Chapter 31

199.Artemidorus, ‘Oneirocritica;’ Cockayne, ‘Leechdoms, &c., of Early England,’vol.iii.; Seafield, ‘Literature, &c., of Dreams;’ Brand,vol.iii.; Halliwell, ‘Pop. Rhymes, &c.,’p.217, &c., &c.

200.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.pp.74, 115; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’vol.iv.p.150; Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’vol.i.p.255.

201.Georgi,‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’vol.i.p.281; Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’vol.i.p.135; ‘As. Res.’vol.iii.p.27; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’vol.i.p.61.

202.Cieza de Leon,p.289; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peru,’p.183.

203.Burton, ‘CentralAfr.’vol.ii.p.32; Waitz,vol.ii.pp.417, 518.

204.Plin.xi.73. See Cic. de Divinatione,ii.12.

205.Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.32.

206.Le Jeune, ‘Nouvelle France,’vol.i.p.90.

207.J. H.Plath, ‘Rel. d. alten Chinesen,’ parti.p.89; Klemm,‘Cultur. Gesch.’vol.iii.pp.109, 199;vol.iv.p.221; Rubruquis, in Pinkerton,vol.vii.p.65; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.1067;R. F.Burton, ‘Sindh,’p.189;M. A.Walker, ‘Macedonia,’p.169.

208.Brand,vol.iii.p.339; Forbes Leslie,vol.ii.p.491.

209.Maury, ‘Magie, &c.’,p.74; Brand,vol.iii.p.348, &c. See figure in Cornelius Agrippa,‘De Occult. Philosoph.,’ii.27.

210.R.Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’p.205; Shortland,p.139; Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’p.330, &c.; Theophylact. in Brand,vol.iii.p.332. Compare mentions of similar devices; Herodot.iv.67 (Scythia); Burton, ‘Central Africa,’vol.ii.p.350.

211.Migne’s ‘Dic.des Sciences Occultes.’

212.Mason, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ.As.Soc.Bengal,’ 1865, partii.p.200; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.i.p.146.

213.Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’p.170. See Macpherson,p.106 (Khonds).

214.Ammian. Marcellin.xxix.1.

215.Chevreul,‘De la Baguette Divinatoire, du Pendule dit Explorateur et des Tables Tournantes,’Paris, 1854; Brand,vol.iii.p.332; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.926;H. B.Woodward, in ‘Geological Mag.,’Nov.1872; Wuttke,p.94.

216.Cornelius Agrippa,‘De Speciebus Magiæ,’xxi.; Brand,vol.iii.p.351; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.1062.

217.De Maistre,‘Soirées deSt.Petersbourg,’vol.ii.p.212.

218.Shortland, ‘Trads., &c. of New Zealand,’p.138.

219.See Cicero,‘De Div.’i.; Lucian,‘De Astrolog.’; Cornelius Agrippa,‘De Occulta Philosophia;’Sibly, ‘Occult Sciences;’ Brand,vol.iii.

220.Plin.xvi.75;xviii.75; Grimm, ‘D. M.’p.676; Brand,vol.ii.p.169;vol.iii.p.144.

221.Bacon,‘Novum Organum.’The original story is that of Diagoras; see Cicero,‘De Natura Deorum,’iii.37; Diog. Laërt.lib.vi., Diogenes, 6.

222.Du Chaillu, ‘Ashango-land,’pp.428, 435; Burton, ‘CentralAfr.’vol.i.pp.57, 113, 121.

223.See Grimm, ‘D. M.’ch.xxxiv.; Lecky, ‘Hist.of Rationalism,’vol.i.chap.i.; Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek;’ Raynald, ‘Annales Ecclesiastici,’vol.ii., Greg.IX.(1233),xli.-ii.; Innoc.VIII.(1484),lxxiv.

224.See also Dasent, ‘Introd.to Norse Tales;’ Maury, ‘Magie, &c.,’ch.vii.

225.Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’vol.i.p.30; Grimm, ‘D. M.’pp.435, 465, 1056; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.pp.265, 287;vol.iii.p.204;D.Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,’vol.ii.p.126; Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’pp.15, 20, 122, 220.

226.Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’vol.iii.pp.1-43; Wuttke,‘Volksaberglaube,’p.50; Grimm,‘Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer,’p.923; Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ partii.p.459; Manu,viii., 114-5; see Plin.vii.2.

227.Swedenborg, ‘The True Christian Religion,’ London, 1855,Nos.156, 157, 281, 851.

228.Grimm,‘Deutsche Myth,’pp.473, 481.

229.St.John, ‘Far East,’vol.i.p.82; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’p.111; ‘Oestl. Asien.’vol.iii.pp.232, 259, 288; Boecler,‘Ehsten Aberglaube,’p.147.

230.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.p.74.

231.Brand,vol.ii.p.486.

232.Glanvil,‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’partii.The invisible drummer appears to have been one William Drury; see ‘Pepys’ Diary,’vol.i.p.227.

233.Brand,vol.iii.pp.225, 233; Grimm,pp.801, 1089, 1141; Wuttke,pp.38-9, 208; Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’p.137 (ominous ticking of insect, doubtful whether idea native, or introduced by foreigners).

234.Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.p.393.

235.Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’vol.ii.p.112; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.p.252; ‘Psychologie,’p.159.

236.Toehla, ‘Aurifontina Chymica,’ cited byK. R. H.Mackenzie, in ‘Spiritualist,’Mar.15, 1870.

237.Nicephor. Callist. Ecclesiast.Hist.viii.23; Stanley, ‘Eastern Church,’p.172.

238.‘Pneumatologie Positive et Expérimentale; La Réalité des Esprits et le Phénomène Merveilleux de leur Écriture Directe démontrés,’ par le Baron L. de Guldenstubbé.Paris, 1857.

239.Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’pp.38, 126, 150; ‘Eastern Monachism,’pp.272, 285, 382; Köppen,‘Religion des Buddha,’vol.i.p.412; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’vol.iii.p.390; Philostrati Vita Apollon. Tyan.iii.15. See the mention among the Saadhs of India (17thcentury), by Trant, in ‘Missionary Register,’ July, 1820,pp.294-6.

240.Lucian, Philopseudes, 13.

241.Eunapius in Iambl.

242.Alban Butler, ‘Lives of the Saints,’vol.i.p.674; Calmet,‘Diss. sur les Apparitions, &c.,’chap.xxi.; De Maistre,‘Soirées deSt.Pétersbourg,’vol.ii.pp.158, 175. See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’vol.ii.p.578; ‘Psychologie,’p.159.

243.Glanvil,‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’partii.; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’p.161.

244.‘Spiritualist,’Feb.15, 1870. Orrin Abbott, ‘The Davenport Brothers,’ New York, 1864.

245.Homer,Odyss.xiv.345 (Worsley’sTrans.); Beda,‘Historia Ecclesiastica,’iv.22; Grimm, ‘D. M.,’p.1180 (an old German loosing-charm is given from the MerseburgMS.);J. Y.Simpson, in ‘Proc. Ant.Soc.Scotland,’vol.iv.; Keating, ‘Long’s Exp. toSt.Peter’s River,’vol.ii.p.159; Egede, ‘Greenland,’p.189; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’p.269; Castrén, ‘Reiseberichte,’ 1845-9,p.173.

246.Conyers Middleton, ‘A Letter from Rome,’ 1729;Hor.Sat.I.v.98.

247.C.de Brosses,‘Traité de la Formation Mécanique des Langues,’&c. (1sted.1765); Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language’ (1866); ‘Dic.of English Etymology’ (1859,2nded.1872); Farrar, ‘Chapters on Language’ (1865).

248.Among the principal savage and barbaric languages here used for evidence, are as follows:—Africa: Galla (Tutschek,Gr.andDic.), Yoruba (Bowen,Gr.andDic.), Zulu (Döhne,Dic.). Polynesia, &c.: Maori (Kendall,Vocab., Williams,Dic.), Tonga (Mariner,Vocab.), Fiji (Hazlewood,Dic.), Melanesia (Gabelentz, Melan. Spr.). Australia (Grey, Moore, Schürmann, Oldfield, Vocabs.).N.America: Pima, Yakama, Clallam, Lummi, Chinuk, Mohawk, Micmac (Smithson. Contr.vol.iii.), Chinook Jargon (Gibbs,Dic.), Quiché (Brasseur,Gr.andDic.).S.America: Tupi (Diaz,Dic.), Carib (Rochefort,Vocab.), Quichua (Markham,Gr.andDic.), Chilian (Febres,Dic.), Brazilian tribes (Martius,‘Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium’). Many details in Pott, ‘Doppelung,’ &c.

249.Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of Tasmanians,’p.140;Capt.Wilson, in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.,’vol.iv.p.322, &c.;J. L.Wilson, in ‘Journ.Amer.OrientalSoc.,’vol.i.1849,No.4; also Cranz., ‘Grönland,’p.279 (cited below,p.186). For other accounts, see ‘EarlyHist.of Mankind,’p.77.

250.Forbes, ‘Aymara Indians,’ inJourn.Eth.Soc.1870,vol.ii.p.208.

251.See Helmholtz,‘Tonempfindungen,’2nded.p.163; McKendrick, Text Book of Physiology,p.681, &c., 720, &c.; Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’2ndseries,p.95, &c.

252.See Pallegoix, ‘Gramm. Ling. Thai.’; Bastian, in ‘Monatsb. Berlin. Akad.’ June 6, 1867, and ‘Roy. AsiaticSoc.,’ June, 1867.

253.Burton, in ‘Mem. Anthrop.Soc.,’vol.i.p.313; Bowen, ‘YorubaGr.andDic.’p.5; seeJ. L.Wilson, ‘W.Afr.,’p.461.

254.C. W., in ‘London and Westminster Review,’Oct.1837.

255.‘Accentus est etiam in dicendo cantus obscurior.’—Cic. de Orat.

256.Helmholtz,p.364.

257.Caswell, in Bastian, ‘Berlin. Akad.’l.c.

258.Horne Tooke, ‘Diversions of Purley,’2nded.London, 1798,pt.i.pp.60-3.

259.R. F.Burton, ‘Lake Regions of Central Africa,’vol.ii.p.333; Livingstone, ‘Missionary Tr. inS.Africa,’p.298; ‘Gr.of Mpongwe lang,’A. B. C. F.Missions, Rev.J. L.Wilson,p.27. See Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’vol.i.p.59.

260.Arroyo de la Cuesta, ‘Gr.of Mutsun Lang.’p.39, in Smithsonian Contr.,vol.iii.; Neapolitanmamma mia!exclamation of wonder, &c., Liebrecht in Götting. Gel. Anz. 1872,p.1287.

261.Shaw, ‘Travels in Barbary,’ in Pinkerton,vol.xv.p.669.

262.Some of the examples here cited, will be found in Grimm,‘Deutsche Gr.’vol.iii.p.308; Pott,‘Doppelung.’p.27; Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language.’

263.See Pictet,‘Origines Indo-Europ.’parti.p.382; Caldwell, ‘Gr.of DravidianLangs.’p.465; Wedgwood,Dic.s.v.‘puss,’ &c.; Mariner, ‘Tonga Is. (Vocab.)’; Gibbs, ‘Dic.of Chinook Jargon,’ Smithsonian Coll.No.161; Pandosy, ‘Gr.andDic.of Yakama,’ Smithson. Contr.vol.iii.; compareJ. L.Wilson, ‘MpongweGr.’p.57. The Hindu child’s call to the catmun mun!may be from Hindust.mâno= cat.It.micio,Fr.mite,minon,Ger.mieze, &c. = ‘cat,’ andSp.miz!Ger.minz!&c. = ‘puss!’ are from imitations of amew.

264.For lists of drivers’ words, see Grimm,l.c.; Pott,‘Zählmethode,’p.261; Halliwell, ‘Dic.of Archaic and Provincial English,’s.v.‘ree;’ Brand,vol.ii.p.15; Pictet, partii.p.489.

265.‘Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, &c.’Recueil de Planches, Paris, 1763,art.‘Chasses.’ The traditional cries are still more or less in use. See ‘A Week in a French Country-house.’

266.Aldrete, ‘Lengua Castellana,’ Madrid, 1673,s.vv.harre,exe.

267.‘There prevailed in those days an indecent custom; when the preacher touched any favourite topick in a manner that delighted his audience, their approbation was expressed by a loud hum, continued in proportion to their zeal or pleasure. When Burnet preached, part of his congregation hummed so loudly and so long, that he sat down to enjoy it, and rubbed his face with his handkerchief. When Sprat preached, he likewise was honoured with the like animating hum, but he stretched out his hand to the congregation, and cried, “Peace, peace; I pray you, peace.”’ Johnson, ‘Life of Sprat.’

268.Cranz, ‘Grönland,’p.279.

269.D.Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Man,’p.65.

270.Compare, in the same district, Caméii, Cotoxóbiebie,eubiähiä, multus, -a, -um.

271.J. H.Donker Curtius,‘Essai de Grammaire Japonaise,’p.34, &c. 199. In former editions of the present work, the directly interjectional character of theois held in an unqualified manner. Reference to the grammars ofProf.B. H.Chamberlain and others, where this particle (on,o) is connected with other forms implying a common root, leaves the argument to depend wholly or partly on the supposition of an interjectional source for this root. [Note to3rded.]

272.Bruyas, ‘Mohawk Lang.,’p.16, in Smithson. Contr.vol.iii.Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ Partiii.p.328, 502, 507. Charlevoix,‘Nouv. France,’vol.i.p.350.

273.Thearre!may have been introduced into Europe by the Moors, as it is used in Arabic, and its use in Europe corresponds nearly with the limits of the Moorish conquest, in Spainarre!in Provencearri!

274.Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’p.92.

275.Ibid.,p.72.

276.De Brosses,vol.i.p.203. See Wedgwood.

277.Also Oraonhae—ambo; Micmacé—mw.

278.A double contradiction in Caribanhan!= ‘yes!’oua!= ‘no!’ Single contradictions in Catoquinahang!Tupieém!Botocudohemhem!Yorubaeñ!for ‘yes!’ Culinoaiy!Australianyo!for ‘no!’ &c. How much these sounds depend on peculiar intonation, we, who habitually useh’m!either for ‘yes!’ or ‘no!’ can well understand.

279.(Charles de Brosses)‘Traité de la Formation Mécanique des Langues, &c.’Paris, An.ix.,vol.i.p.238;vol.ii.p.313. Lazarus and Steinthal,‘Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie,’&c.,vol.i.p.421. Heyse,‘System der Sprachwissenschaft,’p.73. Farrar, ‘Chapters on Language,’p.202.

280.Similar sounds are used to command silence, to stop speaking as well as to stop going. Englishhusht!whist!hist!Welshust!Frenchchut!Italianzitto!Swedishtyst!Russianst’!and the Latinst!so well described in the curious old line quoted by Mr. Farrar, which compares it with the gesture of the finger on the lips:—‘Isis, et Harpocrates digito qui significatst!’This group of interjections, again, has not been proved to be in use outside Aryan limits.

‘Isis, et Harpocrates digito qui significatst!’

This group of interjections, again, has not been proved to be in use outside Aryan limits.

281.Catlin, ‘North American Indians,’vol.i.pp.221, 39, 151, 162. Bailey in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.,’vol.ii.p.318. Jobxxvii.23. (The verbshârakalso signifies to call by a hiss, ‘and he will hiss unto them from the end of the earth, and behold, they shall come with speed,’Is.v.26;Jer.xix.8.) Alcock, ‘The Capital of the Tycoon,’vol.i.p.394. Cook, ‘2ndVoy.’vol.ii.p.36. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’p.234.

282.Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’p.83, ‘Dictionary,’Introd.p.xlix.ands.v.‘foul.’Prof.Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’2ndseries,p.92, protests against the indiscriminate derivation of words directly from such cries and interjections, without the intervention of determinate roots. As to the present topic, he points out that Latinpus,putridus, Gothicfuls, Englishfoul, follow Grimm’s law as if words derived from a single root. Admitting this, however, the question has to be raised, how far pure interjections and their direct derivatives, being self-expressive and so to speak living sounds, are affected by phonetic changes such as that of Grimm’s law, which act on articulate sounds no longer fully expressive in themselves, but handed down by mere tradition. Thuspandfoccur in one and the same dialect in interjections of disgust and aversion,puh!fi!being used in Venice or Paris, just as similar sounds would be in London. In tracing this group of words from early Aryan forms, it must also be noticed that Sanskrit is a very imperfect guide, for its alphabet has nof, and it can hardly give the rule in this matter to languages possessing bothpandf, and thus capable of nicer appreciation of this class of interjections.

283.Mpongwepunjina; Basutofoka; Caribphoubäe; Arawacappüdün(ignem sufflare). Other cases are given by Wedgwood, ‘Or. of Lang.’p.83.

284.See Wedgwood, ‘Dic.’Introd.p.viii.

285.See Wedgwood,Dic.,s.v.‘mum,’ &c.

286.Bates, ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’2nded.,p.404; Markham in ‘Tr. Eth.Soc.,’vol.iii.p.143.

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