THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

The steam fire engine is practically a portable pumping engine.It is in all respects a complete water works on a small scale, hence, a modern apparatus must, within itself, and each part working harmoniously with every other part, contain several complex mechanisms. This will readily appear by a study of the several succeeding illustrations; the first, which in the figure below exhibits a “view” of a complete machine.

Fig. 389.(See page109.)

Modern steam fire engines are classified as to “size,” as “double extra first,” etc.; their capacities and weights are given approximately in the following

Table.

Size of Engines.Capacity.Weight.Double Extra First1,300 gallons per min.10,800 pounds.Extra First1,100 gallons per min.9,800 pounds.First900 gallons per min.8,800 pounds.Second700 gallons per min.7,800 pounds.Third600 gallons per min.6,800 pounds.Fourth500 gallons per min.5,800 pounds.Fifth400 gallons per min.4,800 pounds.

The foregoing list of the sizes, capacities, etc., of the fire apparatus now in general use, affords a very good comparison between it and that which has, little by little, progressed for two thousand years to its present high plane.The application of electric power to the operation of the pumpsand the propulsion of the apparatus is yet in too elementary a stage for present discussion in a work of this scope for—

It is essential that the machinery relied upon for fire protection should at all times be ready for instantaneous and effective service; this, because both life and vast property interests are at stake,hence of all machines made, the modern steam fire engine is produced with a niceness of finish and accuracy of fit equaled by no other, when size is considered; it approaches towards the perfection seen in the mechanism of a fine watch.

Figs. 390, 391.

This degree of excellence has been arrived at by successive steps. The illustration on page 92, Fig.388exhibits the fire-fighting tools of the early Romans and similar apparatus was used in England as late as the fifteenth century. The implements shown are a syringe, a sledge hammer, two fire hooks and three leathern buckets conveniently arranged against a wall.The owners of houses or chimneys that took fire were fined; and men were appointed to watch for fires and give the alarm. In 1472 a night bellman was employed in Exeter to alarm the inhabitants in case of fire, and in 1558, leathern buckets, ladders and crooks, were ordered to be provided for the same city; no application of the pump seems to have been then thought of.

Syringes continued to be used in London till the latter part of the 17th century, when they were superseded by more improved machines. They were usually made of brass and held from two to four quarts. The smaller ones were about two feet and a half long, and an inch and a half in diameter; thebore of the nozzles being half an inch.Three menwere required to work each, which they achieved in this manner: one man on each side, grasped the cylinder with one hand and the nozzle with the other; while the third man worked the piston! Those who held the instrument plunged the nozzle into a vessel of water, the operator then drew back the piston and thus charged the cylinder, and when it was raised by the bearers into the required position, he pushed in the piston and forced, or rather endeavored to force, the contents upon the fire.A

Fig. 392.

Figs.390and391show an early form of syringe. A description of it translated from the original Greek, written by Hero of the ancient city of Alexandria, reads thus—“A hollow tube of some length is made, A, B; into this another tube, C, D,is nicely fitted, to the extremity of which is fastened a small plate or piston; at, D, is a handle, E, F. Cover the orifice, A, of the tube, A, B, with a plate in which an extremely fine tube, G, H, is fixed, its bore communicating with A, B, through the plate—as a vacuum is thus produced in A, B, something else must enter to fill it, and as there is no other passage but through the mouth of the small tube we shall of necessity draw up through this any fluid that may be near.”

ANote.—We are told that some of these syringes are preserved in one or two of the parish churches. It can excite no surprise that London should have been almost wholly destroyed in the great fire of 1666, when such were the machines upon which the inhabitants chiefly depended for protecting their property and dwellings. If the diminutive size of these instruments be considered, the number of hands required to work each, beside others to carry water and vessels for them, the difficulty and often impossibility of approaching sufficiently near so as to reach the flames with the jet, the loss of part of the stream at the beginning and end of each stroke of the piston, and the trifling effect produced—the whole act of using them, appears rather as a farce. These primitive devices were known as “hand squirts.”

Fig.392is a copy of an old engraving (A. D. 1568) which shows an “engine” of this type sufficiently enlarged to contain a barrel or more of water and as a matter of necessity, placed on a carriage.

Fig. 393.

To eject the water uniformly, the inventor moved the piston by a screw; and when the cylinder was emptied, it was refilled through the funnel by an attendant, as the piston was drawn back by reversing the motion of the crank. When recharged, the stop cock in the pipe of the funnel was closed and the liquid forced out as before. As flexible pipes of leather, the “ball and socket” and “goose-neck” joints had not been introduced, some mode ofchanging the direction of the jetof this enormous syringe was necessary. To effect this, it is represented as suspended on pivots, fastened in two upright posts: to these are secured (seefigure) two semi-circular straps of iron, whose centers coincide with the axis, or pivots, on which the syringe is balanced. A number of holes are made in each, and are so arranged as to be opposite each other. A bolt is passed through two of these, and also through a similar hole, in a piece of metal, that is firmly secured to the upper part of the open end of the cylinder; and thus holds the latter in any required position. The ironframe to which the box or female part of the screw is attached, is made fast to the cylinder; and it is through a projecting piece on the end of this frame that the bolt is passed. By these means, any elevation could be given to the nozzle, and the syringe could be secured by passing the bolt through the piece just mentioned, and through the corresponding holes in the straps. When alateralchange in the jet was required, the whole machine was moved by a man at the end of the pole, as in the figure. Jointed feet were attached to the frame which were let down when the engine was at work.

Fig.393shows an engine for extinguishing fires, which has come down to us from the times of Hero, who thus describes it:

Note.—The siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows. Take two vessels of bronze,A B C D,E F G H(Fig.393), having the inner surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston (like the barrels of water-organs),K L,M N, being the pistons fitted to the boxes. Let the cylinders communicate with each other by means of the tube,X O D F, and be provided with valves,P,R, such as have been explained above, within the tube,X O D F, and opening outwards from the cylinders. In the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures,S,T, covered with polished hemispherical cups,V Q,W Y, through which insert spindles soldered to, or in some way connected with, the bases of the cylinders, and provided with shoulders at the extremities that the cups may not be forced off the spindles. To the center of the pistons fasten the vertical rods,S E,S E, and attach to these the beamA´ A´, working, at its center, about the stationary pin,D, and about the pins,B,C, at the rods,S E,S E. Let the vertical tube,S´ E´, communicate with the tube,X O D F, branching into two arms at,S´, and provided with small pipes through which to force up water, such as were explained above in the description of the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed air.Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions be plunged into a vessel containing water,I J U Z, and the beam,A´ A´, be made to work at its extremities,A´,A´, which move alternately about the pin,D, the pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube,E´ S, and the revolving mouth,M´. For when the piston,M N, ascends it opens the aperture,T, as the cup,W Y, rises, and shuts the valve,R; but when it descends it shuts,T, and opens,R, through which the water is driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston,K L, is the same. Now the small pipe,M´, which waves backward and forward, ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction, unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions is a tedious and difficult process. In order therefore, that the water may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube,E´ S´, consist of two tubes, fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be attached to the tube,X O D F, and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at,S´; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round, by the inclination of the mouthpiece,M´, the stream of water can be forced to any spot we please. The upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letterL, soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a ring which encircles the lower.

Now, if the cylinders, provided with these additions be plunged into a vessel containing water,I J U Z, and the beam,A´ A´, be made to work at its extremities,A´,A´, which move alternately about the pin,D, the pistons, as they descend, will drive out the water through the tube,E´ S, and the revolving mouth,M´. For when the piston,M N, ascends it opens the aperture,T, as the cup,W Y, rises, and shuts the valve,R; but when it descends it shuts,T, and opens,R, through which the water is driven and forced upwards. The action of the other piston,K L, is the same. Now the small pipe,M´, which waves backward and forward, ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction, unless the whole machine be turned round; which on urgent occasions is a tedious and difficult process. In order therefore, that the water may be ejected to the spot required, let the tube,E´ S´, consist of two tubes, fitting closely together lengthwise, of which one must be attached to the tube,X O D F, and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at,S´; and thus, if the upper tube be turned round, by the inclination of the mouthpiece,M´, the stream of water can be forced to any spot we please. The upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the water. This may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letterL, soldered to the upper tube, and sliding on a ring which encircles the lower.

Fig. 394.(See page109.)

Heron or Hero was an Alexandrian mathematician of the 3d CenturyB. C.He was the inventor of “Hero’s Fountain” in which a jet of water was maintained by condensed air and of a machine acting upon the principle of Barker’s Mill, in which the motion was produced by steam.Fragments of his works on mechanics have been preservedfor more than 2000 years.

Lack of space forbids following, as could be done, the growth of the modern steam fire engine from these primitive beginnings to its present high point of excellence and widely extended use. Wherever civilized men are gathered into towns and cities there can be found this admirable mechanism affording protection to both life and property.

The Working Parts,The Boiler, andItsfacilities for Transportation are the three essential parts of the one mechanism which combined, form the steam fire engine. In brief reference to the last qualification, it may be said that these engines are drawn by hand, by one or more horses, or other animals andare self-propelled by both steam and electric power; again the hose carriage can be drawn by hand, by horses or can be attached to the engine.

The main working parts of the machinecan be easily divided into two parts,the engineandthe pump.

The boiler in all its details has been designed to meet the requirements peculiar to the fire service and needs a full explanation with illustrations.

The auxiliary appliancesfound necessary for the operation of the modern steam fire engine are large in number; this is owing to the fact that the machine combines within itself so complete a system for extinguishing fires.The suppliesneeded for its maintenance and use are also in proportion, as to quantity and variety, to its complex make up.

The boiler, which is generally of the upright semi-water tube type, is combined with the engine by means of a strong iron frame, which carries all the appliances as well as the driver’s seat, and also forms the body of the truck.

Vertical Section.Fig. 395.

The pumpsmay be of the reciprocating or rotary type, and are generally placed in front of the boiler. If of the reciprocating type, two pumps are placed alongside each other, and are operated either by a double slide valve or piston valve engine.

The piston rodsconnect directly with the plunger rods and are also connected to a crank shaft by means of either connecting rods or yokes, the cranks being set at right angles, so that one pump is always acting, while the other passes the dead center, thus giving a practically steady stream.

The engine exhausts into the stack, which gives the necessary draft. Some enginesare equipped with a boiler feed pump, others only depend upon an injector, or feed directly from the main pump.The coal box, which also forms a platform for the engineer to stand upon while under way, is placed back of the boiler.

All engines are equipped with two suctions and two discharge openings, so that either side may be connected up. The tool box and driver’s seat are in front of the engine. The frame rests upon springs, to make the machine easy running.

Fig. 396.

The Fox Boilerwith which the Metropolitan and other engines are equipped deserves an extended notice. It is shown in vertical section in Fig.395, the arrows indicating the steam and water circulation. Its design, while simple, embodies some original ideas as to the arrangement of the tube surface method of circulation, etc.; it is a steam generator ofthe water tube typedesigned to meetthe requirements peculiar to the fire service. The steam take-off and sectional view of shell with the tube system removed is shown in Fig.397.

Note.—Working pressure can be generated in this boiler in six minutes from cold water, and the provisions for expansion are so near perfect that no bad effect is noticeable from such severe treatment. The manifold tube sections are tested to 600 pounds pressure, and are put together with great care;the manifolds are counter-boredto admit the full diameter of the tube, leaving none of the threaded portion exposed.

Plan showing Steam Take-Off.—Fig. 397.

Top View of Empty Shell, showing manifold Beam.—Fig. 398.

The boiler consists primarily of a simple annular shell heavily stay-bolted throughout, and constitutes a water-legged fire-box and steam reservoir; the principal heating surface of the boiler consists of straight water tubes, manifolded in sectional form and housed within the shell, the general scheme providing arrangements to make all connections readily accessible, and permitting the withdrawal from the boiler of any one or all of the several tube sections; the shell, being practically a permanent feature, need seldom be disturbed by reason of subsequent repairs or renewals of the tube systems.

It may be noted that the lower part, or water leg, of the shell is contracted for the purpose of facilitating the rapid generation of steam, and also providing the maximum grate area; at a point somewhat below the water line of the boiler, the inner shell is flanged inward, thereby enlarging the annular space between the inner and outer sheets for the purpose of providing a more copious reservoir.

The water line being carried in this larger part of the shell, tends to prevent the rapid fluctuation of the water level, and the increased area of its surface at this point is favorable to the disengagement of the steam.

Sectional Unitfor Outer-TubeSystem.Fig. 399.

Sectional Unit forInner-Tube System.Fig. 400.

When held at its normal point, the water line protects the flanged part of the inner shell; but no damage can occur, either from a willful or an accidental drawing down of the water, as the spray deflected through the nipples of the outer tubes is sufficient to protect the flange, although the actual water level is well down in the leg.

The steam in contact with the upper part of the shell is by no means dry, and the heat absorbed at this point is amply sufficient to protect it. To insure a delivery of dry steam to the cylinders, a peculiar“take-off” ringis provided at the highest part of the steam reservoir, the same encircling the inside sheet of the shell. The upper edge of the ring is perforated at a distant point from the throttle, and the steam entering the ring chamber in small streams is held in close contact with the hot shell at a point closely adjacent to the upper line of rivets; the steam by this means is dried duringits passage to the throttle, and the heat thus absorbed serves as a protection to the rivets just referred to.

Note.—The life of both water tubes and fire tubes is generally found disproportionate to the heavier parts used in boiler construction, and experience shows conclusively that the cost of subsequent maintenance is measured directly by, and may be diminished by, the facility with which these indispensable parts may be replaced or repaired in an emergency.

The principal heating surface of the boiler is contained in the vertical water tube sections, which comprise and will be referred to, asan inner and an outer tube system.

The outer system, embraces the short manifold sections which completely encircle the fire-box walls. The top end of each section is screwed and suspended from the flanged part of the shell, and the lower end is stayed by direct connection with the leg of the fire-box.The tubes are “staggered”in their manifolds, thereby exposing the greatest possible surface to the fire, and filling out the space due to the difference in the width of the water-leg and steam space of the shell.

The direct application of heat to the tubes causes a natural and active upward current therein, which in turn induces a corresponding downward movement of the water in the leg of the fire-box, and promotes the flow into the feed pipes.

Top View.—Fig. 401.

Bottom View.—Fig. 402.

The inner-tube systemcomprises those tube sections which extend to the upper limits of the boiler, their number and arrangement being such as to completely fill the interior of the shell above the space required for the combustion of the fuel. The construction of the vertical inner-tube system is simple, and consists of the required number of manifold sections, suitably arranged to conform to the circular space occupied, the flat inner end of each upper manifold being rigidly bolted to a heavy transverse beam, which in turn is supported in suitable pockets secured to the upper part of the shell.

At the top of the boiler, each section has its own connection with the steam space, and it is easy to remove either one of the sections separately without disturbing the others;or the entire inner-tube system can be raised out of the boiler as a whole, after breaking the proper connections, all of which are accessible. The current of steam and water carried over through the top connections of the inner system is generally sufficient to keep the tubes clear of scale; and the point of discharge and disengagement is brought down low, to prevent its mixture with the drier steam contained in the highest part of the shell.

When connected to a stationary boiler, as is now the general practice in fire departments, the circulative currents of water reach all parts of the boiler, hence its contents may be kept uniformly at any desirable temperature.

A stationary heater for the fire engineconsists of a small boiler, placed at some convenient point near the same when in quarters. It is connected with the engine boiler by means of suitable circulating pipes, the entire arrangement being adapted to supply hot water through pipe connections which separate automatically as the engine leaves the house.

Although the best types of fire engine boilers require but a few minutes’ time to generate a working pressure from cold water, the general adoption of many improvements has made the stationary heater an essential part of a complete equipment.

Experience proves that the life of the boiler is prolonged by being kept constantly in a state of activity, and the elevated temperature of the water insures prompt and efficient work by the steamer at the very time when a few moments’ delay may breed disaster.

The pumpsfitted and adapted to steam fire engines comprise two separate and distinct double acting piston pumps united in a single body and akin in many details to the duplex pump.

Fig. 403.

Calling in mind the well-known fact, that, in drawing a water supply the only power available to bring the fluid under forcing influence of the pump’s pistons is the limited pressure of the atmosphere, therefore the importance of all details concerned in first inducing an entry of the water will be readily conceded. Easy and unrestricted “suction ways” in direct communication with properly proportioned receiving valves (and these valves suitably arranged in close proximity to the working barrels of the pump), are the conditions that must always remain paramount, and to which all other features must give way, to safely attain the desirable high piston speeds. The value of perfect, simple and direct water ways, the passages, and all which they imply, has been studied in the design of this pumping engine. See Figs.403-407.

The facilities provided for exposing the interior mechanismpermits all such parts to be quickly reached for examination, or detached for renewal or repair, and this can be done without dismounting the entire pumps or greatly disturbing their exterior attachments. It will be seen, by reference to the cuts, that all of the valves can be easily and quickly examined, and also replaced, by removing the caps that enclose the chambers; all joints required for this purpose are made between flat surfaces planed true, as shown in Fig.404; gun metal, or other suitable composition, is used and no part of the pump body is subject to wear, either by friction or corrosion.All valve seats are screwed into place, and either these or the working barrels of the pump may be readily replaced with new ones, in case the same should become worn. All stud bolts, nuts, etc., coming in contact with water, are made of drawn phosphor or Tobin bronze; nipples, piping, etc., are of brass.

Figs. 404, 405, 406and407.

Suction or hydrant connection may be made at either side of the engine; and, in operation, the central core of the pump body ispractically a continuation of the suction hose, and serves to establish a direct communication with the receiving pump valves, arranged on opposite sides of the chamber. This chamber, as shown in the sectional view, Fig.408, thusbecomes the distributing center, from which the incoming water flows to the suction valves. The current from the suction is not required to change its general direction, and but little friction is encountered by the water in its diversion through the pump valves.

The position of the suction or receiving valves, in relation to the water cylinders, may be understood by reference to Fig.408, which shows the same arranged in a cluster around the open ends of the barrels. The suction valve area is large, and the proportions adopted contribute largely to the smooth running of the pump, under conditions of speed seldom attempted in ordinary practice.

Fig. 408.

The valves in this pump are controlled by improved springs, the tension of which is at all times the same; and which are made of phosphor bronze;the force chambersin opposite ends of the pumps are practically equal, and, owing to the close proximity of the valves, the clearance is reduced to a minimumThe discharging outlets are elevated above the highest point of the valve chambers, and the communicating passages are designed to prevent conflicting currents, and also to permit the pump to free itself promptly of air. The pistons are of a frictionless type, and in accordance with the usual practice of working double pumps in unison, the cranks controlling the movements of the pistons are placed at 90 degrees.

Fig. 409.

A convenient and effective arrangement of suction strainers is shown in Fig.409. Perforated cages are introduced into the suction chambers through the inlets on opposite sides of the pump. The ends of these cages are open, and a short sleeve, which is permanently secured within the pump, serves to support and also to establish communication from one cage to the other.

The surface of both cages is, therefore, available as a strainer, and any obstruction entering with the water is carried to the opposite side, to a point where it can be removed, without first detaching the suction hose.

The driving mechanism supplied with the American Pump is shown by Figs.389and394, which are perspective views engraved from photographs. It may be noted that the design is practically compact and well balanced, and embodies many excellent advantages found in no other type of fire engine.

The pumps, steam cylinders and driving partsare built as a unit, and have no direct connection with the boiler other than the necessary stays and pipe connections, all of which are readily accessible and visible for inspection at any time.

The steam cylinders used in connection with the pumps are of the ordinary slide valve type. The valve chests are easily opened from either side of the engine for examination, and the valve rods are made from a special composition and can not corrode. The valve motion is simple, and there is nothing connected with the steam ends that may not be quickly understood.

Fig. 410.

Maximum Dimensions of Steam Fire Engines.

SIZE OF ENGINE.LENGTH OVER ALL.WIDTHOVER HUBS.HEIGHTOVER DOME.WITH POLEWITHOUT POLEDouble Extra First25 ft. 3 in.10 ft.6 ft. 7 in.10 ft.Extra First24 ft. 10 in.9 ft. 10 in.6 ft. 5 in.9 ft. 10 in.First24 ft. 5 in.9 ft. 6 in.6 ft. 2 in.9 ft. 6 in.Second23 ft. 11 in.9 ft. 1 in.6 ft.9 ft. 1 in.Third23 ft. 2 in.8 ft. 11 in.5 ft. 9 in.8 ft. 11 in.Fourth22 ft. 11 in.8 ft. 7 in.5 ft. 9 in.8 ft. 7 in.Fifth22 ft. 3 in.8 ft. 5 in.5 ft. 6 in.8 ft. 5 in.

Appurtenances.In addition to such special fixtures as may be necessary for their proper working, the following articles are a part of each engine:

Smooth bore rubber suction hose, carried in substantial brackets on the machine and fitted with suitable couplings, hydrant connections and interchangeable outside suction strainer.Polished copper vacuum and air chambers.Fuel pan of ample capacity.Detachable footboard, for the engineer and an assistant.Driver’s seat, for either one or two men.Seat cushion.Whip socket.Blanket holders, when desired.Foot brake, to operate from front or rear.Horse pole, with whiffletrees.Trace and pole chains or straps with patent snaps.Gong attached to driver’s footboard orLocomotive bell mounted over steam cylinders.Steam signal whistle.Grate bars, dumping or stationary pattern.Stationary sprinkler, for wetting ashes under grate.Pop safety valves.Variable regulator for exhaust nozzles.Auxiliary steam blast into chimney.Nickel-plated brass chimney dome and bands around boiler.Two steam pressure gauges.Water pressure gauge.Glass water gauge on boiler with extra tube.Try cocks on boiler.Brass feed pump for boiler.Auxiliary feed to boiler from main pumps.Churn valve, for feeding boiler when streams are shut off.Necessary air, drain and pet cocks.Surface blower from water line of boiler.Blow-off cocks and cleaning plugs in fire-box leg.Cleaning and “thaw” hose with connections.Regrinding throttle valve, with drain cock attached.Automatic or sight-feed lubricators.Cylinder oil cups.Necessary oil cups and lubricating devices.Hand oil cans.Three-pint reservoir cans for cylinder and lubricating oil.Keepers, attached to all stuffing-box nuts.Poker, shovel and other stoking tools.Fire department hand lanterns, carried in brackets.Adjustable screw wrenches.Universal spanner for slotted nuts.Hose spanner.Hammer.Tool box, with all necessary monkey-wrenches, cold chisels, and files.Two polished play pipes and nozzles.Stop valves next to boiler and flow and return pipes for use with stationary Fire Engine Heaters.

Smooth bore rubber suction hose, carried in substantial brackets on the machine and fitted with suitable couplings, hydrant connections and interchangeable outside suction strainer.

Polished copper vacuum and air chambers.

Fuel pan of ample capacity.

Detachable footboard, for the engineer and an assistant.

Driver’s seat, for either one or two men.

Seat cushion.

Whip socket.

Blanket holders, when desired.

Foot brake, to operate from front or rear.

Horse pole, with whiffletrees.

Trace and pole chains or straps with patent snaps.

Gong attached to driver’s footboard or

Locomotive bell mounted over steam cylinders.

Steam signal whistle.

Grate bars, dumping or stationary pattern.

Stationary sprinkler, for wetting ashes under grate.

Pop safety valves.

Variable regulator for exhaust nozzles.

Auxiliary steam blast into chimney.

Nickel-plated brass chimney dome and bands around boiler.

Two steam pressure gauges.

Water pressure gauge.

Glass water gauge on boiler with extra tube.

Try cocks on boiler.

Brass feed pump for boiler.

Auxiliary feed to boiler from main pumps.

Churn valve, for feeding boiler when streams are shut off.

Necessary air, drain and pet cocks.

Surface blower from water line of boiler.

Blow-off cocks and cleaning plugs in fire-box leg.

Cleaning and “thaw” hose with connections.

Regrinding throttle valve, with drain cock attached.

Automatic or sight-feed lubricators.

Cylinder oil cups.

Necessary oil cups and lubricating devices.

Hand oil cans.

Three-pint reservoir cans for cylinder and lubricating oil.

Keepers, attached to all stuffing-box nuts.

Poker, shovel and other stoking tools.

Fire department hand lanterns, carried in brackets.

Adjustable screw wrenches.

Universal spanner for slotted nuts.

Hose spanner.

Hammer.

Tool box, with all necessary monkey-wrenches, cold chisels, and files.

Two polished play pipes and nozzles.

Stop valves next to boiler and flow and return pipes for use with stationary Fire Engine Heaters.

Fig. 411.

Back to Index Next