[308] In theDeipnosophistsof Athenaeus (III., Bk. XII.) we find some other information of anthropological significance: "Hermippus stated in his book about lawgivers that at Lacedaemon all the damsels used to be shut up in a dark room, while a number of unmarried young men were shut up with them; and whichever girl each of the young men caught hold of he led away as his wife, without a dowry." "But Clearches the Solensian, in his treatise on Proverbs, says: 'In Lacedaemon the women, on a certain festival, drag the unmarried men to an altar and then buffet them; in order that, for the purpose of avoiding the insults of such treatment, they may become more affectionate and in due season may turn their thoughts to marriage. But at Athens Cecrops was the first person who married a man to one woman only, when before his time connections had taken place at random and men had their wives in common.'"
[309] My critics might have convicted me of a genuine blunder inasmuch as in my first book (78) I assumed that Plato "foresaw the importance of pre-matrimonial acquaintance as the basis of a rational and happy marriage choice." This was an unwarranted concession, because all that Plato recommended was that "the youths and maidens shall dance together, seeing and being seen naked," after the Spartan manner. This might lead to a rational choice of sound bodies, but romantic love implies an acquaintance of minds, and is altogether a more complicated process than the dog and cattle breeder's procedure commended by Plato and Lycurgus. I may add that in view of Lycurgus's systematic encouragement of promiscuity, the boast of the Spartan Geradas (recorded by Plutarch) that there were no cases of adultery in Sparta, must be accepted either as broad sarcasm, or in the manner of Limburg-Brouwer, who declares (IV., 165) that the boast is "like saying that in a band of brigands there is not a single thief." Even from the cattle-breeding point of view Lycurgus proved a failure, for according to Aristotle (Pol.II., 9) the Spartans grew too lazy to bring up children, and rewards had to be offered for large families.
[310] See the evidence cited in Becker (III., 315) regarding Aristotle's views as to the inferiority of women. After comparing it with the remarks of other writers Becker sums up the matter by saying that "the virtue of which a woman was in those days considered capable did not differ very much from that of a faithful slave."
[311] In theOdyssey(XV., 418) Homer speaks of "a Phoenician woman, handsome and tall." He makes Odysseus compare Nausicäa to Diana "in beauty, height, and bearing," and in another place he declares that, like Diana among her nymphs, she o'ertops her companions by head and brow (VI., 152, 102). However, this manner of measuring beauty with a yard-stick; indicatessomeprogress over the savage and Oriental custom of making rotundity the criterion of beauty.
[312] Compare Menander,Frag. Incert., 154: [Greek: gunaich ho didaskon gpammat ou kalos poiei].
[313] A homely but striking illustration may here be added. In Africa the negroes are proud of their complexion and look with aversion on a white skin. In the United States, knowing that a black skin is looked down on as a symbol of slavery or inferiority, they are ashamed of it. The wife of an eminent Southern judge informed me that Georgia negroes believe that in heaven they will be white; and I have heard of one negro woman who declared that if she could become white by being flayed she would gladly submit to the torture. Thus haveideasregarding the complexion changed theemotionof pride to the emotion of shame.
[314] Professor Rohde appears to follow the old metaphysical maxim "If facts do not agree with my theory, so much the worse for the facts." He piles up pages of evidence which show conclusively that these Greeks knew nothing of the higher traits and symptoms of love, and then he adds: "but theymusthave known them all the same." To give one instance of his contradictory procedure. On page 70 he admits that, as women were situated, the tender and passionate courtship of the youths as described in poems and romances of the period "could hardly have been copied from life," because the Greek custom of allowing the fathers to dispose of their daughters without consulting their wishes was incompatible with the poetry of such courting. "It is very significant," he adds, "that among the numerous references to the ways of obtaining brides made by poets and moral philosophers, including those of the Hellenistic [Alexandrian] period, and collected by Stobaeus in chapters 70, 71, and 72 of hisFlorilegium, love is never mentioned among the motives of marriage choice." In the next sentence he declares nevertheless that "no one would be so foolish as to deny the existence of pure, strong love in the Greek life of this period;" and ten lines farther on he backs down again, admitting that though there may be indications of supersensual, sentimental love in the literature of this period these traitshad not yet taken hold of the life of these men, though there werelongingsfor them. And at the end of the paragraph he emphasizes his back-down by declaring that "the very essence of sentimental poetry is thelonging for what does not exist." (Ist doch das rechte Element gerade der sentimentalen Poesie die Sehnsucht nach dem nicht Vorhandenen.) What makes this admission the more significant is that Professor Rohde, in speaking of "sentimental" elements, does not even use that word as the adjective of sentiment but of sentimentality. He defines thisSentimentalitätto which he refers as a "Sehnen, Sinnen und Hoffen," a "Selbstgenuss der Leidenschaft"—a "longing, dreaming, and hoping," a "revelling in (literally, self-enjoying of) passion." In other words, an enjoyment of emotion for emotion's sake, a gloating over one's selfish joys and sorrows. Now in this respect I actually go beyond Rohde as a champion of Greek love! SuchSentimentalitätexisted, I am convinced, in Alexandrian life as well as in Alexandrian literature; but of the existence of true supersensual altruisticsentimentI can find no evidence. The trouble with Rohde, as with so many who have written on this subject, is that he has no clear idea of the distinction between sensual love, which is selfish (Selbstgenuss) and romantic love, which is altruistic; hence he flounders in hopeless contradictions.
[315] See Anthon, 258, and the authors there referred to.
[316] See Theocritus, Idyll XVII. Regarding the silly and degrading adulation which the Alexandrian court-poets were called upon to bestow on the kings and queens, and its demoralizing effect on literature, see also Christ'sGriechische Litteraturgeschichte, 493-494 and 507.
[317] I have given Professor Rohde's testimony on this point not only because he is a famous specialist in the literature of this period, but because his peculiar bias makes his negative attitude in regard to the question of Alexandrian gallantry the more convincing. A reader of his book would naturally expect him to take the opposite view, since he himself fancied he had discovered traces of gallantry in an author who preceded the Alexandrians. TheAndromedaof Euripides, he declares (23), "became in his hands one of the most brilliant examples of chivalrous love." This, however, is a pure assumption on his part, not warranted by the few fragments of this play that have been preserved. Benecke has devoted a special "Excursus" to this play (203-205), in which he justly remarks that readers of Greek literature "need hardly be reminded of how utterly foreign to the Greek of Euripides's day is the conception of the 'galante Ritter' setting out in search of ladies that want rescuing." He might have brought out the humor of the matter by quoting the characteristically Greek version of the Perseus story given by Apollodorus, who relates dryly (II., chap. 4) that Cepheus, in obedience to an oracle, bound his daughter to a rock to be devoured by a sea monster. "Perseus saw her, fell in love with her, and promised Cepheus to slaughter the monsterif he would promise to give him the rescued daughter to marry. The contract was made and Perseus undertook the adventure, killed the monster and rescued Andromeda." Nothing could more strikingly reveal the difference between Hellenic and modern ideas regarding lovers than the fact that to the Greek mind there was nothing disgraceful in this selfish, ungallant bargain made by Perseus as a condition of his rescuing the poor girl from a horrible death. A mediaeval knight, or a modern gentleman, not to speak of a modern lover, would have saved her at the risk of his own life, reward or no reward. The difference is further emphasized by the attitude of the girl, who exclaims to her deliverer, "Take me, O stranger, for thine handmaiden, or wife, or slave." Professor Murray, who cites this line in hisHistory of Greek Literature, remarks with comic naïveté: "The love-note in this pure and happy sense Euripides had never struck before." But what is there so remarkably "pure and happy" in a girl's offering herself as a slave to a man who has saved her life? Were not Greek women always expected to assume that attitude of inferiority, submission, and self-sacrifice? Was notAlcestiswritten to enforce that principle of conduct? And does not that very exclamation of Andromeda show how utterly antipodal the situation and the whole drama of Euripides were to modern ideas of chivalrous love?
Having just mentioned Benecke, I may as well add here that his own theory regarding the first appearance of the romantic elements in Greek love-poetry rests on an equally flimsy basis. He held that Antimachus, who flourished before Euripides and Plato had passed away, was the first poet who applied to women the idea of a pure, chivalrous love, which up to his time had been attributed only to the romantic friendships with boys. The "romantic idea," according to Benecke, is "the idea that a woman is a worthy object for a man's love and that such love may well be the chief, if not the only, aim of a man's life." But that Antimachus knew anything of such love is a pure figment of Benecke's imagination. The works of Antimachus are lost, and all that we know about them or him is that he lamented the loss of his wife—a feeling very much older than the poet of Colophon—and consoled himself by writing an elegy named [Greek: Ludae], in which he brought together from mythical and traditional sources a number of sad tales. Conjugal grief does not take us very far toward so complicated an altruistic state of mind as I have shown romantic love to be.
[318] Theocritus makes this point clear in line 5 of Idyl 12:
[Greek: hosson parthenikae propherei trigamoio gunaikos].
[319] See Helbig, 246, and Rohde, 36, for details. Helbig remarks that the Alexandrians, following the procedure of Euripides, chose by preference incestuous passions, "and it appears that such passions were not rare in actual life too in those times."
[320] He refers as instances to Plaut.,Asin., III., 3, particularly v. 608 ff. and 615; adding that "a very sentimental character is Charinus in theMercator;" and he also points to Ter.,Eun., 193 ff.
[321] What makes this evidence the more conclusive is that Rohde's use of the word "sentimental" refers, according to his own definition, to egoistic sentimentality, not to altruistic sentiment. Of sentimentality—altiloquent, fabricated feeling and cajolery—there is enough in Greek and Latin literature, doubtless as a reflection of life. But when, in the third act of theAsinaria, the lover says to his girl, "If I were to hear that you were in want of life, at once would I present you my own life and from my own would add to yours," we promptly ask, "Would he have done it?" And the answer, from all we know of these men and their attitude toward women, would have been the same as that of the maiden to the enamoured Daphnis, in the twenty-seventh Idyl of Theocritus: "Nowyou promise me everything, but afterward you will not give me a pinch of salt." As for the purity of the characters in the play, its quality may be inferred from the fact that the girl is not only a hetaira, but the daughter of a procuress. From the point of view of purity theCaptiviis particularly instructive. Riley calls it "the most pure and innocent of all the plays of Plautus;" and when we examine why this is so we find that it is because there is no woman in it! In the epilogue Plautus himself—who made his living by translating Athenian comedies into Latin—makes the significant confession that there were but few Greek plays from which he might have copied so chaste a plot, in which "there is no wenching, no intriguing, no exposure of a child" to be found by a procuress and brought up as a hetaira—which are the staple features of these later Greek plays.
[322] Those who cannot read Greek will derive much pleasure from the admirable prose version of Andrew Lang, which in charm of style sometimes excels the original, while it veils those features that too much offend modern taste.
[323] Couat, 142. There are reasons to believe that the epistles referred to are not by Ovid. Aristaenetus lived about the fifth century. It is odd that the poem of Callimachus should have been lost after surviving eight centuries.
[324] See also Helbig's Chap. XXII. on the increasing lubricity of Greek art.
[325] Space permitting, it would be interesting to examine these poets in detail, as well as the other Romans—Virgil, Horace, Lucretius, etc., who came less under Greek influence. But in truth such examination would be superfluous. Any one may pursue the investigation by himself, and if he will bear in mind and apply as tests, the last seven of my ingredients of love—the altruistic-supersensual group—he cannot fail to become convinced that there are no instances of what I have described as romantic love in Latin literature any more than in Greek. And since it is the province of poets to idealize, we may feel doubly sure that the emotions which they did not even imagine cannot have existed in the actual life of their more prosaic contemporaries. It would, indeed, be strange if a people so much more coarse-fibred and practical, and so much less emotional and esthetic, than the Greeks, should have excelled them in the capacity for what is one of the most esthetic and the most imaginative of all sentiments.
Before leaving the poets, I may add that the GreekAnthology, the basis of which was laid by Meleager, a contemporary of the Roman poets just referred to, contains a collection of short poems by many Greek writers, in which, of course, some of my critics have discovered romantic love. One of them wrote that "the poems of Meleager alone in the GreekAnthologywould suffice to refute the notion that Greece ignored romantic passion." If this critic will take the trouble to read these poems of Meleager in the original he will find that a disgustingly large number relate to [Greek: paiderastia], which in No. III. is expressly declared to be superior to the love for women; that most of the others relate to hetairai; and that not one of them—or one in the wholeAnthology—comes up to my standard of romantic love.
[326] The best-known ancient story of "love-suicide" is that of Pyramus and Thisbe. Pyramus, having reason to think that Thisbe, with whom he had arranged a secret interview at the tomb of Ninus, has been devoured by a lion, stabs himself in despair, and Thisbe, on finding his body, plunges on to the same sword, still warm with his blood. This tale, which is probably of Babylonian origin, is related by Ovid (Metamorph., IV., 55-166), and was much admired and imitated in the Middle Ages. Comment on it would be superfluous after what I have written on pages 605-610.
[327] See Rohde, 130; Christ, 349.
[328] No more like stories of romantic love than these are the five "love-stories" written in the second century after Christ by Plutarch. This is the more remarkable as Plutarch was one of the few ancient writers to whom at any rate theideaoccurred that womenmight beable to feel and inspire a love rising above the senses. This suggestion is what distinguishes hisDialogue on Lovemost favorably from Plato'sSymposium, which it otherwise, however, resembles strikingly in the peculiar notions regarding the relation of the sexes; showing how tenacious the unnatural Greek ideas were in Greek life. Plutarch's various writings show that though he had advanced notions compared with other Greeks, he was nearly as far from appreciating true femininity, chivalry, and romantic love as Lucian, who also wrote a dialogue on love in the old-fashioned manner.
[329] Hirschig'sScriptores Eroticibegins with Parthenius and includes Achilles Tatius, Longus, Xenophon, Heliodorus, Chariton, etc. The right-hand column gives a literal translation into Latin.
[330]Der Griechische Roman, 432-67. An excrescence of this theory is the foolish story that "Bishop" Heliodorus, being called upon by a provincial synod either to destroy his erotic books or to abdicate his position, preferred the latter alternative. The date of the real Heliodorus is perhaps the end of the third or the first half of the fourth century after Christ.
[331] He refers in a footnote to such scenes as are painted in I., 32, 4; II., 9, 11; III., 14, 24, 3; IV., 6, 3—scones and hypocritically naïve experiments which he justly considers much more offensive than the notorious scene between Daphnis and Lykainion (III., 18).
[332] Rohde (516) tries to excuse Goethe for his ridiculous praise of this romance (Eckermann, II., 305, 318-321, 322) because he knew the story only in the French version of Amyot-Courier. But I find that this version retains most of the coarseness of the original, and I see no reason for seeking any other explanation of Goethe's attitude than his own indelicacy and obtuseness which, as I noted on page 208, made him go into ecstacies of admiration over a servant whom lust prompted to attempt rape and commit murder. As for Professor Murray, his remarks are explicable only on the assumption that he has never read this story in the original. This is not a violent assumption. Some years ago a prominent professor of literature, ancient and modern, in a leading American university, hearing me say one day thatDaphnis and Chloewas one of the most immoral stories ever written, asked in a tone of surprise: "Have you read it in the original?" Evidentlyhenever had! It is needless to add that translations never exceed the originals in impropriety and usually improve on them. The Rev. Rowland Smith, who prepared the English version for Bohn's Library, found himself obliged repeatedly to resort to Latin.
Apart from his coarseness, there is nothing in Longus's conception of love that goes beyond the ideas of the Alexandrians. Of the symptoms of true love—mental or sentimental, esthetic and sympathetic, altruistic and supersensual, he knows no more than Sappho did a thousand years before him. Indeed, in making lovers become indolent, cry out as if they had been beaten, and jump into rivers as if they were afire, he is even cruder and more absurd than Sappho was in her painting of sensual passion. His whole idea of love is summed up in what the old shepherd Philetas says to Daphnis and Chloe (II., 7): [Greek:Egvov d' ego kai tauron erasthenta kai hos oistro plaegeis emukato, kai tragon philaesanta aiga kai aekolouthei pantachou. Autos men gar aemaen neos kai aerasthen Amarullidos].
[333] See Rehde, 345; on Musaeus, 472, 133.
[334] Lucii ApuleiMetamorphoseon, Libri XI., Ed. van der Vliet (Teubner), IV., 89-135.
[335] See the remarks onTristan and Isoldein myWagner and his Works, II., 138.
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Hawkesworth, J.: Voyages in the Southern Hemisphere.
Hayes, I.L.: The Open Polar Sea.
Hearn, Lafcadio: Gleanings in Buddha-Fields.
Hearne, S.: A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort to the NorthernOcean.
Heckewelder, J.: Transactions of American Philosoph. Soc.,Philadelphia, 1819.
Hegel, G.W.F.: Vorlesungen über die Aesthetik.
Heine, H.
Helbig, W.: Campanische Wandmalerei.
Heliodorus
Hellwald, F.V.: Die Menschliche Familie.
Heriot, G.: Travels Through the Canadas. London, 1807.
Herodotus
Herrera, Antonio de: Historia General.
Hirschig, G.A.: Scriptores Erotici Graeci.
Hössli, H.: The Unreliability of External Signs as Indications of Sex in Body and Mind.
Hoffmann, W.J.: U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of Colorado, 1876.
Holden, W.C.: Past and Future of the Kaffir Races.
Holub, E.: Seven Years in South Africa.
Homer.
Hommel, F.: Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens.
Hopkins, S.H.: Life Among the Piutes.
Horwicz, A.: Naturgeschichte der Gefühle.
Hotten, J.C.: Abyssinia.
Howells, W.D.
Howitt, A.W.: (see also Fison and Howitt). Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol.XX.
Hue, E.R.: Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China.
Humboldt, A.V.:Cosmos.Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent.Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain.
Hunter, J.D.: Manners and Customs of Some Indian Tribes.
Hutchinson, T.J.: Ten Years' Wanderings Among the Ethiopians.
Hyades, P.: Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn.
Im Thurn, E.F.: Among the Indians of Guiana.
Irving, J.T.: Indian Sketches.
Irving, Washington: Astoria.
Jackman, Wm.: The Australian Captive. Auburn, 1853.
Jackson, Helen Hunt
Jacobowski: Globus, Vol. 70.
Jacolliot, L.: La Femme dans l'Inde.
James, Wm.: The Nation, N.Y., September 22, 1887.
Japan, Asiatic Society of Transactions.
Jesuit Relations.
Johnston, C.: Southern Abyssinia.
Johnston, H.H.:The Kilimanjaro Expedition.The River Congo.British Central Africa.
Johnston, J.: Missionary Landscapes in the Dark Continent.
Jones, C.C.: Antiquities of the Southern Indians.
Jones, Rev. Peter: History of the Ojebway Indians.
Jowett, B.: The Dialogues of Plato.
Jung, K.E.: Der Welttheil Australien.
Kalakaua, King: Legends and Myths of Hawaii.
Kalidasa, Sakuntala, Urvasi, Malavika and Agnimitra.
Kama Soutra, or Kamasutram.
Kane, E.K.: Arctic Explorations.
Kay, S.: Caffraria.
Keane, A.H.: Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1883.
Keating, W.H.: Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River.
Kenrick, J.: Ancient Egypt Under the Pharaohs.
King, Captain J.S.: Folk Lore Journal, 1888.
King, W. Ross: Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.
King and Fitzroy: Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle.
Koelle, S.W.: African Native Literature.
Kolben, Peter: Description du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Paris, 1743.
Kotzebue, O.: New Voyage Round the World.
Krabbes, Theodor: Die Frau im altfranzösischen Karls-epos.
Krafft-Ebing, R.V.:Psychopathia Sexualis.Psychopathologie.
Krause, A.: Die Tlinkit Indianer.
Kremer, A.V.: Culturgeschichte des Orients.
Kronlein: Wortschatz der Namaqua Hottentotten.
Kubary, J.S.: Globus XLVII.
Küchler: Trans. Asiatic Soc. of Japan.
Lafitau, J.F.: Moeurs des Savages Amériquains.
Lamairesse, E.: Kama Soutra.
Landa, D.: Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan.
Lander, C. and J.: Expedition to Explore the Niger.
Landor, A.H. Savage: Alone Among the Hairy Ainu.
Lane, E.W.:Arabic Society in the Middle Ages.Manners and Customs of Modern Egyptians.
Lang, Andrew:Custom and Myth.Translations of Homer and Theocritus.
Lathrop, G.P.
Lavaysse, M.: Venezuela, Trinidad, etc..
Lecky, W.E.H.: History of European Morals.
Leigh, W.H.: South Australia.
Le Jeune.
Leland, C.A.: The Algonquin Legends of New England.
Leslie, D.: Among the Zulus and Amatongas.
Letourneau, Ch.: L'Évolution du Mariage.
Lewin, T.H.: Wild Races of South-Eastern India.
Lewis and Clarke: Travels to the Source of the Missouri River andAcross the Continent to the Pacific Ocean. Library of AboriginalAmerican Literature, edited by D.G. Brinton.
Lichtenberg, G.C.: Schriften.
Lichtenstein, H.: Travels in South Africa.
Limburg-Brouwer: Hist. de la Civilisation des Grecs.
Livingstone, D.:Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa.Expedition to the Zambesi.Last Travels.
Löbel, D.T.: Hochzeitsgebräuche der Türken.
Longus.
Loskiel, G.H.: Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brüder, 1789.
Love-Affairs of Some Famous Men.
Low, Brooke: Catalogue of the Brooke Low Collection in Borneo.
Lowel, J.R.
Lowrie, J.C.: Two Years in Upper India.
Lubbock, Sir J.: The Origin of Civilization and the PrimitiveCondition of Man.
Lucian.
Lübke, W.: History of Art.
Lumholtz, C.: Among Cannibals.
Lycurgus.
Lynd, J.W.: Religion of the Dakotas, in Coll. Minnesota Hist. Soc. II.
Lytton, Bulwer: Essay on Love.
Macaulay, T.B.: Essay on Petrarch.
MacDonald, Duff: Africana.
MacDonald, Rev. J.: Journal Anthropol. Institution, 1890, Vol. XX.
Macgillivray, J.: Voyage of the Rattlesnake.
Mackenzie, Alexander: Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans.
Mackenzie, Day: Dawn in Dark Places.
Macpherson, S.C.: Rural Bengal.
M'Lean, J.: Twenty-Five Years' Service in the Hudson's Bay Territory.
Magazin von Reisebeschreibungen.
Mahaffy, J.P.: Greek Life and Thought.
Mallery, G.: Picture Writing of the Indians. Rep. Bureau Ethnol.,Wash., 1882-83, 1888-89.
Man, E.H.: Journ Anthr. Inst. Vol. XII.
Mantegazza, P.: Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen.
Manu, Ordinances of.
Mariner, W. (See Martin, J.)
Markham, C.R.: Expedition into the Valley of the Amazon.
Marryat, F.: Borneo.
Marsden, W.: History of Sumatra.
Martin, J.: An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands Compiled from the Communications of Mr. William Mariner.
Martin, L.A.: La Morale chez les Chinois.
Martius, C.F. Ph.: Beiträge zur Ethnographic … Brasiliens.
Martyr, P.: De Orbe Novo.
Mathew, J.: Jour. and Proc. Royal Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. XXIII.
Mathews C.: Indian Fairy Book.
Mayne, R.C.: Four Years in British Columbia.
McClintock and Strong: Cyclopaedia of Biblical … Literature.
McCulloh, J.H.: Researches, Philosophical and Antiquarian, Baltimore, 1829.
McLennan, J.F.: Studies in Ancient History.
Meleager.
Menander.
Meyer, H.E.A.: in Woods' Native Tribes of South Australia.
Miller, Joaquin: Life Among the Modocs.
Milman, H.H.:History of the Jews.History of Latin Christianity.
Mitchell, T.L.: Three Expeditions into the Interior of EasternAustralia.
Moffat, R.: Missionary Labors and Scenes in Southern Africa.
Moll, A.:Die Conträre Sexual-empfindung.Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis.
Moncaut, Cénac: Histoire de l'Amour.
Monteiro, J.J.: Angola and the River Congo.
Moore, T.: Marriage Customs … of Various Nations.
Morgan, L.H.:League of the Iroquois.Ancient Society.
Müller, C.O.: History and Antiquities of the Doric Race.
Müller, F.: Allgemeine Ethnographic.
Müller, F. Max: India, What can it Teach Us?
Muir, John: The Mountains of California.
Mundy, Rodney: Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes.
Munzinger, W.: Ostafrikanische Studien.
Murdoch, J.: Rep. Bureau Ethnol., Wash., 1887-1888.
Murr, C.G.: Nachrichten von verschiedenen Ländern des SpanischenAmerika.
Murray, G.G.A.: History of Ancient Greek Literature.
Musaeus.
Musters, G.C.: At Home with the Patagonians.
Nansen, F.: The First Crossing of Greenland.
Napier, E.E.: Excursions in Southern Africa.
Neill, E.D.: Dacotah Land.
Niblack, A.P.: Coast Indians of South Alaska, in Smithsonian Rep., 1888.
Niebuhr, C.: Travels in Arabia.
Nonnus, Dionysiaka.
Norman, Henry: Peoples and Politics of the Far East.
Oliphant, L.: Minnesota.
Ovid.
Oviedo, G.F.: Historia de las Indias.
Pallas, P.S.: Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischenReichs.
Palmer, Geo. H.: Trans. Odyssey.
Park, Mungo: Travels in the Interior of Africa.
Parker, R. Langloh: Australian Legendary Tales.
Parkman, F.:California and Oregon Trail.Jesuits in N. America.
Parkyns, M.: Life in Abyssinia.
Parthenius.
Paulitschke, P.:Beiträge zur Ethnographie u. Anthrop. der Somali, Galla u.Harari.Ethnographie Nordost Afrikas.
Pausanias: Description of Greece.
Peabody Museum Reports.
Petherick, J.: Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa.
Pfeiffer, Ida:Meine Zweite Weltreise.A Lady's Voyage Round the World.
Philip, J.: Researches in South Africa.
Phillip, A.: Voyage to Botany Bay.
Plato.
Plautus.
Ploss-Bartels: Das Weib in der Natur-und Volkerkunder. Fourth edition, 1895.
Plutarch.
Polak, J.E.: Persien, das Land und seine Bewohner.
Polo, Marco: Marvels of the East.
Powers, S.: Tribes of California, in U.S. Geogr. and Geol. SurveyRocky Mt. Region, 1877.
Pizarro, P.: Relaciones … los Reynos del Perú.
Pratt, R.H.: U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Rocky Mt.
Propertius.
Raffles, T.S.: History of Java.
Rahmdohr, F.W.B. von: Venus Urania, 1798.
Ramabai Saravasti: The High Caste Hindu Woman.
Rand, S.T.: Legends of the Micmacs.
Ratzel, F.: Völkerkunde.
Reade, W.W.:Savage Africa.Equatorial Africa.
Reeves, E.: Brown Men and Women.
Reich, E.: Geschichte des ehelichen Lebens.
Reinsberg-Düringsfeld: Hochzeitsbuch.
Renan, E.: Le Cantique des Cantiques.
Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Reuleaux, F.: Eine Reise durch Indien.
Revue d'Anthropologie.
Ribot, T.: Psychologie des Sentiments.
Richardson, J.: Arctic Searching Expedition.
Riggs, S.R.: Dakota … Ethnography, in U.S. Geogr. and Geol. SurveyRocky Mt., Vol. IX.
Rink, H.J.: Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo.
Rivero and Tschudi: Peruvian Antiquities.
Robertson, G.S.: The Kaffirs of the Hindu-Kush.
Robley, Maj.-Gen.: Moko: or Maori Tatooing.
Rohde, E.: Der Griechische Roman.
Romanes, G.: Mental Evolution in Animals.
Roosevelt, Theodore: Winning of the West.
Rossbach, in Schenkel's Bibellexicon.
Rossetti, C.G.
Roth, H. Ling: Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo.
Roth, W.E.: Ethnological Studies Among the N. W. Central QueenslandAborigines, 1897.
Rousseau, J.J.
Rowney, H.B.: Wild Tribes of India.
Ruttenber, E.M.: Indian Tribes of Hudson's River.
Ryder, E.: Little Wives of India.
Saadi, Gulistan.
Samnelson, J.: India, Past and Present.
Sandwich Island Notes, by "Häolé," New York, 1854.
Sappho.
Schön: Grammar of the Hausa Language.
Schomburgk, R.: Reisen in Britisch-Guiana.
Schoolcraft, H.R.:History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of theUnited States (Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge).Oneóta.The Myth of Hiawatha.Algic Researches.Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States.
Schopenhauer: Werke.
Schroeder, L.V.:Hochzeitsgebräuche der Esten.Indien's Litteratur und Cultur.
Schurmann, C.W.: in Woods' Native Tribes of S. Australia.
Schuré, E.: Histoire du Lied Allemand.
Schuyler, Eugene: Turkestan.
Schwaner, C.A.: Borneo.
Schweinfurth, G.: The Heart of Africa.
Scott, Walter.
Seemann, B.: Viti.
Sellar, W.Y.: Roman Poets of the Republic, 1863.
Semon, R.: In the Australian Bush.
Shakespere.
Shelley, P.B.
Shooter, J.: The Kaffirs of Natal and the Zulu Country.
Shortland, E.S.: Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders.
Smith, Donaldson: Through Unknown African Countries.
Smith, E.R.: The Araucanians.
Smith, James (cited Bancroft, I.).
Smith, W.R.: Marriage and Kinship in Early Arabia.
Smithsonian Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, etc.
Smyth, Brough: Aborigines of Victoria.
Smythe, W.J.: Ten Months on the Fiji Islands.
Sophocles.
Southey, R.: History of Brazil.
Speke, J.H.: Discovery of the Source of the Nile.
Spencer, Herbert:Principles of Psychology.Principles of Sociology.Descriptive Sociology.
Spencer and Gillen: Native Tribes of Central Australia, 1899.
Spix and Martius: Travels in Brazil in 1817-1820.
Squier, E.G.: Nicaragua.
Stanley, H.M.:How I found Livingstone.My Early Travels and Adventures.
Steele, R.: The Lover.
Steihen, Karl von den: Durch Central Brasilien.
Stephens, Edward: Journal of Royal Soc. New South Wales, Vol. XXXIII.
St. John, S.: Life in the Forests of the Far East.
Stockton, Frank.
Stoll, Otto: Zur Ethnographie der Rep. Guatemala.
Strong, J.C.: Wa-Kee-Nah.
Sturt, C.: Expedition into Central Australia.
Sully, J.: Teacher's Handbook of Psychology.
Sutherland, A.: Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct.
Symonds, J.A.: Studies in the Greek Poets.
Taplin, G.: In Woods' Native Tribes.
Tawney, C.H.: The Kathákoça, or Treasury of Stories.
Taylor, R.: Te Ika a Maui; or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants.
Tennyson.
Terence.
Theal, G.M.: Kaffir Folk-Lore, 1886.
Theocritus.
Thomson, A.S.: New Zealand.
Thomson, J.: Through Masai Land.
Thunberg, C.P.: An Account of the Cape of Good Hope, in Pinkerton'sColl. of Voyages, Vol. XVI.
Thwaites, R.G.: Jesuit Relations, editor.
Tibullus.
Torquemada, J. de: Monarquia Indiana.
Tregear, E.: The Maoris in Journ. Anthr. Inst. 1889.
Trumbull, H.: History of Indian Wars.
Trumbull, H.C.: Studies in Oriental Social Life.
Tschudi, J.J. von:Reisen durch Süd Amerika.Travels in Peru.See also Rivero.
Tuckey, J.K.: Expedition to Explore the River Zaire.
Turgeuieff.
Turner, G.:Nineteen Years in Polynesia.Samoa.
Tyler, J.: Forty Years Among the Zulus.
Tylor, E.B.:Primitive Culture.Anthropology.
Tyrrell: Across the Sub Arctics of Canada.
Ulrici, H.: Shakspere's Dramatic Art.
United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the RockyMountain Region. Same of Colorado.
D'Urville, Dumont: Voyage de l'Astrolabe.
Vail, E.A.: Les Indiens de l'Amérique du Nord.
Vambéry, A.: The Turkish People.
Varigny, De: Quartorze Ans aux Isles Sandwich.
"Vason," Four Years' Residence at Tongataboo.
Verplanck, G.C.: The Illustrated Shakespeare.
Vespucci, Amerigo: Four Voyages. Quaritch Transl., London, 1885.
Virgil.
Wagner, R.
Waitz-Gerland: Anthropologie der Naturvölker.
Wallace, A.R.:Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro.Tropical Nature.Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection.Darwinism.The Malay Archipelago.Australasia.
Wallaschek, R.: Primitive Music.
Ward, Herbert: Five Years with the Congo Cannibals.
Ward, Wm.: History, Literature and Religion of the Hindus.
Watson and Kaye: The People of India.
Weber, A.: History of Indian Literature.
Weber, Ernst von: Vier Jahre in Afrika.
Weismann: Essays upon Heredity.
Westcott, W.W.: Suicide.
Westermarck, E.: History of Human Marriage. Second Ed., 1894.
Wharton, H.T.: Sappho.
White, G.: Historical Collection of Georgia.
Wied, Maximilian Prinz zu: Reise in das Innere Nord Amerikas.
Wilhelmi, C., in Woods' Native Tribes of South Australia.
Wilkes, C.: Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842.
Wilkinson, G.B.: South Australia.
Williams, Monier: Modern India and the Indians.
Williams and Calvert: Fiji and the Fijians.
Willoughby, C.: Smithsonian Report, 1886, Pt. I..
Winstanley, W.: A Visit to Abyssinia.
Wood, J.G.: Natural History of Man.
Wood, Robert: The Original Genius, and Writings of Homer, London,1775.
Woods, J.D.:The Native Tribes of South Australia.South Australia.
Xenophon.
Xenophon Ephesius.
Yawger, Rose: The Indian and the Pioneer.
Yonan, Isaac Malek: Persian Women. Nashville, 1898.
Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.
Zöller, H.:Pampas und Anden.Rund um die Erde.Forschungsreisen in die deutsche Colonie Kamerun.