Μνήμη, derivation, iii.302n.;difference of ἀνάμνησις,350n.
Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii.16n.
Μοῖραι, relation to Gods, iv.221n.
Monad, the Pythagorean, i.11-12;Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine,15n.;seeNumber.
Monarchy, and democracy themother-polities, iv.312;dissent of Aristotle,ib.n.;monarch a Principal Cause, iii.266;true government by the one scientific man,268,273;no laws to limit scientific governor,269;idéalattainable only in Saturnian period,264, iv.319;distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii.271;aims at forming virtuous citizens,272;Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon,273;of Atlantis, iv.268;bad education of kings’ son,312.
Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii.402n.;on Ideas,408n.;mind and body, iv.387n.
Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv.257n.
Moralityof a society, how transmitted, ii.274;relation of art to, seeEducation,Poetry;Ethics.
More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii.403n.;metempsychosis,427n.;relativity of knowledge, iii.124n.
Moses, Plato compared to, iv.256.
Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i.72;Zeno’s arguments,97;not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact,102;form of, iii.209-10,232,245n.;varieties of rectilinear, iv.225n.;circular, the best,225,388-9;Diodôrus Kronus, i.145;Aristotle nearly coincides with,146;and Hobbes,ib.;Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv.386n.
Motives, distinction of, ii.357n.
Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii.326n.;vague use of words, i.398n.
Munk, Dr. Edward, i.311,320,401n.
Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i.14;and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii.340;Cynics’ contempt for, i.151,155;Platonic sense, iv.149;disparaged, ii.355;education in, necessary for guardians, iv.23;and dancing, effect on emotions,347;excites love of the beautiful,27;importance of, in education,305;Aristotle on,151n.,306;Xenophon,ib., i.228;Luther, iv.151n.;gymnastic necessary to correct,29;prizes at festivals,292,337,358;three choruses, youths, mature men, elders,296,305;only grave allowed,32,168,298n.;regulated by authority,292-4,349;to keep emotions in a proper state,169;elders, by example, to keep up purity of music,297;change for worse at Athens began in,313,314n.,318;dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon,315.
Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i.47n.;mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic theory, iii.16.
Mythe, general character of Plato’s, ii.415, iii.310, iv.255n.;disparaged, inSophistês, iii.265n.;Plato’s resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv.160n.;Aristotle on blending philosophy with,255n.;probably often used by Sophists, ii.267n.;of Prometheus and Epimetheus,267;value of,276;of Hades inGorgias,361;of soul inPhædon,415;of pre-existent soul, iii.12,14n.;of the kosmos inPolitikus,265n.;Timæus,409n.;Kritias,ib., iv.268;of departed souls inRepublic,94;the choice of Herakles, i.177;training by fictions, iv.24,154;Plato’s view of the purpose of,ib.,303-5;Plato’s and Homer’s fictions contrasted,153n.;retort open to poets,ib.,154n.;no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades,25,154;a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions,160;poet must avoid variety of imitation,26,155;type for narratives about men,26;fiction as to origin of classes,30;difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction,158.
Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv.152n.;Xenophanes’ censure of, i.16;Herakleitus’,26;Plato and the popular,441n., ii.415, iii.265n., iv.24,155n.,196,238n.,325,328,337,398.
Names,relativeandnon-relative, iii.232n.;Pythagorean theory,304n.,316n.;mystic sanctity of,323n.;distinction of divine and human,300n.;natural rectitude of, ii.89, iii.286n.,300n.,306n.;connected with doctrine ofIdeas,286n.,327n.;difficult to harmonise with facts,323;the essence of things,305n.;things known only through names, not true,320;the thing spoken ofsuffers,287n.;forms of names and of things nameable,289;didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms,287,290,313;onomastic art,ib.;proofs cited from etymology,299,300n.,307n.;specimens of ancient etymologies,307n.,308n.,309n.,310n.,311n.;not caricatures of sophists,302,304,306-12,314n.,317n.,321,324;Plato’sidéal,325,328n.,330;compared with his views on social institutions,327;Homo Mensurathe counter theory of language,326n.;intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things,289;consists in resemblance,313;vary in degree of aptitude,318;first imposer of, a Herakleitean,302n.,314-7,319n.;how they have become disguised,312;changes hard to follow,315;Herakleitean theory admitted,310;some names not consistent with it,319;the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names,321,325;seeLanguage.
Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i.73,ib.n.;all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii.286;Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i.86;interdependence of, ii.247;antithesis of law and,333,338, i.197;also in Indian philosophy,162;φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii.294n., iv.309n.;Aristotle,387n.;uncertainty of referring to, ii.340, iv.194, i.162;meaning of law of, ii.341n.;Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii.132;no object in, mean to the philosopher,61.
Necessarytruth, iii.253n.
Necessity, meansFreewillin Plato, iv.221;kosmos produced by joint action of reason and,238.
Negative, Plato’s view of the, erroneous, iii.236.239;predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i.170.
Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i.123;preponderated in Plato’s age,ib.;erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics,371,387;the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates,388;Sokrates and Plato its champions,vii,x,372;Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age,124;first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness,385,389n.;to social, political, ethical topics,385;the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates,126;Academics,131n.;negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct,399,403,420;the negative extreme inParmenidês, iii.71, i.125;overlooked inKriton,433;well illustrated inLysis, ii.177;the affirmative prominent in his old age, i.408;its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth,91,371,373,387,395n.,421, ii.186, i.130;a value by itself, iii.51,70,85,149-50,176,184n.,284,422;a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii.186,201;essential to control of the affirmative, iii.92n., i.123;its difficulties never solved, iii.51;seeDialectic.
Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii.122n.
Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii.402n.
Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i.58n.
Νόμιμον, equivocal use, ii.38.
Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i.164;of Stilpon,167.
Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i.380n.,382n., ii.92n.;omnipotence of King, i.378,380,392n.,424, ii.333;Sokrates an exception,ib.;Plato’s and Aristotle’s theory of politics to resist King, i.393n.;Plato appeals to, iv.24n.;Epiktêtus, i.388n.;common sense of a community, its propagation, ii.274;no common End among established νόμιμα, iii.282n., iv.204n.;seeAuthority,Orthodoxy.
Non-ens, seeEns.
Noumenonof Kant agrees with Parmenidês’ ens, i.21.
Nous, seeReason.
Number, theprincipleof Pythagoreans, i.9-12,14;differs from Plato’s Idea,10;its modern application,ib.n.,14n.;limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans,11n.;the Greek geometrical conception of, iii.112n.;mean proportionals, iv.224n.;seeArithmetic.
Oaths, iv.413.
Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, i.451;dissent coincident with subjective unanimity,ib.;seeRelativity.
Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv.73;nor acoustics,74.
Obstetric, of Sokrates, i.367, ii.251, iii.112,176.
Odysseus, ii.56.
Oken, Pythagoreanism, i.10n.
Old Age, iv.2.
Oligarchy, iv.79;Plato’s second state a compromise of democracy and,333,337.
Ὁμώνυμα, first distinguished from συνώνυμα by Aristotle, iii.94n.
Ὁμωνύμως, ii.193.
One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i.407;difficulties about many and, iii.339;seeIdea.
Ontologyand physics, radically distinct points of view, i.23n.;the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates,22;reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides,23n.;Plato blends ethics with, iii.306;Aristotle’s substratum for phenomenology, i.24n.;tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii.404n.;seeEns,Philosophy.
Opinion,public, seeAuthority.
Opinion, Xenophanes’ doctrine, i.18;Parmenides’,20;Demokritus’,72;embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii.30;right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration,242;compared with knowledge,241,253,255n., iii.167n.,181n.;antithesis less marked inTheætêtusthanPolitikus,257;Plato’s compared with modern views, ii.254;the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii.164;distinct from sensation,166;true, knowledge is,168;verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible,ib.;if false, possible,169,181n.,351;waxen memorial tablet in the mind,169;false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted,171;wherein different from knowledge,172;true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor,ib.;true,plusrational explanation, is knowledge,173;analogy of elements and compounds,ib.;rejected,174;intercommunion of forms ofnon-ensand of proposition, opinion, judgment,213,214;akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with formnon-ens,214;relation to kosmical soul, iv.227;its matter, what is between ens and non-ens,49;two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture,67;true pleasure attached to true, iii.351.
Opposites, only one to each thing, ii.13n.
Optimism, ii.393-6.
Orphans, iv.406-7.
Orphiccanon of life, iii.390n., iv.15;coincidence ofTimæuswith,255n.
Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely enforced in Greece, iv.396;less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii.277, iv.126;Sophists conform to prevalent,56;irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i.392, iv.55;common sense of a community, its propagation, ii.274;Plato on, i.xi,342,392n.,424, iv.69n.,165;probable feelings of Plato, ii.367;Sokrates inPhædoncontrasted withApology,421;inconsistently exacted in Plato’s state, iii.277-8, iv.24,156,160,327,379,430;three varieties of heresy,376;proëm to laws against,383;first confuted,386;argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory,388;second confuted,389;contradictsRepublic,390;the third the worst,384;confuted,391;general Greek belief,381,391,394;incongruity of Plato’s doctrine,393;opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece,395;Cicero,379n.;Milton,ib.;Bp. Butler,166n.;book-burning,379n.;seeAuthority.
Οὐσία, must be known before πάθη, ii.243n.
Παιδεραστία, iii.20n., iv.359.
Pain, seeἀλυπία,Pleasure.
Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i.377n.
Panætius, style, i.406n.;onPhædon,288,334n.;Plato’s immortality of the soul, ii.423n.;dialogues ofSokratici viri, i.112n.
Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i.23n.,89;the absolute,19-24, iii.104;Herakleitus opposed to, i.37;ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind,19;ens alone contains truth, phenomenaprobability,24;ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat,ib.n.;non-ens, iii.243n.;opposition toHomo Mensura,113;phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i.23n.;mind,26;theology,19,25;physics,7n.,90n.;two physical principles,24;doctrine defended by Zeno,93,99, iii.58;relation of Demokritus to, i.66;with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy,89;refutation of, inSophistês, iii.211,223;summum genus enlarged by Eukleides,196n.;and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i.118.
Parmenidês, the, date, i.309,315,316n.,338n., iii.71n.,244n.;authenticity, i.307-11,320,327,338n.,401n., iii.68n.,69,88n.,185n.;criticism of dialogue generally,82;its character,56;purpose negative,71,85n.,85,93,97,108, i.125;the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii.68;attack not unnatural,71;its dialectic, compared with Zeno’s, i.100;scenery and personages, iii.58;Sokrates impugns Zeno’s doctrine,59;and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects,ib.;objections,60-7;no object in nature mean to the philosopher,61,195n.;ideas, how participable by objects,63,72, iv.138;analogous difficulty of predication, i.169;not merely conceptions, iii.64,74;“the third man,”64n.;not mere types,65;not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves,ib.,72;cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition,66;which gods have,67,68n.;dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible,68;exercises required from students,79;provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced,ib.;nine demonstrations fromunum estandunum non est,81,340;criticism of antinomies,82,85n.,88n.,99n.;exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies,91;more formidable than problems of Megarics,92;these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning,94;different meanings of the same proposition in words,95,97n.;first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum ofUnum non multa,96,101;second, demonstratesBothof what the first demonstratedNeither,98,101;third mediates,100,101;but unsatisfactory,102;Plato’s imagination of theInstantaneous,100;found no favour,102;the fourth and fifth,101,102;the sixth and seventh,103;unwarranted steps in the reasoning,105;seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês,104;eighth and ninth,106;conclusion compared to enigma inRepublic,108;compared withSophistêsandPolitikus,187n.,259;Philêbus,97n.,340n.,343;Republic, iv.138;Euthydêmus, ii.200.