AAbulfeda,28Adelard, of Bath, geographical postulates,9,10Adelard or Athelard,84Affonso, comes of age,257;marries his cousin Isabel,258;forces Pedro into revolt, and declares war against him,258,259;sends out Gomez with a large caravel,296;has the body of Prince Henry laid in chapel at Batalha,305;carries on the work of his uncle, Prince Henry,312,313;is succeeded by King John II.,314Africa, shape of,13Albateny, determined problems of astronomical geography,19Albertus Magnus, geographical postulates,9,11Albuquerque,125Albyrouny, work of,21Alfarrobeira, battle of,260Alfred the Great, credit due to, for discoveries,72;efforts in exploration and religious extension,74Al Heravy, life of,26Almada, the Hercules of Portugal,184;stands by Pedro,259;dies,260Almamoun, age of,18Almanack, Arab, Latin translation of,21Ant islands discovered,160Antoninus the Martyr, an older Mandeville,34;legends of,35Arctic colonies checked,59Arculf,42;travels of,43Arguin, fort built in the bay of,205Arim, "World's Summit,"8;taken as measure of places,10;twofold,11Armada of Lagos,228-239;"the third,"247Athelard, or Adelard,84Aviz, House of.SeeJohn, the King of Good Memory.Azambuga, Diego de,315Azaneguys described by Cadamosto,269Azores, colonisation of,251;the entire group found,254Azurara, chronicler of voyages of Henry,157BBacon, Roger, geographical postulates,9,11Baldaya, Affonso, sent out with Gil Eannes,173;his second voyage,174-176Batti, King,285,286Batuta, Ibn,27Beginnings of the art and science of discovery,145Benjamin of Tudela,88Bernard, "the French monk," route of,46Bezeghichi, meets Gomez,295;makes a treaty with Azambuga,315Bjarni Herjulfson driven to new country,56Blanco, Cape, visited by Cadamosto,267Boa Vista,284Bojador, southmost point of Christian knowledge,170;legends concerning,171;doubled by Gil Eannes,173Bruges, Jacques de, receives a grant of Captaincy of Terceira,254CCabral, Gonzalo, discovers Formiga group of islands and Santa Maria,169;Captain Donatory in St. Mary's Island,251;settled in Western Isles,252;sent in search of land beyond St. Mary, misses it, and is sent again,252;discovers St. Michael,253;returns to St. Michael with Europeans,253Cadamosto, record of his two voyages,250;his narrative,261-288;is presented to the Prince,263;visits Madeira,264,265;goes on to Canaries,265-267;to Cape Blanco,267-269;reaches the Senegal,269;describes Azaneguys,269;pushes on to land of Budomel,275-278;reaches Cape Verde,279;describes people beyond,280;explores the Gambra,281,282;goes back to Portugal, refits, and sails on second voyage,283;explores islands off Cape Verde,283,284;names Boa Vista and St. James,284;sails up the Gambra and names St. Andrew,285;visits Battimansa,285,286,and Gnumimansa,287;returns to Lisbon,287;leaves Portugal,313Camaldolese chart of Fra Mauro,301Cam, Diego,315;reaches the Congo and Walvisch Bay,316Canaries, visited by Cadamosto,265Cantor, visited by Gomez,291Cape Cod, reached by Scandinavian migration,65Cape St. Vincent, modern name for "Sacred Cape" and Sagres,160Carpini, John de Plano,90;hisBook of the Tartars,92Ceuta, King John plans an attack on,148;situation,150;left in command of Menezes,155;safe in Christian hands,156Chart of Fra Mauro,301Christian pilgrimage begins with Constantine,32Cintra, Gonsalo de,197;sets out for Guinea,218;is killed by Moors,219Cintra, Pedro de,313Columbus, influenced byImago Mundi,11;at Portuguese Court,322;at Spanish Court,323Constantine, Christian pilgrimage begins with,32Corvo,254,256Cosmas Indicopleustes,34;theory of,37;interest to us,40Costa, Sueiro da,313Covilham,316Crossness, place called from dead chief,59Crusades and land travel,76;results of,144Crusading movement, results of,78Cruzado, the,300DDaniel of Kiev, Abbot,85Death, Black, in Portugal,127De Prado, taken captive,297;martyrised,298Diaz, Bartholomew,316;makes greatest discovery in all history before Columbus,317Diaz, Diniz, enters mouth of the Senegal,220;reaches Cape Verde,221;heads a part of the fleet sent from Lagos,229;reaches Cape Verde,236Diaz, Lawrence,230Diaz, Vincent,233EEannes, Gil, makes a voyage to the Canaries,170;rounds Cape Bojador,173;sails with Lagos fleet,229Edrisi, Arabic Ptolemy, the,21;birth and life,22;account of voyage of Lisbon "Wanderers,"23;"Traveller's Doctorate," in time of,25;map superseded,27Edward, eldest son of King John,136;becomes King,172;dies,188Emosaid, family,24;establish themselves as traders,25England, Vikings first landed in,52English-born travellers, first of,45Eratosthenes, geography of,5Eric the Red, renames Greenland,55;leads colonists,56Esteeves, Alvaro, crosses the equator,314Europe, compacted together in spiritual federation,76European development, pilgrim stage of,42European expansion, beginnings of,50Europeans, first landing of, on coasts of unknown Africa,175;break in upon Moslem trade,204FFarosangul, King of Gambra,285Fayal,254;first Captain Donatory of,255Ferdinand, fourth son of King John,136;revives scheme of African war,180;goes by sea to Tangier,182;is left as hostage,185;dies a captive,188Ferdinand the Handsome, last of House of Burgundy to reign in Lisbon,131Fernandez, Alvara, commands the caravel of his uncle, Zarco,229;is again sent out with the caravel,243;the voyage,243-245Fernandez, Joan, left as hostage at Bank of Arguin,219;taken home,223;his story,223,224Fernandez, Martin, crosses the equator,314Ferrer, Jayme, explorer,108Fidelis, the monk, travels of,46Flores,254,256Formigas discovered by Cabral,169Frangazick, nephew of Farosangul,290Freitas, Alvara de,232Freydis, daughter of Red Eric, tries to colonise Vinland,62GGama, Vasco da,125Geographical record, last before age of Northmen,47Geography, first Christian,33;of Christendom from eighth and ninth centuries,41Gerard of Cremona, geographical postulates,9,10Gnumi, King,287Gog and Magog, wall to shut off,13Gold dust, first ever brought by Europeans direct from Guinea coast,203;effect,217Gomez, Diego,251;sets out in command of the caravel theWren,289;his narrative,289-298;visits Cantor,291;converts Nomimansa,293-295;meets Bezeghichi,295;returns to Lagos,296;is sent out by Affonso and goes to the land of the Barbacins,296;discovers Santiago,297;returns to Portugal,298;describes last illness and death of Prince Henry,304,305Gonsalvez, Antam, sent out by Henry,193;his voyage,193-195;takes the first captives,195;is knighted by Nuno Tristam,198;goes back to Portugal,199;goes back to Africa with the captive prince,202;exchanges two boys for ten prisoners, gold dust, and ostrich eggs,203;applies for command of ships,222Graciosa,254;settled,255Greenland, sighted by Gunnbiorn and renamed by Eric,55;colonised,56Green sea of darkness,13,14Gregory X., Pope,93HHarold Hardrada,68;type of all Vikings,69Helluland, or Slate-land,56Henry, the Navigator, special interest of the life and work,29;author of discovering movement,30;preparation for work of,80;predecessors of seamen of,107-112;first voyage,112;maps used by,117-122;Hero of Portugal,123;inspires his countrymen with love of exploration,125;his brother Pedro his right hand man,136;birth,138;his aims,139;tries to find a way round Africa to India,139;his work of exploration a foundation of an empire for his country,141;a crusader and a missionary,142;sets the example for systematic exploration,144;the teacher and master of more successful explorers,145;sends out caravels past Cape Non,147;brings Portuguese fleet into harbour at Ceuta,150;anchors off Ceuta,151;leads in the attack on Ceuta and is reported dead,152;is made a knight,153;begins coasting voyages,154;is sent to relieve Ceuta,155;plans to get possession of Gibraltar,156;returns to Court,156;is made Duke of Viseu and Lord of Covilham,157;reasons for exploring Guinea,158;Sagres his chosen home,160;is made Governor for life of the Algarves,160;his buildings on Sagres,161;his scientific work,162;results of settlement on Cape St. Vincent,163;sends out men and ships to colonise Porto Santo,164;colonises Madeira,166;directs captains to Azores,169;impatience at superstition and fears of navigators,172;receives charter for Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas,173;sends out Gil Eannes,173;despatches Baldaya,174;engaged in politics,179;reverence paid to him,179;plans and organises African war,180;sets sail for Ceuta,181;pushes forward along inland routes,182;attacks and blockades Tangier,183;raises the siege,184;signs a truce with Moors,185;shuts himself up in Ceuta,186;is recalled to Portugal,186;made one of the guardians of Affonso V.,189;arranges a compromise between Pedro and Leonor,190;sends to the Holy Father for treasure to aid in crusades,200;gives grant to sail to coast of Guinea to Lançarote,206;his motives in slave trade,207;keeps buccaneers in check,216;differs from West Indian planters,217;gives a caravel to Gonsalo de Cintra,218;permits Lagos to equip and send out a fleet on a Guinea voyage,229;takes special charge of widows and orphans left by Nuno Tristam's expedition,242;gives a reward to explorers,246;his wonderful knowledge shown in correcting Cabral's course,252;grants captaincy of Terceira to Jacques de Bruges,254;account of him in narrative of Cadamosto,261;absorbed in new Holy War against the Infidel,299;his last appearance in public service,300;makes set of charters,303;makes grants to the Order of Christ and to the Crown of Portugal,304;his illness and death,304,305;his body is laid in the chapel at Batalha,305;his personal appearance,305;his character,306;results of his life,309-312,321,323Heravy, Al, life of,26HerefordMappa Mundi,120Heurter, Job van, notice of first settlement of Azores,255Hippalus, discovery of monsoon,17Hope, country re-named,60IIbn Batuta,27Iceland, sighted by Nadodd,54;colonised,55Imago Mundi, influence on Columbus,11Isidore of Seville, belief of,40Italian, merchants, first, who opened Court of Great Khan to Venice and Genoa,90;age of South Atlantic and African voyages,107JJacome from Majorca,161Japan discovered by Kublai Khan,99Jerusalem, loss of,90John de Plano Carpini, first papal legate to the Tartars,90;gives first genuine account of Tartary,91;first real explorer of Christian Europe,92John, fourth son of King John I.,136;succeeds Affonso V., adds a new chapter to discovery, dies,314John, the King of Good Memory, transition figure,133;personal work and its results,133-135;sons of,136;plans attack on Ceuta,148;speech when he hears of death of his two sons,152;dies,160Jordanus,104KKarlsefne, Thorfinn, greatest of the Vinland sailors,60Keel-Ness (Kjalarness),58Kublai Khan,93-98LLabrador, possible discovery of,56;reached by Scandinavian migration,65Lagos equips and sends out a fleet,229La Mina,315Lançarote, obtains grant to sail to coast of Guinea,206;his voyage,212-214;landing at Lagos and sale of slaves captured by,214;admiral of fleet sent out from Lagos,229;holds a council of his captains,231;decides to go on to the Nile,232Latini, Brunetto, describes the magnet,116Leif, a son of Red Eric, starts for discovery,56Leonora Telles, evil genius of Ferdinand and Portugal,131;marries King of Portugal,132;people rise against,132Leonor of Aragon, attempts to be regent,189;yields to persuasions of Henry,190;dies,257Lion, first one brought to Portugal,247Lisbon, capture of,128MMachin, Robert,110Madagascar, first known to Europe,102Madeira, discovered and named by the Portuguese,165;nature of island,166;visited by Cadamosto,264Magellan,125,310Magnet, earliest mention of,115Magnus the Good,68Mandeville, Sir Henry,105Mappa Mundi, Hereford,120Maps, of fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries,118Marabout, or Prophet Bird,230Markland (Woodland),57Massoudy, visited various countries,19;discussion of problems,20;greatest name of first age of Arabic geography,21.Masts, Cape of,238Mauro, Fra, Camaldolese chart of,301Melli, negro empire of,270;salt trade in,271Menezes, Edward,300Menezes, Pedro de, is left in command of Ceuta,155Meymam, Ahude,223,224,245Mythology, geographical, gradual development of,7NNoli, Antonio de, sails with Gomez,297;gets the captaincy of Santiago,298Nomimansa converted by Gomez,293-295Norse, discoveries,50,51;early settlements,54;farthest point of Northern advance in Europe,55;race, type of,69Northern, advance, lines of,53;effects of invasions,74Northmen, countries made known to Europe through,67;definite advances into the unknown,72OOdjein, Aryn, or Arim,8Ogane,316Ohthere,70;service of, to western geography,72Olaf Trygveson,68PPacheco, Gonsalo, unlucky expedition of,225;meets Diaz on homeward voyage and turns back,230Papal Court sends missions to convert Tartars,90Payva,316Pedro the Traveller,136;joins in attack on Ceuta,148-153;is knighted,153;is made Duke of Coimbra and Lord of the Principality,157;returns from travels,168;becomes regent,190;gives a charter to Henry,201;gives a reward to explorers,246;resigns the regency,258;takes arms against Affonso,259;marches on Lisbon and is killed,260Philippa, Queen, character and death,149Pilgrims, primitive,34;pioneers of growth of Europe and Christendom,76Pilgrim stage of European development,42Pires, Gomes, goes on toward the Nile,232;attacks natives,234Po Fernando,313Polo, Marco, makes journey to the East with uncles,94;made commissioner of Imperial Council,96;memoirs of,96;heard and wrote of Madagascar and Zanzibar,102;Herodotus of Middle Ages,103;Polo, Nicolo and Matteo, traders to Crimea and Southern Russia,93;make second journey to farthest East,94;consulting engineers to Mongol Court,96;dismissed,101Pope, decides question of reviving African war,181Portolani, superseded map of Edrisi,27;drawn with aid of compass,121Portolano, Laurentian,118Portugal, chief points in story of,123;guide of Europe into larger world,125;mediæval history of,126-133Portuguese give a value to the art and science of discovery,145Prado De,297,298Prophet bird, or marabout,230Ptolemy, chart of,2;"Habitable Quarter" of the world,12RRio Grande,246;passed by Gomez,289Rubruquis, William de,92,93SSt. George,254,255St. James,284St. Michael, island of, discovered,253St. Silvia, of Aquitaine, travels of,33"Sacred Cape" of the Romans or Sagres,160Sæwulf of Worcester,81;pilgrimage of,82;classes of pilgrim-crusaders in time of,84Sagres, chosen home of Henry,160;systematic study of applied science founded anew at,162Santa Maria discovered,169Santiago discovered by Gomez,297Sanuto, Marino, Venetian map of,118Senegal, reached by Cadamosto,269;region about the gulf described by him,273-275Sinbad Saga,19Slate-land or Helluland,56Slaves, beginning of trade in, as a part of European commerce,207;description of sale of,214,215;treatment of,215;excuse for trade in,216Strabo, geography of,5TTagaza, or the Gold-Market,270Tangier, siege of,183Tarik, the rock of (Gibraltar),156Terceira, sighted,253;Jacques de Bruges becomes captain,254Theodosius, early pilgrim,34Thorfinn Karlsefne, greatest of the Vinland sailors,60Thorstein, third son of Red Eric, puts to sea,59Thorvald Ericson, puts to sea,57;voyages of,58;death,59Timbuctoo, inland route of merchants to,270Tristam, Nuno, meets Antam Gonsalvez,196;assists in capturing natives,196-199;continues voyage and returns to Portugal,199;sets out on another voyage,204;sails into bay of Arguin, makes captives and returns,205;makes a third voyage,219;reaches Cape Palmar,220;arms a caravel and sets sail,240;is killed by Blackmoors,241Trygveson, Olaf,68VVallarte, his expedition and fate,247Vaz, Tristam, sets out to explore as far as the coast of Guinea,163;is rewarded,166;heads three ships from Madeira in Lagos fleet,229Vergil, Irish missionary,40Vikings, highest type of explorers,31;Norse, discoveries, conquests, and colonies, beginning of European expansion,50;voyages of,52;struggle with Esquimaux,58;rename places visited,65;work on south and south-west not one of exploration,66;type of all,69;credit due, for discoveries,72;their principalities in time of Alfred,73Vinland, discovery of,57;renamed,60;visited and abandoned by Thorfinn,61;recolonised by Freydis,62;fragmentary notices of,63W"Wanderers," Lisbon, account of,23William de Rubruquis, sent by St. Louis on errand of conversion and discovery,92;interest of his work,93Willibald,44Wulfstan,70;tells of voyages,71;service of, to western geography,72YYacout, the Roman,Dictionaryof,26Yang-Tse-Kiang,96ZZarco, John Gonsalvez, sets out to explore as far as the coast of Guinea,163;his voyages,164-166;returns to Madeira,166;sends his caravel under his nephew with Lagos fleet,229;the voyage,236-239;same caravel sent out again,243