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Lubricants.—Heavy machinery oils. Use paraffine, 8 pounds; palm oil, 20 pounds; and oleonaptha, 12 pounds. Dissolve the paraffine in the oleonaptha at a temperature of 160 degrees and then stir in the palm oil a little at a time.
For Cutting Tools. Heat six gallons of water and put in three and a half pounds of soft soap and a half gallon of clean refuse oil. It should be well mixed.
For high-speed bearings. Use flaky graphite and kerosene oil. Apply this as soon as there is any indication of heating in the bearings.
For lathe centers, one part of graphite and four parts of tallow thoroughly mixed and applied will be very serviceable.
For Wooden Gears. Use tallow, 30 parts; palm oil; 20 parts; fish oil, 10 parts; and graphite, 20 parts.
Paper.—Fire Proof Paper.—Make the following solution: Ammonium sulphate, 8 parts; boracic acid, 3 parts; water, 100 parts. Mix at a temperature of 120 degrees. Paper coated with this will resist heat.
Filter Paper. Dip the paper into nitric acid of 1.433 specific gravity, and subsequently wash and dry it. This makes a fine filtering body.
Carbon Paper. A variety of substances may be used, such as fine soot or ivory black, ultramarinep. 172or Paris blue. Mix either with fine grain soap, so it is of a uniform consistency and then apply to the paper with a stiff brush, rubbing it in until it is evenly spread over the surface.
Tracing Paper. Take unsized paper and apply a coat of varnish made of equal parts of Canada balsam and oil of turpentine. To increase the transparency give another coat. The sheets must be well dried before using.
Photography.—Developers.
1. Pure water, 30 ounces; sulphite soda, 5 ounces; carbonate soda, 21/2ounces.
2. Pure water, 24 ounces; oxalic acid, 15 grains; pyrogallic acid, 1 ounce.
To develop use of solution 1, 1 ounce; solution 2,1/2ounce; and water, 3 ounces.
Stock solutions for developing: Make solution No. 1 as follows: water, 32 ounces; tolidol, I ounce; sodium sulphate, 11/2ounces.
Solution No. 2: Water, 32 ounces; sodium sulphate.
Solution No. 3: Water, 32 ounces; sodium carbonate, from 4 to 6 ounces.
Fixing bath. Add two ounces of S. P. C. clarifier (acid bisulphate of sodium) solution to one quart of hypo solution 1 in 5.
Clearing solution. Saturated solution of alum, 20 ounces; and hydrochloric acid, 1 ounce.p. 173Varnish. Brush over the negative a solution of equal parts of benzol and Japanese gold size.
Plasters.—Court Plaster. Use good quality silk, and on this spread a solution of isinglass warmed. Dry and repeat several times, then apply several coats of balsam of Peru. Or,
On muslin or silk properly stretched, apply a thin coating of smooth strained flour paste, and when dry several coats of colorless gelatine are added. The gelatine is applied warm, and cooled before the fabric is taken off.
Plating.—Bronze coating. For antiques, use vinegar, 1,000 parts; by weight, powdered bloodstone, 125 parts; plumbago, 25 parts. Apply with brush.
For brass where a copper surface is desired, make a rouge with a little chloride of platinum and water, and apply with a brush.
For gas fixtures. Use a bronze paint and mix with it five times its volume of spirit of turpentine, and to this mixture add dried slaked lime, about 40 grains to the pint. Agitate well and decant the clear liquid.
Coloring Metals.—Brilliant black for iron. Selenious acid, 6 parts; cupric sulphate, 10 parts; water 1,000 parts; nitric acid, 5 parts.
Blue-black. Selenious acid, 10 parts; nitric acid, 5 parts; cupric sulphate; water, 1,000 parts. Thep. 174colors will be varied dependent on the time the objects are immersed in the solution.
Brass may be colored brown by using an acid solution of nitrate of silver and bismuth; or a light bronze by an acid solution of nitrate of silver and copper; or black by a solution of nitrate of copper.
To copper plate aluminum, take 30 parts of sulphate of copper; 30 parts of cream of tartar; 25 parts of soda; and 1,000 parts of water. The article to be coated is merely dipped into the solution.
Polishers.—Floor Polish. Permanganate of potash in boiling water, applied to the floor hot, will produce a stain, the color being dependent on the number of coats. The floor may them be polished with beeswax and turpentine.
For Furniture. Make a paste of equal parts of plaster of paris, whiting, pumice stone and litharge, mixed with Japan dryer, boiled linseed oil and turpentine. This may be colored to suit. This will fill the cracks of the wood. Afterwards rub over the entire surface of the wood with a mixture of 1 part Japan, 2 of linseed oil, and three parts of turpentine, also colored, and after this has been allowed to slightly harden, rub it off, and within a day or two it will have hardened sufficiently so that the surface can be polished.
Stove Polish. Ceresine, 12 parts; Japan wax,p. 17510 parts; turpentine oil, 100 parts; lampblack, 12 parts; graphite, 10 parts. Melt the ceresine and wax together, and cool off partly, and then add and stir in the graphite and lampblack which were previously mixed up with the turpentine.
Putty.—Black Putty. Whiting and antimony sulphide, and soluble glass. This can be polished finely after hardening.
Common Putty. Whiting and linseed oil mixed up to form a dough.
Rust Preventive.—For Machinery. Dissolve an ounce of camphor in one pound of melted lard. Mix with this enough fine black lead to give it an iron color. After it has been on for a day, rub off with a cloth.
For tools, yellow vaseline is the best substance.
For zinc, clean the plate by immersing in water that has a small amount of sulphuric acid in it. Then wash clean and coat with asphalt varnish.
Solders.—For aluminum. Use 5 parts of tin and 1 part of aluminum as the alloy, and solder with the iron or a blow pipe.
Yellow hard solder. Brass, 31/2parts; and zinc, 1 part.
For easily fusing, make an alloy of equal parts of brass and zinc.
For a white hard solder use brass, 12 parts; zinc, 1 part; and tin, 2 parts.
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Soldering Fluxes.—For soft soldering, use a solution of chloride of zinc and sal ammoniac. Powdered rosin is also used.
For hard soldering, borax is used most frequently.
A mixture of equal parts of cryolite and barium chloride is very good in soldering bronze or aluminum alloys.
Other hard solders are alloyed as follows: brass, 4 parts; and zinc, 5 parts. Also brass, 7 parts; and zinc, 2 parts.
Steel Tempering-.-Heat the steel red hot and then plunge it into sealing wax.
For tempering small steel springs, they may be plunged into a fish oil which has a small amount of rosin and tallow.
Varnishes.—Black Varnish. Shellac, 5 parts; borax, 2 parts; glycerine, 2 parts; aniline black, 6 parts; water, 45 parts. Dissolve the shellac in hot water and add the other ingredients at a temperature of 200 degrees.
A good can varnish is made by dissolving 15 parts of shellac, and adding thereto 2 parts of Venice turpentine, 8 parts of sandarac, and 75 parts of spirits.
A varnish for tin and other small metal boxes is made of 75 parts alcohol, which dissolves 15 parts of shellac, and 3 parts of turpentine.
Sealing Wax.—For modeling purposes. Whitep. 177wax, 20 parts; turpentine, 5 parts; sesame oil, 2 parts; vermilion, 2 parts.
Ordinary Sealing. 4 pounds of shellac, 1 pound Venice turpentine, add 3 pounds of vermilion. Unite by heat.
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The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel—490 lbs.Sizes inInchesWeight in PoundsSizes inInchesWeight in PoundsRoundSquareRoundSquare1/16.110.01311/163.0143.4001/8.042.05311/83.3793.8383/16.094.11913/163.7664.3031/4.167.21211/44.1734.7955/16.261.33315/164.6005.3123/8.375.47813/85.0495.8577/16.511.65117/165.5186.4281/2.667.85011/26.0087.6509/16.8451.02619/166.5207.6505/81.0431.32815/87.0518.30111/161.2621.608111/167.6048.9783/41.5021.91313/48.17810.41013/161.7732.245113/168.77311.1707/82.0442.60317/89.38811.95015/162.3472.989115/1610.02012.76012.6703.400210.68013.600
The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel—490 lbs.
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WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL BARS.ThicknessinInchesWidth1/16.212.265.32.372.425.477.53.588.631/8.425.53.64.745.85.9551.061.171.273/16.638.797.9571.111.281.441.591.751.911/4.851.061.281.491.701.912.122.342.555/161.061.331.591.862.122.392.652.923.193/81.281.591.922.232.552.873.193.513.837/161.491.852.232.602.983.353.724.094.461/21.702.122.552.983.403.834.254.675.109/161.922.392.873.353.834.304.785.265.745/82.122.653.193.724.254.785.315.846.3811/162.342.923.514.094.675.265.846.437.023/42.553.193.834.475.105.756.387.027.6513/162.763.454.144.485.536.216.907.608.297/82.983.724.475.205.956.697.448.188.9315/163.193.994.785.586.387.187.978.779.5713.404.255.105.956.807.658.509.3510.20
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For Merchandise of all kinds.16Drams (dr.) make1 Ounce (oz.)16Ounces make1 Pound (pd.)25Pounds make1 Quarter (qr.)4Quarters, or 100 lbs., make1 Hundredweight (cwt.)20Hundredweights make1 Ton (T.)2,240Pounds make1 Long ton (L. T.)
For Merchandise of all kinds.
For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.24Grains (gr.) make1 Pennyweight (pwt.)20Pennyweights make1 Ounce (oz.)12Ounces make1 Pound (pd.)
For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.
For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.20Grains (gr.) make1 Scruple (sc.)3Scruples make1 Dram (dr.)8Drams make1 Pound (pd.)12Ounces make1 Pound (pd.)
For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.
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For Surveyors' Use.12Inches make1 Foot3Feet make1 Yard51/2Yards make1 Rod40Rods make1 Furlong8Furlongs make1 Mile
For Surveyors' Use.
12Inches make1 Foot3Feet make1 Yard6Feet make1 Fathom51/2Yards make1 Rod or pole40Poles make1 Furlong8Furlongs make1 Mile3Miles make1 League691/2Leagues make1 Degree
144square inches make1 square foot9square feet make1 square yard301/2square yards make1 square pole40square poles make1 square rod4square rods make1 acre640square acres make1 acre mile9square feet make1 square yard
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1,728Cubic inches make1 Cubic foot27Cubic feet make1 Cubic yard128Cubic feet make1 Cord of wood243/4Cubic feet make1 Perch of stone
2Pints make1 Quart (qt.)8Quarts make1 peck (pk.)4Pecks make1 Bushel (bu.)36Bushels make1 Chaldron (ch.)
4Gills (g.) make1 Pint (pt.)4Quarts make1 Gallon (gal.)311/2Gallons make1 Barrel (bbl.)2Bbls., or 63 gals., make1 Hogshead (hhd.)
24Sheets (sh.) make1 Quire (qu.)20Quires make1 Ream (r.)10Reams make1 Bale (ba.) or bundle.
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Greatest artificial cold220degreesbelowFahr.“ natural “39“““Mercury freezes73.7“““Mixture of snow and salt4“““Greatest density of water at39.2“above“Blood Heat97.9“““Alcohol boils172.4“““Water boils212“““Mercury boils662“““Sulphur boils824“““Silver melts1,749“““Cast iron melts2,786“““
The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it, and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds
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TensionCompressionAluminum15,00012,000Brass, cast24,00030,000Bronze, gun metal32,00020,000“ manganese60,000120,000“ phosphor50,000. . . . . .Copper, cast24,00040,000“ wire annealed36,000. . . . . .“ unannealed60,000. . . . . .Iron, cast15,000. . . . . .“ “ annealed60,00080,000“ “ unannealed80,000. . . . . .“ wrought48,00046,000Lead, cast2,000. . . . . .Steel castings70,00070,000“ plow270,000. . . . . .“ structural60,00060,000“ wire annealed80,000. . . . . .“ crucible180,000. . . . . .Tin3,8006,000
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MixturesTemperature Changes inDegrees FahrenheitFromToCommon salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts32zero .0Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part32- .4Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part32-27Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part32-44Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; water 16 parts50-10Sal ammoniac, 1 parts; salt-peter 1 part; water 1 part46-11Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part50- 3Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts32-35
Phosphorus120degreesFahrenheitBi-sulphide of carbon300““Gun-cotton430““Nitro-glycerine490““Phosphorus, amorphous500““Rifle powder550““Charcoal660““Dry pine wood800““Oak900““
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In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt, kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).
The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the different terms:
1 Horsepower-hour= 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.1 Kilowatt-hour= 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours = 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.1 Horsepower= 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.1 Kilowatt= 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of waterp. 187evaporated per hour at 212.1 Watt= 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit)= 1,052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees.1 Foot-pound= 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.1 Joule= 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.
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There is no trade or occupation which calls forth the inventive faculty to a greater degree than the machinist's. Whether it be in the direction of making some new tool, needed in some special work, or in devising a particular movement, or mechanical expedient, the machinist must be prepared to meet the issues and decide on the best structural arrangement.
Opportunities also come daily to the workers in machine shops to a greater extent than other artisans, because inventors in every line bring inventions to them to be built and experimentally tested.
A knowledge of the rights and duties of inventors, and of the men who build the models, is very desirable; and for your convenience we append the following information:
The inventor of a device is he who has conceived an idea and has put it into some concrete form.
A mere idea is not an invention.
The article so conceived and constructed, mustp. 189be bothnewanduseful. There must be some utility. It may be simply a toy, or something to amuse.
If A has an idea, and he employs and pays B to work out the device, and put it into practical shape, A is the inventor, although B may have materially modified, or even wholly changed it. B is simply the agent or tool to bring it to perfection, and his pay for doing the work is his compensation.
An inventor has two years' time within which he may apply for a patent, after he has completed his device and begun the sale of it. If he sells the article for more than two years before applying for a patent, this will bar a grant.
Two or more inventors may apply for a patent, provided each has contributed something toward bringing it to its perfected state. Each cannot apply separately. The patent issued will be owned by them jointly.
Joint owners of a patent are not partners, unless they have signed partnership papers respecting the patent. Because they are partners in some other enterprise, disconnected from the patent, that does not constitute them partners in the patent. They are merely joint owners.
If they have no special agreement with respect to the patent each can grant licenses to manufacp. 190ture, independently of the others, without being compelled to account to the others, and each has a right to sell his interest without asking permission of the others.
Aninventoris one who has devised an invention. Apatenteeis one who owns a patent, or an interest in one, be he the inventor or not.
The United States government does not grant Caveats. The only protection offered is by way of patent.
A patent runs for a period of seventeen years, and may be renewed by act of Congress only, for a further term of seven years.
An interference is a proceeding in the Patent Office to determine who is the first inventor of a device. The following is a brief statement of the course followed:
When two or more applicants have applications pending, which, in the opinion of the Examiner, appear to be similar, the Office may declare an interference.
If an applicant has an application pending, and the Examiner rejects it on reference to a patent already issued, the applicant may demand an interference, and the Office will then grant a hearing to determine which of the two is entitled to the patent.
The first step, after the declaration of interferp. 191ence, is to request that each applicant file a preliminary statement, under oath, in which he must set forth the following:
First: The date of conception of the invention.
Second: Date of the first reduction to writing, or the preparation of drawings.
Third: Date of making of the first model or device.
Fourth: When a complete machine was first produced.
These statements are filed in the Patent Office, and opened on the same day, and times are then set for the respective parties to take testimony.
If one of the parties was the first to conceive and reduce to practice, as well as the first to file his application, he will be adjudged to be the first inventor, without necessitating the taking of testimony.
If, on the other hand, one was the first to conceive, and the other the first to file, then testimony will be required to determine the question of invention.
The granting of a patent is not conclusive that the patentee was, in reality, the first inventor. The law is that the patent must issue to thefirstinventor, and if it can be proven that another party was the first, a new patent will issue to the one who thus establishes his right. The Commisp. 192sioner of Patents has no right to take away the patent first issued. Only the Courts are competent to do this.
A patent is granted for the right tomake, touseand tovend.
An owner of a patent cannot sell the right only to make, or to sell, or to use. Such a document would be a simple license, only, for that particular purpose.
A patent may be sold giving a divided, or an undivided right.
A divided right is where a State, or any other particular territorial right is granted. An undivided right is a quarter, or a half, or some other portion in the patent itself.
If an inventor assigns his invention, and states in the granting clause that he conveys "all his right and title in and to the invention," or words to that effect, he conveys all his rights throughout the world.
If the conveyance says, "all rights and title in and throughout the United States," he thereby reserves all other countries.
If a patent is issued, and the number and date of the patent are given, the assignment conveys the patent for the United States only, unless foreign countries are specifically mentioned.
To convey an invention or patent, some definitep. 193number or filing date must be given in the document, with sufficient clearness and certainty to show the intent of the assignor.
An invention does not depend on quantity, but on quality. It is that which produces a new and a usefulresult.
In the United States patents are granted for the purpose of promoting the useful arts and sciences.
In England, and in many other foreign countries, patents are granted, not on account of any merit on the part of the inventor, but as a favor of the crown, or sovereign.
Originally patents were granted by the crown for the exclusive privilege in dealing in any commodity, and for this right a royal fee was exacted. From this fact the termroyaltyoriginated.
An international agreement is now in force among nearly all countries, which respects the filing of an application in any country, for a period of one year in the other countries.
In making an application for a patent, a petition is required, a specification showing its object, use, and particular construction, followed by a claim, or claims, and accompanied by a drawing, if the invention will permit of it, (which must be made in black, with India ink), and an oath.
The oath requires the following assertions: That the applicant is the first and original inventorp. 194of the device, and that he does not know and does not believe the same was ever known or used before his invention or more than two years before his application.
He must also further allege that the invention was not patented or described in any printed publication here or abroad, and not manufactured more than two years prior to the application, and that he has not made an application, nor authorized any one to do so more than two years prior to his application.
The first Government fee is $15, payable at the time of filing, and the second and final fee is $20, payable at the time the patent is ordered to issue.
The filing of an application for patent is a secret act, and the Patent Office will not give any information to others concerning it, prior to the issue of the patent
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