Footnotes1.See notes to D'Oyly and Mant's Bible. The differences, it is supposed, may have consisted in a different mode of pronouncing the same words, such as exists in various English counties, to a sufficient extent to make the speakers mutually unintelligible! See, also, Eichhorn's view.2.Lyell's Geology, vol. i. p. 230.3.Consolations in Travel.4.Discourse on the Origin and Families of Nations.5.Mithridates, vol. i.6.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.7.Genesis, c. iii. v. 7,“And they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves aprons.”8.Adelung quotes Zimmerman to the effect that of the animals found in Europe all have been derived from Asia, with the exception of sixteen or seventeen kinds, and these are mostly Mice and Bats.9.“A Tree well known in India, called the Tschiampa. It fruit is like an Apple, and it is said to bear both good and evil fruit!”10.Bohlen (Prof. Theol. zu Königsberg) auf Genesis.11.Morier.12.“Unexplored”with reference to the Semetic nations.13.“I”(with“Other”added) means“We.”14.Prichard on Man.15.Lyell on Geology.16.See also the Rev. T. Price on the Physiology and Physiognomy of the British Isles.17.The Greek, Russian, and German, have all been shown to belong to what are called the Indo-European class of languages. The Finnish, Vater states to be in its roots identical with the German.18.See Dugald Stewart, on the Active and Moral Faculties.19.In connexion with this subject I may refer to an article distinguished by great genius and profound philosophical reasoning, which lately appeared in Chambers's Journal, under the title of“Thoughts on Nations and Civilization.”(See Number for May 21st, 1842.)20.This sept were also generally termed the“gentlemanly”Mandans. The recent destruction of this warm-hearted tribe by the smallpox is one of the most heart-rending tragedies in history!21.Bell's Geography.22.The African names for“The Nose”do not occur in Appendix A, but they are noticed elsewhere in this work. The names for“The Eye”are explained among words for“The Sun,”&c. of which they are generally derivatives.23.The terms for the Domestic Relations are in some instances compound words—in others they seem to be identical with the Names of the Human Race.24.Probably the terms were not in all cases appropriated in the first instance to the Hand exclusively, but applied alike to all the perceptive organs.25.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta.26.Eiere (“Day,”Zend,) is obviously connected with Huere (“The Sun,”Zend.)27.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta, p. 36.28.Parkhurst's Hebrew Lexicon.29.Bohemia is inhabited by a Sclavonic race, &c.30.This comparison has been extracted from the Cambrian Quarterly Magazine, vol. II., p. 183, in which it was originally published by the author of this work.31.History of the English language, prefixed to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary.32.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe. Preface, p. xlvii.33.Mr. Lockhart has given an interesting account of the origin of Sir Walter Scott's views on this subject as expressed in the passages quoted above. They were first suggested by a friend whose attention had been much directed to subjects of this nature.34.This inflection, as in“They Hav-en,”is also preserved in the Dialects of the English Provinces.35.Giv-eth (Eng.)Gieb-et (Germ.)Don-at (Lat.)Can-ati (Sans.) i.e. Can-it (Lat.)Diy-ati (Sans.) i.e. Die-th (Eng.)36.A work published by this gentleman under the quaint title of“Tim Bobbin,”and written entirely in the Lancashire Dialect, is well known. His writings, however, display the attainments of a scholar.37.“Gang to the recht (right) hand”was a reply which Dr. Lappenberg of Hamburgh has noticed to the author as one which struck his ear when he visited Scotland for the first time as a student. The approximation to the German is manifest.38.Rask, by Thorpe, pp. 8-9.39.This Verb also exhibits the German Plural“Sind,”which differs from the singular altogether, and belonged no doubt originally to a distinct Auxiliary Verb.40.See Glossary to Tyrwhitt's Chaucer.41.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar.42.Rask's Grammar, by Thorpe.43.Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.44.Ib. See Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe.45.The original identity of all these Languages may be said to be clearly proved; the Icelandic, also, seems to have deviated less than the rest from the parent tongue. But this opinion that the Icelandic has not changed at all is a highly unreasonable one. For example, the Danish and Swedish names for“Water”, of which the antiquity is certain from their general use among the Teutonic tribes, &c. must have been lost by the Icelanders.46.As to Grammar and Inflections, see especially pp. xvii. and xix. xxi. xxiii.—Rask.47.See Bosworth's“Scandinavian Literature,”as to the difference in the arrangement of sentences, and the difference of Idioms between the ancient and modern Scandinavian dialects.48.Rask, pp. xvii. and xix. Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.49.See the Irish names for the Heavenly Bodies, in Append. A and C.50.See Appendix A.51.Possibly many of these words may be traced in the Greek, &c., but it would be foreign to the present subject to enter into too minute a discussion on that head.52.Chalmers' Caledonia.53.In this part of the present work I have derived great assistance from Dr. Prichard's sound and successful researches, and from the labours of M. Bullet, which are distinguished alike by genius and indefatigable industry.54.I find M. Bullet in many, and in some few instances Dr. Prichard, have, as I conceive, mistaken the Roman inflections for distinct Celtic words.55.Malte Brun.56.Kerdanet's History of the Language of the Gauls and Armoricans, translated by David Lewis, Esq., in the Cumbrian Quarterly Magazine.57.Prichard on the Celtic Languages.58.Tribus (Latin.)59.As previously noticed, the French names handed down from the old Gauls are probably often nearer the Celtic than the Latin names.60.Esseg,“Water,”(Dongolan, North Africa.)61.This word is marked thus, with a dagger, in the Cornish Vocabularies, as being extinct.62.Chalmers's Caledonia.63.Ab-us, (Anton.) Ab-on-trus, Ab-ou-trus, Ab-ou, (Ptolomey.) Baxter suggests Abon trus t,“The Noise of the Rivers,”an allusion, as he supposes, to the noise of the currents. But this explanation involves a change in the second word, and a fanciful construction of the sense of the terms employed.64.It is only by a very minute and careful investigation of Maps, ancient and modern, that I have been enabled to verify the correctness of this and many other Celtic derivations.65.A powerful Gaulish Tribe in the East of Gaul.66.Lacus (Latin.)67.This is one of the numerous instances in which, judging merely from ancient Maps, or from the less minute modern Maps, (on which this stream is not marked,) the situation of a place seems inconsistent with the derivation suggested.68.Hornius's ancient Map. This place is very near to Bilboa.69.Lan means an inclosed spot in Welsh.70.Medius (Latin.)71.Dr. W. O. Pughe's Welsh Dictionary.72.Lutum (Latin.)73.Dunum, a Hill Fort.74.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.75.Hence the“Hindoo-Kuh.”76.A Town.77.Celtic Ethnography, in Dr. Prichard's work on“Man.”78.The word, in the sense of a stream, seems to be confined to such streams as traverse the bottoms of narrow glens.79.This word occurs in a variety of mutually connected meanings in the Hebrew and Celtic.80.Petro is said to mean a Rock, in Gaulish names, by some French Celtic scholars.81.Hence, also, as may be inferred, the Curi-osilitæ in Brittany.82.In such instances, however, the Celtic generally presents words approaching in sound and sense to those occurring in the Local names, though not so near to then as the Oriental terms, &c.83.E.r, a Mountain; by reduplication E.r r, a very high Mountain (Heb.)84.Kohl's Russia.85.Here is an explanation, in the instance of the very same word, of Lhuyd's difficulty noticed in the last Section.86.In Appendix A the original identity and subsequent specific appropriation of the names of the Heavenly Luminaries are especially noticed. See Appendix A, p.48. These words occur in the same Appendix; as to“Tin-dee,”see p.26, as to“Nganga,”see same page.87.For example:“Carbonic Acid Gas,”called also“Choke Damp”(by miners,) and“Fixed Air.”“Carburetted Hydrogen,”called also“Fire Damp”(by miners),“Inflammable Air,”“Coal Gas,”and“Gas.”“Iodine,”from Iōdēs,“Like a Violet,”(Greek,) a name suggested by its beautiful violet tint.“Nitrous Oxide,”or“Protoxide of Azote”(terms expressive of its component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also“Laughing Gas”(from its peculiar property discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy).“Gas”is from a German word meaning“Breath, Air, Spirit,”&c. &c.88.See Remarks in Adelung's Mithridates on the Hebrew.89.Some excellent observations on the subject of words thus formed by children occur in some late numbers of Chambers's Journal.90.This did not apply to the first four lines quoted above.91.This is perfectly obvious in the Hebrew, and may be shown by Analysis in other Languages.92.See Dr. Darwin's Zoonomia.93.The occurrence in the Georgian, as a word for a“Father,”of this term, which is generally used for a“Mother,”is specially noticed by Adelung. Compare the other example from the dialect of the Mangrees.94.Sir William Jones's Works, vol. iii. p. 185.95.The term Semetic, i.e. descendants of Shem, for which Dr. Prichard has proposed to substitute Syro-Phœnician, is applied to the ancient nations of Judea, Syria, and Arabia. The common origin and specific connexion of most of these nations which may be inferred from the Scriptural account, are distinctly apparent from the close affinity of their languages. These Tongues by the highest authorities have been pronounced to be as nearly related as the Doric and Ionic dialects of the Greek.96.See a Treatise by Rammohun Roy, showing that the ancient faith of the Hindoos involved the unity of the Deity.97.Ju-piter is a compound of Pater, a Father, with“Jov,”which is the basis.98.Vesta is also used for Fire itself.99.Cicero de Natura Deorum.100.Ymenyn (Welsh).101.This name is supposed by Hebrew scholars to be expressive of swiftness, and to be derived from S.s, or Sh.sh, Active, Sprightly.102.From the change of hue the body undergoes in death.103.Other examples of the affinity of the Hebrew and the Welsh have been examined with great ability by Dr. William Owen Pughe, in the Cymrodorion Transactions. There is also a valuable old work on the connexion of the Hebrew with other languages, by Mr. Barker, schoolmaster, Carmarthen.104.Dr. Prichard on Egyptian Mythology.105.Dr. Prichard on Man.106.In some of these instances the Coptic or Egyptian has lost the original meaning of these appellations, in others it has preserved them in common with the Hebrew and Indo-European Tongues.107.Materia Hieroglyphica.108.Wilkinson.109.Among the Egyptian Deities is Anep, Anepo, the classical Anubis,“The Conductor of Souls.”110.Wilkinson, p. 11, note 4.111.Ibid.112.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.113.Lepsius Lettre à Rosselini.114.See a short summary of Mr. Colebrooke's views in Dr. Prichard on Man, in his observations on the Egyptians.115.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.116.Ibid.117.Prichard on Man, vol. ii. p. 199.118.Mr. Wilkinson refers the reign of Menes to 2320B.C.119.Foreign Quarterly, 1836. I conceive, however, that the conclusion of the ingenious reviewer as to the identity of M.s.e.k with the name of the Muscovites, may require reconsideration. See Adelung on the Russians, and Vol. I, p. 314.120.Adelung.121.Tattam's Egyptian Grammar.122.Foreign Quarterly Review.123.There is an able pamphlet by Dr. Löewe, in which he maintains the Hebrew to be the Parent of the Egyptian. Dr. Löewe's examples appear to me to be equally conclusiveagainstthe specific connexion he advocates, andin supportof the original unity of these tongues at a remote era.124.Compare Sohn (German), Son (English).125.See Dr. Prichard on Man.126.Mithridates, under Africa.127.See Belzoni's Travels, p. 239.128.Prichard on Man.129.The The African languages (as far as they are known to us), and the American, according to Du Ponceau, are all polysyllabic.130.To this rule, however, pronouns are an exception.131.Numerous examples also occur inAppendix A.132.Cæteris paribus, this is a correct view; but not where grammatical resemblances are treated as more important evidence than other resemblances.133.The occurrence of nasal sounds at the end of words, as in this instance, form an apparent exception to the principle that Chinese words consist simply of one consonant followed by a vowel. But these nasals Adelung states to be mere evanescent intonations.134.Adelung, notwithstanding his opinion that the Chinese is a perfectly distinct language, was struck with the analogy between“Foo Tsin,”and“Moo Tsin,”and“Fa-ther”and“Mo-ther.”135.It is observable, that as in the above instances of Heuen and Keen, the Chinese verbs very commonly terminate in a nasaln, as do those of the Persian and Teutonic.136.Cooper's Last of the Mohicans.137.See chapter on the Chinese.138.Ind.means,N. A. Indian. This term (Ind.) is used here exclusively to distinguish words from the dialects of the Algonquyn class.139.A Western Tribe visited by Mr. Catlin.140.Nain (Welsh) Grandmother.141.“A Woman.”See Parkhurst's Lex.142.Nunk (Indian) means“Young.”143.This word is from the dialects of the Iroquois, another class of Indian Tribes, who inhabited the present territory of the United States.144.“War,”Aguwarrie, in the Iroquois dialects, Gewehr (German), Guerre (French), War (English).145.Parkhurst.146.Nakoha (Mandan), Noh gee (Sioux).147.They are chiefly composed of Pronouns, terms which form the basis of Grammar.148.Hooynt does not mean“It”in Welsh. In that language it is a plural and not a singular, as Mr. Catlin supposes. This circumstance, however, does not render the example less relevant,“Hooynt”(Welsh) being clearly identical with the terms from the Mandan, Turkish, &c., with which it is compared above; for pronouns, singular and plural, were originally the same words as they still are in all cases in the Chinese, and in several instances in the above examples.149.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts, p. 134.150.This is an erroneous example, I conceive.“Megosh”is also a questionable one.151.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts.152.Compare Pend-o (Latin).153.Many of those differences displayed by the North American Indian languages among themselves, and as compared to those of Asia, which have been assumed by many writers to be fundamental, consist of mere transitions of application agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles; terms which appear as pronoun inflections in one dialect, occurring as pronouns, or as words for“Man”in others, &c. Thus we have Rauha pronoun of the third person“He”(Iroquois.) Rehoje,“Man Homo,”(Tarahumaran.) R.ch.e, Rou.e,“Life, Soul, Spirit, Breath,”(Hebrew and Arabic.)154.As to the identity of these inflections,“Om, Amo, Amen,”with pronouns and nouns. (See Appendix A, pp.53-4.)155.These terms seem to consist of the first essays of the organs of articulation. (See p. 105.)156.Ki-nondonim-i,“I,”or“We understand you,”(Algonquyn dialects.) Compare Eimi, Tupt-oi-mi, &c. (Greek.) Bha va-mi (Sans.) &c. Compare“Amo,”with“I Am,”(English,) &c.157.See Appendix A, p.56, for the origin of this word.158.Ni,“I,”(Basque.)159.This Pronoun does not occur in any Indo-European language except the Welsh. The Pronoun of the first person occurs in a modified form in the Greek.160.The names for the Sun, Moon, and the Eye, are generally from the same roots.161.Compare the unsatisfactory Etymology of Ee . ou . m, usually adopted by Hebrew lexicographers, from E . m, Tumult, because there is“a tumultuous agitation of the celestial fluid,”at daybreak.162.This is an important word, as being one of the instances adduced by Dr. Leipsius, in opposition to Champollion's opinion, that the modern Coptic is perfectly identical with the ancient Egyptian. This word, Iri,“an Eye,”and its signification, are only known to us through Plutarch. The term is obsolete in the Coptic.—Leipsius,“Lettre à Rossellini.”163.Mu lilo, Um lilo, also occur as words for fire, in the South of Africa.164.N'jellauma, and Liulu, both occur in the dialect of the Phellatas, and Leoure occurs in that of the Fulahs, who are a kindred race.165.Burhum-Safara, The Sun, which occurs in one of the Negro dialects, seems to be derivable from the same root.166.Mot-Sichari, Day, a word that occurs among the languages of the South of Africa, is probably from the same root.167.It may be inferred, however, that the simple word, Masso, was applied originally as we find it in the Georgian, to the Sun, before it was used for the Eye. It is an error to suppose that the names for such organs as the“Eye”belong to the first elements of language. The name for the Eye is generally a mere derivative of words for“Light,”“Sun,”&c.168.See Note in page14.169.See Note in page14.170.These words,—Aithein,“To burn,”Greek, and“Ashes,”English, &c.—are said by German scholars to be mutually connected. (Schwenk's Wörterbuch.)171.It is observable that the Hebrew words, Ee.ph.c'h, and Ph.ou.c'h, are evidently imitations of the act of Breathing, or Puffing. They may, I conceive, be regarded as the roots of all the words for“Fire,”&c., which follow.172.Du Ponceau, whose principles are here adopted as probably applicable to all languages, states that in the Algonquyn Class of Dialects of North America the names for the Moon are derived from those for the Sun, with the addition of a word meaning night, &c. The word Hak, he says, is very generally thus used, for the Moon, with the requisite addition.173.According to Du Ponceau the words for“Day,”in the Algonquyn tongues, are modifications of the words for the“Sun.”174.Tash,“A Day,”(Pimans, south ofN.A.) This word, Teas, or Tesh, has already been traced through the various meanings of Fire, Sun, Day, &c.175.Words for Heaven, in the languages of the North of Asia, which are evidently connected with the North American Indian words for Heaven, and also with the North American Indian names for the“Sun,”from which they are derived.176.According to the views of many Hebrew scholars, A . ou . r,“Light,”and A ou . ee . r,“Air,”are probably from the same root—A r.“To flow,”—applied to Water, Air, Light, &c. (See p. 5, Appendix A.)177.The names for the Eye, in theAlgonquyndialects of North America, are stated by Du Ponceau to be derivatives of names for the Sun. This is generally but not, it would seem, universally the case in all languages. Probably it would also be more correct, as a general rule, to say that the names for the Eye, and for the Sun, are from the same roots, than that the latter are the roots of the former.178.I need scarcely observe that the previous Analysis must necessarily be, in some respects, philologically incomplete. Agrêska, Ogrêska, (NubiaandAbyssinia,) seem to be related to Agir, Fire, (Kurd.) We-taga, the Sun, (Negro,) seems to be a compound of the second class above noticed from Awia, Uwia, and Tjo, T'ga, African words for the Heavenly Bodies. Gjaubenje and Ma-undgage wodu, Fire, are plainly compounds from Gajewodu, Fire, (Negro.) The evidence derived from words, of which the origin is clearly traceable, is so complete, that all words of doubtful origin have been omitted from the previous and from the following Tables.179.Hence the name of the“Ourang Outang.”180.Obaini,m., Baning,m.(Negro), seem to be connected with Bio-ōn (Greek),“A Being,”(English.)181.Illum (Latin).182.Ng-ummi, and Ng-umbo, (Negro names for“Man,”) seem obviously to be compounds of the above words,“Ungi, Nga,”with Ommo, Uhm-to, &c., another word for“Man, Woman,”&c., elsewhere noticed in this Analysis.183.There is not, in every case, a regular or broadly marked distinction between these“Modifications,”which have been adopted to facilitate comparison rather than as being based on strictly philological grounds.184.Najakala and Ba cala,M.(Negro), seem to be compounds derived from Ackala and other roots. Ack-ala, Jakk-ela themselves seem to be compounds of“Kai, Hakke,”&c. (the class of words analysed above,) with Alo, &c. terms for“Man,”noticed in other parts of this Analysis.185.Mass-ari, Bass-ari,f.—South Africa.186.She—English.187.Turkish—Uz,“Self,”Himself, Myself.188.Two dominant ideas pervade the words of this class, viz. those of 1, Birth; and 2, Existence in the abstract. As words expressive of ideas of the second class are regarded by philosophical writers asderivatives, the idea of Birth, as in the Greek words Genn-ao, Gun-ē, Genn-ētor, may be viewed as theprimaryandpropersense.189.Vol. XIII., p. 373, Review of Wilkins's Sanscrit Grammar.190.Negro-land—Dikkom, Dim,m., Tewe,f.;Irish—Dae,m.&f.191.There are only two African words of this class, which have been left unnoticed in the analysis, viz. Blimozeh,“The Hand,”a Negro word, apparently related to“Bulla,”another Negro word for“The Hand,”probably allied also to“Pal-ma,”(Latin;) and Neworeh.“The Hand,”used by thePhellatahs, a tribe of North Africa, who inhabit a tract contiguous to Negro-land. These exceptions are too trifling to call for any qualification of the generality of the above statement.192.On this subject the analysis of Manee and other analogous African words for“Man.”See also Observations on the Algonguyn Dialects of North America193.“Ansa, for Hansa,”supine of Hendo, whence“Pre-hendo”(Latin).—Valpy's Etym. Latin Dict.194.Apparently a compound of Eed or Ied, and Man-us.195.Tene in this dialect is prefixed to the names of the senses generally. Law, for instance, is the distinctive name of“The Hand,”Thoun is that of“The Tongue,”obviously connected with“Tongue,”(English).196.“Dem gall, Dein gall”(FulahsandPhellatahs, North Africa), seem to be compounds of these words, with another root.197.Del emme (Negro-land),“The Tongue,”seems to be a compound of the second and third classes.198.Pehlwi,“Hosuan.”The close connexion between the German and the Pehlwi, and the other dialects of Persia, is indisputable.199.South Africa, Zebé, &c.200.Hence, apparently, Lücko, Loko,—South Africa.201.“Water,”Ahti, Cora,—Atl,Mexico.202.Eau,“Water,”French.203.Iâ,“Ice,”Welsh.204.There are other analogous words,—Endschey,“Water,”Negro-land, Ente,“A Duck,”i.e.“A Water Fowl,”German.205.Mongol, Usu;Tibet,“Tschu.”206.North America(Azanax), Eslenes.207.Dour, Water, (Welsh); Jura,“The Sea,”(Lettish.) Ejern (Abyssinian),“Water,”seems also to be connected with“Tschur,”“Jura,”&c.208.Many examples serve to show that the names of Streams, &c., in Gaul, as preserved by the French, are in many instances more faithful transcripts of the original Celtic appellations than the names preserved by Latin writers.209.Like the Greek, Ouranoi,“Asingular-plural.”210.Omitted in previous Analysis: Araiáni,“Heaven”(Fetu); Ouran-os,“Heaven”(Greek); Enniba, Eniba [above],“Eye.”[See Appendix A, pp. 42, 43.] Njame, see Djau,“Heaven,”“Air”(Sanscrit); Ada,“Day”(Fetu); from Edja,“Fire,”Egwju,“Sun”(Fetu).211.Also A.nah,“To live,”(Anok I.)—Egypt.212.The great majority of the African words for the Nose (a class not included in Appendix A) have been explained in other parts of this work.
Footnotes1.See notes to D'Oyly and Mant's Bible. The differences, it is supposed, may have consisted in a different mode of pronouncing the same words, such as exists in various English counties, to a sufficient extent to make the speakers mutually unintelligible! See, also, Eichhorn's view.2.Lyell's Geology, vol. i. p. 230.3.Consolations in Travel.4.Discourse on the Origin and Families of Nations.5.Mithridates, vol. i.6.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.7.Genesis, c. iii. v. 7,“And they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves aprons.”8.Adelung quotes Zimmerman to the effect that of the animals found in Europe all have been derived from Asia, with the exception of sixteen or seventeen kinds, and these are mostly Mice and Bats.9.“A Tree well known in India, called the Tschiampa. It fruit is like an Apple, and it is said to bear both good and evil fruit!”10.Bohlen (Prof. Theol. zu Königsberg) auf Genesis.11.Morier.12.“Unexplored”with reference to the Semetic nations.13.“I”(with“Other”added) means“We.”14.Prichard on Man.15.Lyell on Geology.16.See also the Rev. T. Price on the Physiology and Physiognomy of the British Isles.17.The Greek, Russian, and German, have all been shown to belong to what are called the Indo-European class of languages. The Finnish, Vater states to be in its roots identical with the German.18.See Dugald Stewart, on the Active and Moral Faculties.19.In connexion with this subject I may refer to an article distinguished by great genius and profound philosophical reasoning, which lately appeared in Chambers's Journal, under the title of“Thoughts on Nations and Civilization.”(See Number for May 21st, 1842.)20.This sept were also generally termed the“gentlemanly”Mandans. The recent destruction of this warm-hearted tribe by the smallpox is one of the most heart-rending tragedies in history!21.Bell's Geography.22.The African names for“The Nose”do not occur in Appendix A, but they are noticed elsewhere in this work. The names for“The Eye”are explained among words for“The Sun,”&c. of which they are generally derivatives.23.The terms for the Domestic Relations are in some instances compound words—in others they seem to be identical with the Names of the Human Race.24.Probably the terms were not in all cases appropriated in the first instance to the Hand exclusively, but applied alike to all the perceptive organs.25.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta.26.Eiere (“Day,”Zend,) is obviously connected with Huere (“The Sun,”Zend.)27.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta, p. 36.28.Parkhurst's Hebrew Lexicon.29.Bohemia is inhabited by a Sclavonic race, &c.30.This comparison has been extracted from the Cambrian Quarterly Magazine, vol. II., p. 183, in which it was originally published by the author of this work.31.History of the English language, prefixed to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary.32.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe. Preface, p. xlvii.33.Mr. Lockhart has given an interesting account of the origin of Sir Walter Scott's views on this subject as expressed in the passages quoted above. They were first suggested by a friend whose attention had been much directed to subjects of this nature.34.This inflection, as in“They Hav-en,”is also preserved in the Dialects of the English Provinces.35.Giv-eth (Eng.)Gieb-et (Germ.)Don-at (Lat.)Can-ati (Sans.) i.e. Can-it (Lat.)Diy-ati (Sans.) i.e. Die-th (Eng.)36.A work published by this gentleman under the quaint title of“Tim Bobbin,”and written entirely in the Lancashire Dialect, is well known. His writings, however, display the attainments of a scholar.37.“Gang to the recht (right) hand”was a reply which Dr. Lappenberg of Hamburgh has noticed to the author as one which struck his ear when he visited Scotland for the first time as a student. The approximation to the German is manifest.38.Rask, by Thorpe, pp. 8-9.39.This Verb also exhibits the German Plural“Sind,”which differs from the singular altogether, and belonged no doubt originally to a distinct Auxiliary Verb.40.See Glossary to Tyrwhitt's Chaucer.41.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar.42.Rask's Grammar, by Thorpe.43.Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.44.Ib. See Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe.45.The original identity of all these Languages may be said to be clearly proved; the Icelandic, also, seems to have deviated less than the rest from the parent tongue. But this opinion that the Icelandic has not changed at all is a highly unreasonable one. For example, the Danish and Swedish names for“Water”, of which the antiquity is certain from their general use among the Teutonic tribes, &c. must have been lost by the Icelanders.46.As to Grammar and Inflections, see especially pp. xvii. and xix. xxi. xxiii.—Rask.47.See Bosworth's“Scandinavian Literature,”as to the difference in the arrangement of sentences, and the difference of Idioms between the ancient and modern Scandinavian dialects.48.Rask, pp. xvii. and xix. Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.49.See the Irish names for the Heavenly Bodies, in Append. A and C.50.See Appendix A.51.Possibly many of these words may be traced in the Greek, &c., but it would be foreign to the present subject to enter into too minute a discussion on that head.52.Chalmers' Caledonia.53.In this part of the present work I have derived great assistance from Dr. Prichard's sound and successful researches, and from the labours of M. Bullet, which are distinguished alike by genius and indefatigable industry.54.I find M. Bullet in many, and in some few instances Dr. Prichard, have, as I conceive, mistaken the Roman inflections for distinct Celtic words.55.Malte Brun.56.Kerdanet's History of the Language of the Gauls and Armoricans, translated by David Lewis, Esq., in the Cumbrian Quarterly Magazine.57.Prichard on the Celtic Languages.58.Tribus (Latin.)59.As previously noticed, the French names handed down from the old Gauls are probably often nearer the Celtic than the Latin names.60.Esseg,“Water,”(Dongolan, North Africa.)61.This word is marked thus, with a dagger, in the Cornish Vocabularies, as being extinct.62.Chalmers's Caledonia.63.Ab-us, (Anton.) Ab-on-trus, Ab-ou-trus, Ab-ou, (Ptolomey.) Baxter suggests Abon trus t,“The Noise of the Rivers,”an allusion, as he supposes, to the noise of the currents. But this explanation involves a change in the second word, and a fanciful construction of the sense of the terms employed.64.It is only by a very minute and careful investigation of Maps, ancient and modern, that I have been enabled to verify the correctness of this and many other Celtic derivations.65.A powerful Gaulish Tribe in the East of Gaul.66.Lacus (Latin.)67.This is one of the numerous instances in which, judging merely from ancient Maps, or from the less minute modern Maps, (on which this stream is not marked,) the situation of a place seems inconsistent with the derivation suggested.68.Hornius's ancient Map. This place is very near to Bilboa.69.Lan means an inclosed spot in Welsh.70.Medius (Latin.)71.Dr. W. O. Pughe's Welsh Dictionary.72.Lutum (Latin.)73.Dunum, a Hill Fort.74.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.75.Hence the“Hindoo-Kuh.”76.A Town.77.Celtic Ethnography, in Dr. Prichard's work on“Man.”78.The word, in the sense of a stream, seems to be confined to such streams as traverse the bottoms of narrow glens.79.This word occurs in a variety of mutually connected meanings in the Hebrew and Celtic.80.Petro is said to mean a Rock, in Gaulish names, by some French Celtic scholars.81.Hence, also, as may be inferred, the Curi-osilitæ in Brittany.82.In such instances, however, the Celtic generally presents words approaching in sound and sense to those occurring in the Local names, though not so near to then as the Oriental terms, &c.83.E.r, a Mountain; by reduplication E.r r, a very high Mountain (Heb.)84.Kohl's Russia.85.Here is an explanation, in the instance of the very same word, of Lhuyd's difficulty noticed in the last Section.86.In Appendix A the original identity and subsequent specific appropriation of the names of the Heavenly Luminaries are especially noticed. See Appendix A, p.48. These words occur in the same Appendix; as to“Tin-dee,”see p.26, as to“Nganga,”see same page.87.For example:“Carbonic Acid Gas,”called also“Choke Damp”(by miners,) and“Fixed Air.”“Carburetted Hydrogen,”called also“Fire Damp”(by miners),“Inflammable Air,”“Coal Gas,”and“Gas.”“Iodine,”from Iōdēs,“Like a Violet,”(Greek,) a name suggested by its beautiful violet tint.“Nitrous Oxide,”or“Protoxide of Azote”(terms expressive of its component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also“Laughing Gas”(from its peculiar property discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy).“Gas”is from a German word meaning“Breath, Air, Spirit,”&c. &c.88.See Remarks in Adelung's Mithridates on the Hebrew.89.Some excellent observations on the subject of words thus formed by children occur in some late numbers of Chambers's Journal.90.This did not apply to the first four lines quoted above.91.This is perfectly obvious in the Hebrew, and may be shown by Analysis in other Languages.92.See Dr. Darwin's Zoonomia.93.The occurrence in the Georgian, as a word for a“Father,”of this term, which is generally used for a“Mother,”is specially noticed by Adelung. Compare the other example from the dialect of the Mangrees.94.Sir William Jones's Works, vol. iii. p. 185.95.The term Semetic, i.e. descendants of Shem, for which Dr. Prichard has proposed to substitute Syro-Phœnician, is applied to the ancient nations of Judea, Syria, and Arabia. The common origin and specific connexion of most of these nations which may be inferred from the Scriptural account, are distinctly apparent from the close affinity of their languages. These Tongues by the highest authorities have been pronounced to be as nearly related as the Doric and Ionic dialects of the Greek.96.See a Treatise by Rammohun Roy, showing that the ancient faith of the Hindoos involved the unity of the Deity.97.Ju-piter is a compound of Pater, a Father, with“Jov,”which is the basis.98.Vesta is also used for Fire itself.99.Cicero de Natura Deorum.100.Ymenyn (Welsh).101.This name is supposed by Hebrew scholars to be expressive of swiftness, and to be derived from S.s, or Sh.sh, Active, Sprightly.102.From the change of hue the body undergoes in death.103.Other examples of the affinity of the Hebrew and the Welsh have been examined with great ability by Dr. William Owen Pughe, in the Cymrodorion Transactions. There is also a valuable old work on the connexion of the Hebrew with other languages, by Mr. Barker, schoolmaster, Carmarthen.104.Dr. Prichard on Egyptian Mythology.105.Dr. Prichard on Man.106.In some of these instances the Coptic or Egyptian has lost the original meaning of these appellations, in others it has preserved them in common with the Hebrew and Indo-European Tongues.107.Materia Hieroglyphica.108.Wilkinson.109.Among the Egyptian Deities is Anep, Anepo, the classical Anubis,“The Conductor of Souls.”110.Wilkinson, p. 11, note 4.111.Ibid.112.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.113.Lepsius Lettre à Rosselini.114.See a short summary of Mr. Colebrooke's views in Dr. Prichard on Man, in his observations on the Egyptians.115.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.116.Ibid.117.Prichard on Man, vol. ii. p. 199.118.Mr. Wilkinson refers the reign of Menes to 2320B.C.119.Foreign Quarterly, 1836. I conceive, however, that the conclusion of the ingenious reviewer as to the identity of M.s.e.k with the name of the Muscovites, may require reconsideration. See Adelung on the Russians, and Vol. I, p. 314.120.Adelung.121.Tattam's Egyptian Grammar.122.Foreign Quarterly Review.123.There is an able pamphlet by Dr. Löewe, in which he maintains the Hebrew to be the Parent of the Egyptian. Dr. Löewe's examples appear to me to be equally conclusiveagainstthe specific connexion he advocates, andin supportof the original unity of these tongues at a remote era.124.Compare Sohn (German), Son (English).125.See Dr. Prichard on Man.126.Mithridates, under Africa.127.See Belzoni's Travels, p. 239.128.Prichard on Man.129.The The African languages (as far as they are known to us), and the American, according to Du Ponceau, are all polysyllabic.130.To this rule, however, pronouns are an exception.131.Numerous examples also occur inAppendix A.132.Cæteris paribus, this is a correct view; but not where grammatical resemblances are treated as more important evidence than other resemblances.133.The occurrence of nasal sounds at the end of words, as in this instance, form an apparent exception to the principle that Chinese words consist simply of one consonant followed by a vowel. But these nasals Adelung states to be mere evanescent intonations.134.Adelung, notwithstanding his opinion that the Chinese is a perfectly distinct language, was struck with the analogy between“Foo Tsin,”and“Moo Tsin,”and“Fa-ther”and“Mo-ther.”135.It is observable, that as in the above instances of Heuen and Keen, the Chinese verbs very commonly terminate in a nasaln, as do those of the Persian and Teutonic.136.Cooper's Last of the Mohicans.137.See chapter on the Chinese.138.Ind.means,N. A. Indian. This term (Ind.) is used here exclusively to distinguish words from the dialects of the Algonquyn class.139.A Western Tribe visited by Mr. Catlin.140.Nain (Welsh) Grandmother.141.“A Woman.”See Parkhurst's Lex.142.Nunk (Indian) means“Young.”143.This word is from the dialects of the Iroquois, another class of Indian Tribes, who inhabited the present territory of the United States.144.“War,”Aguwarrie, in the Iroquois dialects, Gewehr (German), Guerre (French), War (English).145.Parkhurst.146.Nakoha (Mandan), Noh gee (Sioux).147.They are chiefly composed of Pronouns, terms which form the basis of Grammar.148.Hooynt does not mean“It”in Welsh. In that language it is a plural and not a singular, as Mr. Catlin supposes. This circumstance, however, does not render the example less relevant,“Hooynt”(Welsh) being clearly identical with the terms from the Mandan, Turkish, &c., with which it is compared above; for pronouns, singular and plural, were originally the same words as they still are in all cases in the Chinese, and in several instances in the above examples.149.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts, p. 134.150.This is an erroneous example, I conceive.“Megosh”is also a questionable one.151.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts.152.Compare Pend-o (Latin).153.Many of those differences displayed by the North American Indian languages among themselves, and as compared to those of Asia, which have been assumed by many writers to be fundamental, consist of mere transitions of application agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles; terms which appear as pronoun inflections in one dialect, occurring as pronouns, or as words for“Man”in others, &c. Thus we have Rauha pronoun of the third person“He”(Iroquois.) Rehoje,“Man Homo,”(Tarahumaran.) R.ch.e, Rou.e,“Life, Soul, Spirit, Breath,”(Hebrew and Arabic.)154.As to the identity of these inflections,“Om, Amo, Amen,”with pronouns and nouns. (See Appendix A, pp.53-4.)155.These terms seem to consist of the first essays of the organs of articulation. (See p. 105.)156.Ki-nondonim-i,“I,”or“We understand you,”(Algonquyn dialects.) Compare Eimi, Tupt-oi-mi, &c. (Greek.) Bha va-mi (Sans.) &c. Compare“Amo,”with“I Am,”(English,) &c.157.See Appendix A, p.56, for the origin of this word.158.Ni,“I,”(Basque.)159.This Pronoun does not occur in any Indo-European language except the Welsh. The Pronoun of the first person occurs in a modified form in the Greek.160.The names for the Sun, Moon, and the Eye, are generally from the same roots.161.Compare the unsatisfactory Etymology of Ee . ou . m, usually adopted by Hebrew lexicographers, from E . m, Tumult, because there is“a tumultuous agitation of the celestial fluid,”at daybreak.162.This is an important word, as being one of the instances adduced by Dr. Leipsius, in opposition to Champollion's opinion, that the modern Coptic is perfectly identical with the ancient Egyptian. This word, Iri,“an Eye,”and its signification, are only known to us through Plutarch. The term is obsolete in the Coptic.—Leipsius,“Lettre à Rossellini.”163.Mu lilo, Um lilo, also occur as words for fire, in the South of Africa.164.N'jellauma, and Liulu, both occur in the dialect of the Phellatas, and Leoure occurs in that of the Fulahs, who are a kindred race.165.Burhum-Safara, The Sun, which occurs in one of the Negro dialects, seems to be derivable from the same root.166.Mot-Sichari, Day, a word that occurs among the languages of the South of Africa, is probably from the same root.167.It may be inferred, however, that the simple word, Masso, was applied originally as we find it in the Georgian, to the Sun, before it was used for the Eye. It is an error to suppose that the names for such organs as the“Eye”belong to the first elements of language. The name for the Eye is generally a mere derivative of words for“Light,”“Sun,”&c.168.See Note in page14.169.See Note in page14.170.These words,—Aithein,“To burn,”Greek, and“Ashes,”English, &c.—are said by German scholars to be mutually connected. (Schwenk's Wörterbuch.)171.It is observable that the Hebrew words, Ee.ph.c'h, and Ph.ou.c'h, are evidently imitations of the act of Breathing, or Puffing. They may, I conceive, be regarded as the roots of all the words for“Fire,”&c., which follow.172.Du Ponceau, whose principles are here adopted as probably applicable to all languages, states that in the Algonquyn Class of Dialects of North America the names for the Moon are derived from those for the Sun, with the addition of a word meaning night, &c. The word Hak, he says, is very generally thus used, for the Moon, with the requisite addition.173.According to Du Ponceau the words for“Day,”in the Algonquyn tongues, are modifications of the words for the“Sun.”174.Tash,“A Day,”(Pimans, south ofN.A.) This word, Teas, or Tesh, has already been traced through the various meanings of Fire, Sun, Day, &c.175.Words for Heaven, in the languages of the North of Asia, which are evidently connected with the North American Indian words for Heaven, and also with the North American Indian names for the“Sun,”from which they are derived.176.According to the views of many Hebrew scholars, A . ou . r,“Light,”and A ou . ee . r,“Air,”are probably from the same root—A r.“To flow,”—applied to Water, Air, Light, &c. (See p. 5, Appendix A.)177.The names for the Eye, in theAlgonquyndialects of North America, are stated by Du Ponceau to be derivatives of names for the Sun. This is generally but not, it would seem, universally the case in all languages. Probably it would also be more correct, as a general rule, to say that the names for the Eye, and for the Sun, are from the same roots, than that the latter are the roots of the former.178.I need scarcely observe that the previous Analysis must necessarily be, in some respects, philologically incomplete. Agrêska, Ogrêska, (NubiaandAbyssinia,) seem to be related to Agir, Fire, (Kurd.) We-taga, the Sun, (Negro,) seems to be a compound of the second class above noticed from Awia, Uwia, and Tjo, T'ga, African words for the Heavenly Bodies. Gjaubenje and Ma-undgage wodu, Fire, are plainly compounds from Gajewodu, Fire, (Negro.) The evidence derived from words, of which the origin is clearly traceable, is so complete, that all words of doubtful origin have been omitted from the previous and from the following Tables.179.Hence the name of the“Ourang Outang.”180.Obaini,m., Baning,m.(Negro), seem to be connected with Bio-ōn (Greek),“A Being,”(English.)181.Illum (Latin).182.Ng-ummi, and Ng-umbo, (Negro names for“Man,”) seem obviously to be compounds of the above words,“Ungi, Nga,”with Ommo, Uhm-to, &c., another word for“Man, Woman,”&c., elsewhere noticed in this Analysis.183.There is not, in every case, a regular or broadly marked distinction between these“Modifications,”which have been adopted to facilitate comparison rather than as being based on strictly philological grounds.184.Najakala and Ba cala,M.(Negro), seem to be compounds derived from Ackala and other roots. Ack-ala, Jakk-ela themselves seem to be compounds of“Kai, Hakke,”&c. (the class of words analysed above,) with Alo, &c. terms for“Man,”noticed in other parts of this Analysis.185.Mass-ari, Bass-ari,f.—South Africa.186.She—English.187.Turkish—Uz,“Self,”Himself, Myself.188.Two dominant ideas pervade the words of this class, viz. those of 1, Birth; and 2, Existence in the abstract. As words expressive of ideas of the second class are regarded by philosophical writers asderivatives, the idea of Birth, as in the Greek words Genn-ao, Gun-ē, Genn-ētor, may be viewed as theprimaryandpropersense.189.Vol. XIII., p. 373, Review of Wilkins's Sanscrit Grammar.190.Negro-land—Dikkom, Dim,m., Tewe,f.;Irish—Dae,m.&f.191.There are only two African words of this class, which have been left unnoticed in the analysis, viz. Blimozeh,“The Hand,”a Negro word, apparently related to“Bulla,”another Negro word for“The Hand,”probably allied also to“Pal-ma,”(Latin;) and Neworeh.“The Hand,”used by thePhellatahs, a tribe of North Africa, who inhabit a tract contiguous to Negro-land. These exceptions are too trifling to call for any qualification of the generality of the above statement.192.On this subject the analysis of Manee and other analogous African words for“Man.”See also Observations on the Algonguyn Dialects of North America193.“Ansa, for Hansa,”supine of Hendo, whence“Pre-hendo”(Latin).—Valpy's Etym. Latin Dict.194.Apparently a compound of Eed or Ied, and Man-us.195.Tene in this dialect is prefixed to the names of the senses generally. Law, for instance, is the distinctive name of“The Hand,”Thoun is that of“The Tongue,”obviously connected with“Tongue,”(English).196.“Dem gall, Dein gall”(FulahsandPhellatahs, North Africa), seem to be compounds of these words, with another root.197.Del emme (Negro-land),“The Tongue,”seems to be a compound of the second and third classes.198.Pehlwi,“Hosuan.”The close connexion between the German and the Pehlwi, and the other dialects of Persia, is indisputable.199.South Africa, Zebé, &c.200.Hence, apparently, Lücko, Loko,—South Africa.201.“Water,”Ahti, Cora,—Atl,Mexico.202.Eau,“Water,”French.203.Iâ,“Ice,”Welsh.204.There are other analogous words,—Endschey,“Water,”Negro-land, Ente,“A Duck,”i.e.“A Water Fowl,”German.205.Mongol, Usu;Tibet,“Tschu.”206.North America(Azanax), Eslenes.207.Dour, Water, (Welsh); Jura,“The Sea,”(Lettish.) Ejern (Abyssinian),“Water,”seems also to be connected with“Tschur,”“Jura,”&c.208.Many examples serve to show that the names of Streams, &c., in Gaul, as preserved by the French, are in many instances more faithful transcripts of the original Celtic appellations than the names preserved by Latin writers.209.Like the Greek, Ouranoi,“Asingular-plural.”210.Omitted in previous Analysis: Araiáni,“Heaven”(Fetu); Ouran-os,“Heaven”(Greek); Enniba, Eniba [above],“Eye.”[See Appendix A, pp. 42, 43.] Njame, see Djau,“Heaven,”“Air”(Sanscrit); Ada,“Day”(Fetu); from Edja,“Fire,”Egwju,“Sun”(Fetu).211.Also A.nah,“To live,”(Anok I.)—Egypt.212.The great majority of the African words for the Nose (a class not included in Appendix A) have been explained in other parts of this work.
Footnotes1.See notes to D'Oyly and Mant's Bible. The differences, it is supposed, may have consisted in a different mode of pronouncing the same words, such as exists in various English counties, to a sufficient extent to make the speakers mutually unintelligible! See, also, Eichhorn's view.2.Lyell's Geology, vol. i. p. 230.3.Consolations in Travel.4.Discourse on the Origin and Families of Nations.5.Mithridates, vol. i.6.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.7.Genesis, c. iii. v. 7,“And they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves aprons.”8.Adelung quotes Zimmerman to the effect that of the animals found in Europe all have been derived from Asia, with the exception of sixteen or seventeen kinds, and these are mostly Mice and Bats.9.“A Tree well known in India, called the Tschiampa. It fruit is like an Apple, and it is said to bear both good and evil fruit!”10.Bohlen (Prof. Theol. zu Königsberg) auf Genesis.11.Morier.12.“Unexplored”with reference to the Semetic nations.13.“I”(with“Other”added) means“We.”14.Prichard on Man.15.Lyell on Geology.16.See also the Rev. T. Price on the Physiology and Physiognomy of the British Isles.17.The Greek, Russian, and German, have all been shown to belong to what are called the Indo-European class of languages. The Finnish, Vater states to be in its roots identical with the German.18.See Dugald Stewart, on the Active and Moral Faculties.19.In connexion with this subject I may refer to an article distinguished by great genius and profound philosophical reasoning, which lately appeared in Chambers's Journal, under the title of“Thoughts on Nations and Civilization.”(See Number for May 21st, 1842.)20.This sept were also generally termed the“gentlemanly”Mandans. The recent destruction of this warm-hearted tribe by the smallpox is one of the most heart-rending tragedies in history!21.Bell's Geography.22.The African names for“The Nose”do not occur in Appendix A, but they are noticed elsewhere in this work. The names for“The Eye”are explained among words for“The Sun,”&c. of which they are generally derivatives.23.The terms for the Domestic Relations are in some instances compound words—in others they seem to be identical with the Names of the Human Race.24.Probably the terms were not in all cases appropriated in the first instance to the Hand exclusively, but applied alike to all the perceptive organs.25.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta.26.Eiere (“Day,”Zend,) is obviously connected with Huere (“The Sun,”Zend.)27.Klaproth's Asia Polyglotta, p. 36.28.Parkhurst's Hebrew Lexicon.29.Bohemia is inhabited by a Sclavonic race, &c.30.This comparison has been extracted from the Cambrian Quarterly Magazine, vol. II., p. 183, in which it was originally published by the author of this work.31.History of the English language, prefixed to Dr. Johnson's Dictionary.32.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe. Preface, p. xlvii.33.Mr. Lockhart has given an interesting account of the origin of Sir Walter Scott's views on this subject as expressed in the passages quoted above. They were first suggested by a friend whose attention had been much directed to subjects of this nature.34.This inflection, as in“They Hav-en,”is also preserved in the Dialects of the English Provinces.35.Giv-eth (Eng.)Gieb-et (Germ.)Don-at (Lat.)Can-ati (Sans.) i.e. Can-it (Lat.)Diy-ati (Sans.) i.e. Die-th (Eng.)36.A work published by this gentleman under the quaint title of“Tim Bobbin,”and written entirely in the Lancashire Dialect, is well known. His writings, however, display the attainments of a scholar.37.“Gang to the recht (right) hand”was a reply which Dr. Lappenberg of Hamburgh has noticed to the author as one which struck his ear when he visited Scotland for the first time as a student. The approximation to the German is manifest.38.Rask, by Thorpe, pp. 8-9.39.This Verb also exhibits the German Plural“Sind,”which differs from the singular altogether, and belonged no doubt originally to a distinct Auxiliary Verb.40.See Glossary to Tyrwhitt's Chaucer.41.Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar.42.Rask's Grammar, by Thorpe.43.Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.44.Ib. See Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe.45.The original identity of all these Languages may be said to be clearly proved; the Icelandic, also, seems to have deviated less than the rest from the parent tongue. But this opinion that the Icelandic has not changed at all is a highly unreasonable one. For example, the Danish and Swedish names for“Water”, of which the antiquity is certain from their general use among the Teutonic tribes, &c. must have been lost by the Icelanders.46.As to Grammar and Inflections, see especially pp. xvii. and xix. xxi. xxiii.—Rask.47.See Bosworth's“Scandinavian Literature,”as to the difference in the arrangement of sentences, and the difference of Idioms between the ancient and modern Scandinavian dialects.48.Rask, pp. xvii. and xix. Bosworth's Scandinavian Literature.49.See the Irish names for the Heavenly Bodies, in Append. A and C.50.See Appendix A.51.Possibly many of these words may be traced in the Greek, &c., but it would be foreign to the present subject to enter into too minute a discussion on that head.52.Chalmers' Caledonia.53.In this part of the present work I have derived great assistance from Dr. Prichard's sound and successful researches, and from the labours of M. Bullet, which are distinguished alike by genius and indefatigable industry.54.I find M. Bullet in many, and in some few instances Dr. Prichard, have, as I conceive, mistaken the Roman inflections for distinct Celtic words.55.Malte Brun.56.Kerdanet's History of the Language of the Gauls and Armoricans, translated by David Lewis, Esq., in the Cumbrian Quarterly Magazine.57.Prichard on the Celtic Languages.58.Tribus (Latin.)59.As previously noticed, the French names handed down from the old Gauls are probably often nearer the Celtic than the Latin names.60.Esseg,“Water,”(Dongolan, North Africa.)61.This word is marked thus, with a dagger, in the Cornish Vocabularies, as being extinct.62.Chalmers's Caledonia.63.Ab-us, (Anton.) Ab-on-trus, Ab-ou-trus, Ab-ou, (Ptolomey.) Baxter suggests Abon trus t,“The Noise of the Rivers,”an allusion, as he supposes, to the noise of the currents. But this explanation involves a change in the second word, and a fanciful construction of the sense of the terms employed.64.It is only by a very minute and careful investigation of Maps, ancient and modern, that I have been enabled to verify the correctness of this and many other Celtic derivations.65.A powerful Gaulish Tribe in the East of Gaul.66.Lacus (Latin.)67.This is one of the numerous instances in which, judging merely from ancient Maps, or from the less minute modern Maps, (on which this stream is not marked,) the situation of a place seems inconsistent with the derivation suggested.68.Hornius's ancient Map. This place is very near to Bilboa.69.Lan means an inclosed spot in Welsh.70.Medius (Latin.)71.Dr. W. O. Pughe's Welsh Dictionary.72.Lutum (Latin.)73.Dunum, a Hill Fort.74.Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.75.Hence the“Hindoo-Kuh.”76.A Town.77.Celtic Ethnography, in Dr. Prichard's work on“Man.”78.The word, in the sense of a stream, seems to be confined to such streams as traverse the bottoms of narrow glens.79.This word occurs in a variety of mutually connected meanings in the Hebrew and Celtic.80.Petro is said to mean a Rock, in Gaulish names, by some French Celtic scholars.81.Hence, also, as may be inferred, the Curi-osilitæ in Brittany.82.In such instances, however, the Celtic generally presents words approaching in sound and sense to those occurring in the Local names, though not so near to then as the Oriental terms, &c.83.E.r, a Mountain; by reduplication E.r r, a very high Mountain (Heb.)84.Kohl's Russia.85.Here is an explanation, in the instance of the very same word, of Lhuyd's difficulty noticed in the last Section.86.In Appendix A the original identity and subsequent specific appropriation of the names of the Heavenly Luminaries are especially noticed. See Appendix A, p.48. These words occur in the same Appendix; as to“Tin-dee,”see p.26, as to“Nganga,”see same page.87.For example:“Carbonic Acid Gas,”called also“Choke Damp”(by miners,) and“Fixed Air.”“Carburetted Hydrogen,”called also“Fire Damp”(by miners),“Inflammable Air,”“Coal Gas,”and“Gas.”“Iodine,”from Iōdēs,“Like a Violet,”(Greek,) a name suggested by its beautiful violet tint.“Nitrous Oxide,”or“Protoxide of Azote”(terms expressive of its component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also“Laughing Gas”(from its peculiar property discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy).“Gas”is from a German word meaning“Breath, Air, Spirit,”&c. &c.88.See Remarks in Adelung's Mithridates on the Hebrew.89.Some excellent observations on the subject of words thus formed by children occur in some late numbers of Chambers's Journal.90.This did not apply to the first four lines quoted above.91.This is perfectly obvious in the Hebrew, and may be shown by Analysis in other Languages.92.See Dr. Darwin's Zoonomia.93.The occurrence in the Georgian, as a word for a“Father,”of this term, which is generally used for a“Mother,”is specially noticed by Adelung. Compare the other example from the dialect of the Mangrees.94.Sir William Jones's Works, vol. iii. p. 185.95.The term Semetic, i.e. descendants of Shem, for which Dr. Prichard has proposed to substitute Syro-Phœnician, is applied to the ancient nations of Judea, Syria, and Arabia. The common origin and specific connexion of most of these nations which may be inferred from the Scriptural account, are distinctly apparent from the close affinity of their languages. These Tongues by the highest authorities have been pronounced to be as nearly related as the Doric and Ionic dialects of the Greek.96.See a Treatise by Rammohun Roy, showing that the ancient faith of the Hindoos involved the unity of the Deity.97.Ju-piter is a compound of Pater, a Father, with“Jov,”which is the basis.98.Vesta is also used for Fire itself.99.Cicero de Natura Deorum.100.Ymenyn (Welsh).101.This name is supposed by Hebrew scholars to be expressive of swiftness, and to be derived from S.s, or Sh.sh, Active, Sprightly.102.From the change of hue the body undergoes in death.103.Other examples of the affinity of the Hebrew and the Welsh have been examined with great ability by Dr. William Owen Pughe, in the Cymrodorion Transactions. There is also a valuable old work on the connexion of the Hebrew with other languages, by Mr. Barker, schoolmaster, Carmarthen.104.Dr. Prichard on Egyptian Mythology.105.Dr. Prichard on Man.106.In some of these instances the Coptic or Egyptian has lost the original meaning of these appellations, in others it has preserved them in common with the Hebrew and Indo-European Tongues.107.Materia Hieroglyphica.108.Wilkinson.109.Among the Egyptian Deities is Anep, Anepo, the classical Anubis,“The Conductor of Souls.”110.Wilkinson, p. 11, note 4.111.Ibid.112.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.113.Lepsius Lettre à Rosselini.114.See a short summary of Mr. Colebrooke's views in Dr. Prichard on Man, in his observations on the Egyptians.115.Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.116.Ibid.117.Prichard on Man, vol. ii. p. 199.118.Mr. Wilkinson refers the reign of Menes to 2320B.C.119.Foreign Quarterly, 1836. I conceive, however, that the conclusion of the ingenious reviewer as to the identity of M.s.e.k with the name of the Muscovites, may require reconsideration. See Adelung on the Russians, and Vol. I, p. 314.120.Adelung.121.Tattam's Egyptian Grammar.122.Foreign Quarterly Review.123.There is an able pamphlet by Dr. Löewe, in which he maintains the Hebrew to be the Parent of the Egyptian. Dr. Löewe's examples appear to me to be equally conclusiveagainstthe specific connexion he advocates, andin supportof the original unity of these tongues at a remote era.124.Compare Sohn (German), Son (English).125.See Dr. Prichard on Man.126.Mithridates, under Africa.127.See Belzoni's Travels, p. 239.128.Prichard on Man.129.The The African languages (as far as they are known to us), and the American, according to Du Ponceau, are all polysyllabic.130.To this rule, however, pronouns are an exception.131.Numerous examples also occur inAppendix A.132.Cæteris paribus, this is a correct view; but not where grammatical resemblances are treated as more important evidence than other resemblances.133.The occurrence of nasal sounds at the end of words, as in this instance, form an apparent exception to the principle that Chinese words consist simply of one consonant followed by a vowel. But these nasals Adelung states to be mere evanescent intonations.134.Adelung, notwithstanding his opinion that the Chinese is a perfectly distinct language, was struck with the analogy between“Foo Tsin,”and“Moo Tsin,”and“Fa-ther”and“Mo-ther.”135.It is observable, that as in the above instances of Heuen and Keen, the Chinese verbs very commonly terminate in a nasaln, as do those of the Persian and Teutonic.136.Cooper's Last of the Mohicans.137.See chapter on the Chinese.138.Ind.means,N. A. Indian. This term (Ind.) is used here exclusively to distinguish words from the dialects of the Algonquyn class.139.A Western Tribe visited by Mr. Catlin.140.Nain (Welsh) Grandmother.141.“A Woman.”See Parkhurst's Lex.142.Nunk (Indian) means“Young.”143.This word is from the dialects of the Iroquois, another class of Indian Tribes, who inhabited the present territory of the United States.144.“War,”Aguwarrie, in the Iroquois dialects, Gewehr (German), Guerre (French), War (English).145.Parkhurst.146.Nakoha (Mandan), Noh gee (Sioux).147.They are chiefly composed of Pronouns, terms which form the basis of Grammar.148.Hooynt does not mean“It”in Welsh. In that language it is a plural and not a singular, as Mr. Catlin supposes. This circumstance, however, does not render the example less relevant,“Hooynt”(Welsh) being clearly identical with the terms from the Mandan, Turkish, &c., with which it is compared above; for pronouns, singular and plural, were originally the same words as they still are in all cases in the Chinese, and in several instances in the above examples.149.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts, p. 134.150.This is an erroneous example, I conceive.“Megosh”is also a questionable one.151.Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts.152.Compare Pend-o (Latin).153.Many of those differences displayed by the North American Indian languages among themselves, and as compared to those of Asia, which have been assumed by many writers to be fundamental, consist of mere transitions of application agreeably to Horne Tooke's principles; terms which appear as pronoun inflections in one dialect, occurring as pronouns, or as words for“Man”in others, &c. Thus we have Rauha pronoun of the third person“He”(Iroquois.) Rehoje,“Man Homo,”(Tarahumaran.) R.ch.e, Rou.e,“Life, Soul, Spirit, Breath,”(Hebrew and Arabic.)154.As to the identity of these inflections,“Om, Amo, Amen,”with pronouns and nouns. (See Appendix A, pp.53-4.)155.These terms seem to consist of the first essays of the organs of articulation. (See p. 105.)156.Ki-nondonim-i,“I,”or“We understand you,”(Algonquyn dialects.) Compare Eimi, Tupt-oi-mi, &c. (Greek.) Bha va-mi (Sans.) &c. Compare“Amo,”with“I Am,”(English,) &c.157.See Appendix A, p.56, for the origin of this word.158.Ni,“I,”(Basque.)159.This Pronoun does not occur in any Indo-European language except the Welsh. The Pronoun of the first person occurs in a modified form in the Greek.160.The names for the Sun, Moon, and the Eye, are generally from the same roots.161.Compare the unsatisfactory Etymology of Ee . ou . m, usually adopted by Hebrew lexicographers, from E . m, Tumult, because there is“a tumultuous agitation of the celestial fluid,”at daybreak.162.This is an important word, as being one of the instances adduced by Dr. Leipsius, in opposition to Champollion's opinion, that the modern Coptic is perfectly identical with the ancient Egyptian. This word, Iri,“an Eye,”and its signification, are only known to us through Plutarch. The term is obsolete in the Coptic.—Leipsius,“Lettre à Rossellini.”163.Mu lilo, Um lilo, also occur as words for fire, in the South of Africa.164.N'jellauma, and Liulu, both occur in the dialect of the Phellatas, and Leoure occurs in that of the Fulahs, who are a kindred race.165.Burhum-Safara, The Sun, which occurs in one of the Negro dialects, seems to be derivable from the same root.166.Mot-Sichari, Day, a word that occurs among the languages of the South of Africa, is probably from the same root.167.It may be inferred, however, that the simple word, Masso, was applied originally as we find it in the Georgian, to the Sun, before it was used for the Eye. It is an error to suppose that the names for such organs as the“Eye”belong to the first elements of language. The name for the Eye is generally a mere derivative of words for“Light,”“Sun,”&c.168.See Note in page14.169.See Note in page14.170.These words,—Aithein,“To burn,”Greek, and“Ashes,”English, &c.—are said by German scholars to be mutually connected. (Schwenk's Wörterbuch.)171.It is observable that the Hebrew words, Ee.ph.c'h, and Ph.ou.c'h, are evidently imitations of the act of Breathing, or Puffing. They may, I conceive, be regarded as the roots of all the words for“Fire,”&c., which follow.172.Du Ponceau, whose principles are here adopted as probably applicable to all languages, states that in the Algonquyn Class of Dialects of North America the names for the Moon are derived from those for the Sun, with the addition of a word meaning night, &c. The word Hak, he says, is very generally thus used, for the Moon, with the requisite addition.173.According to Du Ponceau the words for“Day,”in the Algonquyn tongues, are modifications of the words for the“Sun.”174.Tash,“A Day,”(Pimans, south ofN.A.) This word, Teas, or Tesh, has already been traced through the various meanings of Fire, Sun, Day, &c.175.Words for Heaven, in the languages of the North of Asia, which are evidently connected with the North American Indian words for Heaven, and also with the North American Indian names for the“Sun,”from which they are derived.176.According to the views of many Hebrew scholars, A . ou . r,“Light,”and A ou . ee . r,“Air,”are probably from the same root—A r.“To flow,”—applied to Water, Air, Light, &c. (See p. 5, Appendix A.)177.The names for the Eye, in theAlgonquyndialects of North America, are stated by Du Ponceau to be derivatives of names for the Sun. This is generally but not, it would seem, universally the case in all languages. Probably it would also be more correct, as a general rule, to say that the names for the Eye, and for the Sun, are from the same roots, than that the latter are the roots of the former.178.I need scarcely observe that the previous Analysis must necessarily be, in some respects, philologically incomplete. Agrêska, Ogrêska, (NubiaandAbyssinia,) seem to be related to Agir, Fire, (Kurd.) We-taga, the Sun, (Negro,) seems to be a compound of the second class above noticed from Awia, Uwia, and Tjo, T'ga, African words for the Heavenly Bodies. Gjaubenje and Ma-undgage wodu, Fire, are plainly compounds from Gajewodu, Fire, (Negro.) The evidence derived from words, of which the origin is clearly traceable, is so complete, that all words of doubtful origin have been omitted from the previous and from the following Tables.179.Hence the name of the“Ourang Outang.”180.Obaini,m., Baning,m.(Negro), seem to be connected with Bio-ōn (Greek),“A Being,”(English.)181.Illum (Latin).182.Ng-ummi, and Ng-umbo, (Negro names for“Man,”) seem obviously to be compounds of the above words,“Ungi, Nga,”with Ommo, Uhm-to, &c., another word for“Man, Woman,”&c., elsewhere noticed in this Analysis.183.There is not, in every case, a regular or broadly marked distinction between these“Modifications,”which have been adopted to facilitate comparison rather than as being based on strictly philological grounds.184.Najakala and Ba cala,M.(Negro), seem to be compounds derived from Ackala and other roots. Ack-ala, Jakk-ela themselves seem to be compounds of“Kai, Hakke,”&c. (the class of words analysed above,) with Alo, &c. terms for“Man,”noticed in other parts of this Analysis.185.Mass-ari, Bass-ari,f.—South Africa.186.She—English.187.Turkish—Uz,“Self,”Himself, Myself.188.Two dominant ideas pervade the words of this class, viz. those of 1, Birth; and 2, Existence in the abstract. As words expressive of ideas of the second class are regarded by philosophical writers asderivatives, the idea of Birth, as in the Greek words Genn-ao, Gun-ē, Genn-ētor, may be viewed as theprimaryandpropersense.189.Vol. XIII., p. 373, Review of Wilkins's Sanscrit Grammar.190.Negro-land—Dikkom, Dim,m., Tewe,f.;Irish—Dae,m.&f.191.There are only two African words of this class, which have been left unnoticed in the analysis, viz. Blimozeh,“The Hand,”a Negro word, apparently related to“Bulla,”another Negro word for“The Hand,”probably allied also to“Pal-ma,”(Latin;) and Neworeh.“The Hand,”used by thePhellatahs, a tribe of North Africa, who inhabit a tract contiguous to Negro-land. These exceptions are too trifling to call for any qualification of the generality of the above statement.192.On this subject the analysis of Manee and other analogous African words for“Man.”See also Observations on the Algonguyn Dialects of North America193.“Ansa, for Hansa,”supine of Hendo, whence“Pre-hendo”(Latin).—Valpy's Etym. Latin Dict.194.Apparently a compound of Eed or Ied, and Man-us.195.Tene in this dialect is prefixed to the names of the senses generally. Law, for instance, is the distinctive name of“The Hand,”Thoun is that of“The Tongue,”obviously connected with“Tongue,”(English).196.“Dem gall, Dein gall”(FulahsandPhellatahs, North Africa), seem to be compounds of these words, with another root.197.Del emme (Negro-land),“The Tongue,”seems to be a compound of the second and third classes.198.Pehlwi,“Hosuan.”The close connexion between the German and the Pehlwi, and the other dialects of Persia, is indisputable.199.South Africa, Zebé, &c.200.Hence, apparently, Lücko, Loko,—South Africa.201.“Water,”Ahti, Cora,—Atl,Mexico.202.Eau,“Water,”French.203.Iâ,“Ice,”Welsh.204.There are other analogous words,—Endschey,“Water,”Negro-land, Ente,“A Duck,”i.e.“A Water Fowl,”German.205.Mongol, Usu;Tibet,“Tschu.”206.North America(Azanax), Eslenes.207.Dour, Water, (Welsh); Jura,“The Sea,”(Lettish.) Ejern (Abyssinian),“Water,”seems also to be connected with“Tschur,”“Jura,”&c.208.Many examples serve to show that the names of Streams, &c., in Gaul, as preserved by the French, are in many instances more faithful transcripts of the original Celtic appellations than the names preserved by Latin writers.209.Like the Greek, Ouranoi,“Asingular-plural.”210.Omitted in previous Analysis: Araiáni,“Heaven”(Fetu); Ouran-os,“Heaven”(Greek); Enniba, Eniba [above],“Eye.”[See Appendix A, pp. 42, 43.] Njame, see Djau,“Heaven,”“Air”(Sanscrit); Ada,“Day”(Fetu); from Edja,“Fire,”Egwju,“Sun”(Fetu).211.Also A.nah,“To live,”(Anok I.)—Egypt.212.The great majority of the African words for the Nose (a class not included in Appendix A) have been explained in other parts of this work.
Giv-eth (Eng.)Gieb-et (Germ.)Don-at (Lat.)Can-ati (Sans.) i.e. Can-it (Lat.)Diy-ati (Sans.) i.e. Die-th (Eng.)
For example:“Carbonic Acid Gas,”called also“Choke Damp”(by miners,) and“Fixed Air.”
“Carburetted Hydrogen,”called also“Fire Damp”(by miners),“Inflammable Air,”“Coal Gas,”and“Gas.”
“Iodine,”from Iōdēs,“Like a Violet,”(Greek,) a name suggested by its beautiful violet tint.
“Nitrous Oxide,”or“Protoxide of Azote”(terms expressive of its component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also“Laughing Gas”(from its peculiar property discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy).
“Gas”is from a German word meaning“Breath, Air, Spirit,”&c. &c.