AAdministration of the affairs of Ireland: its nature and defects,28,29Agrarian crime in Ireland,12,29,128,135,146.SeeWhiteboyismAgriculture, state of, in Ireland,3,7,204,205,206,234BBalfour, Mr. Arthur: his successful policy when Chief Secretary for Ireland,58;he establishes light railways in Ireland, and the Congested Districts Board,35,36Belfast, improvement in, within the last sixty years,2Bewley, Mr. Justice, the head of the Second Land Commission: his theory of occupation right in the Irish land,219,220Bureaucracy, the, of the Castle,28,29Butt, Isaac: the true author of the conception of Home Rule,41;his work on Irish Federalism,42CChicago, the Convention at, in 1886: speeches of two of Parnell’s envoys,57Code, the Irish Penal: its effects on the Irish land,99,100.Seethe Question of the Irish Land, Chap. III., in several placesCommissions appointed for considering and administering Irish affairs: (1) the Devon Commission and its Report—the mistake it made as to Irish land tenure,116;(2) the Childers Commission and its Report on Irish finance,288-291(seechapter on the Present Question of Irish Finance,passim);(3) the Land Commission appointed to carry out the Land Act of 1881 and its supplements,166,190,191.SeeChaps. IV., V., VI., on the Question of the Irish Land, in many placesConfiscations of the Irish Land,90,91,92,93,94,95,96.SeeChap. III., on the Question of the Irish Land, in several placesCork has not prospered within the last sixty years,2Cromwell, Irish policy of, especially as to the land,93,94DDavitt, Michael, inaugurates the Irish Land League,44Derby, the Administration of Lord, brings in Irish Land Bills in 1852, which do not become law,123Dublin, improvements in, within sixty years,2EEmancipation, Catholic: its effects on Irish landed relations,113,114Encumbered Estates Act: an iniquitous measure of confiscation, and its results,121,122Exodus, the, of the Irish race after the Famine,120.SeeChap. III., the Question of the Irish Land, in several placesFFamine, the Great Irish, of 1845-47,117,118,119;andseeChap. III., on the Irish land, in several placesFenian outbreaks in Ireland,128,129;the consequences,129;the influence of Fenianism in Ireland after 1870,147Finance, the question of Irish: the financial relations between Great Britain and Ireland a subject of long controversy,271;what they were before 1782,273,and under Grattan’s Parliament,274;increase of the debt and the taxation of Ireland by the close of the eighteenth century,274,275;the financial arrangements made at the Union, the work of Pitt,275,276;his object was to ‘assimilate Great Britain and Ireland in finance,’ but this was impossible, and why, ibid.;the financial settlement effected at the Union—Ireland to pay a contribution, but not to be taxed beyond her means, ibid.;the seventh article of the Treaty of Union and its constitutional meaning,277,278;the settlement denounced in the Irish Parliament, especially by Foster and Grattan,279;protest of the twenty peers,279,280;the Union left Ireland financially a distinct country,280;the settlement made at the Union reduced her to bankruptcy, and how,281,282;the compromise of 1816,282,283;the real objects of this measure,283,284;though theoretically to ‘be assimilated’ in finance, Ireland remained for many years financially a completely distinct country, and the reasons,284;this fully recognised by Peel in 1842,285;he refused to extend the income tax to Ireland, and permanently to increase her spirit duties, ibid.;Mr. Gladstone in 1853 suddenly disregards this policy, and imposes the income tax on Ireland, and raises her spirit duties,286;gross injustice of this increase of taxation, especially under the circumstances of Ireland,286,289;Ireland to a considerable extent ‘assimilated in finance’ to Great Britain, but not completely, even to the present day, a fact that should be kept in mind,287;the Committee of 1863-64 on Irish finance, ibid.;it fails to get Ireland justice,288;Mr. Goschen appoints a Committee to investigate the subject, ibid.;this followed by the Childers Commission, appointed by Mr. Gladstone in 1893, ibid.;scope of the inquiry,288,289;the work of the Childers Commission,289;it reports that Ireland has been overtaxed at the rate of between two and three millions a year, and that for a very considerable space of time,290;view of Sir R. Giffen that even this estimate falls short of the real truth,291,292;this overtaxation especially severe in the case of Ireland, a poor country,292-295;the attempts that have been made to answer and refute the Report of the Childers Commission have been grotesque failures,295;examination of these arguments and reply to them—they are either fallacious, or mischievous and dangerous,295-305;question of a counterclaim against Ireland in finance,306;financial redress which Ireland has a right to demand,307;the question should be settled,308Foster, Mr., Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, opposes the financial arrangements of the Union,272GGalway in decay,6Gladstone, Mr.: he ridicules Butt’s scheme of Home Rule,44;fall of his Administration in 1885,46;his attitude at the General Election of that year, ibid.;he becomes a convert to Home Rule and the probable reasons,47,48;the best members of the Liberal Party break away from him,48;he introduces his first Home Rule Bill, ibid.;he dissolves Parliament after the rejection of that measure by the House of Commons,56;he allies himself with the party of disorder in Ireland,58,59;he negotiates with Parnell about Home Rule,59;he returns to office in 1892 with a small majority,61;he introduces his second Home Rule Bill in 1893,62;his Irish policy in 1868,131;he disestablishes and disendows the Protestant church in Ireland, ibid.;he makes no provision for the Irish Catholic clergy, a capital mistake,132;he introduces the Land Act of 1870 for Ireland,139,140;he declares against the Three F’s, and announces that this measure is to be final, ibid.;he becomes Minister for the second time in 1880,154;he introduces the Compensation for Disturbance Bill,155;he surrenders to the Land League and introduces the Land Act of 1881,169;he makes the Kilmainham treaty with Parnell,170;the fiscal wrong he does to Ireland in 1853-60,286;he appoints the Childers Commission in 1893 to investigate the subject of Irish finance,288;his scheme of Irish University Reform,343,344.AndseeChap. VIII., on Other Irish QuestionsGoschen, Mr., refers the question of the financial relations of Great Britain and Ireland to a Committee,288Grattan: he denounces the financial settlement made at the Union for Ireland,279HHenry VII.: his Irish policy,89Henry VIII.: his wise policy for Ireland unhappily prevented,89,90Home Rule, the question of: Home Rule not dead,39;the present attitude of the Liberal and the ‘Nationalist’ parties towards Home Rule,40;it is a ‘Present Irish Question,’41;Isaac Butt inaugurated this policy, ibid.;his plan of Home Rule,42;the Irish Home Rule party,43;Butt’s proposals powerfully attacked in Parliament, notably by Mr. Gladstone, ibid.;Butt is gradually supplanted by Parnell,44;Michael Davitt and the ‘New Departure,’ ibid.;Parnell the head of the Land League,44,45;Mr. Gladstone succumbs to it,45;Home Rule condemned by statesmen of all parties in 1880-84, ibid.;Mr. Gladstone accepts Home Rule,47;the first Home Rule Bill of 1886,48;its characteristics and the objections to it,48-50;what its results would have been,51-54;the Bill is rejected in the House of Commons,55;attitude of the Fenians in America,55,56;causes that promoted the Home Rule policy in Great Britain,59,60;results of the General Election of 1892,61;the Home Rule Bill of 1893,62;its characteristics and vices,62-64;it is a much more objectionable measure than that of 1886, and why,65;strong opposition to it in the country,68;the in-and-out plan given up,69;the Bill passes the House of Commons by a small majority through the expedient of ‘closure by compartments’69;it is rejected in the House of Lords by an overwhelming majority,70;Home Rule is scattered to the winds at the General Election of 1895, ibid.;it is not a prominent question at that of 1900, ibid.;the subject cannot be dismissed,71;different forms of Home Rule,71-73;separation a better policy than Home Rule,73;‘Home Rule all round,’73,74;conclusive objections to this scheme,74-77;the Union must be maintained, and Home Rule rejected by the nation,78;the rule of the Imperial Parliament has had some bad effects in Irish affairs, and why,79,80;proposal that the Imperial Parliament should occasionally sit in Dublin, and the advantages of this,81;royalty should sometimes visit Ireland,82;necessity, in order to guard against Home Rule, and for other reasons, to reduce the over-representation of Ireland in the House of Commons,82,83IIreland in 1901: a revolution has passed over Ireland,2;she has made some material progress,2;Dublin and Belfast, ibid.;improvement in the habitations of the community and in Catholic places of worship,2,3;material progress of the community,3-5;the dark side of the picture,5;decline of several towns in Ireland, of manufactures, of fishing industry, and of agriculture,6,7;Ireland a poor country,7;excessive emigration,8;great increase of local and general taxation,8;the progress of Ireland as nothing compared to that of England and Scotland,9;the Irish land system at the beginning of the reign of Victoria,11;sketch of it from that to the present time,11-17(andseethe Question of the Irish Land, Chap. III., in many places);Ireland and her three peoples,18;Catholic Ireland remains for the most part disaffected, despite the great reforms effected in its interest,19-21;the Catholic democracy of Ireland,21;failure of the policy of conciliation,22;Presbyterian Ireland—its sentiments and demands, ibid.;Protestant Ireland—its position in the community,22,23;discontent of the landed gentry,23;character of the Irish legislation of the Imperial Parliament,23-25,and of its administration of Irish affairs,28,29;the Anglican Church of Ireland,30;the Presbyterian Church, ibid.;the Catholic Church,31;the administration of justice in Ireland,31,32;Irish literature and education,32,33;resuméof the general condition of Ireland,33-35;the Irish policy of Lord Salisbury’s Government during the last six years,35,36;Ireland still ‘the vulnerable part near the heart of the Empire,’37,38LLalor, John Finton, a rebel of 1848: his teaching with respect to the Irish land,148Land, the question of the Irish: importance of the subject,184,185;the Celtic tribal land system in Ireland,86,87;the tribes, clans, and septs,87;the partial feudalisation of the land system,87;collective ownership of which traces still exist,87;the Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland and the Colony of the Pale,88;the land falls into the hands of great families, ibid.;miserable state of Ireland at the close of the fifteenth century,89;Henry VII. and Poynings, ibid.;sagacious policy of Henry VIII., especially as regards the land,90;this, unfortunately, was not carried out, ibid.;the era of conquest begins, and of the confiscation of the Irish land, ibid.;confiscation of the territories of the O’Connors of Offaly, of Shane O’Neill, and of the Earl of Desmond,90,91;rebellion of Tyrone,91;all Ireland made shireland, and the old Celtic land system is effaced by law, ibid.;English modes of land tenure imposed on the people,91,92;confiscation of the territories of Tyrone and of O’Donnell,92;the Plantation of Ulster, ibid.;further confiscation in times of peace, ibid.;Strafford marks out Connaught for confiscation,92;beginning of Protestant ascendency in the land,93;vast confiscations effected by Cromwell,93;his scheme of a general colonisation of Ireland fails,93-95;results of the Cromwellian conquest in the land,95;policy of Charles II. as regards the land, ibid.;confiscations after the Boyne and the fall of Limerick,96;state of the Irish land system when the period of violent confiscation ends,97,98;the era of Protestant ascendency and of Catholic subjection in Ireland,98,99;the Penal Code and its effects on the land,99,100;mournful period in Irish history,100-102;gradual improvement in Irish landed relations,102-104;evil traces of the past: Whiteboyism,105;traditions of the ancient land system survive,106;Edmund Burke on Irish land tenures—he indicates a grave economic vice in the land system,107;progress of Ireland after 1782, ibid.;its effects on the land,108;evil results of the Rebellion of 1798,109;the Union Speech of Lord Clare on Irish landed relations,109;revolution in the land system in the first years of the nineteenth century,110;the important social and economic results,110,111;want of a poor-law,111;the concurrent rights of tenants in the land not protected by the law, ibid.;period of distress after the Peace of 1815,112,113;evictions and clearances of estates,113;agrarian disorder,113;Catholic Emancipation, ibid.;its results as regards Irish landed relations,114;Peel and the Irish land,115;the Devon Commission and its Report,115,116;its recommendations as to land tenure ill conceived and condemned in Ireland,117;the Famine of 1845-47, and its effects on the Irish land,118,119;the exodus,120;the Encumbered Estates Act, and the effects of this scheme of confiscation,121,122;agrarian agitation of 1852 in Ireland fails,123;false ideas of British statesmen as regards the land,129;partial prosperity in Ireland for some years,125;this largely deceptive,126;growth of Fenianism,128;the Fenian outbreak,128,129;change of opinion in England as regards Ireland,129;Mr. Gladstone Prime Minister,130;state of the Irish land system before the Land Act of 1870,132-138;the Land Act of 1870 and its provisions,141-143;merits and defects of this measure,144,145;state of Irish landed relations after the Act,146,147;origin of the Land League,151,152;distress in Ireland, and the Land League,152-154;the Compensation for Disturbance Bill rejected by the House of Lords,155;frightful state of Ireland and of landed relations in 1880-81,155-161;the Land Act of 1881,165;the provisions of the measure,165,166;the Act is directly opposed to that of 1870,168;the no-rent movement,179;the National League replaces the Land League,171,172;state of Irish landed relations in 1886 and 1887,175;the Land Act of 1887,175;the Land Act of 1891,178,179;the land purchase section in the Irish Land Act,183;the principle of this system false and dangerous, ibid.;the Land Purchase Act of 1891,184;recent legislation on the Irish land unjust and tending to confiscation,186,187.The administration of the Irish Land Acts,188;of the Act of 1870,189;of the Act of 1881, and its supplements,190;the first Land Commission—allowances to be made for it,191;principles it should have followed and course it should have pursued in fixing ‘fair rents,’192-197;the Sub-Commission—nature of these tribunals,197,198;how they ought to have fixed ‘fair rents,’199,203;criticism of Mr. Lecky,203,204;examples of injustice,204,209;faulty methods of fixing ‘fair rents,’209,213;appeals to the Land Commission rendered almost nugatory,215,218;the second Land Commission: Mr. Justice Bewley and his theory of occupation right,219,221;instance of a gross mistake,222;the Fry Commission—its Report a masked censure on the proceedings of the Land Commission,222,224;Mr. Justice Meredith head of the present Land Commission,224;conduct of the Government as regards the Report of the Fry Commission,225;results of the labours of the Land Commission and the Sub-Commission in fixing ‘fair rents,’225,227;confiscation of the property of landlords,227;excuses made for this false,228,229;results of the system of land purchase so far, ibid.;mischievous and dangerous consequences of all this legislation on the Irish land;a retrospect of it on the side of occupation,230-237;judgment of Mr. Lecky,237,238;retrospect of it on the side of ownership, especially with regard to the subject of ‘compulsive purchase,’ which the system of ‘voluntary purchase’ has necessarily made a grave question,238-256;judgment of Mr. Lecky,256,257;the Irish land system in a deplorable state,257-259;plan of the author for the reform of this system approved by Mr. Gladstone and by Parnell,259-266;the compensation of the Irish landlords must be accomplished if public faith is to be kept and common justice done,266-270Land League, the: Reign of Terror caused by,14;its teaching and that of the National League,20;ascendency of the Land League in ten or eleven Irish counties,45;frightful state of Ireland due to it,158-162Law, Mr., the Irish Attorney-General of Mr. Gladstone in 1881: his definition of ‘fair rent,’192Limerick in decay,6Litton, Mr. E. F., a member of the first Land Commission,192Local Government, sketch of, in Ireland,309-329.SeeChap. VIII., Other Irish Questions, in several placesMMacaulay, Lord: speech on the state of Ireland in 1844,36Meredith, Mr. Justice, head of the present Land Commission: a capable lawyer, but bound by the precedents of his forerunners,229NNational League, the: it replaces the Land League,47,48;its leaders set on foot ‘The Plan of Campaign,’57;it was founded by Parnell,171;its character,172;agrarian side of the National League movement,174,175;decline of the power of the National League in 1889,177;it is at its lowest ebb in 1895, ibid.National system of education,332-336.SeeChap. VIII., on Other Present Irish QuestionsOO’Connell: his evidence on the state of Ireland in 1825,5;he wrings Catholic Emancipation from a reluctant Government,113;leader of the Repeal movement of 1843-44,115O’Hagan, Mr. Justice, head of the first Land Commission,190‘Other Present Irish Questions,’ Chap. VIII.I. Local Government in Ireland,309;the grand juries, their composition and functions,311-314;the administration of the poor law and the Boards of Guardians,314-315;the administration of cities and towns—its history,315-318;character of, in recent times,318-320;how the reform of 1898 was brought about,320,321;sketch of the Local Government Act of 1898,321-326;and of its working up to the present time,326-329.II. Education in Ireland, history of,330seqq.:primary education,330-332;the National system founded by Mr. Stanley—its principles and history,332-336.Secondary education, diocesan schools,336;Royal schools, ibid.;Erasmus Smith schools,337;other schools; the system has not been successful, and why,337,338.University education, Trinity College, its history and the character of the institution,338-341;Peel founds the Queen’s Colleges and University,341;character of these institutions,392;the Catholic University, ibid.;Mr. Gladstone’s scheme of Irish University reform,343,344;grave objections to it,345,346;it is rejected by the House of Commons,346;Trinity College “opened,” ibid.;the Royal University,347;injustice of the present system of University education in Ireland,347-351;two plans of reform suggested, the second to be preferred,351-360PPalmerston, Lord: he condemns Irish tenant right,124Parnell: supplants Butt,44;leader of the Land League,44,45;he denounces the Conservative party in 1885,46;he pretends to accept the Home Rule Bill of 1886,55;the special commission and Parnell,59;he negotiates with Mr. Gladstone on Home Rule, ibid.;his fall,59Peel: his remarks on the Constitution in Ireland,32;he appoints the Devon Commission,115;his policy during the famine,117;he refuses in 1842 to extend the income tax to Ireland,285;he founds the Queen’s Colleges and the Queen’s University in Ireland,341Pitt: the author of the financial arrangements made at the Union,275Primary education in Ireland,330-336.SeeChap. VIII., on Other Present Irish QuestionsQQueen’s Colleges and Queen’s University: founded by Peel,341.SeeChap. VIII., on Other Present Irish QuestionsRRebellion of 1798: its effects on the Irish Land,109SSalisbury, Lord: character of the Irish policy of his ministry,35,36Stanley, Mr., founds the system of National Education in Ireland,332Strafford: his Irish policy,92TTrinity College,338-341.SeeChap. VIII., on Present Irish QuestionsUUlster Custom, the,111,123,137,141Union, The,78,79,109United Irish League, the: fills the place of the Land and the National Leagues,26;speeches and conduct of its leaders,26,27VVernon, Mr. I. E., one of the members of the first Land Commission,190WWhiteboyism in Ireland,12,105,160,161YYoung, Arthur: his tour in Ireland,109,110AppendicesI. The Irish Government Bill, 1886,361-387II. The Irish Government Bill, 1893,388-424III. Note I. From the ‘Memoirs of the late Lord Selborne,’425,426IV. Report of the Special Commission, vol. iv. pp. 544, 545. Conclusion of the Report of the Judges,426-428