316T’iyut valley,23,31n.[36],367Tizraet, the pool of,418Tobacco chewed by Tuareg,211Tobacco snuff as remedy for camel disease,200Todra, Mount,84,123,127,131,156,181,183,184,213,214,215,216,239Toga, North African robes said to be descended from,285Toiyamama, the,434Tokede valley,239,240,243Toledo swords owned by Tuareg,233Tomb of Awa,281Tombs (seeGraves), Air,259-63; possibly made in floor of hut,263Tools, Tuareg,229Toreha,180n.[172]Toshit N’Yussuf,438Totemism, survival of, among Tuareg,294-5,394n.[408]Tournées d’apprivoisement,11Towar,183,184-5,186,195,238,239,240,243,283,440; houses in,248,252Towar river,183Towar, Kel,184,439; mixed,184,440Tower of Agades,94;seeMinaret.Tracks, marked by coloured stones,293Trade roads,5,23,37,38; map of,5; railway’s effect on,38;seeCaravan roads.Traghen,112Transliteration, difficulties of,271,350n.[338]Transport enterprises, Kel Owi monopoly of,390Trans-Saharan caravan roads,308-9,318Trans-Saharan railway, suggestion of,38Travelling bags, leather, Tuareg,228Treachery, Tuareg averse to,236,237Treaty between Tuareg and original inhabitants of Air, tradition of,367-8Trees, fossil,81-2,259n.[226]Triangular ornaments (“talhakim”),282-3Tribal allegiance derived through mother,149-51Tribal alliances,147-8Tribal chiefs: and the Amenokal,108,144; authority of, passing to village headmen,127-8,131; functions of,110,147; measures kept by,220; selection of,108Tribal classification, importance attached by Tuareg to,143-5Tribal councils, women in,168,169Tribal feuds set aside in trade centres,111Tribal groupings,147-8Tribal histories,360,361-2Tribal marks on camels,201-2Tribal names, Tuareg,128-31Tribal organisation of Tuareg of Air,393,400,426-41Tribal warfare,390,391,392,402-3; before appointment of common ruler,101Tribes, colour differences in,161,162; holy,290-91,306,355,357,437,438,439,440; of mixed caste,355; noble and servile,seeImajeghan, Imghad,andNoble and servile tribes.Tripoli,110; caravan road,23,48,61,242; Col. Hamer Warrington Consul at,21; embassy from Bornu to,410Tripolitania,41,187,208,358,457; former British paramountcy in,20,21,22; anti-French and -British activities in,84; Hawara in,345; Islam, spread of, in,257; Italian occupation of, Tuareg and,8; rock drawings in,318; Southern, Roman occupation of,323Trotting on camels thought unwise,193Trousers, Tuareg,164,289Tsabba valley,210T’Sidderak hills,214T’Sidderak, Agoalla of,397T’Sidderak, Kel,381,432Tuaghet pool,427Tuareg of Ahaggar,seeAhaggaren.Tuareg of Air: not a tribe but a people,14,461; racial purity of,16,137,161,162,163their arrival in Air,359,366-93,394,395,396,397,403,404,405-6; its date,364,371,373,375,381,403,404; their vicissitudes,401-16; future of,420,421accounts of,8-9,10,14,18-20,24,25,28adultery not common among,177agriculture despised by,127,134,174,360amulets worn by,282,284ancestry of,7-8,254,345-6,353,359,366,367,368,369,385-7,403,462; Bello on,368,369,371; Ibn Khaldun on,343-4,345,346,347,348,353,379; Leo Africanus on,330-31,332,334-5,337-8,343,344,345,348,349animism of,295architecture of,184,241,244-59,377,378art of,246,263-5belts worn by,180,194,236,237Berbers and,7,16,338,371,372,458,461“Black” and “White,”139-40blue-eyed,16calm manner of,420caravan trade of,7,38,48,50,142,145,146;seeSalt caravans.caste system of,103-4,108,136,137-8;seeImajeghanandImghad.cattle trade of,133-4,190,202-5characteristics lost by,40-41children of,148-9,174,177-9,181,268,400chivalry of,168,236-7Christianity, former, of,275-8,284-5,289,293-4circumcision practised by,179civilisation of, present, decline from earlier,7,255,265,268,378civilising rôle of,37,393,401cleanliness of,163,273,274colouring of,161-2,173,367,460courage of,11,169-70,236,237,354dancing of,44,272disease among,178,179-80divorce among,176-7dress of,14,15,95-6,163-7,177,265,289education among,174,177-8,268,400Europeans and,8,23,24,154,290evacuation of, by French,113,121-2,302,309,360-61,426family system of,103-4,147,148-53,373,398female descent among,103-4,148-53,373,398festivals of,181,274-5food of,157-60,174,211,212French and: hostilities between,9-11,13,26,51,52,114n.[104],236,328; migration of some tribes from,51,350,352; pacific attitude of others,26-7,51,52,414n.[429]; revolt against, in 1917,39,59,60,69,70,84-5,86,93,98,121-2,127-8,169,185,205,302,309,420furniture of,229-30geographical knowledge of,265-6government of,144-8graves and tombs of,181,229,259-63greetings used between,419historical knowledge of,265,360,361-2honour, sense of, among,296hospitality of,210,237houses of, various types,89,90,92,181,184,239,240-41,244-55,256,302,309,310-11,314,315-16,377-8,381,389,393huts of,184,253,254,262-3industries of,131,164-6,174,227-30,231,277,310judicial system of,107,110Kings of,seeAmenokal; list of,463-5language of,15;seeTemajegh.Libyans and,7,262,341,342,356,366,462literature of,173,263,269,360,361-2live stock of,133-4,190,202,203,204-5love affairs among,174-5,176marriage system of,170-71,173,174,175-7,181,289matriarchal system among,103-4,148-53,170,171medicine among,82,180-81,201migrations of,seeMigrations.ministers and officials of,106-7monarchy, democratic, of,107-8,145monogamy usual among,170,171mosques of,86,87,93,94,255-8,301-2,360,361music of,272name of,14,15,118,257,273-4,412n.[426],454,459-60,461; derivation of,348-9noble and servile,15,103-4,110,128,137,140-43,217;seeImajeghanandImghad.nomadism of,16,208,209,212,400,406numbers of,402origin of,see above underancestry of.ornaments of,282-6patience of,296,420physical type of,161-3,172,177,187,217poetry of,169,173,263,265,271,272population of,402pottery of,160-61,317prostitution among,177proverbs of,176,182,237,420,421raiding by,51,59,187,188,189,190-94“red” colouring of,162,173,367,460religion of,273-8,290,291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity,275-8,293-4; traces of Christian influence,275-6,277,278,284-5,289,293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax practice,273,274,290,291,293,324-5revolt of, 1917,see above underFrench.script of,15-16;seeT’ifinagh.shields of,234-5,276,444slave trading, former, by,135slaves of,15n.[13],103-4,105,134,135,140,150,178snuff taken by,211,220Sultan of,seeAmenokal.superstitions of,275,278-81,293,295-6taboos among,294-5tobacco chewed by,211tools of,229totemism among,294-5,394n.[408]trade of,38,48,50,133,414tribal names of,128-31tribes and sub-tribes of,143-5,393,400,426-41unselfishness of,95,177,178vanity of,95Veil worn by,14-15,139-40,163,284-90,328-9warfare, methods of,236-7; tribal,101,390,391,392,402-3weapons of,233-6,276; allegiance toarmes blanches,55,235-6,328; arm daggers,234; knives,234,236; spears,233-4,236; swords,96,233,234,236,276,289weights and measures of,220-22women of,seeWomen, Tuareg.Tuareg, Azger, Damergu, Elakkos, Fezzan,etc.,see under those heads.Tuat,9,260,291,292,332,334; earliest account of,19; Ibn Batutah’s journey to,453,455,456; Jews massacred in,291Tuat road,318,353,453Tuat-Tidikelt area,111Tuberculosis case at Auderas,180Tubuzzat, Kel,437“Tufakoret” (solar halo),296Tuggurt,9,111Tukda (Nakda),452Tumayu,372Tummo,320Tumuli, funerary,260-61Tunfafia,180n.[172]Tunisia,325,341,457; Christianity in,294; the Circumcelliones in,328; spread of Islam in,257Tunsi, El,192Turayet,51,418; graves in,263; valley,84,183Turdja,180n.[172]Turha,180n.[172]Turks: their part in the 1917 revolt,93,98; penetration of Tibesti by,327Ufa Atikin, position of,425Ufugum, Kel,434Ula,191Ulcer, nasal, caused by sand,180Ulli, Kel,52,129,307,437,438,441; Damergu,440’Umbellu, the ’alim,217,270,290,385,389Umuzut, Kel,428; Damergu,440Unankara valley,308,390Uncle, maternal, descent traced through,151Ungwa, Kel,433Unnar, Kel,381,432,433Uraren, position of,425Urn burial,161,263; pre-Tuareg example of,121Urufan,44; position of,424Ushr,180n.[172]Utzila, the,343Uye, Kel,432Valleys, of Air,34-5,83-4; of Azawagh,61-2,63,66-7,71,76Vassalage and Imghadage compared,38,140,141Vegetables, cultivation of,131-2,133Vegetation, desert,64,70,226; hardiness of,67; rain and,124; Elakkos and Termit,445,446,449Veil, People of the,seeTuareg.Veil, the,14-15,41,284,286-90,328; appearance of Tuareg without,187; colour of,117,139-40; how put on,287-8; Southerners adopt practice of wearing,41; theories concerning,288-90; not worn by women and slaves,15,140,288Venereal disease,179-80Vespasian,322Vesuvius,242Vicissitudes of Tuareg in Air,401-16Village organisations, effect of 1917 revolt on,127-8,338-9Villagers, nomads’ lot envied by,212Villages, Central and North African type,42,43,48,87-90,91; Damergu,48; Elakkos,442,443,446; Tuareg, no factions in,338Viper, Sand,227Vizir, the, Agades,106,116Vogel, Dr.,21Volcanic origin of Saharan mountains,2; phenomena in geology of Air,33,79,81,183,215,216Volcano, Gheshwa,241-2Von Bary, Erwin,seeBary.Voulet, Captain, French expedition under,25-6,51Wad Righ,9Wadai,7,334Wadan,325,332n.[301]Wadi el Shati,354Wadigi valley,431Wadigi, Kel,431,432,437Wahat, El,6“Wakili,” the Sultan’s,106Walad Delim, the,344,345n.[328],358Walata,153,175,332,404n.[419],405War of Famine, the,414Warfare, desert: raids distinct from,190; small numbers involved in,11; Tuareg methods of,236-7Wargla,9,110,335Warrington, Colonel Hamer,21Warrington, Henry,21Water, native powers of abstinence from,189,208,209,210“Water of the Horse,”325-6Water-skins,232Watering points: for salt caravans,219; technique of raids and,11,188,189;seeWells.Wati, Kel,412-13Wau el Harir,336Wau el Kebir,6Wau el Namus,6Wau el Seghir,6Wawat People of the West,6Weather superstitions, Tuareg,295-6Weathering, uneven in action,321Webster, G. W.,362n.[356]Weights and measures, Air,220-22Welimmid (Aulimmiden), the,357Well, iron in, Ibn Batutah on,453Well, People of the Deep,308Wells,7,74-6,80,300; filled in during revolt,59,60,451; not poisoned in warfare,236; silted up,66,72,74of Azawagh,74-6,80; of Elakkos,445-6,447; irrigation,132-3; attributed to the Itesan,377,378,393; of Northern Air,300; origin and guardianship of,74-5,377,378,393West, People of the,129,441West and north, confusion of terms for,244,247Western Negroland: Sanhaja dominant in,404-5; occupied by Songhai,409Western Sahara,3-4; caravan route to,7; Sanhaja rulers of,404,405Western Sudan, French expedition from,25Wheat: cultivation of,131,133; “kus-kus” made of,157-8; considered a luxury,160Wheeled transport, ancient use of, in Air, discussed,318-19,320,321-2,324“White” and “Black” Tuareg,139-40White camels,196“White Nobles,” Tuareg term for British,459“White People,” the (Arab traders),106,404“White People,” the (Kel Ahamellan),352Wild donkeys,204“Wild Men of Air,” the,306-7Wireless stations: Agades,86; raiders handicapped by,188“Witnesses, The,”260Wives of Tuareg: male friends allowed to,175-6; monogamy usual in Air,170,171; purchase of,177Wolof language,118Women: Bardamah,406,452; Bororoji,57; Hausa and Kanuri,44; Kel Owi,180; Tegama,54Tuareg: general status of,167-71,272,293; claimed as tribal ancestresses or leaders,398; in childbirth,179; courage of,169-70; descent traced through,103-4,148-53,373,398; divination by,281-2; dress of,167,172; eat with men,174; education given by,173-4,268,400; faces of, painted,173; fatness of,118,172,406; forwardness of,54,118; household duties of,174; industries in hands of,174,227; male friends of,175-6; marriage system,170-71,174,175-6,181,196-7; noble, high standing of,150,151,168,169,171,172,174; old, handsomeness of,173; ornaments of,283; as poets,169,173,271,272; property owned by,168-9,177,293; in public life,168,169; salons held by,272; spirits supposed to attack,279-81; veil not worn by,15,288; young,172,173,174-5World, roundness of, known to Tuareg,266Wounds, Tuareg treatment of,201Yellow ochre used as cosmetic,173Yemen, the,341; early invasion from,371Yes, Quarter of, Ghat,258Yiti, Kel,412Youngest member of party made cook,159Youths, Tuareg, dress of,289Yunis, Sultan,102,103,104,463Yusif (ben el Haj Ahmed ibn el Haj Abeshan), Sultan,102n.[91],103,413,464Za Alayamin (el Yemani), Libyan dynasty of,404Za Yasebi,408Zakarkaran, the,428Zamfarawa, the,391Zanhaga, desert of,332Zanziga, the,332,333,334,343,348Zaria, type of houses of,87Zawzawa,46,145Zegawa, the343Zegedan, Kel,435Zelim massif.33; pool of,317,427Zella,374n.[389]Zenega, the,331Zerumini, the,433Zibduwa,412Zilalet,299,431,440; position of,425Zilalet, Kel,384,431,440Zinder,42,43-4,49,50,51,85,189,418; French garrison at,85; Senussi “zawia” at,49Zinder-Chad, territory of,50Zinder-Fashi-Kawar road,32Zipta mountain,327Zuila (Cillala),112,323,347Zu’lhajja,274Zungu,46Zurbatan, the,434Zurika, position of,425

[461]Bates,op. cit., Maps III to X.[462]Herodotus, IV. 191.[463]Duveyrier,op. cit., p. 318.[464]De Foucauld:Dict. Touareg-Fraçais, Alger, Vol. I. p. 451.[465]De Foucauld:Reconnaissance du Maroc, Paris, 1888, p. 10seq.[466]F. Stuhlmann:Die Mazighvölker, Kolonial Institut, Band 27.[467]I.e.Libyans.[468]Lenz:Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko, etc., Leipzig, 1884.[469]Hanoteau:Grammaire Kabyle, p. ix.[470]De Foucauld:Dict., Vol. I. p. 452,sub“Amajer.”[471]Barth,op. cit., Vol. V. App. III.[472]Or in Air “Imajeghan.”[473]Sergi:Africa, etc., pp. 342-3.[474]Barth,op. cit., Vol. I. pp. 222-6.[475]Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.[476]Loc. cit.[477]Richardson:Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, Vol. II. p. 140.[478]Loc. cit.[479]Bates,op. cit., p. 42seq.[480]Ibid., p. 71.[481]And therefore of the Tehenu.

[461]Bates,op. cit., Maps III to X.

[461]Bates,op. cit., Maps III to X.

[462]Herodotus, IV. 191.

[462]Herodotus, IV. 191.

[463]Duveyrier,op. cit., p. 318.

[463]Duveyrier,op. cit., p. 318.

[464]De Foucauld:Dict. Touareg-Fraçais, Alger, Vol. I. p. 451.

[464]De Foucauld:Dict. Touareg-Fraçais, Alger, Vol. I. p. 451.

[465]De Foucauld:Reconnaissance du Maroc, Paris, 1888, p. 10seq.

[465]De Foucauld:Reconnaissance du Maroc, Paris, 1888, p. 10seq.

[466]F. Stuhlmann:Die Mazighvölker, Kolonial Institut, Band 27.

[466]F. Stuhlmann:Die Mazighvölker, Kolonial Institut, Band 27.

[467]I.e.Libyans.

[467]I.e.Libyans.

[468]Lenz:Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko, etc., Leipzig, 1884.

[468]Lenz:Timbuktu: Reise durch Marokko, etc., Leipzig, 1884.

[469]Hanoteau:Grammaire Kabyle, p. ix.

[469]Hanoteau:Grammaire Kabyle, p. ix.

[470]De Foucauld:Dict., Vol. I. p. 452,sub“Amajer.”

[470]De Foucauld:Dict., Vol. I. p. 452,sub“Amajer.”

[471]Barth,op. cit., Vol. V. App. III.

[471]Barth,op. cit., Vol. V. App. III.

[472]Or in Air “Imajeghan.”

[472]Or in Air “Imajeghan.”

[473]Sergi:Africa, etc., pp. 342-3.

[473]Sergi:Africa, etc., pp. 342-3.

[474]Barth,op. cit., Vol. I. pp. 222-6.

[474]Barth,op. cit., Vol. I. pp. 222-6.

[475]Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.

[475]Where Barth is in apparent contradiction in Volume I with other statements, and especially in Volume V, on this question of the MZGh root as a national name, the explanation, I think, is that he did not apparently consider the Northern Imghad, of whom he was speaking in the first volume, as pertaining to the Tuareg nation. Later on, when this became clear, he corrected himself.

[476]Loc. cit.

[476]Loc. cit.

[477]Richardson:Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, Vol. II. p. 140.

[477]Richardson:Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, Vol. II. p. 140.

[478]Loc. cit.

[478]Loc. cit.

[479]Bates,op. cit., p. 42seq.

[479]Bates,op. cit., p. 42seq.

[480]Ibid., p. 71.

[480]Ibid., p. 71.

[481]And therefore of the Tehenu.

[481]And therefore of the Tehenu.

THE KINGS OF THE TUAREG OF AIR

Thefollowing list of the kings of Agades was collected by Mr. H. R. Palmer, now Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Nigeria, in a record which has been referred to in the body of this work as the Agades Chronicle. The information was supplied by a learned Hausa scribe and is derived from Tuareg sources, probably in part MSS. The record ranks as “good oral testimony.” It was published in an English translation prepared by Mr. Palmer and printed in theJournal of the African Society, Vol. IX. No. XXXVI., July 1910. I am indebted to Mr. H. R. Palmer and to Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., the publishers of theJournal, for permission to reproduce the informationin extenso.

In the following pages little more is given than the bare list of kings with the dates, but much of the other information contained in the Chronicle has been incorporated in the text of the third, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth chapters of this book. The spelling of some of the proper names in the list and in the text has been slightly modified to accord with the system of transliteration adopted.

The genealogical table following the list of kings has been compiled from the information contained in the Chronicle.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOK

A greatstudent was showing a friend over his library, and it happened to the friend to ask the obvious question that has occurred to nearly everyone in the same circumstances. The learned man in reply remarked wearily, that neither had he read all the books which adorned his shelves, nor yet were those all the books which he had read. I would say much the same of the lists which are given below. Many as are the works mentioned, those dealing with Air in any detail are very few.

A fuller bibliography of the people and places in the Central Sahara generally will be found in Gsell’s first volume of hisHistoire de l’Afrique du Nordand in Oric Bates’Eastern Libyans.

Maps

General Books about the Central Sahara

Linguistic and Grammatical

Books dealing with the Tuareg and the Anthropology of the Sahara generally

Classical and Arabic Authors

Works dealing more particularly with Air

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