Πολυπράγμων, ii.362n.
Polybius, on music, iv.306.
Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i.2;believed in after genesis of philosophy,3;hostile to philosophy,86;substitution of physical forces for, ii.402;Euripides’Hippolytusillustrates popular Greek religious belief, iv.163n.
Population, Malthus’ law of, iv.201;recognised by Plato and Aristotle,202.
Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii.426n.
Poste, Mr., onPhilêbus, iii.365n.,369n.,381n.,384n.,390n.,396n.,397n.;abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared,ib.
Potentialand actual, Aristotle’s distinction, iii.134;ensequivalent to,204.
Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i.135;Aristotle’s arguments not valid,136-8;Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine,139n.;doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus,140,143;defended by Hobbes,143;Brown on,138n.
Practicallife disparaged, ii.355, iii.329;and philosophy, ii.365n.,368n.,ib., iii.179,183, iv.51-4, i.181n.,182;uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by citizens, iv.54;condition of success in, ii.359;influence of belief on, i.180n.;Boissier on,157n.
Prantl, objection toHomo Mensura, iii.151n.;Timæus, iv.255n.;Megarics, i.129n.,132n.
Praxiphanes, onKritias, iv.265n.
Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii.12;Sokrates on, and sacrifice,17,417,419;Sokrates prays for undefined favours — premonitions,28;Sokrates’ belief, iv.394;heresy that gods appeased by,376,384;general Greek belief,392,394;Herodotus,ib.;Epikurus,395;Aristotle,ib.
Predicables, iii.77n.
Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato’s analysis, iii.235;only identical, legitimate,223,232n.,251;coincidence in Plato, ii.46n.;analogous difficulty inParmenidês, i.169;error due to the then imperfect logic, iii.241;misconception of function of copula,221, i.170n.;arguments against, iii.206,212,221;Aristotle on, i.166,170;after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon,166,169;Stilpon against accidental,167;logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates,168n.;Menedêmus disallowed negative,170;seeProposition.
Pre-existenceof all animals, included in Plato’s proof of soul’s immortality, ii.414.
Pre-Sokratic, seePhilosophy.
Priestley, Dr., character of, i.403n.
Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i.403;of Thales,4;Anaximander,5;Anaximenes,7;Pythagoreans,9-12,14;Parmenides,24;Herakleitos,27;Empedokles,38;Diogenes of Apollonia,60;defect of the Ionic philosophers,38.
Prinsterer, G. van, iii.412n.
Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii.304,308n.;less a sophist than Sokrates,219;the choice of Herakles, ii.267n.
Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv.323n.;didactic or rhetorical homilies,322;to every important law,321,383;as type for poets,323.
Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i.85n.;interpretation of Plato,xi;onLeges, iv.355n.;Kritias,265n.;Parmenidês, iii.64n.,80n.,80,90n.;Kratylus,294n.,310n.,323n.;distinction of divine and human names,300n.;analysis of propositions,237n.
Promêtheus, mythe, ii.267.
Property, private, an evil, iv.327,333;perpetuity of lots of land,326;succession,405;modes of acquiring,397;length of prescription,415;direct taxation according to,331;qualification for magistracies and votes,ib.,333;limited inequality tolerated as to movable,330;no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest,331;seeCommunism.
Prophesy, Plato’s theory of liver’s function, iv.246;seeInspiration.
Proposition, analysis of, iii.213;imperfect,230,235;intercommunion of forms ofnon-ensand of proposition, opinion, judgment,213-4;no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle,222;quality of,235,248;Plato’s view of the negative erroneous,236,239;Ideas τῶν ἀποφάσεων,238n.;are false possible,232;Plato undertakes impossible task,249;some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle,ib.;hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i.145;Philo,ib.n.;contradictory, impossible,166;the subject, no real essence apart from predicates,168n.;seeCopula,Predication.
Protagoras, character of, ii.265n.;not represented inEuthydêmus,202;less a sophist than Sokrates, iii.219;not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii.288n.,290n.,296n.,303,314;relation to Herakleitus, iii.159n.;Homo Mensura,113;seeRelativity;combated by Demokritus, i.82;taught by lectures, ii.203,301;Περὶ τοῦ ὄντος, iii.153n.;as a writer and critic,304,308n.;treatise on eristic, i.125n.;theory of vision, iv.237n.;on the gods,233n.
Protagoras, the, date, i.304-7,308,77,312,315,321,327,328,331n., ii.228n.,298n.;purpose,277,278n.;two distinct aspects of ethics and politics,299;difference of rhetorical and dialectical method,300;introduction illustrates Sokrates’ mission,263;question unsolved,297,316;scenery and personages,259;Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras,260, iii.217n.;not noticed at the close, ii.298;Sophists as teachers,261;danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach,262;visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras,264;Protagoras questioned,ib.;is virtue, teachable,266;intends to train youths as virtuous citizens,ib.;Protagoras’ mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods,267;its value,276;social art conferred by Zeus,268, iii.275;Protagoras’ discourse, ii.269;its purpose,274;prolix,275;parodied by Sokrates,283;mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a community,274, iii.274;justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, ii.269;virtue taught by parents, &c.,272;quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude,ib.;analogy of learning the vernacular,273;theory of punishment,270;combines the two modern theories,270n.;why genius not hereditary,271,272,274;Sokrates analyses,276;how far is justice like holiness,278;intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary,279;Sokrates’ reasons insufficient,ib.;Protagoras’ prolix reply,280,281,284;Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates,282,287;dialectic superior to rhetoric,282;Sokrates inferior in continuous debate,284;Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta,283;Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets,ib.;interpretation of a song of Simonides,ib.;forced interpretation of poets,285;poets deliver wisdom without knowing it,285;Sokrates depreciates value ofdebates on poets,ib.;colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates,287;courage differs materially from rest of virtue,285,304n., iv.283n.;Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii.288;Aristotle on,170n.;courage a right estimate of terrible things,296,307;the reasoning unsatisfactory,313;knowledge is dominant agency in mind,290;no man does evil voluntarily,292;ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing,294;pleasure the good,289,292,305,344-50;agreement with Aristippus, i.199-201;right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii.293, iii.391;virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii.293,305;actions conducive to pleasure are honourable,295;reasoning of Sokrates,307;not ironical,314;not Utilitarianism,310n.;theory more distinct than any in other dialogues,308;but too narrow and exclusively prudential,309-11,313,350n.;reciprocity of regard indispensable,311;ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others,312;permanent and transient elements of human agency,353-5;compared withMenon,245;Gorgias,306n.,345-8,349-57, iii.379;Politikus,262,275,276;Philêbus,380,391;Republic, ii.310,350n.;Timæus,268n.;Leges, iv.301.
Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv.426;a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus’ doctrine, i.197.
Psammetichus, iii.289n.
Ψεῦδος, derivation, iii.301n.
Ψυχή, meaning, iv.387n.;seeMind,Soul,Reason.
Psychology, defective inGorgias, ii.354;great advance by Plato in analytical, iii.164;classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric,32,43.
Ptolemies, i.279,284n.,285.
Punishment, theory of, ii.270;combines the two modern theories,ib.n.;a relief to the wrongdoer,326,328,335, iv.366;consequences of theory, ii.336;its incompleteness,363;analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far,337;objects to deter or reform, iv.408;corporal,403.
Pyrrhothe Sceptic, i.154n.
Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i.8;metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical,89;censured by Herakleitus,26;Demokritus on,82n.;antipathy of Herakleitus, iii.316n.;seePythagoreans.
Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i.8, ii.374;absence of individuality, i.8;divergences of doctrine,9n.,14n.;canon of life, iii.390n.;compared with Chinese philosophers, i.159n.;Number, differs from Plato’s Idea,10,348;modern application of the principle,10n.;fundamental conception applied by Kepler,14n.;Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas,15n.;number limited to ten,11n.;καιρός, the first cause of good, iii.397n.;music of the spheres, i.14;harmonies,16;geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears inTimæus,349n.;vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv.225n.;doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii.248n.;metempsychosis,426n.;Contraries, the principles of ὄντα, i.15n.;theory of vision, iv.237n.;not the idealists ofSophistês, iii.245n.;doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato,368;on etymology,304n.,316n.,323n.;doctrines in Plato, i.11n.,16n.,88,344n.,346n.,347,349n., ii.426n., iii.368, iv.424n.;Platonists, iii.390n.
Qualities, primary and secondary, i.70, iv.243n.;all are relative, ii.157;no existence without the mind, iii.73n.;ἀλλοίωσις,103n.
Qualityof propositions, iii.235n.,248.
Quintilian, iii.311n.
Ravaisson, M., iii.242n.
Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i.164.
Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i.34;is the reason of most men as it ought to be,35;the individual, worthless,34;of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle,54;alone pure and unmixed,51;immaterial and impersonal,56n.;two attributive tomoveand toknow,ib.;relation to the homœomeries,55-7;originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass,50;exercised only a catalytic agency,89;compared with Herakleitus’ περιέχον,56n.;not used as a cause, ii.394;of Demokritus,produced by influx of atoms, i.79;relation to sense,68n.;alone gives true knowledge,72;worlds of sense and, distinct,403;varieties of, classified, iii.358;dialectic the purest,360;two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv.66;relation to νοητόν, i.354n.;the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii.151n.;relation to kosmical soul, iv.226;kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and,237;in individual, analogous to ruler in state,39;temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii.131, iii.11;belongs only to gods and a few men,121n., iv.234,235n.;is the determining, iii.348;a combining cause,347;postulated by the Hedonists,374;analogy of pleasure and,360;more cognate than pleasure with good,339,347,361;is it happiness,335,337;is good a life of, without pleasure or pain,338,349,372;pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means,373,377n.;all cognitions included in good,362;good is not, iv.62;implication of emotion and, iii.374;knowledge of good identical with, of other things with δόξα, ii.30;perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue,149;earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i.6n.
Reid, on Berkeley, iv.243n.;atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i.70.
Relation, category of, iii.128n.
Relativeand non-relative names, iii.232n.;and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i.23n.;antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii.54;the, of Xenophanes, i.18;doctrine of Parmenides,20-24,66;alone knowable, Zeno,98,101;incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine,104n.;doctrine of Anaxagoras,59n.;Demokritus,71,80;alone knowable, iii.63,73;Idea of Good is essentially, iv.214n., i.185;seeAbsolute,Relativity.
Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii.118,123n.,122 seq.,128-9,287n., i.204n.;true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient faculties of each individual, iii.118;the doctrine of Sokrates, i.432, iii.140n.,147,162n.;in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato,121,125,227,322n.,337n.;shown more easily than in reference to sense,122;of some sensible facts,126,298, iv.242;two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii.127;relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject,ib.;the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject and object,131;Homo Mensura, formula unpopular,150;objected to as “Subjectivism,”151;true meaning, ii.341n., iii.116,137,143,292,297;its counter-proposition,148;its value,131,164n.;relation to belief on authority,142,143,146,293;counter-theory of naming,291,326n.;all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments,139;sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different with different men and ages,296;belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of individual mind,297;Homo Mensura, an objection to cognisability of Ideas,72;identified with Herakleiteanism,128;Demokritus on, i.82, iii.152;Plato’s arguments against,135;identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible perception,114n.,118,120n.,125,162n.;Plato ignores the proper qualification,137;the doctrine equalises all animals,135,292;analogy of physical processes,294;not true in the sense meant,141,296;it annuls dialectic — not true,146;the wise man alone a measure,145;divergences of men, from mental and associative differences,155;Aristotle on,128n.,131n.,132n.,149n.,152;Kyrenaics, i.197.204;Hamilton, iii.133n.;Dugald Stewart,156n.;seeRelative.