Chapter 37

FOOTNOTES:[a]Pastum animantibus largè & copiosè natura eum, qui cuique aptus erat, comparavit.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.Ille Deus est,——qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui gregibus ubique passim vagantibus pabulum præstat.Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 6.[b]Tritico nihil est fertilius: hoc ei natura tribuit, quoniam eo maximè alat hominem; utpote cùm è modio, si sit aptum solum——150 modii reddantur. Misit D. Augusto procurator—ex uno grano (vix credibile dictu) 400 paucis minùs germina. Misit & Neroni similiter 340 stipulas ex uno grano.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 10.[c]Sed illa quanta benignitas Natura, quòd tam multa ad vescendum, tam varia, tam jucunda gignit: neque ea uno tempore anni, ut semper & novitate delectemur & copiâ.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.[d]Swammerdamobserves of theEphemeron Worms, that their Food is Clay, and that they make their Cells of the same. Upon which occasion he saith ofMoths, that eat Wool and Fur,There are two Things very considerable, 1. That the Cells they make to themselves, wherein they live, and with which (as their House, Tortoise-like) they move from Place to Place, they make of the Matter next at hand. 2. That they feed also on the same, therefore when you find their Cells, or rather Coats or Cases to be made of yellow, green, blue or black Cloth, you will also find their Dung of the same Colour.Swammerd. Ephem. vita. Published by Dr.Tyson,Chap. 3.[e]Jobxxxviii. 41.Psal.cxlvii. 9.[f]Aristot. l. 9. c. 31. Hist. Animal.[g]Plinyaffirms this of theCrowas well asRaven:Cæteræ omnes[i.e. Cornices]ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos, ac volare cogunt, sicut & Corvi, qui——robustos suos fœtus fugant longiùs.Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 12.[h]Var. Hist.[i]Chap. 9.[k]Admiranda Naturæ dispensatio est, ut aliter, alioque modo, tempore, & industriâ colatur terra septentrionalis, aliter Æthiopia,&c.Quoad Aquilonares, hoc certum est, in plerisque agris Vestrogothorum, parte objectâ Meridionali plagæ, Hordeum spatio 36 Dierum à femine projecto maturum colligi, hoc est à fine Junii usque medium Augusti, aliquando celerius. Ea namque maturitas ex soli naturâ, aërisque clementiâ, ac humore lapillorum fovente radices, Soleque torrente, necessariò provenit, ut ita nascatur, ac maturetur, talesque spicæ sex ordines in numero aristæ habent.Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 15. c. 8.Prata & pascua tantâ luxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate, ut necessum sit inde arcere jumenta, nè nimio herbarum esu crepent,&c.Id. ib. l. 19. c. 36.[l]Among the many noble Contrivances for Food, I cannot but attribute that universal Aliment,Bread, to the Revelation, or at least the Inspiration of the Creator and Conservator of Mankind; not only because it is a Food used in all, or most Parts of the World; but especially because it is of incomparable Use in the great Work of Digestion, greatly assisting the Ferment, or whatever causes the Digestion of the Stomach. Of which take this Example from the noble Mr.Boyle. “He extracted aMenstruumfrom Bread alone, that would work on Bodies more Compact than many hard Minerals, nay even on Glass it self, and do many Things thatAqua-fortiscould not do——Yet by no means was this so corrosive a Liquor asAq. fort.or as the otheracid Menstruum”.Vid.the ingenious and learned Dr.Harris’sLex. Tech. verbo Menstruum, where the way of preparing it may be met with.[m]Psal.civ. 26.[n]The Insects that for the most part discolour the Waters, are the small Insects of theShrimp-kind, called bySwammerdam,Pulex aquaticus arborescens. These I have often seen so numerous in stagnating Waters in the Summer-Months, that they have changed the Colour of the Waters to a pale or deep Red, sometimes a Yellow, according to the Colour they were of. Of thisSwammerdamhath a pretty Story told him by Dr.Florence Schuyl, viz.Se aliquando Studiis intentum, magno quodam & horrifico rumore fuisse turbatum, & simul ad causam ejus inquirendam excitatum; verùm se vix eum in finem surrexisse, cùm Ancilla ejus pœne exanimis adcurreret, & multo cum singultu referret, omnem Lugduni[Batavorum]aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem. The Cause of which, upon Examination he found to be only from the numerous Swarms of thosePulices. V. Swamm. Hist. Insect. p. 70.The Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of those little Insects, I have frequently observed to be to perform their Coït; which is commonly about the latter end ofMay, and inJune. At that Time they are very venereous, frisking and catching at one another; and many of them conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards another.At this Time also they change their Skin orSlough; which I conceive their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth. And what if at this Time they change their Quarters?Vid.Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f).These small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are Food to many Water-Animals. I have seen not onlyDucksshovel them up as they swim along the Waters, but divers Insects also devour them, particularly some of the middle-sizedSquillæ aquaticæ, which are very voracious Insects.[o]Besides thePuliceslast mentioned, there are in the Waters other Animalcules very numerous, which are scarce visible without a Microscope. InMay, and the Summer Months, the green Scum on the top of stagnating Waters, is nothing else but prodigious Numbers of these Animalcules: So is likewise the green Colour in them, when all the Water seems green. Which Animalcules, in all Probability, serve for Food to thePulices Aquatici, and other the minuter Animals of the Waters. Of which I gave a pregnant Instance in one of theNymphæofGnats, to my Friend the late admirable Mr.Ray, which he was pleased to publish in the last Edition of hisWisdom of God in the Creation, p. 430.[p]Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut utiPossemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum.And afterwards,Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentemPer membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi.And after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and divers other Things.Vid.Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &c.Against this Opinion of theEpicureans,Galeningeniously argues in his Discourse about the Hand.Non enim Manus ipsæ(saith he)hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsæ sunt artium organa; sicut Lyra musici——Lyra musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, quâ præditus est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis, ita & una quælibet anima facultates quasdam à suâ ipsius substantiâ obtinet,——Quòd autem corporis particulæ animam non impellunt,——manifeste videre licet, si animalia recèns nata confideres, quæ quidem priùs agere conantur, quàm perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum cornibus petere conantem sæpenumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent cornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem,&c.Omne enim animal suæ ipsius Animæ facultates, ac in quos usus partes suæ polleant maximè, nullo doctore, præsentit.——Quâ igitur ratione dici potest, animalia partium usus à partibus doceri, cùm & antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere videantur? Si igitur Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquilæ, alterum Anatis, reliquum Serpentis, & calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris; illa quidem alis volare conantia, antequàm volare possint; hoc autem revolvi videbis, & serpere affectans, quamvis molle adhuc & invalidam fuerit. Et si, dum perfecta erunt, in unâ eâdemque domo nutriveris, deinde ad locum subdialem ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in paludem;——Serpens verò sub terrâ irrepet——Animalia quidem mihi videntur Naturâ magis quàm Ratione artem aliquam[τεχνικὰ artificiosa]exercere: Apes fingere alveolos,&c.Galen de usu. Part I. c. 3.[q]Alia dentibus prædantur, alia unguibus, alia rostri aduncitate carpunt, alia latitudine[ejusdem]ruunt, alia acumine excavant, alia sugunt, alia lambunt, sorbent, mandunt, vorant. Nec minor varietas in Pedum ministerio, ut rapiant, distrahant, teneant, premant, pendeant, tellurem scabere non cessent.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.[r]Because it would be tedious to reckon up the Bones, Glands, Muscles, and other Parts belonging to the Mouth, it shall suffice to observe, that, for the various Services of Man’s Mouth, besides the Muscles in common with other Parts, there are five Pair, and one single one proper to the Lips only, as Dr.Gibsonreckons them: But my most diligent and curious Friend the late Mr.Cowper, discovered a sixth Pair. And accordingly Dr.Drakereckons six Pair, and one single one proper to the Lips,l. 3.c. 13.[s]Galendeserves to be here consulted, who excellently argues against the casual Concourse of the Atoms ofEpicurusandAsclepiades, from the provident and wise Formation of the Mouths of Animals, and their Teeth answerable thereto. In Man, his Mouth without a deep Incisure, with only one canine Tooth on a side, and flat Nails, because, saith he,Hic Natura certò sciebat, se animal mansuetum ac civile effingere, cui robur & vires essent ex sapientiâ, non ex corporis fortitudine. But forLions,WolfsandDogs, and all such as are called Καρχαρόδοντες, (or having sharp, serrated Teeth) their Mouths are large, and deep cut; Teeth strong and sharp, and their Nails sharp, large, strong and round, accommodated to holding and tearing.Vid.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 9.[t]Among Insects theSquillæ aquaticæ, as they are very rapacious, so are accordingly provided for it: Particularly theSquilla aquatica maxima recurva(as I call it) who hath somewhat terrible in its very Aspect, and in its Posture in the Water, especially its Mouth, which is armed with long, sharp Hooks, with which it boldly, and greedily catcheth any thing in the Waters, even one’s Fingers. When they have seized their Prey, they will so tenaciously hold it with their forcipated Mouth, that they will not part therewith, even when they are taken out of the Waters, and jumbled about in one’s Hand. I have admired at their peculiar way of taking in their Food; which is done by piercing their Prey with theirForcipes(which are hollow) and sucking the Juice thereof through them.TheSquillahere mentioned, is the first and second inMouffet’sTheat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37.[u]For an Instance of Insects endued with a Spear, I shall, for its Peculiarity, pitch upon one of the smallest, if not the very smallest of all theGnat-kind, which I call,Culex minimus nigricans maculatus sanguisuga. Among us inEssex, they are calledNidiots, byMouffet Midges. It is about ⅒ of an Inch, or somewhat more long, with shortAntennæ, plain in the Female, in the Male feather’d, somewhat like a Bottle-Brush. It is spotted with blackish Spots, especially on the Wings, which extend a little beyond the Body. It comes from a little slender Eel-like Worm, of a dirty white Colour, swimming in stagnating Waters by a wrigling Motion; as inFig. 5.ItsAureliais small, with a black Head, little short Horns, a spotted, slender, rough Belly,Vid.Fig. 6.It lies quietly on the top of the Water, now and then gently wagging it self this way and that.TheseGnatsare greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome, where numerous, as they are in some Places near theThames, particularly in the Breach-Waters that have lately befallen near us, in the Parish ofDagenham; where I found them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out of those Marshes. Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they have had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were wounded by them.I have given a Figure (inFig. 7.) and more particular Description of theGnats, because, although it be common, it is no where taken notice of by any Author I know, exceptMouffet, who, I suppose, means theseGnats, which he callsMidges,c. 13. p. 82.[w]HornetsandWaspshave strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith they can dig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw and scrape Wood, whole Mouthfuls of which they carry away to make their Combs.Vid.infr.Chap. 13. Note (c).[x]Monsieur de la Voyetells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone in theBenedictines-AbbyatCaeninNormandy, so eaten with Worms, that one may run ones Hand into most of the Cavities: That these Worms are small and black, lodging in a greyish Shell, that they have large flattish Heads, a large Mouth, with four black Jaws,&c.Phil. Trans.Nᵒ. 18.[y]Pro iis[Labris]cornea & acuta Volucribus Rostra. Eadem rapto viventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus limumque lata, ut Suum generi. Jumentis vice manûs ad colligenda pabula: ora apertiora laniatu viventibus.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.[z]Parrotshave their Bills nicely adapted to these Services, being hooked, for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for; and the lower Jaw being compleatly fitted to the Hooks of the upper, they can as minutely break their Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.[aa]Thus inWoodcocks,Snipes,&c.who hunt for Worms in moorish Ground, and, as Mr.Willughbysaith, live also on the fatty unctuous Humour they suck out of the Earth. So also the Bills ofCurlews, and many other Sea-Fowl, are very long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms,&c.in the Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.[bb]Ducks,Geese, and divers others, have such long broad Bills, to quaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we may reckon the uncouth Bill of theSpoon-Bill: but that which deserves particular Observation in the Birds named in these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the end of their Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight; of which seeBook VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).[cc]ThePicus viridis, orGreen-Woodspite, and all theWood-Peckershave Bills, curiously made for digging Wood, strong, hard, and sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top of the greenWood-Pecker’s Bill, as if an Artist had designed it for Strength and Neatness.[dd]TheLoxia, orCross-Bill, whose Bill is thick and strong, with the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness breaks open Fir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to come at their Kernels, which are its Food, as if the crossing of the Bill was designed for this Service.[ee]TheSea-Piehath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed side-ways, and every way so well adapted to the raisingLimpetsfrom the Rocks (which are its chief, if not only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author of Nature) seems to have framed it purely for that Use.[ff]Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have but one Stomach; but most of those which have no upper Teeth, or none at all, have three Stomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch, the Read, and the Feck; and in all granivorous Birds, the Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing is to an easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more laborious.Dr.Grew’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. §. 24.[gg]J. Peyersaith, the Teeth are made of convolved Skins hardened; and if we view the Grinders ofDeer,Horses,Sheep,&c.we shall find great Reason to be of his Mind. His Observations are,Mirum autem eos(i.e.Dentes)cùm primùm è pelliculis imbricatim convolutis & muco viscido constarent, in tantam dirigescere soliditatem, quæ ossa cuncta superet. Idem fit etiam in Ossiculis Ceraforum,&c.——Separatione factâ, per membranas conditur Magma locellis, quos formant laminæ tenues, ac duriusculæ ad Dentis figuram anteà divinitùs compositæ.J. Peyer Merycol. l. 2. c. 8.[hh]Qui autem(i.e.Dentes)renascuntur, minimè credendi sunt à facultate aliquâ plasticâ Brutorum denuò formari, sed latentes tantummodo in conspectum producuntur augmento molis ex effluente succo.Id. ibid.[ii]From these, and other like Considerations of the Teeth,Galeninfers, that they must needs be the Work of some wise, providentBeing; notChance, nor a fortuitous Concourse ofAtoms. For the Confirmation of which he puts the Case, That suppose the order of the Teeth should have been inverted, theGrindersset in the room of theIncisors,&c.(which might as well have been, had not the Teeth been placed by a wise Agent) in this case, what Use would the Teeth have been of? What Confusion by such a slight Error in their Disposal only? Upon which he argues,At siquis choream hominum 32(the Number of the Teeth)ordine disposuit, eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus; cùm verò Dentium choream Natura tam bellè exornârit, nonne ipsam quoque laudabimus?And then he goes on with the Argument, from the Sockets of the Teeth, and their nice fitting in them, which being no less accurately done, than what is done by a Carpenter, or Stone-Cutter, in fitting a Tenon into a Mortice, doth as well infer the Art and Act of the wiseMakerof Animal Bodies, as the other doth the Act and Art of Man. And so he goes on with other Arguments to the same Effect.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 8.[kk]A curious Account of this may be found in anExtract of a Letter concerning the Teeth of divers Animals. Printed atParis, inM. Vaugnion’s Compleat Body of Chirurg. Oper. Chap. 53.[ll]As it hath been taken notice of, that various Animals delight in various Food; so it constantly falls out, that their Teeth are accordingly fitted to their Food; the rapacious to catching, holding and tearing their Prey; the herbaceous to Gathering and Comminution of Vegetables: And such as have no Teeth, as Birds, their Bill, Craw and Gizard, are assisted with Stones, to supply the defect of Teeth. But the most considerable Example of this Kind is in some Families of the Insect-Tribes, as thePapilio-Kind,&c.who have Teeth, and are voracious, and live on tender Vegetables in theirNympha, orCaterpillar-State, when they can only creep; but in their maturePapilio-State, they have no Teeth, but aProboscis, orTrunkto suck up Honey,&c.their Parts for gathering Food, as well as their Food being changed, as soon as they have Wings to enable them to fly to it.[mm]It is remarkable in the Teeth of Fishes, that in some they are sharp, as also jointed, so as to fall back, the better to catch and hold their Prey, and to facilitate its Passage into the Stomach: So in others they are broad and flat, made to break the Shells of Snails and Shell-Fish devoured by them. TheseTeeth, orBreakers, are placed, in some, in the Mouth; in some, in the Throat; and inLobsters,&c.in the Stomach it self; in the bottom of whose Stomachs are three of thoseGrinders, with peculiar Muscles to move them.[nn]What is there in the World can be called an Act of Providence and Design, if this temporary Defect of Teeth be not such; that Children, for Instance, should have none whilst they are not able to use them, but to hurt themselves; or the Mother; and that at the very Age when they can take in more substantial Food, and live without the Breast, and begin to need Teeth, for the sake of Speech; that then, I say, their Teeth should begin to appear, and gradually grow, as they more and more stand in need of ’em.[oo]It would be endless to particularize here, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists; among the rest, particularly toGalen, for the sake of his Descant upon this Subject. For having described the great Accuracy of the Contrivance and Make of these Parts, he saith,Haud scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opificem id revocare: alioqui quid tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ atque Arte efficitur? Omnino enim hoc ei contrariaum esse debet, quod casu ac fortuitè fit.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 7.ubi plura.[pp]The Bore of the Gullet is not in all Creatures alike answerable to the Body or Stomach. As in theFox, which both feeds on Bones, and swallows whole, or with little chewing; add next in aDog, and other ossivorous Quadrupeds, ’tis very large,viz.to prevent a Contusion therein. Next in aHorse, which though he feeds on Grass, yet swallows much at once, and so requires a more open Passage. But in aSheep,Rabbit, orOx, which bite short, and swallow less at once, ’tis smaller. But in aSquirrel, still lesser, both because he eats fine, and to keep him from disgorging his Meat upon his descending Leaps. And so inRatsandMice, which often run along Walls with their Heads downwards.Dr.Grew’s Comp. Anat. of Stom. and Guts.Chap. 5.[qq]Of this see Dr.Willis’sPharm. Rat.Part 1. Sect. 1. c. 2.Stenoalso, andPeyer Mery, l. 2.The Description these give of the muscular Part of the Gullet, the late ingenious and learned Dr.Drakesaith is very exact in Ruminants, but not in Men.In Men, this Coat(the second of the Gullet)consists of two fleshyLamellæ, like two distinct Muscles. The outward being compared of strait longitudinal Fibres.——The inner Order of Fibres is annular, without any observable Angles.——The Use of this Coat, and these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the Longitudinal,——shorten theOesophagus, and so make its Capacity larger, to admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The Annular, on the contrary, contract the Capacity, and closing behind the descending Aliment, press it downwards.Drake’s Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.[rr]SeeWillis, ibid.Cowper’sAnat. Tab. 35.and many other Authors.[ss]Promptuarium autem hoc, alimentum universum excipiens, ceu Divinum, non Humanum sit opificium.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 4. c. 1.[tt]How great a Comprehension of the Nature of Things, did it require, to make aMenstruum, that should corrode all sorts of Flesh coming into the Stomach, and yet not the Stomach it self, which is also Flesh?Dr.Grew’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 4.[uu]The Food of theCastorbeing oftentimes, if not always, dry Things, and hard of Digestion, such as the Roots and Bark of Trees, ’tis a wonderful Provision made in that Creature’s Stomach, by the digestive Juice lodged in the curious little Cells there. A Description of whose admirable Structure and Order may be found inBlasiusfromWepser; concerning which he saith,In quibus Mucus reconditus, non secus ac Mel in Favis.——Nimiram quia Castoris alimentum exsuccum, & coctu difficillimum est, sapientissimus & summè admirandus in suis operibus rerum Conditor, D. O. M. ipsi pulcherrimâ istâ & affabrè factâ structurâ benignissimè prospexit, ut nunquam deesset Fermentum, quod ad solvendum, & comminuendum alimentum durum & asperum par foret.Vid. Blas. Anat. Animal. c. 10.Confer etiam Act. Erud. Lips.Ann. 1684. p. 360.Most of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute Digestion to a dissolvingMenstruum; but Dr.Draketakes it to be rather from fermentative, dissolving Principles in the Aliment it self, with the Concurrence of the Air and Heat of the Body; as in Dr.Papin’sDigester.Vid.Dr. Anat. vol. 1. c. 14.[ww]All carnivorous Quadrupeds have the smallest Ventricles, Flesh going farthest. Those that feed on Fruits, and Roots, have them of a middle Size. Yet theMole, because it feeds unclean, hath a very great one.SheepandOxen, which feed on Grass, have the greatest. Yet theHorse(and for the same Reason theConeyandHare) though Graminivorous, yet comparatively have but little ones. For that aHorseis made for Labour, and both this, and theHare, for quick and continued Motion; for which, the most easie Respiration, and so the freest Motion of the Diaphragme is very requisite; which yet could not be, should the Stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it, as inSheepandOxenit doth, Grew, ib. Chap. 6.[xx]TheDromedaryhath four Stomachs, one whereof is peculiarly endowed with about twenty Cavities, like Sacks, in all Probability for the holding of Water. Concerning which, seeBook VI. Chap. 4. Note (a).[yy]To assist in which Office, they swallow small angular Stones, which are to be met with in the Gizards of all granivorous Birds; but in the Gizard of theIynx, orWryneck, which was full only ofAnts, I found not one Stone. So in that of theGreen Wood-Pecker(full ofAntsandTree-maggots) there were but few Stones.[zz]In most carnivorous Birds, the third Ventricle is Membranous; where the Meat is concocted, as in a Man: Or somewhat Tendinous, as in anOwl; as if it were made indifferently for Flesh, or other Meat, as he could meet with either. Or most thick and tendinous, called the Gizard; wherein the Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to Pieces.Grew,ubi supra, Chap. 9.[aaa]It would be much too long a Task to insist upon it here as it deserves, and therefore concerning the whole Business of Rumination, I shall refer toJ. Conr. Peyeri Merycolog. seu de Ruminantibus & Ruminatione Commentar.where he largely treateth of the several Ruminating Animals, of the Parts ministring to this Act, and the great Use and Benefit thereof unto them.[bbb]There are too many Particulars to be insisted on, observable in the Passages of theChyle, from the Guts to theLeft Subclavian Vein, where it enters into the Blood; and therefore I shall only, for a Sample of this admirable Oeconomy, take notice of some of the main and more general Matters. And,1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the Guts, it is an excellent Provision made, not only for its Passage through the Guts, but also for its Protrusion into theLacteals, by thePeristaltickMotion andValvulæ conniventesof the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision, that the Mouths of theLacteals, and indeed theLacteals primi generisthemselves are small and fine, not wider than theCapillary Arteriesare, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment grosser than theCapillaries, dangerous Obstructions might be thereby produced. 3. After the Reception of the Aliment into theLacteals primi generis, it is a noble Provision for the Advancement of its Motion, that in theMesenterick Glands, it meets with some of theLymphæ-Ducts, and receives the Impregnations of theLympha. And passing on from thence, it is no less Advantage. 4. That theLacteals, andLymphæ-Ductsmeet in theReceptaculum Chyli, where the Aliment meeting with more of theLympha, is made of a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its farther Advancement through theThoracick Duct, and so into theLeft Subclavian Veinand Blood. Lastly, ThisThoracick Ductit self is a Part of great Consideration. For (as Mr.Cowpersaith)If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations, its numerous Valves looking from below upwards, its advantagious Situation between the great Artery andVertebræof the Back, together with the Ducts discharging their refluentLymphafrom the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts, we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle.Anat. Introduct.[ccc]These, although noble Contrivances and Works of God, are too many to be insisted on, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists, particularly Dr.WillisPharmaceut.Dr.Cole, inPhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 125. and Mr.Cowper’s elegant Cuts inAnat. Tab.34, 35. andAppend. Fig.39, 40.[ddd]In theThornback, and some other Fishes, it is a very curious Provision that is made to supply the Paucity and Brevity of the Guts; by the Perforation of their single Gut, going not strait along, but round like a Pair of Winding Stairs; so that their Gut, which seems to be but a few Inches long, hath really a Bore of many Inches. But of these, and many other noble Curiosities and Discoveries in Anatomy, the Reader will, I hope, have a better and larger Account from the curious and ingenious Dr.Dowglas, who is labouring in those Matters.[eee]Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis bestiis vescerentur, aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem: data est quibusdam etiam machinatio quædam, atque solertia, &c.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.[fff]Among Reptiles that have a strange Faculty to shift for Food,&c.may be reckonedEels, which, although belonging to the Waters, can creep on the Land from Pond to Pond,&c.Mr.MoselyofMosely, saw them creep over the Meadows, like so many Snakes from Ditch to Ditch; which he thought, was not only for bettering their Habitation, but also to catch Snails in the Grass.Plot’sHist. of Staffordshire, c. 7. §. 32.And as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense, that theEelswere forced to leave the Waters, and were frozen to Death in the Meadows.Vid.Hakewill’sApol.l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2.[ggg]Enumerare possum, ad pastum capessendum conficiendúmque, quæ sit in figuris animantium & quam solers, subtilisque descriptio partium, quámque admirabilis fabrica membrorum. Omnia enim quæ intus inclusa sunt, ita nata, atque ita locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil ad vitam retinendam non necessarium. Dedit autem eadem Natura belluis & sensum, & appetitum, ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus capessendos; altero secernerent pestifera à salutaribus.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 37. SeeBook IV. Chap. 4.[hhh]It would be endless to give Instances of my own and others Observations of the prodigious Sagacity of divers Animals in Hunting, particularly Hounds, Setting-Dogs,&c.one therefore shall suffice of Mr.Boyl’s, viz.A Person of Quality——to make a Trial, whether a young Blood-Hound was well instructed,——caused one of his Servants——to walk to a Town four Miles off, and then to a Market-Town three Miles from thence.——The Dog, without seeing the Man he was to pursue, followed him by the Scent to the abovementioned Places, notwithstanding the Multitude of Market-People that went along in the same Way, and of Travellers that had occasion to cross it. And when the Blood-Hound came to the chief Market-Town, he passed through the Streets, without taking notice of any of the People there, and left not till he had gone to the House, where the Man he sought rested himself, and found him in an upper Room, to the wonder of those that followed him.Boyl. Determ. Nat. of Effluv. Chap. 4.[iii]There are many Stories told of the Craft of theFox, to compass his Prey; of whichOl. Magnushath many such, as, feigning the barking of aDog, to catch Prey near Houses; feigning himself dead, to catch such Animals as come to feed upon him; laying his Tail on a Wasp-Nest, and then rubbing it hard against a Tree, and then eating theWaspsso killed: Ridding himself ofFleas, by gradually going into Water, with a Lock of Wool in his Mouth, and so driving theFleasup into it, and then leaving it in the Water; By catchingCrab-Fish with his Tail, which he saith he himself was an Eye-Witness of;Vidi & ego in Scopulis Norvegia Vulpem, inter rupes immissâ caudâ in aquas, plures educere Cancros, ac demum devorare.Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 18. c. 39, 40. ButPliny’s fabulous Story of theHyænaout-does these Relations of theFox,Sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula assimulare, nomenque alicujus addiscere, quem evocatum foràs laceret. Item Vomitionem hominis imitari ad sollicitandos Canes quos invadat.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 30.[kkk]This doDucks,Woodcocks, and many other Fowls, which seek their Food in dirty, moorish Places. For which Service they have very remarkable Nerves reaching to the end of their Bills. Of which seeBook VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).[lll]Swine, and other Animals that dig, have their Noses made more tendinous, callous, and strong for this Service, than others that do not dig. They are also edged with a proper, tough Border, for penetrating and lifting up the Earth; and their Nostrils are placed well, and their Smell is very accurate, to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging.[mmm]TheMole, as its Habitation is different from that of other Animals, so hath its Organs in every respect curiously adapted to that way of Life; particularly its Nose made sharp, and slender, but withal tendinous and strong,&c.But what is very remarkable, it hath such Nerves reaching to the end of its Nose and Lips, asDucks,&c. have, mentioned above inNote (kkk).Which Pair of Nerves I observed to be much larger in this Animal than any other Nerves proceeding out of its Brain.[nnn]Predacious Creatures, asWolfs,Foxes,&c.will discover Prey at great Distances; so willDogsandRavensdiscover Carrion a great way off by their Smell. And if (as the Superstitious imagine) the latter flying over and haunting Houses be a sign of Death, it is no doubt from some cadaverous Smell, those Ravens discover in the Air by their accurate Smell, which is emitted from those diseased Bodies, which have in them the Principles of a speedy Death.[ooo]ThusHawksandKiteson Land, andGullsand other Birds that prey upon the Waters, can at a great Height in the Air seeMice, little Birds and Insects on the Earth, and small Fishes,Shrimps,&c.in the Waters, which they will dart down upon, and take.[ppp]Mr. Ray gives a good Account of the Nidification of theChrysaëtos caudâ annulo albo cinctâ. Hujus Nidus Ann. 1668. in sylvosis prope Derwentiam,&c.inventus est è bacillis seu virgis ligneis grandioribus compositus, quorum altera extremitas rupis cujusdam eminentiæ, altera duabus Betulis innitebatur,—Erat Nidus quadratus, duas ulnas latus.—In eo pullus unicus, adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni, unius leporis, & trium Grygallorum pullorum.Synops. Method. Avium, p. 6. And not onlyLambs,Hares, andGrygalli, but SirRobert Sibbaldtells us, they will seizeKidsandFawns, yea, and Children too: Of which he hath this Story of anEaglein one of theOrcadesIslands,Quæ Infantulum unius anni pannis involutum arripuit (quem Mater tessellas ustibiles pro igne allatura momento temporis deposuerat in locoHouton-Heddicto) cumque deportâsse per 4 milliaria passuum adHoiam; quâ re ex matris ejulatibus cognitâ, quatuor viri illuc in naviculâ profecti sunt, & scientes ubi Nidus esset, infantulum illæsum & intactum deprehenderunt.Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. l. 3. p. 2. p. 14.[qqq]See inBook VII. Chap. 1. Note (l).the Characteristicks of theWood-Pecker-kind.[rrr]The Contrivance of the Legs, Feet and Nails [of theOpossum]seems very advantagious to this Animal in climbing Trees (which it doth very nimbly) for preying upon Birds.But that which is most singular in this Animal, is the Structure of its Tail, to enable it to hang on Boughs.The Spines, or Hooks——in the middle of the under side of theVertebræof the Tail; are a wonderful Piece of Nature’s Mechanism. The first threeVertebræhad none of these Spines, but in all the rest they were to be observed.——They were placed just at the Articulation of each Joynt, and in the middle from the Sides.——For the performing this Office[of hanging by the Tail]nothing, I think, could be more advantagiously contrived. For when the Tail is twirled or wound about a Stick, this Hook of theSpinæeasily sustains the Weight, and there is but little labour of the Muscles required, only enough for bowing or crooking the Tail.This, and more to the same purpose, see in Dr.Tyson’sAnat.of theOposs.inPhil. Trans.No. 239.[sss]See beforeChap. 2. Note (z), (aa), (bb).[ttt]Quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque iis, qua procreaverint, usque ad eum finem, dum possint seipsa defendere?And having instanced in some Animals, where this Care is not necessary, and accordingly is not employed, he goes on,Jam Gallinæ, avesque reliquæ, & quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, & cubilia sibi, nidosque construunt, eosque quàm possunt mollissimè substernunt, ut quàm facillime ova serventur. Ex quibus pullos cùm excluserint, ita tuentur, ut & pennis foveant, ne frigore lædantur, & si est calor, à sole se opponant.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51, 52.To this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young, we may add the Returns made by the young of some towards the old ones.Plinysaith ofRats,Genitores suos fesses senectâ, alunt insigni pietate.Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 57. SoCranes, he saith,Genitricum senectam invicem educant.L. 10. c. 23.This St.Ambrosetakes Notice of in hisHexameron, andOl. Magnusafter him,Depositi patris artus, per longævum senectutis plumis nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,——collatitio cibo pascit, quando etiam ipsa naturæ reparat dispendia, ut hinc inde senem sublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant, & in pristinos usus desueta membra reducant.For which Reason this Bird is denominatedPia. Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.Hereto may be added also the conjugal Στοργὴ of the little greenÆthiopian Parrot, which Mr.Raydescribes fromClusius.Fœmellea senescentes (quod valdè notabile) vix edere volebant, nisi cibum jam à mare carptum, & aliquandiu in prolobo retentum, & quasi coctum rostro suo exciperent, ut Columbarum pulli à matre ali solent.Synops. Meth. Av. p. 32.[uuu]The most timid Animals, that at other Times abscond, or hastily fly from the Face of Man, Dogs,&c.will, for the sake of their young, expose themselves. Thus among Fowls,Henswill assault, instead of fly from such as meddle with their Brood. SoPartridges, before their young can fly, will drop frequently down, first at lesser, and then at greater Distances, to dodge and draw off Dogs from pursuing their young.[www]TheOpossumhath a curious Bag on purpose for the securing and carrying about her young. There are belonging to this Bag two Bones (not to be met with in any other Skeleton) and four Pair of Muscles; and some say Teats lie therein also. Dr.Tyson,Anat.of theOposs.inPhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 239. where he also, fromOppian, mentions theDog-Fish, that upon any Storm or Danger, receives the young Ones into her Belly, which come out again when the Fright is over. So also theSquatinaandGlaucus, the same Author saith, have the same Care for their young, but receive them into different Receptacles.[xxx]SeeBook VIII. Chap. 6.[yyy]SeeChap. 13. Note (c).[zzz]There is manifestly a superintending Providence in this Case, that some Animals are able to suck as soon as ever they are born, and that they will naturally hunt for the Teat before they are quite gotten out of the Secundines, and parted from the Navel-String, as I have seen. But forChickens, and other young Birds, they not being able immediately to pick till they are stronger, have a notable Provision made for such a Time, by a part of the Yolk of the Egg being inclosed in their Belly, a little before their Exclusion or Hatching, which serves for their Nourishment, till they are grown strong enough to pick up Meat.Vid.Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (a).[aaaa]Qui[Infantes]de ope nostrâ ac de divinâ misericordia plus merentur, qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes ac stentes, nil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur.Cypr. Ep. ad Fid.[bbbb]I might name here some of the Species of Birds, the whole Tribe almost of Insects, and some among other Tribes, that are able to subsist for many Months without Food, and some without Respiration too, or very little; But it may suffice to instance only in theLand-Tortoise, of the Structure of whose Heart and Lungs: SeeBook VI. Chap. 5. Note (b).[cccc]Inediam diutissimè tolerat Lupus, ut & alia omnia carnivora, licèt voracissima; magnâ utique naturæ providentiâ; quoniam esca non semper in promptu est.Ray’sSynops. Quadr. p. 174.To the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I hope the Reader will excuse me if I add one or two Instances of extraordinary Abstinence among Men. OneMartha Taylor, born inDerbyshire, by a Blow on the Back fell into such a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little Sustenance, but some Drops with a Feather, fromChristmas 1667.for thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.Sampson’s Account thereof inEphem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173.To this we may add the Case ofS. Chilton, ofTinsbury, nearBath, who in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers Weeks together. And although he would sometimes, in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet would lie a long Time without any, or with very little, and all without any considerable Decay. SeePhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 304.[dddd]They are admirable Instincts which theSieur de Beauplanrelates of his own Knowledge, of the little Animals calledBohaquesinUkraine.They make Burroughs likeRabbets, and inOctobershut themselves up, and do not come out again tillApril.——They spend all the Winter under Ground, eating what they laid up in Summer.——Those that are lazy among them, they lay on their Backs, then lay a great handful of dry Herbage upon their Bodies,&c.then others drag those Drones to the Mouths of their Burroughs, and so those Creatures serve instead of Barrows,&c.I have often seen them practise this, and have had the Curiosity to observe them whole Days together.——Their Holes are parted like Chambers; some serve for Store-Houses, others for Burying-Places,&c.Their Government is nothing inferior to that ofBees,&c.They never go abroad without posting a Centinel upon some high Ground, to give notice to the others whilst they are feeding. As soon as the Centinel sees any Body, it stands upon his Hind-Legs and whistles.Beauplan’sDescription ofUkraine,inVol. I.of theCollection of Voyages,&c.A like Instance of the NorthernGalli Sylvestres, see inChap. 13. Note (g).As for the Scriptural Instance of theAnt, see hereafterBook VIII. Chap. 5. Note (d).[eeee]I have inAutumn, not without Pleasure observed, not only the great Sagacity and Diligence ofSwine, in hunting out the Stores of theField-Mice; but the wonderful Precaution also of those little Animals, in hiding their Food beforehand against Winter. In the Time of Acorns falling, I have, by means of theHogs, discovered, that the Mice had, all over the neighbouring fields, treasured up single Acorns in little Holes they had scratched, and in which they had carefully covered up the Acorn. These theHogswould, Day after Day, hunt out by their Smell.

[a]Pastum animantibus largè & copiosè natura eum, qui cuique aptus erat, comparavit.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.Ille Deus est,——qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui gregibus ubique passim vagantibus pabulum præstat.Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 6.

[a]Pastum animantibus largè & copiosè natura eum, qui cuique aptus erat, comparavit.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 47.

Ille Deus est,——qui per totum orbem armenta dimisit, qui gregibus ubique passim vagantibus pabulum præstat.Senec. de Benef. l. 4. c. 6.

[b]Tritico nihil est fertilius: hoc ei natura tribuit, quoniam eo maximè alat hominem; utpote cùm è modio, si sit aptum solum——150 modii reddantur. Misit D. Augusto procurator—ex uno grano (vix credibile dictu) 400 paucis minùs germina. Misit & Neroni similiter 340 stipulas ex uno grano.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 18. c. 10.

[c]Sed illa quanta benignitas Natura, quòd tam multa ad vescendum, tam varia, tam jucunda gignit: neque ea uno tempore anni, ut semper & novitate delectemur & copiâ.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 53.

[d]Swammerdamobserves of theEphemeron Worms, that their Food is Clay, and that they make their Cells of the same. Upon which occasion he saith ofMoths, that eat Wool and Fur,There are two Things very considerable, 1. That the Cells they make to themselves, wherein they live, and with which (as their House, Tortoise-like) they move from Place to Place, they make of the Matter next at hand. 2. That they feed also on the same, therefore when you find their Cells, or rather Coats or Cases to be made of yellow, green, blue or black Cloth, you will also find their Dung of the same Colour.Swammerd. Ephem. vita. Published by Dr.Tyson,Chap. 3.

[e]Jobxxxviii. 41.Psal.cxlvii. 9.

[f]Aristot. l. 9. c. 31. Hist. Animal.

[g]Plinyaffirms this of theCrowas well asRaven:Cæteræ omnes[i.e. Cornices]ex eodem genere pellunt nidis pullos, ac volare cogunt, sicut & Corvi, qui——robustos suos fœtus fugant longiùs.Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 12.

[h]Var. Hist.

[i]Chap. 9.

[k]Admiranda Naturæ dispensatio est, ut aliter, alioque modo, tempore, & industriâ colatur terra septentrionalis, aliter Æthiopia,&c.Quoad Aquilonares, hoc certum est, in plerisque agris Vestrogothorum, parte objectâ Meridionali plagæ, Hordeum spatio 36 Dierum à femine projecto maturum colligi, hoc est à fine Junii usque medium Augusti, aliquando celerius. Ea namque maturitas ex soli naturâ, aërisque clementiâ, ac humore lapillorum fovente radices, Soleque torrente, necessariò provenit, ut ita nascatur, ac maturetur, talesque spicæ sex ordines in numero aristæ habent.Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 15. c. 8.Prata & pascua tantâ luxuriant graminum ubertate ac diversitate, ut necessum sit inde arcere jumenta, nè nimio herbarum esu crepent,&c.Id. ib. l. 19. c. 36.

[l]Among the many noble Contrivances for Food, I cannot but attribute that universal Aliment,Bread, to the Revelation, or at least the Inspiration of the Creator and Conservator of Mankind; not only because it is a Food used in all, or most Parts of the World; but especially because it is of incomparable Use in the great Work of Digestion, greatly assisting the Ferment, or whatever causes the Digestion of the Stomach. Of which take this Example from the noble Mr.Boyle. “He extracted aMenstruumfrom Bread alone, that would work on Bodies more Compact than many hard Minerals, nay even on Glass it self, and do many Things thatAqua-fortiscould not do——Yet by no means was this so corrosive a Liquor asAq. fort.or as the otheracid Menstruum”.Vid.the ingenious and learned Dr.Harris’sLex. Tech. verbo Menstruum, where the way of preparing it may be met with.

[m]Psal.civ. 26.

[n]The Insects that for the most part discolour the Waters, are the small Insects of theShrimp-kind, called bySwammerdam,Pulex aquaticus arborescens. These I have often seen so numerous in stagnating Waters in the Summer-Months, that they have changed the Colour of the Waters to a pale or deep Red, sometimes a Yellow, according to the Colour they were of. Of thisSwammerdamhath a pretty Story told him by Dr.Florence Schuyl, viz.Se aliquando Studiis intentum, magno quodam & horrifico rumore fuisse turbatum, & simul ad causam ejus inquirendam excitatum; verùm se vix eum in finem surrexisse, cùm Ancilla ejus pœne exanimis adcurreret, & multo cum singultu referret, omnem Lugduni[Batavorum]aquam esse mutatam in sanguinem. The Cause of which, upon Examination he found to be only from the numerous Swarms of thosePulices. V. Swamm. Hist. Insect. p. 70.The Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of those little Insects, I have frequently observed to be to perform their Coït; which is commonly about the latter end ofMay, and inJune. At that Time they are very venereous, frisking and catching at one another; and many of them conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards another.At this Time also they change their Skin orSlough; which I conceive their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth. And what if at this Time they change their Quarters?Vid.Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f).These small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are Food to many Water-Animals. I have seen not onlyDucksshovel them up as they swim along the Waters, but divers Insects also devour them, particularly some of the middle-sizedSquillæ aquaticæ, which are very voracious Insects.

The Cause of this great Concourse, and Appearance of those little Insects, I have frequently observed to be to perform their Coït; which is commonly about the latter end ofMay, and inJune. At that Time they are very venereous, frisking and catching at one another; and many of them conjoined Tail to Tail, with their Bellies inclined one towards another.

At this Time also they change their Skin orSlough; which I conceive their rubbing against one another mightily promoteth. And what if at this Time they change their Quarters?Vid.Book VIII. Chap. 4. Note (f).

These small Insects, as they are very numerous, so are Food to many Water-Animals. I have seen not onlyDucksshovel them up as they swim along the Waters, but divers Insects also devour them, particularly some of the middle-sizedSquillæ aquaticæ, which are very voracious Insects.

[o]Besides thePuliceslast mentioned, there are in the Waters other Animalcules very numerous, which are scarce visible without a Microscope. InMay, and the Summer Months, the green Scum on the top of stagnating Waters, is nothing else but prodigious Numbers of these Animalcules: So is likewise the green Colour in them, when all the Water seems green. Which Animalcules, in all Probability, serve for Food to thePulices Aquatici, and other the minuter Animals of the Waters. Of which I gave a pregnant Instance in one of theNymphæofGnats, to my Friend the late admirable Mr.Ray, which he was pleased to publish in the last Edition of hisWisdom of God in the Creation, p. 430.

[p]Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut utiPossemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum.And afterwards,Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentemPer membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi.And after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and divers other Things.Vid.Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &c.Against this Opinion of theEpicureans,Galeningeniously argues in his Discourse about the Hand.Non enim Manus ipsæ(saith he)hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsæ sunt artium organa; sicut Lyra musici——Lyra musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, quâ præditus est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis, ita & una quælibet anima facultates quasdam à suâ ipsius substantiâ obtinet,——Quòd autem corporis particulæ animam non impellunt,——manifeste videre licet, si animalia recèns nata confideres, quæ quidem priùs agere conantur, quàm perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum cornibus petere conantem sæpenumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent cornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem,&c.Omne enim animal suæ ipsius Animæ facultates, ac in quos usus partes suæ polleant maximè, nullo doctore, præsentit.——Quâ igitur ratione dici potest, animalia partium usus à partibus doceri, cùm & antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere videantur? Si igitur Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquilæ, alterum Anatis, reliquum Serpentis, & calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris; illa quidem alis volare conantia, antequàm volare possint; hoc autem revolvi videbis, & serpere affectans, quamvis molle adhuc & invalidam fuerit. Et si, dum perfecta erunt, in unâ eâdemque domo nutriveris, deinde ad locum subdialem ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in paludem;——Serpens verò sub terrâ irrepet——Animalia quidem mihi videntur Naturâ magis quàm Ratione artem aliquam[τεχνικὰ artificiosa]exercere: Apes fingere alveolos,&c.Galen de usu. Part I. c. 3.

[p]

Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut utiPossemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum.

Nil adeò quoniam natum’st in Corpore, ut uti

Possemus, sed quod natum’st, id procreat usum.

And afterwards,

Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentemPer membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi.

Propterea capitur Cibus, ut suffulciat artus,

Et recreet vireis interdatus, atque patentem

Per membra ac venas ut amorem obturet edendi.

And after the same manner he discourseth of Thirst, and divers other Things.Vid.Lucret. l. 4. v. 831, &c.

Against this Opinion of theEpicureans,Galeningeniously argues in his Discourse about the Hand.Non enim Manus ipsæ(saith he)hominem artes docuerunt, sed Ratio. Manus autem ipsæ sunt artium organa; sicut Lyra musici——Lyra musicam non docuit, sed est ipsius artifex per eam, quâ præditus est, Rationem: agere autem non potest ex arte absque organis, ita & una quælibet anima facultates quasdam à suâ ipsius substantiâ obtinet,——Quòd autem corporis particulæ animam non impellunt,——manifeste videre licet, si animalia recèns nata confideres, quæ quidem priùs agere conantur, quàm perfectas habeant particulas. Ego namque Bovis vitulum cornibus petere conantem sæpenumero vidi, antequam ei nata essent cornua; Et pullum Equi calcitrantem,&c.Omne enim animal suæ ipsius Animæ facultates, ac in quos usus partes suæ polleant maximè, nullo doctore, præsentit.——Quâ igitur ratione dici potest, animalia partium usus à partibus doceri, cùm & antequam illas habeant, hoc cognoscere videantur? Si igitur Ova tria acceperis, unum Aquilæ, alterum Anatis, reliquum Serpentis, & calore modico foveris, animaliaque excluseris; illa quidem alis volare conantia, antequàm volare possint; hoc autem revolvi videbis, & serpere affectans, quamvis molle adhuc & invalidam fuerit. Et si, dum perfecta erunt, in unâ eâdemque domo nutriveris, deinde ad locum subdialem ducta emiseris, Aquila quidem ad sublime; Anas autem in paludem;——Serpens verò sub terrâ irrepet——Animalia quidem mihi videntur Naturâ magis quàm Ratione artem aliquam[τεχνικὰ artificiosa]exercere: Apes fingere alveolos,&c.Galen de usu. Part I. c. 3.

[q]Alia dentibus prædantur, alia unguibus, alia rostri aduncitate carpunt, alia latitudine[ejusdem]ruunt, alia acumine excavant, alia sugunt, alia lambunt, sorbent, mandunt, vorant. Nec minor varietas in Pedum ministerio, ut rapiant, distrahant, teneant, premant, pendeant, tellurem scabere non cessent.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 71.

[r]Because it would be tedious to reckon up the Bones, Glands, Muscles, and other Parts belonging to the Mouth, it shall suffice to observe, that, for the various Services of Man’s Mouth, besides the Muscles in common with other Parts, there are five Pair, and one single one proper to the Lips only, as Dr.Gibsonreckons them: But my most diligent and curious Friend the late Mr.Cowper, discovered a sixth Pair. And accordingly Dr.Drakereckons six Pair, and one single one proper to the Lips,l. 3.c. 13.

[s]Galendeserves to be here consulted, who excellently argues against the casual Concourse of the Atoms ofEpicurusandAsclepiades, from the provident and wise Formation of the Mouths of Animals, and their Teeth answerable thereto. In Man, his Mouth without a deep Incisure, with only one canine Tooth on a side, and flat Nails, because, saith he,Hic Natura certò sciebat, se animal mansuetum ac civile effingere, cui robur & vires essent ex sapientiâ, non ex corporis fortitudine. But forLions,WolfsandDogs, and all such as are called Καρχαρόδοντες, (or having sharp, serrated Teeth) their Mouths are large, and deep cut; Teeth strong and sharp, and their Nails sharp, large, strong and round, accommodated to holding and tearing.Vid.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 9.

[t]Among Insects theSquillæ aquaticæ, as they are very rapacious, so are accordingly provided for it: Particularly theSquilla aquatica maxima recurva(as I call it) who hath somewhat terrible in its very Aspect, and in its Posture in the Water, especially its Mouth, which is armed with long, sharp Hooks, with which it boldly, and greedily catcheth any thing in the Waters, even one’s Fingers. When they have seized their Prey, they will so tenaciously hold it with their forcipated Mouth, that they will not part therewith, even when they are taken out of the Waters, and jumbled about in one’s Hand. I have admired at their peculiar way of taking in their Food; which is done by piercing their Prey with theirForcipes(which are hollow) and sucking the Juice thereof through them.TheSquillahere mentioned, is the first and second inMouffet’sTheat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37.

TheSquillahere mentioned, is the first and second inMouffet’sTheat. Insect. l. 2. c. 37.

[u]For an Instance of Insects endued with a Spear, I shall, for its Peculiarity, pitch upon one of the smallest, if not the very smallest of all theGnat-kind, which I call,Culex minimus nigricans maculatus sanguisuga. Among us inEssex, they are calledNidiots, byMouffet Midges. It is about ⅒ of an Inch, or somewhat more long, with shortAntennæ, plain in the Female, in the Male feather’d, somewhat like a Bottle-Brush. It is spotted with blackish Spots, especially on the Wings, which extend a little beyond the Body. It comes from a little slender Eel-like Worm, of a dirty white Colour, swimming in stagnating Waters by a wrigling Motion; as inFig. 5.ItsAureliais small, with a black Head, little short Horns, a spotted, slender, rough Belly,Vid.Fig. 6.It lies quietly on the top of the Water, now and then gently wagging it self this way and that.TheseGnatsare greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome, where numerous, as they are in some Places near theThames, particularly in the Breach-Waters that have lately befallen near us, in the Parish ofDagenham; where I found them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out of those Marshes. Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they have had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were wounded by them.I have given a Figure (inFig. 7.) and more particular Description of theGnats, because, although it be common, it is no where taken notice of by any Author I know, exceptMouffet, who, I suppose, means theseGnats, which he callsMidges,c. 13. p. 82.

ItsAureliais small, with a black Head, little short Horns, a spotted, slender, rough Belly,Vid.Fig. 6.It lies quietly on the top of the Water, now and then gently wagging it self this way and that.

TheseGnatsare greedy Blood-Suckers, and very troublesome, where numerous, as they are in some Places near theThames, particularly in the Breach-Waters that have lately befallen near us, in the Parish ofDagenham; where I found them so vexatious, that I was glad to get out of those Marshes. Yea, I have seen Horses so stung with them, that they have had Drops of Blood all over their Bodies, where they were wounded by them.

I have given a Figure (inFig. 7.) and more particular Description of theGnats, because, although it be common, it is no where taken notice of by any Author I know, exceptMouffet, who, I suppose, means theseGnats, which he callsMidges,c. 13. p. 82.

[w]HornetsandWaspshave strong Jaws, toothed, wherewith they can dig into Fruits, for their Food; as also gnaw and scrape Wood, whole Mouthfuls of which they carry away to make their Combs.Vid.infr.Chap. 13. Note (c).

[x]Monsieur de la Voyetells of an ancient Wall of Free-Stone in theBenedictines-AbbyatCaeninNormandy, so eaten with Worms, that one may run ones Hand into most of the Cavities: That these Worms are small and black, lodging in a greyish Shell, that they have large flattish Heads, a large Mouth, with four black Jaws,&c.Phil. Trans.Nᵒ. 18.

[y]Pro iis[Labris]cornea & acuta Volucribus Rostra. Eadem rapto viventibus adunca: collecto, recta: herbas ruentibus limumque lata, ut Suum generi. Jumentis vice manûs ad colligenda pabula: ora apertiora laniatu viventibus.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 11. c. 37.

[z]Parrotshave their Bills nicely adapted to these Services, being hooked, for climbing and reaching what they have occasion for; and the lower Jaw being compleatly fitted to the Hooks of the upper, they can as minutely break their Food, as other Animals do with their Teeth.

[aa]Thus inWoodcocks,Snipes,&c.who hunt for Worms in moorish Ground, and, as Mr.Willughbysaith, live also on the fatty unctuous Humour they suck out of the Earth. So also the Bills ofCurlews, and many other Sea-Fowl, are very long, to enable them to hunt for the Worms,&c.in the Sands on the Sea-shore, which they frequent.

[bb]Ducks,Geese, and divers others, have such long broad Bills, to quaffer and hunt in Water and Mud; to which we may reckon the uncouth Bill of theSpoon-Bill: but that which deserves particular Observation in the Birds named in these two last Notes is, the Nerves going to the end of their Bills, enabling them to discover their Food out of Sight; of which seeBook VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).

[cc]ThePicus viridis, orGreen-Woodspite, and all theWood-Peckershave Bills, curiously made for digging Wood, strong, hard, and sharp. A neat Ridge runs along the top of the greenWood-Pecker’s Bill, as if an Artist had designed it for Strength and Neatness.

[dd]TheLoxia, orCross-Bill, whose Bill is thick and strong, with the Tips crossing one another; with great Readiness breaks open Fir-cones, Apples, and other Fruit, to come at their Kernels, which are its Food, as if the crossing of the Bill was designed for this Service.

[ee]TheSea-Piehath a long, sharp, narrow Bill, compressed side-ways, and every way so well adapted to the raisingLimpetsfrom the Rocks (which are its chief, if not only Food) that Nature (or rather the Author of Nature) seems to have framed it purely for that Use.

[ff]Those animals which have Teeth on both Jaws, have but one Stomach; but most of those which have no upper Teeth, or none at all, have three Stomachs; as in Beasts, the Paunch, the Read, and the Feck; and in all granivorous Birds, the Crop, the Echinus and the Gizard. For as chewing is to an easie Digestion, so is swallowing whole to that which is more laborious.Dr.Grew’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 5. §. 24.

[gg]J. Peyersaith, the Teeth are made of convolved Skins hardened; and if we view the Grinders ofDeer,Horses,Sheep,&c.we shall find great Reason to be of his Mind. His Observations are,Mirum autem eos(i.e.Dentes)cùm primùm è pelliculis imbricatim convolutis & muco viscido constarent, in tantam dirigescere soliditatem, quæ ossa cuncta superet. Idem fit etiam in Ossiculis Ceraforum,&c.——Separatione factâ, per membranas conditur Magma locellis, quos formant laminæ tenues, ac duriusculæ ad Dentis figuram anteà divinitùs compositæ.J. Peyer Merycol. l. 2. c. 8.

[hh]Qui autem(i.e.Dentes)renascuntur, minimè credendi sunt à facultate aliquâ plasticâ Brutorum denuò formari, sed latentes tantummodo in conspectum producuntur augmento molis ex effluente succo.Id. ibid.

[ii]From these, and other like Considerations of the Teeth,Galeninfers, that they must needs be the Work of some wise, providentBeing; notChance, nor a fortuitous Concourse ofAtoms. For the Confirmation of which he puts the Case, That suppose the order of the Teeth should have been inverted, theGrindersset in the room of theIncisors,&c.(which might as well have been, had not the Teeth been placed by a wise Agent) in this case, what Use would the Teeth have been of? What Confusion by such a slight Error in their Disposal only? Upon which he argues,At siquis choream hominum 32(the Number of the Teeth)ordine disposuit, eum ut hominem industrium laudaremus; cùm verò Dentium choream Natura tam bellè exornârit, nonne ipsam quoque laudabimus?And then he goes on with the Argument, from the Sockets of the Teeth, and their nice fitting in them, which being no less accurately done, than what is done by a Carpenter, or Stone-Cutter, in fitting a Tenon into a Mortice, doth as well infer the Art and Act of the wiseMakerof Animal Bodies, as the other doth the Act and Art of Man. And so he goes on with other Arguments to the same Effect.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 8.

[kk]A curious Account of this may be found in anExtract of a Letter concerning the Teeth of divers Animals. Printed atParis, inM. Vaugnion’s Compleat Body of Chirurg. Oper. Chap. 53.

[ll]As it hath been taken notice of, that various Animals delight in various Food; so it constantly falls out, that their Teeth are accordingly fitted to their Food; the rapacious to catching, holding and tearing their Prey; the herbaceous to Gathering and Comminution of Vegetables: And such as have no Teeth, as Birds, their Bill, Craw and Gizard, are assisted with Stones, to supply the defect of Teeth. But the most considerable Example of this Kind is in some Families of the Insect-Tribes, as thePapilio-Kind,&c.who have Teeth, and are voracious, and live on tender Vegetables in theirNympha, orCaterpillar-State, when they can only creep; but in their maturePapilio-State, they have no Teeth, but aProboscis, orTrunkto suck up Honey,&c.their Parts for gathering Food, as well as their Food being changed, as soon as they have Wings to enable them to fly to it.

[mm]It is remarkable in the Teeth of Fishes, that in some they are sharp, as also jointed, so as to fall back, the better to catch and hold their Prey, and to facilitate its Passage into the Stomach: So in others they are broad and flat, made to break the Shells of Snails and Shell-Fish devoured by them. TheseTeeth, orBreakers, are placed, in some, in the Mouth; in some, in the Throat; and inLobsters,&c.in the Stomach it self; in the bottom of whose Stomachs are three of thoseGrinders, with peculiar Muscles to move them.

[nn]What is there in the World can be called an Act of Providence and Design, if this temporary Defect of Teeth be not such; that Children, for Instance, should have none whilst they are not able to use them, but to hurt themselves; or the Mother; and that at the very Age when they can take in more substantial Food, and live without the Breast, and begin to need Teeth, for the sake of Speech; that then, I say, their Teeth should begin to appear, and gradually grow, as they more and more stand in need of ’em.

[oo]It would be endless to particularize here, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists; among the rest, particularly toGalen, for the sake of his Descant upon this Subject. For having described the great Accuracy of the Contrivance and Make of these Parts, he saith,Haud scio an hominum sit sobriorum ad Fortunam opificem id revocare: alioqui quid tandem erit, quod cum Providentiâ atque Arte efficitur? Omnino enim hoc ei contrariaum esse debet, quod casu ac fortuitè fit.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 11. c. 7.ubi plura.

[pp]The Bore of the Gullet is not in all Creatures alike answerable to the Body or Stomach. As in theFox, which both feeds on Bones, and swallows whole, or with little chewing; add next in aDog, and other ossivorous Quadrupeds, ’tis very large,viz.to prevent a Contusion therein. Next in aHorse, which though he feeds on Grass, yet swallows much at once, and so requires a more open Passage. But in aSheep,Rabbit, orOx, which bite short, and swallow less at once, ’tis smaller. But in aSquirrel, still lesser, both because he eats fine, and to keep him from disgorging his Meat upon his descending Leaps. And so inRatsandMice, which often run along Walls with their Heads downwards.Dr.Grew’s Comp. Anat. of Stom. and Guts.Chap. 5.

[qq]Of this see Dr.Willis’sPharm. Rat.Part 1. Sect. 1. c. 2.Stenoalso, andPeyer Mery, l. 2.The Description these give of the muscular Part of the Gullet, the late ingenious and learned Dr.Drakesaith is very exact in Ruminants, but not in Men.In Men, this Coat(the second of the Gullet)consists of two fleshyLamellæ, like two distinct Muscles. The outward being compared of strait longitudinal Fibres.——The inner Order of Fibres is annular, without any observable Angles.——The Use of this Coat, and these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the Longitudinal,——shorten theOesophagus, and so make its Capacity larger, to admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The Annular, on the contrary, contract the Capacity, and closing behind the descending Aliment, press it downwards.Drake’s Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.

[qq]Of this see Dr.Willis’sPharm. Rat.Part 1. Sect. 1. c. 2.Stenoalso, andPeyer Mery, l. 2.

The Description these give of the muscular Part of the Gullet, the late ingenious and learned Dr.Drakesaith is very exact in Ruminants, but not in Men.In Men, this Coat(the second of the Gullet)consists of two fleshyLamellæ, like two distinct Muscles. The outward being compared of strait longitudinal Fibres.——The inner Order of Fibres is annular, without any observable Angles.——The Use of this Coat, and these Orders of Fibres is to promote Deglutition; of which the Longitudinal,——shorten theOesophagus, and so make its Capacity larger, to admit of the Matter to be swallowed. The Annular, on the contrary, contract the Capacity, and closing behind the descending Aliment, press it downwards.Drake’s Anat. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 9.

[rr]SeeWillis, ibid.Cowper’sAnat. Tab. 35.and many other Authors.

[ss]Promptuarium autem hoc, alimentum universum excipiens, ceu Divinum, non Humanum sit opificium.Galen. de Us. Part. l. 4. c. 1.

[tt]How great a Comprehension of the Nature of Things, did it require, to make aMenstruum, that should corrode all sorts of Flesh coming into the Stomach, and yet not the Stomach it self, which is also Flesh?Dr.Grew’s Cosmol. Sacr. c. 4.

[uu]The Food of theCastorbeing oftentimes, if not always, dry Things, and hard of Digestion, such as the Roots and Bark of Trees, ’tis a wonderful Provision made in that Creature’s Stomach, by the digestive Juice lodged in the curious little Cells there. A Description of whose admirable Structure and Order may be found inBlasiusfromWepser; concerning which he saith,In quibus Mucus reconditus, non secus ac Mel in Favis.——Nimiram quia Castoris alimentum exsuccum, & coctu difficillimum est, sapientissimus & summè admirandus in suis operibus rerum Conditor, D. O. M. ipsi pulcherrimâ istâ & affabrè factâ structurâ benignissimè prospexit, ut nunquam deesset Fermentum, quod ad solvendum, & comminuendum alimentum durum & asperum par foret.Vid. Blas. Anat. Animal. c. 10.Confer etiam Act. Erud. Lips.Ann. 1684. p. 360.Most of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute Digestion to a dissolvingMenstruum; but Dr.Draketakes it to be rather from fermentative, dissolving Principles in the Aliment it self, with the Concurrence of the Air and Heat of the Body; as in Dr.Papin’sDigester.Vid.Dr. Anat. vol. 1. c. 14.

Most of our modern Anatomists and Physicians attribute Digestion to a dissolvingMenstruum; but Dr.Draketakes it to be rather from fermentative, dissolving Principles in the Aliment it self, with the Concurrence of the Air and Heat of the Body; as in Dr.Papin’sDigester.Vid.Dr. Anat. vol. 1. c. 14.

[ww]All carnivorous Quadrupeds have the smallest Ventricles, Flesh going farthest. Those that feed on Fruits, and Roots, have them of a middle Size. Yet theMole, because it feeds unclean, hath a very great one.SheepandOxen, which feed on Grass, have the greatest. Yet theHorse(and for the same Reason theConeyandHare) though Graminivorous, yet comparatively have but little ones. For that aHorseis made for Labour, and both this, and theHare, for quick and continued Motion; for which, the most easie Respiration, and so the freest Motion of the Diaphragme is very requisite; which yet could not be, should the Stomach lie big and cumbersome upon it, as inSheepandOxenit doth, Grew, ib. Chap. 6.

[xx]TheDromedaryhath four Stomachs, one whereof is peculiarly endowed with about twenty Cavities, like Sacks, in all Probability for the holding of Water. Concerning which, seeBook VI. Chap. 4. Note (a).

[yy]To assist in which Office, they swallow small angular Stones, which are to be met with in the Gizards of all granivorous Birds; but in the Gizard of theIynx, orWryneck, which was full only ofAnts, I found not one Stone. So in that of theGreen Wood-Pecker(full ofAntsandTree-maggots) there were but few Stones.

[zz]In most carnivorous Birds, the third Ventricle is Membranous; where the Meat is concocted, as in a Man: Or somewhat Tendinous, as in anOwl; as if it were made indifferently for Flesh, or other Meat, as he could meet with either. Or most thick and tendinous, called the Gizard; wherein the Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to Pieces.Grew,ubi supra, Chap. 9.

[aaa]It would be much too long a Task to insist upon it here as it deserves, and therefore concerning the whole Business of Rumination, I shall refer toJ. Conr. Peyeri Merycolog. seu de Ruminantibus & Ruminatione Commentar.where he largely treateth of the several Ruminating Animals, of the Parts ministring to this Act, and the great Use and Benefit thereof unto them.

[bbb]There are too many Particulars to be insisted on, observable in the Passages of theChyle, from the Guts to theLeft Subclavian Vein, where it enters into the Blood; and therefore I shall only, for a Sample of this admirable Oeconomy, take notice of some of the main and more general Matters. And,1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the Guts, it is an excellent Provision made, not only for its Passage through the Guts, but also for its Protrusion into theLacteals, by thePeristaltickMotion andValvulæ conniventesof the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision, that the Mouths of theLacteals, and indeed theLacteals primi generisthemselves are small and fine, not wider than theCapillary Arteriesare, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment grosser than theCapillaries, dangerous Obstructions might be thereby produced. 3. After the Reception of the Aliment into theLacteals primi generis, it is a noble Provision for the Advancement of its Motion, that in theMesenterick Glands, it meets with some of theLymphæ-Ducts, and receives the Impregnations of theLympha. And passing on from thence, it is no less Advantage. 4. That theLacteals, andLymphæ-Ductsmeet in theReceptaculum Chyli, where the Aliment meeting with more of theLympha, is made of a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its farther Advancement through theThoracick Duct, and so into theLeft Subclavian Veinand Blood. Lastly, ThisThoracick Ductit self is a Part of great Consideration. For (as Mr.Cowpersaith)If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations, its numerous Valves looking from below upwards, its advantagious Situation between the great Artery andVertebræof the Back, together with the Ducts discharging their refluentLymphafrom the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts, we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle.Anat. Introduct.

1. After the Food is become Chyle, and gotten into the Guts, it is an excellent Provision made, not only for its Passage through the Guts, but also for its Protrusion into theLacteals, by thePeristaltickMotion andValvulæ conniventesof the Guts. 2. It is an admirable Provision, that the Mouths of theLacteals, and indeed theLacteals primi generisthemselves are small and fine, not wider than theCapillary Arteriesare, lest by admitting Particles of the Nourishment grosser than theCapillaries, dangerous Obstructions might be thereby produced. 3. After the Reception of the Aliment into theLacteals primi generis, it is a noble Provision for the Advancement of its Motion, that in theMesenterick Glands, it meets with some of theLymphæ-Ducts, and receives the Impregnations of theLympha. And passing on from thence, it is no less Advantage. 4. That theLacteals, andLymphæ-Ductsmeet in theReceptaculum Chyli, where the Aliment meeting with more of theLympha, is made of a due Consistence, and Temperament, for its farther Advancement through theThoracick Duct, and so into theLeft Subclavian Veinand Blood. Lastly, ThisThoracick Ductit self is a Part of great Consideration. For (as Mr.Cowpersaith)If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations, its numerous Valves looking from below upwards, its advantagious Situation between the great Artery andVertebræof the Back, together with the Ducts discharging their refluentLymphafrom the Lungs, and other neighbouring Parts, we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the steep and perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle.Anat. Introduct.

[ccc]These, although noble Contrivances and Works of God, are too many to be insisted on, and therefore I shall refer to the Anatomists, particularly Dr.WillisPharmaceut.Dr.Cole, inPhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 125. and Mr.Cowper’s elegant Cuts inAnat. Tab.34, 35. andAppend. Fig.39, 40.

[ddd]In theThornback, and some other Fishes, it is a very curious Provision that is made to supply the Paucity and Brevity of the Guts; by the Perforation of their single Gut, going not strait along, but round like a Pair of Winding Stairs; so that their Gut, which seems to be but a few Inches long, hath really a Bore of many Inches. But of these, and many other noble Curiosities and Discoveries in Anatomy, the Reader will, I hope, have a better and larger Account from the curious and ingenious Dr.Dowglas, who is labouring in those Matters.

[eee]Quibus bestiis erat is cibus, ut alius generis bestiis vescerentur, aut vires natura dedit, aut celeritatem: data est quibusdam etiam machinatio quædam, atque solertia, &c.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 48.

[fff]Among Reptiles that have a strange Faculty to shift for Food,&c.may be reckonedEels, which, although belonging to the Waters, can creep on the Land from Pond to Pond,&c.Mr.MoselyofMosely, saw them creep over the Meadows, like so many Snakes from Ditch to Ditch; which he thought, was not only for bettering their Habitation, but also to catch Snails in the Grass.Plot’sHist. of Staffordshire, c. 7. §. 32.And as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense, that theEelswere forced to leave the Waters, and were frozen to Death in the Meadows.Vid.Hakewill’sApol.l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2.

And as early as the Year 1125, the Frost was so very intense, that theEelswere forced to leave the Waters, and were frozen to Death in the Meadows.Vid.Hakewill’sApol.l. 2. Chap. 7. S. 2.

[ggg]Enumerare possum, ad pastum capessendum conficiendúmque, quæ sit in figuris animantium & quam solers, subtilisque descriptio partium, quámque admirabilis fabrica membrorum. Omnia enim quæ intus inclusa sunt, ita nata, atque ita locata sunt, ut nihil eorum supervacaneum sit, nihil ad vitam retinendam non necessarium. Dedit autem eadem Natura belluis & sensum, & appetitum, ut altero conatum haberent ad naturales pastus capessendos; altero secernerent pestifera à salutaribus.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 37. SeeBook IV. Chap. 4.

[hhh]It would be endless to give Instances of my own and others Observations of the prodigious Sagacity of divers Animals in Hunting, particularly Hounds, Setting-Dogs,&c.one therefore shall suffice of Mr.Boyl’s, viz.A Person of Quality——to make a Trial, whether a young Blood-Hound was well instructed,——caused one of his Servants——to walk to a Town four Miles off, and then to a Market-Town three Miles from thence.——The Dog, without seeing the Man he was to pursue, followed him by the Scent to the abovementioned Places, notwithstanding the Multitude of Market-People that went along in the same Way, and of Travellers that had occasion to cross it. And when the Blood-Hound came to the chief Market-Town, he passed through the Streets, without taking notice of any of the People there, and left not till he had gone to the House, where the Man he sought rested himself, and found him in an upper Room, to the wonder of those that followed him.Boyl. Determ. Nat. of Effluv. Chap. 4.

[iii]There are many Stories told of the Craft of theFox, to compass his Prey; of whichOl. Magnushath many such, as, feigning the barking of aDog, to catch Prey near Houses; feigning himself dead, to catch such Animals as come to feed upon him; laying his Tail on a Wasp-Nest, and then rubbing it hard against a Tree, and then eating theWaspsso killed: Ridding himself ofFleas, by gradually going into Water, with a Lock of Wool in his Mouth, and so driving theFleasup into it, and then leaving it in the Water; By catchingCrab-Fish with his Tail, which he saith he himself was an Eye-Witness of;Vidi & ego in Scopulis Norvegia Vulpem, inter rupes immissâ caudâ in aquas, plures educere Cancros, ac demum devorare.Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 18. c. 39, 40. ButPliny’s fabulous Story of theHyænaout-does these Relations of theFox,Sermonem humanum inter pastorum stabula assimulare, nomenque alicujus addiscere, quem evocatum foràs laceret. Item Vomitionem hominis imitari ad sollicitandos Canes quos invadat.Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 30.

[kkk]This doDucks,Woodcocks, and many other Fowls, which seek their Food in dirty, moorish Places. For which Service they have very remarkable Nerves reaching to the end of their Bills. Of which seeBook VII. Chap. 2. Note (e).

[lll]Swine, and other Animals that dig, have their Noses made more tendinous, callous, and strong for this Service, than others that do not dig. They are also edged with a proper, tough Border, for penetrating and lifting up the Earth; and their Nostrils are placed well, and their Smell is very accurate, to discover whatsoever they pursue by digging.

[mmm]TheMole, as its Habitation is different from that of other Animals, so hath its Organs in every respect curiously adapted to that way of Life; particularly its Nose made sharp, and slender, but withal tendinous and strong,&c.But what is very remarkable, it hath such Nerves reaching to the end of its Nose and Lips, asDucks,&c. have, mentioned above inNote (kkk).Which Pair of Nerves I observed to be much larger in this Animal than any other Nerves proceeding out of its Brain.

[nnn]Predacious Creatures, asWolfs,Foxes,&c.will discover Prey at great Distances; so willDogsandRavensdiscover Carrion a great way off by their Smell. And if (as the Superstitious imagine) the latter flying over and haunting Houses be a sign of Death, it is no doubt from some cadaverous Smell, those Ravens discover in the Air by their accurate Smell, which is emitted from those diseased Bodies, which have in them the Principles of a speedy Death.

[ooo]ThusHawksandKiteson Land, andGullsand other Birds that prey upon the Waters, can at a great Height in the Air seeMice, little Birds and Insects on the Earth, and small Fishes,Shrimps,&c.in the Waters, which they will dart down upon, and take.

[ppp]Mr. Ray gives a good Account of the Nidification of theChrysaëtos caudâ annulo albo cinctâ. Hujus Nidus Ann. 1668. in sylvosis prope Derwentiam,&c.inventus est è bacillis seu virgis ligneis grandioribus compositus, quorum altera extremitas rupis cujusdam eminentiæ, altera duabus Betulis innitebatur,—Erat Nidus quadratus, duas ulnas latus.—In eo pullus unicus, adjacentibus cadaveribus unius agni, unius leporis, & trium Grygallorum pullorum.Synops. Method. Avium, p. 6. And not onlyLambs,Hares, andGrygalli, but SirRobert Sibbaldtells us, they will seizeKidsandFawns, yea, and Children too: Of which he hath this Story of anEaglein one of theOrcadesIslands,Quæ Infantulum unius anni pannis involutum arripuit (quem Mater tessellas ustibiles pro igne allatura momento temporis deposuerat in locoHouton-Heddicto) cumque deportâsse per 4 milliaria passuum adHoiam; quâ re ex matris ejulatibus cognitâ, quatuor viri illuc in naviculâ profecti sunt, & scientes ubi Nidus esset, infantulum illæsum & intactum deprehenderunt.Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. l. 3. p. 2. p. 14.

[qqq]See inBook VII. Chap. 1. Note (l).the Characteristicks of theWood-Pecker-kind.

[rrr]The Contrivance of the Legs, Feet and Nails [of theOpossum]seems very advantagious to this Animal in climbing Trees (which it doth very nimbly) for preying upon Birds.But that which is most singular in this Animal, is the Structure of its Tail, to enable it to hang on Boughs.The Spines, or Hooks——in the middle of the under side of theVertebræof the Tail; are a wonderful Piece of Nature’s Mechanism. The first threeVertebræhad none of these Spines, but in all the rest they were to be observed.——They were placed just at the Articulation of each Joynt, and in the middle from the Sides.——For the performing this Office[of hanging by the Tail]nothing, I think, could be more advantagiously contrived. For when the Tail is twirled or wound about a Stick, this Hook of theSpinæeasily sustains the Weight, and there is but little labour of the Muscles required, only enough for bowing or crooking the Tail.This, and more to the same purpose, see in Dr.Tyson’sAnat.of theOposs.inPhil. Trans.No. 239.

[sss]See beforeChap. 2. Note (z), (aa), (bb).

[ttt]Quid dicam quantus amor bestiarum sit in educandis custodiendisque iis, qua procreaverint, usque ad eum finem, dum possint seipsa defendere?And having instanced in some Animals, where this Care is not necessary, and accordingly is not employed, he goes on,Jam Gallinæ, avesque reliquæ, & quietum requirunt ad pariendum locum, & cubilia sibi, nidosque construunt, eosque quàm possunt mollissimè substernunt, ut quàm facillime ova serventur. Ex quibus pullos cùm excluserint, ita tuentur, ut & pennis foveant, ne frigore lædantur, & si est calor, à sole se opponant.Cic. de Nat. Deor. l. 2. c. 51, 52.To this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young, we may add the Returns made by the young of some towards the old ones.Plinysaith ofRats,Genitores suos fesses senectâ, alunt insigni pietate.Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 57. SoCranes, he saith,Genitricum senectam invicem educant.L. 10. c. 23.This St.Ambrosetakes Notice of in hisHexameron, andOl. Magnusafter him,Depositi patris artus, per longævum senectutis plumis nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,——collatitio cibo pascit, quando etiam ipsa naturæ reparat dispendia, ut hinc inde senem sublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant, & in pristinos usus desueta membra reducant.For which Reason this Bird is denominatedPia. Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.Hereto may be added also the conjugal Στοργὴ of the little greenÆthiopian Parrot, which Mr.Raydescribes fromClusius.Fœmellea senescentes (quod valdè notabile) vix edere volebant, nisi cibum jam à mare carptum, & aliquandiu in prolobo retentum, & quasi coctum rostro suo exciperent, ut Columbarum pulli à matre ali solent.Synops. Meth. Av. p. 32.

To this natural Care of Parent-Animals to their young, we may add the Returns made by the young of some towards the old ones.Plinysaith ofRats,Genitores suos fesses senectâ, alunt insigni pietate.Nat. Hist. l. 8. c. 57. SoCranes, he saith,Genitricum senectam invicem educant.L. 10. c. 23.

This St.Ambrosetakes Notice of in hisHexameron, andOl. Magnusafter him,Depositi patris artus, per longævum senectutis plumis nudatos circumstans soboles pennis propriis fovet,——collatitio cibo pascit, quando etiam ipsa naturæ reparat dispendia, ut hinc inde senem sublevantes, fulcro alarum suarum ad volandum exerceant, & in pristinos usus desueta membra reducant.For which Reason this Bird is denominatedPia. Vid. Ol. Mag. Hist. l. 19. c. 14.

Hereto may be added also the conjugal Στοργὴ of the little greenÆthiopian Parrot, which Mr.Raydescribes fromClusius.Fœmellea senescentes (quod valdè notabile) vix edere volebant, nisi cibum jam à mare carptum, & aliquandiu in prolobo retentum, & quasi coctum rostro suo exciperent, ut Columbarum pulli à matre ali solent.Synops. Meth. Av. p. 32.

[uuu]The most timid Animals, that at other Times abscond, or hastily fly from the Face of Man, Dogs,&c.will, for the sake of their young, expose themselves. Thus among Fowls,Henswill assault, instead of fly from such as meddle with their Brood. SoPartridges, before their young can fly, will drop frequently down, first at lesser, and then at greater Distances, to dodge and draw off Dogs from pursuing their young.

[www]TheOpossumhath a curious Bag on purpose for the securing and carrying about her young. There are belonging to this Bag two Bones (not to be met with in any other Skeleton) and four Pair of Muscles; and some say Teats lie therein also. Dr.Tyson,Anat.of theOposs.inPhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 239. where he also, fromOppian, mentions theDog-Fish, that upon any Storm or Danger, receives the young Ones into her Belly, which come out again when the Fright is over. So also theSquatinaandGlaucus, the same Author saith, have the same Care for their young, but receive them into different Receptacles.

[xxx]SeeBook VIII. Chap. 6.

[yyy]SeeChap. 13. Note (c).

[zzz]There is manifestly a superintending Providence in this Case, that some Animals are able to suck as soon as ever they are born, and that they will naturally hunt for the Teat before they are quite gotten out of the Secundines, and parted from the Navel-String, as I have seen. But forChickens, and other young Birds, they not being able immediately to pick till they are stronger, have a notable Provision made for such a Time, by a part of the Yolk of the Egg being inclosed in their Belly, a little before their Exclusion or Hatching, which serves for their Nourishment, till they are grown strong enough to pick up Meat.Vid.Book VII. Chap. 4. Note (a).

[aaaa]Qui[Infantes]de ope nostrâ ac de divinâ misericordia plus merentur, qui in primo statim nativitatis sua ortu plorantes ac stentes, nil aliud faciunt quam deprecantur.Cypr. Ep. ad Fid.

[bbbb]I might name here some of the Species of Birds, the whole Tribe almost of Insects, and some among other Tribes, that are able to subsist for many Months without Food, and some without Respiration too, or very little; But it may suffice to instance only in theLand-Tortoise, of the Structure of whose Heart and Lungs: SeeBook VI. Chap. 5. Note (b).

[cccc]Inediam diutissimè tolerat Lupus, ut & alia omnia carnivora, licèt voracissima; magnâ utique naturæ providentiâ; quoniam esca non semper in promptu est.Ray’sSynops. Quadr. p. 174.To the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I hope the Reader will excuse me if I add one or two Instances of extraordinary Abstinence among Men. OneMartha Taylor, born inDerbyshire, by a Blow on the Back fell into such a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little Sustenance, but some Drops with a Feather, fromChristmas 1667.for thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.Sampson’s Account thereof inEphem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173.To this we may add the Case ofS. Chilton, ofTinsbury, nearBath, who in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers Weeks together. And although he would sometimes, in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet would lie a long Time without any, or with very little, and all without any considerable Decay. SeePhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 304.

[cccc]Inediam diutissimè tolerat Lupus, ut & alia omnia carnivora, licèt voracissima; magnâ utique naturæ providentiâ; quoniam esca non semper in promptu est.Ray’sSynops. Quadr. p. 174.

To the long Abstinence mentioned of Brute-Animals, I hope the Reader will excuse me if I add one or two Instances of extraordinary Abstinence among Men. OneMartha Taylor, born inDerbyshire, by a Blow on the Back fell into such a Prostration of Appetite, that she took little Sustenance, but some Drops with a Feather, fromChristmas 1667.for thirteen Months, and slept but little too all the Time. See Dr.Sampson’s Account thereof inEphem. Germ. T. 3. Obs. 173.

To this we may add the Case ofS. Chilton, ofTinsbury, nearBath, who in the Years 1693, 1696, and 97, slept divers Weeks together. And although he would sometimes, in a very odd manner, take Sustenance, yet would lie a long Time without any, or with very little, and all without any considerable Decay. SeePhil. Trans.Nᵒ. 304.

[dddd]They are admirable Instincts which theSieur de Beauplanrelates of his own Knowledge, of the little Animals calledBohaquesinUkraine.They make Burroughs likeRabbets, and inOctobershut themselves up, and do not come out again tillApril.——They spend all the Winter under Ground, eating what they laid up in Summer.——Those that are lazy among them, they lay on their Backs, then lay a great handful of dry Herbage upon their Bodies,&c.then others drag those Drones to the Mouths of their Burroughs, and so those Creatures serve instead of Barrows,&c.I have often seen them practise this, and have had the Curiosity to observe them whole Days together.——Their Holes are parted like Chambers; some serve for Store-Houses, others for Burying-Places,&c.Their Government is nothing inferior to that ofBees,&c.They never go abroad without posting a Centinel upon some high Ground, to give notice to the others whilst they are feeding. As soon as the Centinel sees any Body, it stands upon his Hind-Legs and whistles.Beauplan’sDescription ofUkraine,inVol. I.of theCollection of Voyages,&c.A like Instance of the NorthernGalli Sylvestres, see inChap. 13. Note (g).As for the Scriptural Instance of theAnt, see hereafterBook VIII. Chap. 5. Note (d).

A like Instance of the NorthernGalli Sylvestres, see inChap. 13. Note (g).

As for the Scriptural Instance of theAnt, see hereafterBook VIII. Chap. 5. Note (d).

[eeee]I have inAutumn, not without Pleasure observed, not only the great Sagacity and Diligence ofSwine, in hunting out the Stores of theField-Mice; but the wonderful Precaution also of those little Animals, in hiding their Food beforehand against Winter. In the Time of Acorns falling, I have, by means of theHogs, discovered, that the Mice had, all over the neighbouring fields, treasured up single Acorns in little Holes they had scratched, and in which they had carefully covered up the Acorn. These theHogswould, Day after Day, hunt out by their Smell.

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