CHAPTER XV.OIL BURNERS.

To obtain the full heat value of a liquid fuel it must be provided with sufficient air to complete the combustion, it must be in a very finely subdivided state, or in the form of a vapor at the time of ignition, and it must be thoroughly mixed with the air so that every part of the oil is in contact which its chemical equivalent of oxygen. Failure to comply with any of these conditions will not only result in a waste of fuel but will also be the cause of troublesome carbon deposits and soot, which eventually will interfere with the operation of the burner.

Complete combustion is much more easily attained with the lighter hydrocarbons such as gasoline or naptha than with crude oil or the heavier distillates, for they are more readily vaporized and mix more thoroughly with the oxygen. Only a slight degree of heat and pressure is required with gasoline while with crude oil a high atomizing pressure and high temperature are required to obtain a satisfactory flame. In the majority of cases where heavy oils are used the fuel is not even completely vaporized but enters the combustion chamber in the form of a more or less finely atomized spray. The methods by which the liquid fuel is broken up divides the burners into three primary classes.

(1) LOW PRESSURE BURNERS in which the fuel is atomized by a blast of low pressure air which also supplies a considerable percentage of the air required for combustion.

(2) HIGH PRESSURE BURNER in which a small jet of high pressure air or steam is used to atomize the oil, the air for combustion being supplied from a source external to the burner.

(3) COMBINED HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE BURNER in which the fuel is atomized by high pressure air or steam, and the greater part of the air for combustion is furnished by a blower at a comparatively low pressure.

In class (1) the oil is supplied to the burner under pressureand by means of a specially designed jet is thrown against hot baffle plates or gauze screens where the partially broken up liquid is caught by the high velocity air and reduced to a still finer spray by its impact against other screens or baffles further on in the burner. This system is applicable only to the light and intermediate grades of oils, such as gasoline, naptha or kerosene, unless heat is applied to the external casing to aid in the vaporization. In some cases the projection of the burner into the furnace gives satisfactory results, but with such an arrangement there is a tendency to deposit carbon in the burner and for the flame to “strike back” should the velocity of the air fall below a certain critical point. Better results were had with this type of burner, by the author when the air blast was preheated by passing several long lengths of the intake air pipe over a hot part of the furnace, instead of entering the burner nozzle into the combustion chamber proper.

A well known modification of this type is the gasoline torch used by electricians and plumbers in which the gasoline is sprayed into a perforated hot tube by air pressure in the tank. When the spray formed at the needle valve strikes the surrounding hot tube it is instantly vaporized and is mixed with the air passing through the perforations in the tube. While the air entering the tube is not forced through the openings by external pressure it attains sufficient velocity to aid in the vaporization because of the vacuum established by the jet. This however is only enough for the more volatile fuels—such as gasoline or benzine.

The high pressure which is by far the most commonly used with low grade fuels may be divided into five principal types (a)ATOMIZERburner, (b) TheINJECTORburner, (c)DRIPfeed burner, (d)CHAMBER OR INTERNALburner, (e)EXTERNAL BLASTburner. All of these burners break up the fuel by high pressure air or steam, the types given being different only in the way that the pressure is applied to the fuel.

The atomizer acts on the same principle as the medical or perfumery atomizer, the high pressure jet playing directly across the open end of the oil passage as shown by Fig. A. As the vacuum created by the blast is very low, and has little effect in lifting the fuel to the burner, the oil either is made to flow by gravity or by a pump. In the figure the oil in the upper passage is shown pouring down in front of the air or steam jet issuing from the lower port. Both ports are suppliedby the pipes shown by the circular openings at the right. The steam and oil are controlled by independent valves placed in the two passages.

In practice the oil and steam openings at the end of the burner may be either single or multiple round openings or long thin slots, the former style being the most common. Since only a small amount of air is admitted through the blast nozzle, far too little to completely consume the oil, the air for the combustion is admitted through openings in the combustion chamber proper, this air being supplied by natural draft or by blower. In some cases the burner is entered into the furnace through an opening that is much larger than the burner itself. The atmospheric air enters through baffle plates in this opening which impart a whirling motion to the air that passes over the burner. This is of considerable aid in maintaining complete combustion in the furnace, and also tends to prevent deposits in the burner.

Fig. 135. Showing the Different Classes of Oil Burners.

Fig. F. Mixed Pressure Burner, Using Both Steam and Low Pressure Air.

Fig. G. Burner Used by the Pennsylvania Railroad Under Locomotives.

In the injector type of burner shown by Fig. B the air or steam nozzle terminates inside of a shell and is completely surrounded by the oil. A mixture of air and oil issues from main nozzle shown by (2). When the air or steam blows through the inner opening, a partial vacuum is formed in the space (1) which draws the oil into the burner from the supply pipe. On entering this vacuous space the oil comes into contact with the jet and is blown out through the opening (2) in the form of a spray. This vacuum is high enough to lift the fuel for a considerable distance without the aid of a pump and for this reason is the type most commonly met with in practice. A boiler or furnace equipped with this burner will lift the oil directly to the furnace from the reservoir in the same way that a feed water injector will lift water into the boiler. With the commercial injector, the position of the steam jet is made adjustable in relation to the main jet to meet different feed conditions. The steam enters the inner port through the endof the pipe shown at the right. The oil enters the outer port at the right through a port not shown.

Fig. H. Lassoe-Lovelsin Burner.

Fig. C shows a drip feed or “dribbling” burner in which the oil pours out of the upper port and over the lower port through which the steam or air issues. As would be expected, the atomization is not as perfect with this burner as with the atomizer or injector type.

Fig. I. Sheedy Oil Burner, Used for Locomotives.

A burner in which the oil and steam mix before passing out into the furnace through the final opening is known as a “Chamber burner,” and is shown by Fig. D. In some respects, at least in construction, it is similar to the injector burner, but it does not possess the lifting abilities of the latter because of the open space in front of the steam nozzle. The atomizationtakes place largely within the burner because of the eddy currents of air and oil vapor created both by the vapor striking the walls of the outer tube and by the large space in which it has to circulate before passing out of the orifice.

An external blast burner as shown by Fig. E, in which the oil is forced out of the openings (3–3) at the extreme end of the burner atomizes by blowing the oil off of the tube by jets of steam directed by a series of annular openings in a disc. This is really a type of atomizer burner as will be seen by close inspection. This type must be very carefully constructed and the steam jets must be kept very clean in order to have good results for a little variation in the pressure or a small particle of dirt in the openings will deflect the steam and prevent a perfect oil spray. It’s one advantage lies in the fact that the oil and air are always separate and therefore minimize the danger of carbonization.

It should be noted that the figures just shown in the illustration of the various classes of burners are diagrammatic only, and that many modifications in detail are made in the practical burner such as regulating valves, sliding steam nozzles, etc.

A burner much used in stationary engine practice and with heating furnaces, where air at two or three ounces pressure is available, is the mixed pressure burner shown by Fig. F. In this burned steam or air compressed, to say 80 pounds per square inch is used for breaking up the fuel oil. A blast of air at low pressure but with considerable volume is used to support combustion in the furnace. The steam or compressed air enters the burner at (5) and meets the oil at the nozzle (8) where it is sprayed into the chamber (9). The oil enters the burner by the pipe (4), flows into the annular passage aroundthe steam nozzle and meets the steam at (8). It will be noted that the steam nozzle (5) is free to slide back and forth in its casing so that the relation between the steam nozzle and spray nozzle may be adjusted to meet different operating conditions. This adjustment is affected by the levers (10) at the end of the burner.

The low pressure air entering through opening (6) from the blower passes around the chamber (9) and mixes with the oil spray from (8) in the mixing chamber (7). This causes a violent swirl in (7) with the result that a comparatively intimate mixture of oil vapor and air is formed before they issue into the furnace. In many burners of this type a gauze screen (11) is placed over the mouth of the final orifice so that back fires are prevented and a still better mixture is formed. Many burners of this type have been built by the author with very satisfactory results, and he knows of only one weak point in the type. This is due to the fact that if a sufficient volume of air is not kept flowing through the low pressure pipe (6), the oil vapor may collect in the piping with the result a back fire will wreck all of the low pressure connections. To prevent this trouble a light galvanized iron weighted damper was placed beneath (6) which closed the pipe when the pressure fell below a certain amount. Since this check valve was placed there were no more pipe fires.

In all cases a sliding damper should be placed in the opening so that the blast can be regulated to suit the amount of oil injected.

As these burners were used in a closed building continuously without smoke or smell and with indifferent grade of oil it will be seen that the combustion was as nearly perfect as could be expected with any type of oil burner.

Several of these burners were made from ordinary steam pipe fittings without steam nozzle adjustment.

While the burners shown are arranged to give a flat flame (with the exception of burner F) they may all be built for a circular flame by surrounding the injection nozzle with a suitable nozzle. AROSEor circular flame is particularly desirable for a vertical boiler where it can be made to conform with the circular shell and apply the heat directly to the tube sheet through suitable fire brick baffles.

A burner of the injector type shown by Fig. G, has been used by the Pennsylvania Railroad with a considerable degree of success. The steam enters the steam nozzle at (12) throughthe circular openings from which point it passes through the nozzle (13) and carries the oil from the air port (14). The mixture or spray of steam and oil passes out of the nozzle (15) into the furnace. The steam nozzle is threaded into the casing at (16), and is keyed to the bevel gear (17). Meshing with (17) is the bevel mounted on the vertical stem which terminates in a hand-wheel in the engineer’s cab. By turning the bevels, the nozzle turns in the casing threads causing it to move back and forth for the adjustment.

In many types of burners having a nozzle similar to (15) a twisted form of rifling is placed in the bore that gives the escaping gas a rotary motion. This is very effective in mixing the air and oil vapor and spreads the flame very close to the orifice. In burners of the chamber type a spiral vane is sometimes used to gain the same effect, and in one make a rotating fan, is placed near the opening of the outer nozzle which gives a sudden whirl to the gases. While this latter attachment does all that is claimed for it while it is in good repair, it is very likely to stick and put the burner out of commission.

The Lassoe-Lovelsin locomotive burner is shown by Fig. H in which the gas exits through a series of holes in the end of the nozzle (22). The steam enters the outside casing, and unlike the burners just described, entirely surrounds the central oil nozzle, (20). The steam in passing through the openings 21–22 draws the oil through the central opening (23), this oil nozzle being controlled by the needle valve (24) which terminates in the handle (25). Oil enters the oil nozzle through the inlet pipe (26).

The Sheedy oil burner shown by Fig. I has a rectangular nozzle for a flat flame, and has no steam nozzle adjustment. Oil surrounds the steam nozzle and enters the casing through the upper connection. Air enters the lower port through the lower opening as shown in the cross-section of the burner. As the oil flows over the trough formed by the steam nozzle it meets the jet of steam at (30) and is atomized. The air from the lower port aids in bringing the combustion near the tip of the nozzle and therefore prevents carbon deposits from being formed in the burner as well as spreading the flame at a wide angle.

UP-TO-DATE PRACTICAL HAND BOOKS

Fine paper, profusely illustrated, silk cloth stiff covers, leather style limp, all titles in gold, size 5x8 inches. Cloth styles $1.00, leather $1.50.

Questions and Answers for Automobile Students and Mechanics.By Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 600 Questions and Answers.

Automobile Troubles and How to Remedy Them.By Charles P. Root, Ex-Editor of Motor Age. 250 pages.

Practical Hand Book of Gas, Oil and Steam Engines.By John B. Rathbun, M. E. All styles engines, all fuels. 370 pages.

Automobile Driving Self Taught.By Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 250 pages.

Automobile Motors and Mechanism.By Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 280 pages.

Ignition, Timing and Valve Setting.By Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 240 pages.

Gas Engine Troubles and Installation.By John B. Rathbun, M. E. 440 pages.

Flying Machines: Construction and Operation.By W. J. Jackman, M. E., and Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 256 pages.

A B C of the Motorcycle.By W. J. Jackman, M. E. 256 pages.

Motor Boats: Construction and Operation.By Thomas H. Russell, A. M. M. E. 288 pages.

Moving Picture Making and Exhibiting.By John B. Rathbun, M. E.

Construction of Dwelling Houses and Bungalows.By U. M. Dustman. Estimates and specifications for modern low priced homes. Cloth only.

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IGNITION, TIMING and VALVE SETTING

By THOMAS H. RUSSELL, A. M. M. E. Revised and extended by JOHN B. RATHBUN, former editor of “Ignition and Accessories.”

Pocket size, 240 pages, fully illustrated. A comprehensive illustrated Manual of self-instruction for the use of Automobile Owners, Chauffeurs, Aviators, Stationary Engine Operators, and Repair Men. Especially adapted for the use of driving schools and students.

CONTENTS

Common Battery Systemsdescribing the battery, spark coil, and timer. Many circuit diagrams and systems. Master Vibrators, etc.

Primary and Storage Cells—Description, systems of connection, charging circuits, care and repair, etc.

Modern Battery Systems—Including Delco, Remy, Atwater-Kent, etc. Application of ignition apparatus to self-starting circuit.

Low Tension Magnetos—Low tension magnetos as applied to the make and break system. Fundamental principles of the magneto and its circuits.

High Tension Magnetos—General circuits of Single, Duplex, Dual and Two Point. Shuttle and inductor types. Timing, Mounting, Repair and operation. Drive speeds for multi-cylinders.

Ignition Timing—Battery spark, magneto, and the four stroke cycle principle. Firing order of multiple cylinder engines. Firing order of the Gnome Rotary Motor. Ford Car Ignition System, etc.

Valve Setting and Timing—Valve lap. Cause of variations in the valve setting of different motors. Table of Valve Setting and Timing for Prominent Modern Automobiles, also of leading Aero Motors. Valve repairs and adjustments. Timing Ford Cars, etc.

Self-Starting and Lighting—Circuit diagrams and elements of prominent self-starting and lighting systems. Motor and generator principles, construction and repair. Common causes of trouble in the wiring, batteries, and electrical appliances of the self-starting system. Car wiring diagrams for modern automobiles.

AUTOMOBILE TROUBLESand How to Remedy Them

AUTOMOBILE TROUBLES

and How to Remedy Them

Including Electric Self-Starting and Lighting Systems with Wiring Diagrams

By CHARLES P. ROOTFormer Editor “Motor Age”

By CHARLES P. ROOT

Former Editor “Motor Age”

Pocket size, 256 pages, well illustrated. It not only tells you how to locate troubles, and make repairs, but shows you.

CONTENTS

Trouble Charts of Symptoms and Causes, followed by detailed Remedies written in plain comprehensive language, with many illustrative diagrams under the following chapter heads:

Back Firing, Causes and Remedy—Blow Backs—Carburetion Troubles—Compression Cylinder Troubles—Ignition Troubles and Diagrams—Storage Batteries—High Tension Magneto—Knocks in Cylinder or Gearings—Lubrication—Muffler Troubles—Piston Troubles—Loss of Power—Starting Troubles—Tire Troubles—Valve Troubles—Water Circulation—Non-Freezing Mixtures—Starting on the Switch—Noise from Transmission Gears—Timer Trouble and Remedy—Trouble with Valve Tappets—Engine Hard to Start—Electric Starting and Lighting Troubles—Overhaul and Repair of Car—Self-Starting and Lighting Systems, etc.

AUTOMOBILE DRIVING SELF-TAUGHT

By THOMAS H. RUSSELL, M. E., LL. B. Author of “Ignition, Timing and Valve Setting.” “Automobile Motors and Mechanism” “Motor Boats: Construction and Operation.”

An exhaustive treatise on the Management, Care and Operation of Motor Cars. Pocket size, 230 pages, liberally illustrated, handsomely bound in black seal flexible leather, round corners, red edges.

CONTENTS

Automobile Driving—General Instructions—Starting the engine—Advancing the spark—How to change speeds—Use of the Clutch—The Control levers—Principles of gear changing—The engine as a factor—Use of brakes—Causes of irregular firing—To avoid side-slip—The tire bill—Gear missing in speed changes—Engine thumping—Driving on the brake—How to get the best work out of a motor—Skidding or side-slip.

Self-tuition In driving Continued—The initial trip—Charging tanks—Starting the engine—Manipulating the control—Correct mixture—Changing gear—On the top speed—Withdrawing the clutch—Coasting slopes—Picking up the Drive—Driving on the reverse—Entering and leaving the garage—After the drive—Road risks.

Another lesson in driving—Learning the steering and Control—Preliminary attention to car—Starting—Changing Speed—Coasting, braking and reversing—Sources of side-slip—To avoid skidding—Non-slip devices—Choice of Track—Speed limits—Conduct in emergencies—Driving through city traffic—Meeting horses, cattle and cyclists.

Difficulty in starting—Symptoms, causes and remedies.

Involuntary stops—Causes and remedies.

Loss of power—Causes and remedies.

Care and maintenance of motor cars—Private housing—The garage—Cleaning—Lubricating—Care of tires.

Care of a car on a tour—Engine treatment—Overhauling the ignition apparatus—Accessories and tools for the tour—Stabling the car.

Laying up a car—Cleaning the engine—The transmission gear—Connections and chains—The lubricators—Tire treatment—Laying up for the winter.

Gasolene—Its properties and Economical Use—Production of Gasolene—Its distillation—Specific gravity—Vaporization experiments—Proper design and function of the carbureter—The ton mileage Method of arriving at economy—Quality of the fuel.

Gasolene hints and tips.

Operating mechanism of a modern car.

Choice of a car, Etc.—Considerations of price and cost of maintenance—Small and large cars—New and tried types—Second hand cars.

Change speed gear—Various forms—Selective sliding gears—The Panhard and Mercedes systems—Gate control mechanism, etc.

Don’tsfor motor car drivers and tire owners.

Gas Engine Troubles and Installation

By J. B. RATHBUN. B. S. C. E.Author of “Commercial Vehicles for All Purposes,”“Oxygen—Acetylene Welding,” etc.420 Pages, 150 Detailed Line Drawings and Illustrations.

By J. B. RATHBUN. B. S. C. E.

Author of “Commercial Vehicles for All Purposes,”

“Oxygen—Acetylene Welding,” etc.

420 Pages, 150 Detailed Line Drawings and Illustrations.

¶ A book that shows you HOW TO INSTALL—HOW TO OPERATE—HOW TO MAKE IMMEDIATE REPAIRS and HOW TO KEEP A GASOLENE ENGINE RUNNING. The language is simple—The illustrations are clear. The book is authentic—complete—up-to-the-minute, written by an expert who is employed daily as a Consulting and Demonstrating Engineer and Instructor. Nothing has been omitted—It contains no useless matter—Just the cream of daily experience. Two Folding Trouble Charts.

CONTENTS

Elementary mechanics—Units of heat and mechanics defined—Fuels—Behavior of gases under the influence of heat and pressure—Combustion—Work done by the expansion of gases—Composition of the charge—The elementary gas engine—Functions of the cylinder, piston connections, rod and crank—Cycle defined—Four stroke cycle, two stroke cycle, six Stroke cycle defined—Functions of ports, valves, and cams as applied to foregoing types—Events in cycles—Periods of ignition, compression, etc., outlined—Multiple cylinder engines—Crank relations—Ignition—Flame, catalytic, hot tube, electric (high and low tension)—Make and break ignition—Batteries—Spark coils, dynamos—Magnetos—Wiring systems—Timing—discussion of prominent makes of ignition apparatus—Valve gears—Practical construction of valves and valve operating mechanism—Valve timing charts—Location of ports in two stroke cycle engines—Three port, two-stroke cycle engines—Mixing valves—Carburetors—Manifolds for multi-cylinder engines—Mufflers—Exhaust pots, etc.—Cooling systems—Purpose of cooling systems—The radiator—Air cooling—Tank, hopper and trays—Circulating pumps—Thermo—Syphon—Water vs. oil—Anti-freezing solutions—Lubrication—Splash, force feed, exhaust feed, properties of lubricating oils, grease, pumps, strainers, filters, cups, connections, etc.—Details of approved systems—Construction details—Engines for various purposes—Electric lighting engines—Dynamos—Storage batteries—Wiring—Switch Board—Installation—Engine room arrangement—Foundations—Piping—Shafting—Hangers, etc.—Operation—Trouble Chartfor location of troubles—Remedies for trouble—Shop rules—Formulas—Automobile, motor boat and aero motors,Trouble Chart—Accessories—Operation, etc., etc.

THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF GAS, OIL, AND STEAM ENGINES

BY JOHN B. RATHBUN.

Author of “Gas Engine Troubles and Installation,” Editor “Ignition”—Instructor Chicago Technical College.370 Pages, 150 Line Drawings and Illustrations.

Author of “Gas Engine Troubles and Installation,” Editor “Ignition”—Instructor Chicago Technical College.

370 Pages, 150 Line Drawings and Illustrations.

This book is the most complete and up-to-the-minute book for the practical man on the subjects of gas, gasoline, oil, and steam engines. Oil burners for use in steam engines in a useful feature. Special emphasis is placed on farm tractors and their operation, both oil and steam driven. The engines described are the latest types, and include the Diesel, Semi-Diesel Gnome, Low and Turbine types.

CONTENTS

Heat and Power.—Fuels—Calorific Values of Fuels—Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels—Kerosene—Gasoline—Crude Oil—Producer Gas—Illuminating Gas—Coal—Benzol.Working Cycles—Definitions ofCycles Indicator Diagrams—Practical Use of the Indicator—Typical Four Stroke Cycle Engines—Single Cylinder—Four Cylinder—Automobile—Opposed Type—V Type—Tandem—Twin Tandem—Rotary Cylinder—Radial—Diesel—Knight—Argyle—Rotary Valve.Typical Two Stroke Cycle Engines—Two Port—Three Port—Marine—Controlled Port—Aeronautic—Oechehauser—Gnome Rotary Two Stroke.Oil Engines—Elyria—Marine Diesel—Installation—Aspiration Types—Fairbanks Morse—Kerosene—Carburetion—Semi-Diesel—Combustion of Heavy Oils.Ignition Systems—Hot Tube System—Low Tension System—High Tension System—Details of Make-and-Break Batteries—Low Tension Magnetos—High Tension Magnetos—Coils—Adjustment—Troubles. Carburetors—Principles of Carburetion—Jet Carburetors—Water Jacketing—Fuel Supply—Different Types of Auto Carburetors—Adjustment—Carburetor Troubles.Lubrication—Forced Speed—Splash System—Oil Pumps—Lubrication Troubles. Cooling Systems—Evaporation Systems—Radiators—Air Cooling.Speed Governors—Automobiles—Stationary—Adjustment—Mixture—Control Hit and Miss—Mixed Systems.Tractors and Various Farm Engines—Gasoline and Oil Tractors—Mechanism of Various Types—Steam Tractors—Plowing and Threshing Costs—Plowing Contests Data—Two Speed Mechanisms—Draw Bar Pole—Oil Carburetors, etc. Oil Burners—Combustion—High Pressure System—Low Pressure System—Mixed System—Burners for Furnaces, Locomotives, Pennsylvania Type, Sheedy Burner, Kirchoff Burner, etc.

Questions and AnswersFor Automobile Students and Mechanics

Questions and Answers

For Automobile Students and Mechanics

—By—Thomas H. Russell, A.M., M.E.

—By—

Thomas H. Russell, A.M., M.E.

Author of “Automobile Driving Self-Taught,” “Automobile Motors and Mechanism.” “Ignition, Timing and Valve Setting,” “Motor Boats: Construction and Operation,” etc., etc.

A book of 600 Questions and Answers, adapted for teaching School, the Machine-shop or before the Board of Examining Engineers. This is the largest, the latest and most authentic book of its kind upon the market. Prepared especially for Home Study. 150 pages. Bound in Cloth, Stiff Covers—In fact it is a regular text book.

The Questions and Answers in this book will be found useful by every Student and Mechanic of Motor Cars and Motoring, as a handy means of reviewing systematic study or in daily work.

It has long been recognized that the Question and Answer method is most effective in fixing in the memory facts gained by study or problems that confront the Mechanic in his daily work; hence it is adapted for the purpose.

The more important subjects connected with Motor Cars, are treated individually, there being a separate set of Questions and Answers for each. For the greater convenience of the reader, the Questions and the Answers in each set appear on separate pages; the Questions can thus be used alone for self-instruction, while the Answers if needed are close at hand for reference.

Minor subjects are covered in a special Catechism, which deals with all the factors which go to make up the power plant of a Modern Motor Car.

AUTOMOBILE MOTORS AND MECHANISM.

By THOMAS H. RUSSELL, M. E., LL. B. Author of “Automobile Driving Self-Taught.” “Ignition, Timing and Valve Setting.” “Motor Boats: Construction and Operation,” etc

Pocket size, 265 pages, Blue flexible leather, round corners, red edges, fully illustrated

CONTENTS

The Internal Combustion Engine—Principles and Construction—Production of the fuel mixture—Function of the carbureter—The cycle of operations—Cylinders, piston and rings—Shafts and bearings—Ignition apparatus—Single and multi-cylinder engines—The two cycle engine—Valves and their functions—Silencing the exhaust—Engine hints and tips—A Typical Modern Motor—Detailed description of construction—Governing and Governors—The centrifugal governor—Throttle valves—Governing and control—The hit-or-miss governor—Carbureters—The float-feed principle—The float chamber and jet—Various types of modern construction—Quality of mixture—Flooding the carbureter—Carbureter troubles and adjustments, etc.—Transmission Mechanism—The Clutch—Various forms in use—Positive and friction clutches—Plate or disk clutches—The combined disk and cone type—Expanding clutches—Clutch troubles, etc.—Gear or Gearing—Belt and chain gearing—Friction gear—Spur or tooth gearing—Spiral, helical, worm and bevel gearing—Epicyclic gear—Infinitely variable gear—Differential or Balance Gear—Its functions—Shafts and their Functions—The crankshaft, half-speed shaft, countershaft, etc.—Lubrication and Lubricators—Pumps and their Purposes—Motor Misfiring, Causes and Remedies—Noises in the Motor, Causes and Remedies—Motor Overheating, Causes and Remedies—Electric Motors—Principles and operation—Steam Cars—The engine, generator, reverse gear, etc.

A B C of the MOTORCYCLE

By W. J. JACKMAN. M. E. Author of “Facts for Motorist,” “Crushed Stone and Its Uses,” and Similar Books.

Pocket Size, 250 pages, fully Illustrated, Leather and Cloth, Round Corners, Red Edges. A “Show How” Book for Owners and Operators of Motorcycles.

CONTENTS

Inception and Evolution of the Motorcycle—Modern Machines and their Vital Parts—How to Master the Mechanism—Production and Application of Motive Power—Construction and Operation of the Carbureter—What the Carbureter Does—Ignition Systems—Batteries and Magnetos—Practical Methods of Handling—Various Types of Motors—Theory and Effect of Internal Combustion—Troubles of all Kinds and How to Avoid or Overcome Them—Lubrication Methods—Transmission or Drive Systems—How to Compute Horse Power—Relation of Power and Speed—Weather Effects on Gasolene Engines—Cost of Maintenance on Basis of Mileage—Some Dont’s that will save Time and Money—Selecting a Motorcycle—Hints for the Buyer—What an Owner should do on receiving a New Machine—The First Ride.

DUSTMAN’S PLAN BOOKandCOMPLETE MODERN ESTIMATOR of GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

DUSTMAN’S PLAN BOOK

and

COMPLETE MODERN ESTIMATOR of GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

By U. M. Dustman, Licensed Architect,Editor of “The Progressive Builder.”250 pages, 9×13 inches, Several Books Combined in One.Invaluable to the Contractor, Builder or Layman.

By U. M. Dustman, Licensed Architect,

Editor of “The Progressive Builder.”

250 pages, 9×13 inches, Several Books Combined in One.

Invaluable to the Contractor, Builder or Layman.

CONTENTS

Designs and Suggestions—Geometrical Problems Illustrated—Roof Trusses Illustrated—Rafter Diagrams—Construction Diagrams—Stair Work Diagrams—Stair and Handrailing Tables—Window Frame Work and Diagrams—Store Front Problems Illustrated—Brick Work Construction and Tables—Window Frames for Brick Walls—General Construction Problems, Concrete Work, Arches, Brick Work, Mill Construction, Beams, Columns and Splices, Framing, Drafting, Properties of Woods and Metals—Plastering—Painting—Roofs—Tables of Mensuration—Engineering Tables of Beams, Columns, Channels, etc.—Tables of Rafters—Building Terms—Builders’ Arithmetic—How to Read Plans—Detailed Estimates of various mechanical departments—Complete Detailed Specifications Form—Concrete Mixing, Construction of Houses, Barns, Garages, Silos, Sidewalks, etc.—Photographs, Plans and Elevations of Many Houses, Barns. Public Buildings, Out-buildings, etc.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES“Baumé” was consistently misspelled as “Beaumé”. Did not correct.The spelling of words such as “distributor/distributer” and “carburetor/carbureter” was inconsistent.The section and paragraph numbers are not always sequential.Changed “may read” to “may be read” on p.22.Changed “engine is instrument” to “engine is an instrument” on p.27.Changed “use in temperature” to “rise in temperature” on p.32.Changed “air the same temperature” to “air at the same temperature” on p.52.Changed “alcohol than for in the neighborhood” to “alcohol in the neighborhood” on p.55.Changed “fuel heated” to “fuel is heated” on p.56.Changed “moving ports.” to“moving parts.” on p.64.Changed “reading for the succeeding suction stroke” to “ready for the succeeding suction stroke” on p.76.Changed “inlet shots” to “inlet slots” on p.124.Silently corrected typographical errors.Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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