Second Modification.Negro-landDinde, Ninde, Nindi.South Africa.—MadagascarTangh, Tangam, Tangan.HottentotsT'unka.Asia.—MalaysTribes on the“Jenisei”River, in SiberiaTangan, Tögon, Tono.KamschatkaTono.North America.—Hudson's Bay.“The Hand”Tene-law.“The Tongue”Tene-thoun.In these American dialects“Tene”is a general prefix to the names of the senses;“Law”is thedistinctivename of the Hand;“Toun”thedistinctivename of the Tongue, &c.Europe.—EnglishTongue.Latin VerbsTang-o, Teneo.Names of“The Hand.”—Class II.South Africa.—CoronasT'koam.North America.—PoconchiCam.Asia.—Hebrew(AHand-full)K. m ts.(To grasp, To lay hold of)K. m. t.Europe.—Welsh(To take)Kum-meryd.Names of“The Hand.”—Class III.Negro-landBulla.(Hand and Arm)Bulla.Asia.—Persian(The Arm)B.[pg ApA066]Names of“The Hand.”—Class IV.Negro-landObaa.Europe.—Gothic & Anglo-Saxon(To have)Hab-an. Häb-ban.LatinHab-ere.Names of“The hand.”—Class V.Negro-landOnonuba.South America.—MossansNubou, Nuboupé.Names of“The Hand.”—Class VI.North Africa.—Egypt.(The Hand and Front Arm)Koi.(The Hand)Gig.Negro-landKook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko.Europe.—FinlandKchesi.LaplandChketsch. Chkatsch.HungarianKeez.Asia.—Arabic(Cubitus)Caa.Tamul(Hand)Kei.GeorgianChe.PersianKef, or Gef.Quasi QuumuqKujä.OssetianKoch, Kuch.N. America.—Nootka SoundKook-elixo.TschitketansKatchicou.UgaljachmutziKajak-az.SenecasKaschuchta.St. Barbara'sHuachajâ.S. America.—AraucansCuu, Cuugh.BrazilsGepo.YaruransIcchi-mo.[pg ApA067]Names of“The Hand.”-Class VII.The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:North Africa.—Egypt[Allied to Gig,“The Hand,”(Egypt) above mentioned]Shig.South Africa.—BeetjuanasSseak-ja.Asia.—[Language of theGarrau Mountains,N.E.ofBengal]Zjâk.GeorgianShi.ChineseZjiu, Ziu.N. America.—Fitzhugh SoundShou-shey.Negro-landAschi.Europe.—BasqueEscua.The words used in the last two Classes of examples as“Names”for“The Hand,”may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, asVerbsdescriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko,Negronames for“The Hand,”with the verbs Kō,“To take,”Ek-ō,“To hold, have, act”(Greek); Ago (Latin).Compare Aschi (Negro), Escua (Basque), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein,“To hold,”“To have”(Greek).Compare Katchicou,North American, and Chkatsch,Lapland, names for“The Hand,”with“Catch”(English).Compare Kef, or Gef (Persian), and Gepo“The Hand”(Brazilian), with Give (English), Geb-en (German).Compare Kaschuchtah,North American, and Khesi,Fin, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio,“To search for”(Welsh), Guess (English); verbs derived from G.sh,“To feel, search for, with the Hand”(Hebrew).[pg ApA068]Names of“The Hand.”—Class VIII.Asia.—Hebrew(The Hand and Forearm)A.m.e.Hebrew(“A Finger,”“The Right Hand”)Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Ee.m.ee.n.th.North Africa.—Egypt. The Hand and Forearm)Mah, Mahe.South Africa.—Hottentots(Hand)Omma.South America.—SapibocansEme.[See A.m.e (Hebrew) above.]ZamucansYumanai.[See Ee.m.n.e (Hebrew) above.]SaliviansImmomo.The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:192South Africa.—Lagoa BayMundha.Europe.—LatinManus.Names of“The hand.”—Class IX.Negro-landEnsah, Ensaa.South Africa.—CaffresFansah.Europe.—Latin(“Handle”)Ansa or Hansa.193Latin(To seize or hold)Pré-hendo.Danish, Icelandic, English, and GermanHaand, Hond, Hand.Greek(To take)Chandano.Asia, North.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”River, SiberiaKenar, Kenaran.[pg ApA069]Names of“The Hand.”—Class X.North Africa.—BerberIdd-egh.Asia.—Hebrew and ArabicEed, Ied.PehlwiJede-man.194Sumoied, Koibal, and MotorianUda, Oda, Udam.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XI.North Africa.—PhellatahsYoungo.Negro-landNakoa.South Africa.—Hottentots of Saldana BayOnekoa.North America.—CochimiNagona.MiamisOnexca. Enahkee.IroquoisEniage.Algon. dialectsNachk. Naak.Europe.—English(Adroitness in any Handy-craft)Knack.English(Joints of the Fingers)Knuck-les.South America.—MaipuransNucápe.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XII.First Modification.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'aa.North America.—MixtecansDaha.Europe.—Welsh(The Right hand)Dahai.[pg ApA070]Second Modification.Asia.—Persian and KurdDā-st.ArmenianTzjern.Negro-landTusso.Europe.—German(A Claw, a Paw)Tatze.German(Togrope)Tast-en.English(applied to the Palate)“Taste.”Third Modification.Asia.—KamschatkaTegi.Europe.—English(A Verb)“Take.”Asia.—TaraikaiDēk.Europe.—Latin(The Right Hand)Dex-tra.Greek(To take)Dekomai.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIII.Negro-landBe.Asia.—Tribes on theJenisei, SiberiaPhjaga.SiamPfan.Europe.—WelshPau-en.English(applied to animals)Paw.South America.—BrazilsPoh, Po.OmaguansPua.North America.—Mic-MacsPeton.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIV.First Modification.Negro-landAlo, Allo.Asia.—TurkishEll, Elli.Europe.—(An old Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm)Ell, Elle.EnglishEl-bow.[pg ApA071]Second Modification.Negro-landLoho.Europe.—WelshLa-o-u.America.—ChippewayansLah.Hudson's Bay(“The Hand”)Tene195-Law.(“The Tongue”)Tene-Thoun.Third Modification.Negro-land(Allied to the Negro word Loho,“The Hand,”above)Loco.North America.—PenobscotOleechee.Asia.—TibetLag.GeorgianCheli.Europe.—English(Applied to animals)Claw.Irish(The Hand)Glak.Asia.—IngumianKulku.Fourth Modification.Europe.—Greek(The Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit)Olē n . ē.N. America.—PennsylvaniaOlœnskam. Alœn-skam.New Sweden.Olœnskan. Alœnskan.[pg ApA072]Words For“The Tongue.”In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of“Teckramme,”(probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.(South Africa,—Tamma Tamme, T'inn.196) See these words illustrated among the words for“The Hand.”See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to“The Tongue,”and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten,“To grope,”German;“Taste,”applied to the“Palate,”English. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.Negro-land—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.Gaelic—Lam,“The Hand;”Greek—Lam-bano,“To take;”Latin—Lam-bo, To lick withthe Tongue.Negro-land—Dali;197MalaysofFormosa—Dadila;Turkish—Dil;North America(Nagailers)—Thoula.South Africa(Madagascar, & Caffres)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi;North America(Penobscot)—Wee-laulo;Greek—Laleo,“To speak;”Lalia,“Speech.”Negro-land—Ning;Georgian—Nina;Lasian—Nena, Nen;South America(Kiriri)—Nunu.Egypt—La sh;Hebrew—L. sh . on . n;Armenian—Ljesu;South Africa(Caffres)—Loodjem.Negro-land—Essiénkó;Old German—Zunka;Modern German—Zunge.198South Africa(Koossas)—Müme;Chinese—Mi;Basque—Mihia, Minni.North Africa(Berbers)—Narka;South America(Maupurian)—Nuore;Caraibs—Nourou.North Africa(Dongolan)—Nadka;South America(Betoan)—Ineca.[pg ApA073]Words For“The Ear.”Negro-land—Szemman-kó;Hebrew—Sh.m.o,“To hear.”Negro-land—Asse Asshabe;199Abyssinia—Ishenha Ashenha;Hebrew—A.z.n.Negro-land—Uwasso;Bohemian—Ussi;Greek—Ouas, Ous.Negro-land—Otuh (Otto,“Ears”);Greek—Ōta (“Ears”);North America(Knistenaux)—Otoweegie.South Africa(Caffres)—Gevea;Kurd—Guh;Samoied—Ko, Kuo.North Africa(Berbers)—Ukkegá;Selavonian—Ucho;North America(Shawannos)—Ochtowaga;Greek—Akou-o (“To hear”).North Africa(Dongolans)—Ulûk;Coriac—Wilugi;Chinese—Uhl.South Africa—T'no-eingtu, T'naum, T'nunka;Bucharian—Dehâu.Egypt—Meeje;Japan—Mimi.Negro-land—Toy;Esquimaux—Tehui;Brazil—Ty.The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of“The Foot”and“The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for“The Hand;”but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.[pg ApA074]Words For“The Foot.”Negro-land—(Foot and Leg) Sing;German—Schenkel;English—Shank.South Africa(Hottentots)—Coap and T'keib;Affghan—Ch pé;Abassian—Sh pe;South America(Mokobis)—Capiate.Negro-land—Trippe;German-Tripp-en,“To go,”Treppen (“Steps”)English—“Trip.”Negro-land—Itta;Latin—It-er,“A Journey,”It-um,“Gone;”the participle of the Latin verb Eo,“To go;”Zend—Jeieta,“He goes.”S. Africa(Hottentots)—Y and Yi;Egypt—I,“To go;”Latin—Eo,“I go.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Ir-qua;South America(Zamucans)—Irie;Latin—Ire,“To go;”Zend—Harra,“I go.”Negro-land—Gann;Greenland—Kannak;German—Gehen,“To go,”(Gegangen,“Gone”);Scotch—Gang;Negro-land—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.Negro-land—Nugee;Sclaronic—Noga;South America(Maupurians)—Nuchü, Nucsi.Egypt—Rat;Welsh—Rodio,“To walk.”Negro-land—Afo;South America(Vilellans)—Apé;Latin—Pe, Pe-s.North Africa(Fulahs and Phellatahs)—Kússengál, Kavassongal;Jeniseians—Kassa;Mingrelian—Kutchi;Welsh—Koes,“A Leg;”North America(Shawannos)—Kussie.Negro-land—Akkau, Ugod;N. W.ofAmericaandN. E.ofAsia(Tschuktsches)—Iguk; (Kadjak)—Igugu;Turkish—Ajak, Ajag.Negro-land—Kulu, Kolo;Mongol—Kull, Koll.Negro-land—Tangue;North America(Mixtecan)—Tohuan“Feet;”South Africa—Tóoh;English—Toe;Saxon—Da;Dutch—Deen.Nubia—Regget;Hebrew—R . g . l.S. Africa—Lefack;English—Leg;Wogul—Lagyl;Pehlwi—Lager-man.Negro-land—E'ns-zih, and (Caffre) En-jau, appear to be allied to theLatin—Eo, Eundo;Italian—And-are;English—Wend, Went;German—Wenden.South Africa—Hoots;Armenian—Oat, Woat;Welsh—Wad-n;German—Wad-en,“To go;”English—“Wade;”Latin—“Vad-o.”[pg ApA075]Words For“The Head.”Negro-land—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong;Brazilian—Acang, Yahange;Irish—Ken; (German—König;English—King, i.e.“A Head.”)South Africa—Olo, Loha;Hebrew—Ol,“Above,”“To ascend;”Motorian—Ulu,“A Head.”South Africa—Klogo;Irish—Kloigean;Welsh—Ben-glog,“A Skull;”Hebrew—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha);Armenian—Kluch;Jeniseians—Kolkä;200Sclavonian—Golowa“A Head.”Egypt—Kahi, Jo;Negro-land—Go, Ko, Kujuoo;South Africa—Kŏhho;Jeniseians—Koïgo;German—Kopf.Negro-land—Ta, Tu;South Africa—Dooha;Georgian—T'awi;Chinese—T'eu;North America(Nagailers)—Thie.Negro-land—Tabu;Persian—Tab, (“Top;”)German—Topp;North America(Mohegans)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)FulahsandPhellatahs—Hore, Horde;Hebrew—Or,“To rise.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Biquäau;South America(Aymarans)—Pegke;North America(New England)—Bequoquo;English—Peak, Beak.Hottentots—Minung;Chinese—Mien,“The Face;”English—“Mien,”andFrench—“Mine.”Negro-land—Oitju, Ithu;South America(Zamucans)—Yatoitac;Welsh—Yaad;English—Head, Height.Negro-land—Boppe, Bapp;South America(Yaoans)—Boppe; (Caraibs)—Opoupou;North America(Woccons)—Poppe.South Africa(Hottentots)—T'naa;Isle of Man—Tchynn.[pg ApA076]Words For“Water.”Class I.South Africa.—HottentotsOuata.Europe—RussianOuade.SwedishWat-n.EnglishWat-er,“Wet.”Latin(“Moist”)Ud-us.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsWt-achsu.Cora(“The Sea”)Vaat.201Mexico(“The Sea”)Veyat-l.It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of“Wet, Wat-er,”(English.) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.Words for“Water.”—Class II.North Africa.—Egypt(“Aquæ”)Eiooue.North America.—WocconsEau.202CheerokeesAuwa.MuskohgesWewa.Europe.—WelshWy, or Gwy.[Hence the name of the River]“The Wye.”IcelandicAa.Anglo-SaxonEa, Eia.203Asia.—KamschatkaJa, Ii.SamoiedIi, I.Negro-landJi.South America.—GuaranianĪ, I.BrazilianY.[pg ApA077]Words for“Water.”—Class III.North America.—ChikkasahsO kah, Ookaw.Europe.—IrishOixe.LatinAqua.South America.—QuicuansYacu.Words for“Water.”—Class IV.South America.—QuicuansUnu.Negro-landNu.N. America.—KolushiansIin, Jin.Negro-landInssuo, Ensu.Words for“Water.”—Class V.[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:Europe—IrishOixe,North America—ChikkasahsOkah, Ookaw.
Second Modification.Negro-landDinde, Ninde, Nindi.South Africa.—MadagascarTangh, Tangam, Tangan.HottentotsT'unka.Asia.—MalaysTribes on the“Jenisei”River, in SiberiaTangan, Tögon, Tono.KamschatkaTono.North America.—Hudson's Bay.“The Hand”Tene-law.“The Tongue”Tene-thoun.In these American dialects“Tene”is a general prefix to the names of the senses;“Law”is thedistinctivename of the Hand;“Toun”thedistinctivename of the Tongue, &c.Europe.—EnglishTongue.Latin VerbsTang-o, Teneo.Names of“The Hand.”—Class II.South Africa.—CoronasT'koam.North America.—PoconchiCam.Asia.—Hebrew(AHand-full)K. m ts.(To grasp, To lay hold of)K. m. t.Europe.—Welsh(To take)Kum-meryd.Names of“The Hand.”—Class III.Negro-landBulla.(Hand and Arm)Bulla.Asia.—Persian(The Arm)B.[pg ApA066]Names of“The Hand.”—Class IV.Negro-landObaa.Europe.—Gothic & Anglo-Saxon(To have)Hab-an. Häb-ban.LatinHab-ere.Names of“The hand.”—Class V.Negro-landOnonuba.South America.—MossansNubou, Nuboupé.Names of“The Hand.”—Class VI.North Africa.—Egypt.(The Hand and Front Arm)Koi.(The Hand)Gig.Negro-landKook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko.Europe.—FinlandKchesi.LaplandChketsch. Chkatsch.HungarianKeez.Asia.—Arabic(Cubitus)Caa.Tamul(Hand)Kei.GeorgianChe.PersianKef, or Gef.Quasi QuumuqKujä.OssetianKoch, Kuch.N. America.—Nootka SoundKook-elixo.TschitketansKatchicou.UgaljachmutziKajak-az.SenecasKaschuchta.St. Barbara'sHuachajâ.S. America.—AraucansCuu, Cuugh.BrazilsGepo.YaruransIcchi-mo.[pg ApA067]Names of“The Hand.”-Class VII.The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:North Africa.—Egypt[Allied to Gig,“The Hand,”(Egypt) above mentioned]Shig.South Africa.—BeetjuanasSseak-ja.Asia.—[Language of theGarrau Mountains,N.E.ofBengal]Zjâk.GeorgianShi.ChineseZjiu, Ziu.N. America.—Fitzhugh SoundShou-shey.Negro-landAschi.Europe.—BasqueEscua.The words used in the last two Classes of examples as“Names”for“The Hand,”may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, asVerbsdescriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko,Negronames for“The Hand,”with the verbs Kō,“To take,”Ek-ō,“To hold, have, act”(Greek); Ago (Latin).Compare Aschi (Negro), Escua (Basque), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein,“To hold,”“To have”(Greek).Compare Katchicou,North American, and Chkatsch,Lapland, names for“The Hand,”with“Catch”(English).Compare Kef, or Gef (Persian), and Gepo“The Hand”(Brazilian), with Give (English), Geb-en (German).Compare Kaschuchtah,North American, and Khesi,Fin, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio,“To search for”(Welsh), Guess (English); verbs derived from G.sh,“To feel, search for, with the Hand”(Hebrew).[pg ApA068]Names of“The Hand.”—Class VIII.Asia.—Hebrew(The Hand and Forearm)A.m.e.Hebrew(“A Finger,”“The Right Hand”)Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Ee.m.ee.n.th.North Africa.—Egypt. The Hand and Forearm)Mah, Mahe.South Africa.—Hottentots(Hand)Omma.South America.—SapibocansEme.[See A.m.e (Hebrew) above.]ZamucansYumanai.[See Ee.m.n.e (Hebrew) above.]SaliviansImmomo.The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:192South Africa.—Lagoa BayMundha.Europe.—LatinManus.Names of“The hand.”—Class IX.Negro-landEnsah, Ensaa.South Africa.—CaffresFansah.Europe.—Latin(“Handle”)Ansa or Hansa.193Latin(To seize or hold)Pré-hendo.Danish, Icelandic, English, and GermanHaand, Hond, Hand.Greek(To take)Chandano.Asia, North.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”River, SiberiaKenar, Kenaran.[pg ApA069]Names of“The Hand.”—Class X.North Africa.—BerberIdd-egh.Asia.—Hebrew and ArabicEed, Ied.PehlwiJede-man.194Sumoied, Koibal, and MotorianUda, Oda, Udam.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XI.North Africa.—PhellatahsYoungo.Negro-landNakoa.South Africa.—Hottentots of Saldana BayOnekoa.North America.—CochimiNagona.MiamisOnexca. Enahkee.IroquoisEniage.Algon. dialectsNachk. Naak.Europe.—English(Adroitness in any Handy-craft)Knack.English(Joints of the Fingers)Knuck-les.South America.—MaipuransNucápe.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XII.First Modification.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'aa.North America.—MixtecansDaha.Europe.—Welsh(The Right hand)Dahai.[pg ApA070]Second Modification.Asia.—Persian and KurdDā-st.ArmenianTzjern.Negro-landTusso.Europe.—German(A Claw, a Paw)Tatze.German(Togrope)Tast-en.English(applied to the Palate)“Taste.”Third Modification.Asia.—KamschatkaTegi.Europe.—English(A Verb)“Take.”Asia.—TaraikaiDēk.Europe.—Latin(The Right Hand)Dex-tra.Greek(To take)Dekomai.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIII.Negro-landBe.Asia.—Tribes on theJenisei, SiberiaPhjaga.SiamPfan.Europe.—WelshPau-en.English(applied to animals)Paw.South America.—BrazilsPoh, Po.OmaguansPua.North America.—Mic-MacsPeton.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIV.First Modification.Negro-landAlo, Allo.Asia.—TurkishEll, Elli.Europe.—(An old Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm)Ell, Elle.EnglishEl-bow.[pg ApA071]Second Modification.Negro-landLoho.Europe.—WelshLa-o-u.America.—ChippewayansLah.Hudson's Bay(“The Hand”)Tene195-Law.(“The Tongue”)Tene-Thoun.Third Modification.Negro-land(Allied to the Negro word Loho,“The Hand,”above)Loco.North America.—PenobscotOleechee.Asia.—TibetLag.GeorgianCheli.Europe.—English(Applied to animals)Claw.Irish(The Hand)Glak.Asia.—IngumianKulku.Fourth Modification.Europe.—Greek(The Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit)Olē n . ē.N. America.—PennsylvaniaOlœnskam. Alœn-skam.New Sweden.Olœnskan. Alœnskan.[pg ApA072]Words For“The Tongue.”In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of“Teckramme,”(probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.(South Africa,—Tamma Tamme, T'inn.196) See these words illustrated among the words for“The Hand.”See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to“The Tongue,”and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten,“To grope,”German;“Taste,”applied to the“Palate,”English. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.Negro-land—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.Gaelic—Lam,“The Hand;”Greek—Lam-bano,“To take;”Latin—Lam-bo, To lick withthe Tongue.Negro-land—Dali;197MalaysofFormosa—Dadila;Turkish—Dil;North America(Nagailers)—Thoula.South Africa(Madagascar, & Caffres)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi;North America(Penobscot)—Wee-laulo;Greek—Laleo,“To speak;”Lalia,“Speech.”Negro-land—Ning;Georgian—Nina;Lasian—Nena, Nen;South America(Kiriri)—Nunu.Egypt—La sh;Hebrew—L. sh . on . n;Armenian—Ljesu;South Africa(Caffres)—Loodjem.Negro-land—Essiénkó;Old German—Zunka;Modern German—Zunge.198South Africa(Koossas)—Müme;Chinese—Mi;Basque—Mihia, Minni.North Africa(Berbers)—Narka;South America(Maupurian)—Nuore;Caraibs—Nourou.North Africa(Dongolan)—Nadka;South America(Betoan)—Ineca.[pg ApA073]Words For“The Ear.”Negro-land—Szemman-kó;Hebrew—Sh.m.o,“To hear.”Negro-land—Asse Asshabe;199Abyssinia—Ishenha Ashenha;Hebrew—A.z.n.Negro-land—Uwasso;Bohemian—Ussi;Greek—Ouas, Ous.Negro-land—Otuh (Otto,“Ears”);Greek—Ōta (“Ears”);North America(Knistenaux)—Otoweegie.South Africa(Caffres)—Gevea;Kurd—Guh;Samoied—Ko, Kuo.North Africa(Berbers)—Ukkegá;Selavonian—Ucho;North America(Shawannos)—Ochtowaga;Greek—Akou-o (“To hear”).North Africa(Dongolans)—Ulûk;Coriac—Wilugi;Chinese—Uhl.South Africa—T'no-eingtu, T'naum, T'nunka;Bucharian—Dehâu.Egypt—Meeje;Japan—Mimi.Negro-land—Toy;Esquimaux—Tehui;Brazil—Ty.The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of“The Foot”and“The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for“The Hand;”but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.[pg ApA074]Words For“The Foot.”Negro-land—(Foot and Leg) Sing;German—Schenkel;English—Shank.South Africa(Hottentots)—Coap and T'keib;Affghan—Ch pé;Abassian—Sh pe;South America(Mokobis)—Capiate.Negro-land—Trippe;German-Tripp-en,“To go,”Treppen (“Steps”)English—“Trip.”Negro-land—Itta;Latin—It-er,“A Journey,”It-um,“Gone;”the participle of the Latin verb Eo,“To go;”Zend—Jeieta,“He goes.”S. Africa(Hottentots)—Y and Yi;Egypt—I,“To go;”Latin—Eo,“I go.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Ir-qua;South America(Zamucans)—Irie;Latin—Ire,“To go;”Zend—Harra,“I go.”Negro-land—Gann;Greenland—Kannak;German—Gehen,“To go,”(Gegangen,“Gone”);Scotch—Gang;Negro-land—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.Negro-land—Nugee;Sclaronic—Noga;South America(Maupurians)—Nuchü, Nucsi.Egypt—Rat;Welsh—Rodio,“To walk.”Negro-land—Afo;South America(Vilellans)—Apé;Latin—Pe, Pe-s.North Africa(Fulahs and Phellatahs)—Kússengál, Kavassongal;Jeniseians—Kassa;Mingrelian—Kutchi;Welsh—Koes,“A Leg;”North America(Shawannos)—Kussie.Negro-land—Akkau, Ugod;N. W.ofAmericaandN. E.ofAsia(Tschuktsches)—Iguk; (Kadjak)—Igugu;Turkish—Ajak, Ajag.Negro-land—Kulu, Kolo;Mongol—Kull, Koll.Negro-land—Tangue;North America(Mixtecan)—Tohuan“Feet;”South Africa—Tóoh;English—Toe;Saxon—Da;Dutch—Deen.Nubia—Regget;Hebrew—R . g . l.S. Africa—Lefack;English—Leg;Wogul—Lagyl;Pehlwi—Lager-man.Negro-land—E'ns-zih, and (Caffre) En-jau, appear to be allied to theLatin—Eo, Eundo;Italian—And-are;English—Wend, Went;German—Wenden.South Africa—Hoots;Armenian—Oat, Woat;Welsh—Wad-n;German—Wad-en,“To go;”English—“Wade;”Latin—“Vad-o.”[pg ApA075]Words For“The Head.”Negro-land—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong;Brazilian—Acang, Yahange;Irish—Ken; (German—König;English—King, i.e.“A Head.”)South Africa—Olo, Loha;Hebrew—Ol,“Above,”“To ascend;”Motorian—Ulu,“A Head.”South Africa—Klogo;Irish—Kloigean;Welsh—Ben-glog,“A Skull;”Hebrew—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha);Armenian—Kluch;Jeniseians—Kolkä;200Sclavonian—Golowa“A Head.”Egypt—Kahi, Jo;Negro-land—Go, Ko, Kujuoo;South Africa—Kŏhho;Jeniseians—Koïgo;German—Kopf.Negro-land—Ta, Tu;South Africa—Dooha;Georgian—T'awi;Chinese—T'eu;North America(Nagailers)—Thie.Negro-land—Tabu;Persian—Tab, (“Top;”)German—Topp;North America(Mohegans)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)FulahsandPhellatahs—Hore, Horde;Hebrew—Or,“To rise.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Biquäau;South America(Aymarans)—Pegke;North America(New England)—Bequoquo;English—Peak, Beak.Hottentots—Minung;Chinese—Mien,“The Face;”English—“Mien,”andFrench—“Mine.”Negro-land—Oitju, Ithu;South America(Zamucans)—Yatoitac;Welsh—Yaad;English—Head, Height.Negro-land—Boppe, Bapp;South America(Yaoans)—Boppe; (Caraibs)—Opoupou;North America(Woccons)—Poppe.South Africa(Hottentots)—T'naa;Isle of Man—Tchynn.[pg ApA076]Words For“Water.”Class I.South Africa.—HottentotsOuata.Europe—RussianOuade.SwedishWat-n.EnglishWat-er,“Wet.”Latin(“Moist”)Ud-us.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsWt-achsu.Cora(“The Sea”)Vaat.201Mexico(“The Sea”)Veyat-l.It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of“Wet, Wat-er,”(English.) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.Words for“Water.”—Class II.North Africa.—Egypt(“Aquæ”)Eiooue.North America.—WocconsEau.202CheerokeesAuwa.MuskohgesWewa.Europe.—WelshWy, or Gwy.[Hence the name of the River]“The Wye.”IcelandicAa.Anglo-SaxonEa, Eia.203Asia.—KamschatkaJa, Ii.SamoiedIi, I.Negro-landJi.South America.—GuaranianĪ, I.BrazilianY.[pg ApA077]Words for“Water.”—Class III.North America.—ChikkasahsO kah, Ookaw.Europe.—IrishOixe.LatinAqua.South America.—QuicuansYacu.Words for“Water.”—Class IV.South America.—QuicuansUnu.Negro-landNu.N. America.—KolushiansIin, Jin.Negro-landInssuo, Ensu.Words for“Water.”—Class V.[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:Europe—IrishOixe,North America—ChikkasahsOkah, Ookaw.
Second Modification.Negro-landDinde, Ninde, Nindi.South Africa.—MadagascarTangh, Tangam, Tangan.HottentotsT'unka.Asia.—MalaysTribes on the“Jenisei”River, in SiberiaTangan, Tögon, Tono.KamschatkaTono.North America.—Hudson's Bay.“The Hand”Tene-law.“The Tongue”Tene-thoun.In these American dialects“Tene”is a general prefix to the names of the senses;“Law”is thedistinctivename of the Hand;“Toun”thedistinctivename of the Tongue, &c.Europe.—EnglishTongue.Latin VerbsTang-o, Teneo.Names of“The Hand.”—Class II.South Africa.—CoronasT'koam.North America.—PoconchiCam.Asia.—Hebrew(AHand-full)K. m ts.(To grasp, To lay hold of)K. m. t.Europe.—Welsh(To take)Kum-meryd.Names of“The Hand.”—Class III.Negro-landBulla.(Hand and Arm)Bulla.Asia.—Persian(The Arm)B.[pg ApA066]Names of“The Hand.”—Class IV.Negro-landObaa.Europe.—Gothic & Anglo-Saxon(To have)Hab-an. Häb-ban.LatinHab-ere.Names of“The hand.”—Class V.Negro-landOnonuba.South America.—MossansNubou, Nuboupé.Names of“The Hand.”—Class VI.North Africa.—Egypt.(The Hand and Front Arm)Koi.(The Hand)Gig.Negro-landKook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko.Europe.—FinlandKchesi.LaplandChketsch. Chkatsch.HungarianKeez.Asia.—Arabic(Cubitus)Caa.Tamul(Hand)Kei.GeorgianChe.PersianKef, or Gef.Quasi QuumuqKujä.OssetianKoch, Kuch.N. America.—Nootka SoundKook-elixo.TschitketansKatchicou.UgaljachmutziKajak-az.SenecasKaschuchta.St. Barbara'sHuachajâ.S. America.—AraucansCuu, Cuugh.BrazilsGepo.YaruransIcchi-mo.[pg ApA067]Names of“The Hand.”-Class VII.The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:North Africa.—Egypt[Allied to Gig,“The Hand,”(Egypt) above mentioned]Shig.South Africa.—BeetjuanasSseak-ja.Asia.—[Language of theGarrau Mountains,N.E.ofBengal]Zjâk.GeorgianShi.ChineseZjiu, Ziu.N. America.—Fitzhugh SoundShou-shey.Negro-landAschi.Europe.—BasqueEscua.The words used in the last two Classes of examples as“Names”for“The Hand,”may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, asVerbsdescriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko,Negronames for“The Hand,”with the verbs Kō,“To take,”Ek-ō,“To hold, have, act”(Greek); Ago (Latin).Compare Aschi (Negro), Escua (Basque), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein,“To hold,”“To have”(Greek).Compare Katchicou,North American, and Chkatsch,Lapland, names for“The Hand,”with“Catch”(English).Compare Kef, or Gef (Persian), and Gepo“The Hand”(Brazilian), with Give (English), Geb-en (German).Compare Kaschuchtah,North American, and Khesi,Fin, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio,“To search for”(Welsh), Guess (English); verbs derived from G.sh,“To feel, search for, with the Hand”(Hebrew).[pg ApA068]Names of“The Hand.”—Class VIII.Asia.—Hebrew(The Hand and Forearm)A.m.e.Hebrew(“A Finger,”“The Right Hand”)Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Ee.m.ee.n.th.North Africa.—Egypt. The Hand and Forearm)Mah, Mahe.South Africa.—Hottentots(Hand)Omma.South America.—SapibocansEme.[See A.m.e (Hebrew) above.]ZamucansYumanai.[See Ee.m.n.e (Hebrew) above.]SaliviansImmomo.The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:192South Africa.—Lagoa BayMundha.Europe.—LatinManus.Names of“The hand.”—Class IX.Negro-landEnsah, Ensaa.South Africa.—CaffresFansah.Europe.—Latin(“Handle”)Ansa or Hansa.193Latin(To seize or hold)Pré-hendo.Danish, Icelandic, English, and GermanHaand, Hond, Hand.Greek(To take)Chandano.Asia, North.—Tribes on the“Jenisei”River, SiberiaKenar, Kenaran.[pg ApA069]Names of“The Hand.”—Class X.North Africa.—BerberIdd-egh.Asia.—Hebrew and ArabicEed, Ied.PehlwiJede-man.194Sumoied, Koibal, and MotorianUda, Oda, Udam.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XI.North Africa.—PhellatahsYoungo.Negro-landNakoa.South Africa.—Hottentots of Saldana BayOnekoa.North America.—CochimiNagona.MiamisOnexca. Enahkee.IroquoisEniage.Algon. dialectsNachk. Naak.Europe.—English(Adroitness in any Handy-craft)Knack.English(Joints of the Fingers)Knuck-les.South America.—MaipuransNucápe.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XII.First Modification.South Africa.—BosjesmansT'aa.North America.—MixtecansDaha.Europe.—Welsh(The Right hand)Dahai.[pg ApA070]Second Modification.Asia.—Persian and KurdDā-st.ArmenianTzjern.Negro-landTusso.Europe.—German(A Claw, a Paw)Tatze.German(Togrope)Tast-en.English(applied to the Palate)“Taste.”Third Modification.Asia.—KamschatkaTegi.Europe.—English(A Verb)“Take.”Asia.—TaraikaiDēk.Europe.—Latin(The Right Hand)Dex-tra.Greek(To take)Dekomai.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIII.Negro-landBe.Asia.—Tribes on theJenisei, SiberiaPhjaga.SiamPfan.Europe.—WelshPau-en.English(applied to animals)Paw.South America.—BrazilsPoh, Po.OmaguansPua.North America.—Mic-MacsPeton.Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIV.First Modification.Negro-landAlo, Allo.Asia.—TurkishEll, Elli.Europe.—(An old Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm)Ell, Elle.EnglishEl-bow.[pg ApA071]Second Modification.Negro-landLoho.Europe.—WelshLa-o-u.America.—ChippewayansLah.Hudson's Bay(“The Hand”)Tene195-Law.(“The Tongue”)Tene-Thoun.Third Modification.Negro-land(Allied to the Negro word Loho,“The Hand,”above)Loco.North America.—PenobscotOleechee.Asia.—TibetLag.GeorgianCheli.Europe.—English(Applied to animals)Claw.Irish(The Hand)Glak.Asia.—IngumianKulku.Fourth Modification.Europe.—Greek(The Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit)Olē n . ē.N. America.—PennsylvaniaOlœnskam. Alœn-skam.New Sweden.Olœnskan. Alœnskan.[pg ApA072]Words For“The Tongue.”In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of“Teckramme,”(probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.(South Africa,—Tamma Tamme, T'inn.196) See these words illustrated among the words for“The Hand.”See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to“The Tongue,”and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten,“To grope,”German;“Taste,”applied to the“Palate,”English. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.Negro-land—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.Gaelic—Lam,“The Hand;”Greek—Lam-bano,“To take;”Latin—Lam-bo, To lick withthe Tongue.Negro-land—Dali;197MalaysofFormosa—Dadila;Turkish—Dil;North America(Nagailers)—Thoula.South Africa(Madagascar, & Caffres)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi;North America(Penobscot)—Wee-laulo;Greek—Laleo,“To speak;”Lalia,“Speech.”Negro-land—Ning;Georgian—Nina;Lasian—Nena, Nen;South America(Kiriri)—Nunu.Egypt—La sh;Hebrew—L. sh . on . n;Armenian—Ljesu;South Africa(Caffres)—Loodjem.Negro-land—Essiénkó;Old German—Zunka;Modern German—Zunge.198South Africa(Koossas)—Müme;Chinese—Mi;Basque—Mihia, Minni.North Africa(Berbers)—Narka;South America(Maupurian)—Nuore;Caraibs—Nourou.North Africa(Dongolan)—Nadka;South America(Betoan)—Ineca.[pg ApA073]Words For“The Ear.”Negro-land—Szemman-kó;Hebrew—Sh.m.o,“To hear.”Negro-land—Asse Asshabe;199Abyssinia—Ishenha Ashenha;Hebrew—A.z.n.Negro-land—Uwasso;Bohemian—Ussi;Greek—Ouas, Ous.Negro-land—Otuh (Otto,“Ears”);Greek—Ōta (“Ears”);North America(Knistenaux)—Otoweegie.South Africa(Caffres)—Gevea;Kurd—Guh;Samoied—Ko, Kuo.North Africa(Berbers)—Ukkegá;Selavonian—Ucho;North America(Shawannos)—Ochtowaga;Greek—Akou-o (“To hear”).North Africa(Dongolans)—Ulûk;Coriac—Wilugi;Chinese—Uhl.South Africa—T'no-eingtu, T'naum, T'nunka;Bucharian—Dehâu.Egypt—Meeje;Japan—Mimi.Negro-land—Toy;Esquimaux—Tehui;Brazil—Ty.The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of“The Foot”and“The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for“The Hand;”but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.[pg ApA074]Words For“The Foot.”Negro-land—(Foot and Leg) Sing;German—Schenkel;English—Shank.South Africa(Hottentots)—Coap and T'keib;Affghan—Ch pé;Abassian—Sh pe;South America(Mokobis)—Capiate.Negro-land—Trippe;German-Tripp-en,“To go,”Treppen (“Steps”)English—“Trip.”Negro-land—Itta;Latin—It-er,“A Journey,”It-um,“Gone;”the participle of the Latin verb Eo,“To go;”Zend—Jeieta,“He goes.”S. Africa(Hottentots)—Y and Yi;Egypt—I,“To go;”Latin—Eo,“I go.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Ir-qua;South America(Zamucans)—Irie;Latin—Ire,“To go;”Zend—Harra,“I go.”Negro-land—Gann;Greenland—Kannak;German—Gehen,“To go,”(Gegangen,“Gone”);Scotch—Gang;Negro-land—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.Negro-land—Nugee;Sclaronic—Noga;South America(Maupurians)—Nuchü, Nucsi.Egypt—Rat;Welsh—Rodio,“To walk.”Negro-land—Afo;South America(Vilellans)—Apé;Latin—Pe, Pe-s.North Africa(Fulahs and Phellatahs)—Kússengál, Kavassongal;Jeniseians—Kassa;Mingrelian—Kutchi;Welsh—Koes,“A Leg;”North America(Shawannos)—Kussie.Negro-land—Akkau, Ugod;N. W.ofAmericaandN. E.ofAsia(Tschuktsches)—Iguk; (Kadjak)—Igugu;Turkish—Ajak, Ajag.Negro-land—Kulu, Kolo;Mongol—Kull, Koll.Negro-land—Tangue;North America(Mixtecan)—Tohuan“Feet;”South Africa—Tóoh;English—Toe;Saxon—Da;Dutch—Deen.Nubia—Regget;Hebrew—R . g . l.S. Africa—Lefack;English—Leg;Wogul—Lagyl;Pehlwi—Lager-man.Negro-land—E'ns-zih, and (Caffre) En-jau, appear to be allied to theLatin—Eo, Eundo;Italian—And-are;English—Wend, Went;German—Wenden.South Africa—Hoots;Armenian—Oat, Woat;Welsh—Wad-n;German—Wad-en,“To go;”English—“Wade;”Latin—“Vad-o.”[pg ApA075]Words For“The Head.”Negro-land—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong;Brazilian—Acang, Yahange;Irish—Ken; (German—König;English—King, i.e.“A Head.”)South Africa—Olo, Loha;Hebrew—Ol,“Above,”“To ascend;”Motorian—Ulu,“A Head.”South Africa—Klogo;Irish—Kloigean;Welsh—Ben-glog,“A Skull;”Hebrew—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha);Armenian—Kluch;Jeniseians—Kolkä;200Sclavonian—Golowa“A Head.”Egypt—Kahi, Jo;Negro-land—Go, Ko, Kujuoo;South Africa—Kŏhho;Jeniseians—Koïgo;German—Kopf.Negro-land—Ta, Tu;South Africa—Dooha;Georgian—T'awi;Chinese—T'eu;North America(Nagailers)—Thie.Negro-land—Tabu;Persian—Tab, (“Top;”)German—Topp;North America(Mohegans)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)FulahsandPhellatahs—Hore, Horde;Hebrew—Or,“To rise.”South Africa(Hottentots)—Biquäau;South America(Aymarans)—Pegke;North America(New England)—Bequoquo;English—Peak, Beak.Hottentots—Minung;Chinese—Mien,“The Face;”English—“Mien,”andFrench—“Mine.”Negro-land—Oitju, Ithu;South America(Zamucans)—Yatoitac;Welsh—Yaad;English—Head, Height.Negro-land—Boppe, Bapp;South America(Yaoans)—Boppe; (Caraibs)—Opoupou;North America(Woccons)—Poppe.South Africa(Hottentots)—T'naa;Isle of Man—Tchynn.[pg ApA076]Words For“Water.”Class I.South Africa.—HottentotsOuata.Europe—RussianOuade.SwedishWat-n.EnglishWat-er,“Wet.”Latin(“Moist”)Ud-us.N. America.—Algonquyn dialectsWt-achsu.Cora(“The Sea”)Vaat.201Mexico(“The Sea”)Veyat-l.It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of“Wet, Wat-er,”(English.) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.Words for“Water.”—Class II.North Africa.—Egypt(“Aquæ”)Eiooue.North America.—WocconsEau.202CheerokeesAuwa.MuskohgesWewa.Europe.—WelshWy, or Gwy.[Hence the name of the River]“The Wye.”IcelandicAa.Anglo-SaxonEa, Eia.203Asia.—KamschatkaJa, Ii.SamoiedIi, I.Negro-landJi.South America.—GuaranianĪ, I.BrazilianY.[pg ApA077]Words for“Water.”—Class III.North America.—ChikkasahsO kah, Ookaw.Europe.—IrishOixe.LatinAqua.South America.—QuicuansYacu.Words for“Water.”—Class IV.South America.—QuicuansUnu.Negro-landNu.N. America.—KolushiansIin, Jin.Negro-landInssuo, Ensu.Words for“Water.”—Class V.[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:Europe—IrishOixe,North America—ChikkasahsOkah, Ookaw.
Second Modification.
In these American dialects“Tene”is a general prefix to the names of the senses;“Law”is thedistinctivename of the Hand;“Toun”thedistinctivename of the Tongue, &c.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class II.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class III.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class IV.
Names of“The hand.”—Class V.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class VI.
Names of“The Hand.”-Class VII.
The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:
The words used in the last two Classes of examples as“Names”for“The Hand,”may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, asVerbsdescriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.
Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko,Negronames for“The Hand,”with the verbs Kō,“To take,”Ek-ō,“To hold, have, act”(Greek); Ago (Latin).
Compare Aschi (Negro), Escua (Basque), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein,“To hold,”“To have”(Greek).
Compare Katchicou,North American, and Chkatsch,Lapland, names for“The Hand,”with“Catch”(English).
Compare Kef, or Gef (Persian), and Gepo“The Hand”(Brazilian), with Give (English), Geb-en (German).
Compare Kaschuchtah,North American, and Khesi,Fin, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio,“To search for”(Welsh), Guess (English); verbs derived from G.sh,“To feel, search for, with the Hand”(Hebrew).
Names of“The Hand.”—Class VIII.
The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:192
Names of“The hand.”—Class IX.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class X.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class XI.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class XII.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Third Modification.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIII.
Names of“The Hand.”—Class XIV.
First Modification.
Second Modification.
Third Modification.
Fourth Modification.
Words For“The Tongue.”
In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of“Teckramme,”(probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.
(South Africa,—Tamma Tamme, T'inn.196) See these words illustrated among the words for“The Hand.”See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to“The Tongue,”and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to“The Hand,”and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten,“To grope,”German;“Taste,”applied to the“Palate,”English. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.
Negro-land—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.
Gaelic—Lam,“The Hand;”Greek—Lam-bano,“To take;”Latin—Lam-bo, To lick withthe Tongue.
Negro-land—Dali;197MalaysofFormosa—Dadila;Turkish—Dil;North America(Nagailers)—Thoula.
South Africa(Madagascar, & Caffres)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi;North America(Penobscot)—Wee-laulo;Greek—Laleo,“To speak;”Lalia,“Speech.”
Negro-land—Ning;Georgian—Nina;Lasian—Nena, Nen;South America(Kiriri)—Nunu.
Egypt—La sh;Hebrew—L. sh . on . n;Armenian—Ljesu;South Africa(Caffres)—Loodjem.
Negro-land—Essiénkó;Old German—Zunka;Modern German—Zunge.198
South Africa(Koossas)—Müme;Chinese—Mi;Basque—Mihia, Minni.
North Africa(Berbers)—Narka;South America(Maupurian)—Nuore;Caraibs—Nourou.
North Africa(Dongolan)—Nadka;South America(Betoan)—Ineca.
Words For“The Ear.”
Negro-land—Szemman-kó;Hebrew—Sh.m.o,“To hear.”
Negro-land—Asse Asshabe;199Abyssinia—Ishenha Ashenha;Hebrew—A.z.n.
Negro-land—Uwasso;Bohemian—Ussi;Greek—Ouas, Ous.
Negro-land—Otuh (Otto,“Ears”);Greek—Ōta (“Ears”);North America(Knistenaux)—Otoweegie.
South Africa(Caffres)—Gevea;Kurd—Guh;Samoied—Ko, Kuo.
North Africa(Berbers)—Ukkegá;Selavonian—Ucho;North America(Shawannos)—Ochtowaga;Greek—Akou-o (“To hear”).
North Africa(Dongolans)—Ulûk;Coriac—Wilugi;Chinese—Uhl.
South Africa—T'no-eingtu, T'naum, T'nunka;Bucharian—Dehâu.
Egypt—Meeje;Japan—Mimi.
Negro-land—Toy;Esquimaux—Tehui;Brazil—Ty.
The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of“The Foot”and“The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for“The Hand;”but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.
Words For“The Foot.”
Negro-land—(Foot and Leg) Sing;German—Schenkel;English—Shank.
South Africa(Hottentots)—Coap and T'keib;Affghan—Ch pé;Abassian—Sh pe;South America(Mokobis)—Capiate.
Negro-land—Trippe;German-Tripp-en,“To go,”Treppen (“Steps”)English—“Trip.”
Negro-land—Itta;Latin—It-er,“A Journey,”It-um,“Gone;”the participle of the Latin verb Eo,“To go;”Zend—Jeieta,“He goes.”
S. Africa(Hottentots)—Y and Yi;Egypt—I,“To go;”Latin—Eo,“I go.”
South Africa(Hottentots)—Ir-qua;South America(Zamucans)—Irie;Latin—Ire,“To go;”Zend—Harra,“I go.”
Negro-land—Gann;Greenland—Kannak;German—Gehen,“To go,”(Gegangen,“Gone”);Scotch—Gang;Negro-land—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.
Negro-land—Nugee;Sclaronic—Noga;South America(Maupurians)—Nuchü, Nucsi.
Egypt—Rat;Welsh—Rodio,“To walk.”
Negro-land—Afo;South America(Vilellans)—Apé;Latin—Pe, Pe-s.
North Africa(Fulahs and Phellatahs)—Kússengál, Kavassongal;Jeniseians—Kassa;Mingrelian—Kutchi;Welsh—Koes,“A Leg;”North America(Shawannos)—Kussie.
Negro-land—Akkau, Ugod;N. W.ofAmericaandN. E.ofAsia(Tschuktsches)—Iguk; (Kadjak)—Igugu;Turkish—Ajak, Ajag.
Negro-land—Kulu, Kolo;Mongol—Kull, Koll.
Negro-land—Tangue;North America(Mixtecan)—Tohuan“Feet;”South Africa—Tóoh;English—Toe;Saxon—Da;Dutch—Deen.
Nubia—Regget;Hebrew—R . g . l.
S. Africa—Lefack;English—Leg;Wogul—Lagyl;Pehlwi—Lager-man.
Negro-land—E'ns-zih, and (Caffre) En-jau, appear to be allied to theLatin—Eo, Eundo;Italian—And-are;English—Wend, Went;German—Wenden.
South Africa—Hoots;Armenian—Oat, Woat;Welsh—Wad-n;German—Wad-en,“To go;”English—“Wade;”Latin—“Vad-o.”
Words For“The Head.”
Negro-land—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong;Brazilian—Acang, Yahange;Irish—Ken; (German—König;English—King, i.e.“A Head.”)
South Africa—Olo, Loha;Hebrew—Ol,“Above,”“To ascend;”Motorian—Ulu,“A Head.”
South Africa—Klogo;Irish—Kloigean;Welsh—Ben-glog,“A Skull;”Hebrew—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha);Armenian—Kluch;Jeniseians—Kolkä;200Sclavonian—Golowa“A Head.”
Egypt—Kahi, Jo;Negro-land—Go, Ko, Kujuoo;South Africa—Kŏhho;Jeniseians—Koïgo;German—Kopf.
Negro-land—Ta, Tu;South Africa—Dooha;Georgian—T'awi;Chinese—T'eu;North America(Nagailers)—Thie.
Negro-land—Tabu;Persian—Tab, (“Top;”)German—Topp;North America(Mohegans)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)
FulahsandPhellatahs—Hore, Horde;Hebrew—Or,“To rise.”
South Africa(Hottentots)—Biquäau;South America(Aymarans)—Pegke;North America(New England)—Bequoquo;English—Peak, Beak.
Hottentots—Minung;Chinese—Mien,“The Face;”English—“Mien,”andFrench—“Mine.”
Negro-land—Oitju, Ithu;South America(Zamucans)—Yatoitac;Welsh—Yaad;English—Head, Height.
Negro-land—Boppe, Bapp;South America(Yaoans)—Boppe; (Caraibs)—Opoupou;North America(Woccons)—Poppe.
South Africa(Hottentots)—T'naa;Isle of Man—Tchynn.
Words For“Water.”
Class I.
It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of“Wet, Wat-er,”(English.) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.
Words for“Water.”—Class II.
Words for“Water.”—Class III.
Words for“Water.”—Class IV.
Words for“Water.”—Class V.
[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]
Compare the previous words for Water, viz.: