Ueberweg, on Platonic canon, attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, i.313;the Dialogues,401n.;Theætêtus, iii.167n.;Sophistês,186n.,253,369n.;Politikus,186n.;Philêbus,368n.;Timæus,ib., iv.255n.;Menexenus, iii.412n.;Ideas, iv.239n.
Universals, debates about meaning, iii.76-7;different views of Aristotle and Plato,76;definition of, the object of the Sokratic dialectic, i.452;Sokrates sought the common characteristic, Plato found it in his Idea,454;process of forming, ii.27;truth resides in,411-2, iv.3n.;amidst particulars, iii.257;different dialogues compared,ib.;how is generic unity distributed among species and individuals,339;natural coalescence of finite and infinite,340;illustration from speech and music,342;explanation insufficient,343;seeIdeas,One.
Upton, sophism Κυριεύων, i.141n.
Useful, the Good, ii.30;the Just or Good — general but not constant explanation in Plato,38;the lawful is the,36;not identical with the beautiful,44,50n.
Utilitarianism, its standard, ii.310n.;doctrine of Sokrates,349,354n.;theory inProtagoras,308;Republic, iv.3n.,12,14,104.
Vacherot, i.376n.
Vacuum, theory of Demokritus, i.67;Pythagorean different from Plato’s doctrine, iv.225n.
Varro, etymologies, iii.311n.
Vaughan, Dr., iv.380n.
Veron, M., Relativity, iii.144n.
Virgil, general doctrine of metempsychosis in, ii.425n.
Virtue, identified with knowledge by Sokrates, ii.67n.,239,240,321;of what, unsolved,244;Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions,67-8,83;its one sufficient condition, perfect state of the intelligence,149;is it teachable,232,239,240,266,275, iii.330n.;Xenophon on, i.230;plurality ofvirtues, ii.233;the highest, teachable, but all existing virtue is from inspiration,242;problem unsolved,ib.;taught by citizens,269,272;quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude,ib.;analogy of learning the vernacular,273;is it in divisible, or of parts, homogeneous or heterogeneous,277;no man does evil voluntarily,292, iv.249,365-7;a right comparison of pleasure and pain, ii.293,305;temperance the condition of,358;natural dissidence of the gentle and the energetic, iii.272;excess of the energetic entail death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery,273;Sokrates’ power in awakening ardour for,415;but he does not explain what it is,ib.;unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends,416;quadruple distribution in city, iv.34;Platonic conception is self-regarding,104;motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just,105;view substantially maintained since,ib.;four cardinal virtues assumed as constituting all virtue where each resides,134;as an exhaustive classification,135,417;difference in other dialogues,137;the four, source of all other goods,428;the only common property of,425;and of vice,426;of the citizens, the end of the state,417;Xenophon on motive to practice of,101n.,135n.;Sokrates on its fruits, i.415;all-sufficiency of, germ inRepublicof Stoical doctrine, iv.102;seeCourage,Holiness,Justice,Temperance,Wisdom.
Vision, doctrine of Empedokles, i.45;caused by images from objects, Demokritus,78;Plato’s conception of the act of, iii.129n.,159;Plato’s theory, iv.236;Aristotle on,237n.;ancient theories of,ib.;principal advantages of,237.
Voltaire, iv.233, i.168n.
War, from city’s increased wants, iv.22;class of soldiers, characteristics,23;both sexes to go together to battle,46;against Greek enemies to be carried on mildly,47;Spartan institutions adapted to,282;military commanders and council,332;military training of youths,349;Sokrates on qualities for, i.133n.
Water, the Chaos of Hesiod, i.4n.;principle of Thales,4;originally covered the earth, according to Xenophanes, &c.,18;Empedokles,38;discovery of the composition of, ii.163n.
Watt, discovery of composition of water, ii.163n.
Wealth, Plato’s view of, iv.199n.
Wedgwood, H., iii.326n.
Weisse, onTimæus, iv.256n.
Westermann, onMenexenus, iii.408n.
Whately, Abp., on Fallacies, ii.217.
Whewell, Dr., ii.48,193n.
Wholes, abstract and concrete, ii.52,53;generic and analogical,48,193n., iii.365.
Wilson, Dr. Geo., ii.163n.
Winckelmann, i.132n.
Wisdom, no positive knowledge of, i.414,416;in state, iv.34-5;what it is,421,423;seeKnowledge.
Wise, term applied when men know when and how far to use their accomplishments, ii.15.
Wise Man, the Ideal, seeExpert.
Women, position of Greek, iii.1;genesis from degenerate man, iv.252;inferiority to men,234,252;best, equal by nature to second-best men,42,171-4;not superior in weaving and cookery,172n.;temporary marriages,43,175-8;object,198;Plato’s and modern sentiments,192,194n.;influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic state,197;both sexes to go together to battle,46;same duties and training for women as men,41,46;same duties and training as men,77;on principle that every citizen belongs to the city,187;maintained inLeges, and harmonises with ancient legends,196;contrast with Aristotle,195.
Wordsworth, ii.250n.
Writing, seeBooks.
Wyttenbach, on meaning ofAtheist, iv.382n.;Plato’s immortality of the soul, ii.423n.
Xanthippê, iii.23n.
Xanthus, i.19n.
Xenokrates, iv.255.
Xenophanes, life, i.16;doctrines,ib.;unsatisfactory,18;held Non-Ens inadmissible,ib.;the relative and absolute,19;infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes,ib.;censured by Herakleitus,26;scepticism,18;popular mythology censured,16;religious element in,ib.,18;the Universe God,119n.
Xenophon, date of, i.207;Sokratic element an accessory in,206;essentially a man of action,ib.;personal history,207-12,215,220;alleged enmity between Plato and, iii.22n., iv.146n.,312n.;antipathy to Aristippus, i.182n.;enlarges the influence claimed by Sokrates,418;Sokrates of Plato and,178,199;Sokrates on the Holy, different from Platonic Sokrates,454;and Plato compared, on Sokrates’ reply to Melêtus,456, ii.420n.;Sokrates’ character one-sided, iii.423;discussion oflaw, ii.86;the ideal the only real,88n.;Sokrates on friendship,186;naturalcauses of friendship,341n.;view of Eros, iii.25;παιδεραστία,20n.;Sokrates’ identification of Good with pleasure, ii.305;Sokrates’ doctrine of good, iii.365;motive to practice of virtue, iv.99,101n.,135n.;immortality of soul, ii.420n.;on filial ingratitude, iv.399n.;Sokrates on qualities for war, i.133n.;Sokrates’ view of rhetoric, ii.371n.;relation of mind to kosmos, iii.368;the gods’ jealousy, iv.165n.;change in old age, Plato compared, i.244;contrasted with Plato inTimæus, iv.219;works, i.213;analogy withAlkibiadês I.andII., ii.21;Sokrates’ order of problems not observed, i.230;Symposionof,152;date, iii.26n.;compared with Plato’s,22;Memorabiliacompared withAlkibiadês II., ii.29;debate of Sokrates and Hippias,34,37,49,66;Œkonomikus, ideal of an active citizen, i.214;Hieron, contents,216-20;Sokrates not introduced inHieronandCyropædia,216;Hieroncompared withGorgias,221;why Syracusan despot taken for subject,220-2;interior life of despot,218,220;Sokratic ideal of government differently worked out by Plato, and, iii.273;idéal, citizens willing to be ruled, iv.283n., i.215,218,225;love of subjects obtainable by good government,220;Cyropædia, a romance, blending Persian and Spartan customs,222;compared withLeges, iv.319;contents, i.223-35;his experience of younger Cyrus,222;education of Cyrus the Great,223;scientific ruler best,224;Cyropædiadoes not solve the problem,225;Cyrus, of heroic genius,ib.;biography,232;generous and amiable qualities,234;scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism,ib.;position of the Demos, iv.183;ideal state wants unity,186n.;training of citizens, i.226;Plato’s training of guardians compared, iv.141-7;idéalof character is Spartan, Plato’s is Athenian,147,151,182,276,280n.,403;Persian training,278n.;details of education, i.227;its good effects,228;tuition in justice,229;definition of justice unsatisfactory,231;Sokrates on justice, iv.3n.;music omitted in education,305, i.229;theoretical and practical geometry, iii.395;relation of sexes, iv.194n.;division of labour,139n.;inexperienced in finance and commerce, i.236;admires active commerce and variety of pursuits,ib.;formation of treasury funds,238;encouragement of Metics,ib.;distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily,239;its purpose and principle,240,241n.;visionary anticipations,241;financial scheme, Boeckh on,242n.;exhortation to peace,243.
Xerxes, iv.7.
Yxem, onKleitophon, iii.419n.;Hipparchus, ii.97;Erastæ,121.
Zaleukus, laws of, iv.323n.
Zeller, on Plato, iii.245n.;Parmenidês,84n.;Leges, i.338n., iv.274n.,325n.,389n.,431-3;Ideas, i.120n.;Eukleides,127n.;Megarics,131n.;Sophists,389n.
Zenoof Elea, i.93;contrasted with earlier philosophers,105;modern critics on,101;defended Parmenidean doctrine,93,98, iii.8;the relative alone knowable, i.98;two worlds, impugned by Sokrates, iii.59;arguments in regard to space, i.95;motion,97;not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact,102;Sorites,135n.;reductionesad absurdum,94,121n.;not contradictions of data generalised from experience,100;no systematic theory of scepticism, iii.93;dialectic,107;purpose and result, i.98;carried out by Sokrates,371;compared with PlatonicParmenidês,100.
Zenothe Stoic, i.160;attracted to Athens by perusal ofApology,418;eclectic,174;communism of wives,189n.
Zenodotus, Alexandrine librarian, i.274n.
Zeusconferred social art on men, ii.268.
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