The Project Gutenberg eBook ofPsychologyThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: PsychologyA study of mental lifeAuthor: Robert Sessions WoodworthRelease date: February 25, 2010 [eBook #31382]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Don Kostuch*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOLOGY ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: PsychologyA study of mental lifeAuthor: Robert Sessions WoodworthRelease date: February 25, 2010 [eBook #31382]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Don Kostuch
Title: Psychology
A study of mental life
Author: Robert Sessions Woodworth
Author: Robert Sessions Woodworth
Release date: February 25, 2010 [eBook #31382]
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Don Kostuch
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOLOGY ***
[Transcriber's notes]
This text is derived from an unedited version in the Internet Archive.Page numbers are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book.Labels and text in a figure that are not mentioned in the figure description are included as a comma separated list, as in "(Figure text: cochlea, vestibule, 3 Canals)".Lengthy footnotes and quotations are indented.Obvious misspellings and typos are corrected but inconsistent spelling is not resolved, as in coordinate and coördinate.Here are the appearances of the heading levels.
Here are the definitions of some unfamiliar words (to me).amour propre: self-esteem; self-respect.esprit de corps: camaraderie, bonding, solidarity, fellowship.motility (motile): moving or capable of moving spontaneously.unwonted: unusual.
[End Transcribers's notes]
BYROBERT S. WOODWORTH, Ph. D.Professor of Psychology in Columbia UniversityNEW YORKHENRY HOLT AND COMPANY1921COPYRIGHT, 1921BYHENRY HOLT AND COMPANYPrinted in the U.S.A.
A few words to the reader are in order. In the first place, something like an apology is due for the free way in which the author has drawn upon the original work of many fellow-psychologists, without any mention of their names. This is practically unavoidable in a book intended for the beginner, but the reader may well be informed of the fact, and cautioned not to credit the content of the book to the writer of it. The author's task has been that of selecting from the large mass of psychological information now available, much of it new, whatever seemed most suitable for introducing the subject to the reader. The book aims to represent the present state of a very active science.
Should the book appear unduly long in prospect, the longest and most detailed chapter, that on Sensation, might perfectly well be omitted, on the first reading, without appreciably disturbing the continuity of the rest.
On the other hand should any reader desire to make this text the basis of a more extensive course of reading, the lists of references appended to the several chapters will prove of service. The books and articles there cited will be found interesting and not too technical in style.
Much advantage can be derived from the use of the "Exercises". The text, at the best, but provides raw material. Each student's finished product must be of his own making. The exercises afford opportunity for the student to work over the material and make it his own.
A first or preliminary edition of this book, in mimeographed sheets, was in use for two years in introductory classes conducted by the author and his colleagues, and was subjected to exceedingly helpful criticism from both teachers and students. The revision of that earlier edition into the present form has been very much of a coöperative enterprise, and so many have coöperated that room could scarcely be found for all their names. Professor A. T. Poffenberger, Dr. Clara F. Chassell, Dr. Georgina I. Gates, Mr. Gardner Murphy, Mr. Harold E. Jones and Mr. Paul S. Achilles have given me the advantage of their class-room experience with the mimeographed book. Dr. Christine Ladd-Franklin has very carefully gone over with me the passages dealing with color vision and with reasoning. Miss Elizabeth T. Sullivan, Miss Anna B. Copeland, Miss Helen Harper and Dr. A. H. Martin have been of great assistance in the final stages of the work. Important suggestions have come also from several other universities, where the mimeographed book was inspected.
R. S. W.Columbia UniversityAugust, 1921
Varieties of Psychology
Psychology as Related to Other Sciences
The Science of Consciousness
The Science of Behavior
Introspection
Objective Observation
General Lines of
Psychological Investigation
Summary and Attempt at a Definition
Exercises
References
The Reaction Time Experiment
Reflex Action
The Nerves in Reflex Action
Internal Construction of the Nerves and Nerve Centers
The Synapse
Coördination
Reactions in General
Exercises
References
Different Sorts of Stimuli
The Motor Centers, Lower and Higher
How the Brain Produces Muscular Movements
Facilitation and Inhibition
Super-motor Centers in the Cortex
Speech Centers
The Auditory Centers
The Visual Centers
Cortical Centers for the Other Senses
Lower Sensory Centers
The Cerebellum
Different Levels of Reaction
Exercises
References
Purposive Behavior
Organic States that Influence Behavior
Preparation for Action
Preparatory Reactions
What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish
What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action
Motives
Exercises
References
The Source of Native Traits
Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native
Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native
Experimental Detection of Native Reactions
Is Walking Native or Acquired?
Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions
Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal
Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another
What Mental Traits Are Native?
Exercises
References
The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex
An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency
Fully and Partially Organized Instincts
Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits
Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence
The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction
Exercises
References
Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions
How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions
The Organic State in Anger
Glandular Responses During Emotion
The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response
The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction
"Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions
Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion?
The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions
Emotion and Impulse
Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse
Emotion and Instinct
The Higher Emotions
Exercises
References
Classification
Responses to Organic Needs
Instinctive Responses to Other Persons
The Play Instincts
Exercises
References
Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings
Felling-tone of Sensations
Theories of Feeling
Sources of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness
Primary Likes and Dislikes
Other Proposed Elementary Feelings
Exercises
References
The Sense Organs
Analysis of Sensations
The Skin Senses
The Sense of Taste
The Sense of Smell
Organic Sensations
The Sense of Sight
Simpler Forms of the Color Sense
Visual Sensations as Related to the Stimulus
Color Mixing
What Are the Elementary Visual Sensations?
Theories of Color Vision
Adaptation
Rod and Cone Vision
After-images
Contrast
The Sense of Hearing
Comparison of Sight and Hearing
Theory of Hearing
Senses of Bodily Movement
Exercises
References
The Stimulus, or What Attracts Attention
The Motor Reaction in Attention
The Shifting of Attention
Laws of Attention and Laws of Reaction in General
Sustained Attention
Distraction
Doing Two Things at Once
The Span of Attention
Summary of the Laws of Attention
Attention and Degree of Consciousness
The Management of Attention
Theory of Attention
Exercises
References
Intelligence Tests
Performance Tests
Group Testing
Some Results of the Intelligence Tests
Limitations of the Intelligence Tests
The Correlation of Abilities
General Factors in Intelligence
Special Aptitudes
Heredity of Intelligence and of Special Aptitudes
Intelligence and the Brain
Exercises
References
Acquired Reactions Are Modified Native Reactions
Acquired Tendencies
Animal Learning
Summary of Animal Learning
Human Learning
Human Compared with Animal Learning
Learning by Observation
The Learning of Complex Practical Performances
Higher Units and Overlapping
Moderate Skill Acquired in the Ordinary Day's Work
Habit
Exercises
References
The Process of Memorizing
Economy in Memorizing
Unintentional Learning
Retention
Recall
Recognition
Memory Training
Exercises
References
What Can Be Recalled
Memory Images
Limitations of Imagery
The Question of Non-Sensory Recall
Hallucinations
Free Association
Controlled Association
Examples of Controlled Association
Exercises
References
The Law of Exercise
The Law of Effect
Limitations of the Law of Exercise
Association by Similarity
Association by Contiguity
The Law of Combination
The Law of Combination in Recall
The Laws of Learning in Terms of the Neurones
Exercises
References
Some Definitions
The Difference Between Perception and Sensation
Perception and Image
Perception and Motor Reaction
What Sort of Response, Then, Is Perception?
Practiced Perception
Corrected Perception
Sensory Data Serving as Signs of Various Sorts of Fact
The Perception of Space
Esthetic Perception
Social Perception
Errors of Perception
Illusions
Exercises
References
Animal and Human Exploration
Reasoning Culminates in Inference
Varieties of Reasoning
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Psychology and Logic
Exercises
References
Beginnings of Imagination in the Child
Preliminary Definition of Imagination
Play
The Play Motives
Empathy
Worry
Day Dreams
Dreams
Freud's Theory of Dreams
Autistic Thinking
Invention and Criticism
The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art
The Psychology of Inventive Production
Imagination Considered in General
Exercises
References
Voluntary and Involuntary Action
Development of Voluntary Control
Ideomotor Action
Conflict and Decision
Obstruction and Effort
Thought and Action
Securing Action
The Influence of Suggestion
Exercises
References
Factors in Personality
The Self
Integration and Disintegration of the Personality
The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind
Unconscious Wishes and Motives
Exercises
References