apprehensive,a.discerning,apt;fearful,anxious, worried.approachable,a.accessible.Antonym:unapproachable.appropriate,a.fitting,proper,applicable, apposite,pertinent,fit.Antonyms: Seeinappropriate.approval,n.approbation,sanction, commendation,liking, indorsement.Antonyms: Seedisapproval.approve,v.commend,sanction,countenance,favor,like.apron,n.pinafore, tier;boot.apt,a.fit,relevant,appropriate,germane,applicable, felicitous,pertinent,apropos;likely,liable;clever,intelligent,bright,deft.Antonyms: Seeinapt.aptitude,n.proneness, propensity,leaning, proclivity,inclination.Antonym: inaptitude.aptness,n.appropriateness,pertinence;intelligence, cleverness.arbitrary,a.tyrannical,absolute,imperious,unrestrained,dictatorial.arbitrator,n.arbiter,umpire,judge,referee.arbor,n.bower, pergola,trellis.arch,a.greatest,chief;cunning,roguish, mischievous,sportive.arch,v.vault, concamerate.--n.concameration, fornication.archæologist,n.antiquary,antiquarian, paleologist.archæology,n.paleology.archbishop,n.primate, metropolitan.arched,a.vaulted, camerated, forniciform, fornicated.archery,n.Associated word: toxophilite.archives,n. pl.publicrecords, registers, muniments.ardent,a.zealous,passionate,fervent,warm,enthusiastic, sanguine,vehement, impassioned; spirituous, alcoholic;fiery,hot,burning,flagrant,intense.ardor,n.eagerness,zeal, heartiness, impetuosity,fervor,vehemence, empressement, intensity,warmth.Antonyms:indifference,apathy.arduous,a.onerous,difficult,laborious, wearisome.arena,n.amphitheater,ring,field.arguable,a.debatable,disputable,moot, contestable.argue,v.reason,plead,remonstrate,expostulate;contend,dispute, controvert,moot,discuss;prove, evince,betoken,indicate, imply,denote.arguer n.reasoner,disputant, debater, controversialist.argument,n.reasoning,controversy, argumentation,discussion,debate,dispute, disputation, polemic.argumentative,a.ratiocinative;disputatious, polemical,controversial, dialectical.arid,a.dry,barren,unproductive, parched,sterile; uninteresting,dull, unsuggestive.aridity,n.dryness,drought, unproductiveness,sterility; dullness, unsuggestiveness.arise,v.mount, ascend,rise; proceed,issue,spring, originate.aristocracy,n.peerage, patriciate,nobility, patricianorder.Antonyms:commonalty, yeomanry, proletariate,bourgeoisie, peasantry,rabble.aristrocrat,n.patrician,noble,peer, grandee,lord.aristocratic,a.patrician,noble, titled.Antonyms: plebeian, proletarian.arm,n.brachium (upper arm), antibrachium (forearm); (bones of the arm) humerus, radius, ulna, epipodiale.Associated words: akimbo, solen,cradle, triceps, chevron, brassard,pinion, discriminal, gesticulate, gesticulation,gesture, brachial, chelidon, elbow, biceps.arm,n.branch; inlet (of the sea), fiord, firth, frith,cove, estuary; projection.arm,v.equip (with weapons), fortify,strengthen.armhole,n.scye (Cutter's term).armor,n.mail, panoply, armature,armory, cuirass, jambeaux, corselet, hauberk.armor-bearer,n.armiger.armory,n.arsenal.armpit,n.axilla.arms,n. pl.weapons,armor, artillery, accoutrements,guns, ordnance; escutcheon, scutcheon, ensigns armorial, coat-of-arms.army,n.troops,force, armament;host,legions, throng.Associated words:militia,military, strategy, logistics,generalship, tactics, regiment,squad,company, stratography, flank, barracks, bivouac,muster, caisson, ploy, ployment, deploy, deployment, van, mobilize, mobilization demobilize, demobilization, etatmajor, impedimenta, munitions.army peddler.sutler.aromatic,a.fragrant, redolent,balmy,spicy,savory.arouse,v.excite,rouse,animate,stimulate,awaken,revive, inspirit.arrange,v.dispose,range, classify,marshal, methodize; prearrange,devise,contrive, premeditate; adjust,settle, determine.arrangement,n.disposition,distribution, collocation,classification; preparation, preconcertion,settlement,adjustment,agreement;economy,management, regulation.Antonyms: disarrangement,confusion,chaos.arrest,v.apprehend;stop,check,restrain;stunt,dwarf.arrest,n.apprehension,capture,detention;custody, duress;stoppage,restraint, interruption,hindrance,prevention.Associated words: capias,warrant.arrogance,n.hauteur, superciliousness,insolence,haughtiness, lordliness, contumely.arrogant,a.Seehaughty.arrow,n.dart; matras.Associated words: barb, ouabain, sagittal, sagittary,quiver, sheaf, belomancy.arrowhead,n.Associated words: cuneiform, sagittate.arsenal,n.armory,magazine.art,n.(fine arts)music,painting,sculpture, architecture,poetry,engraving; (liberal arts) grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry,music, astronomy, the sciences, philosophy,history;craft,dexterity, clevernes, ingenuity,cunning,artifice.Associated words: technical, paleotechnics, technics, technic, intransigeant, intransigeance, artist, artistic, artistry.artful,a.designing,crafty, diplomatic, disingenuous,ingenious,dexterous,politic.article,n.thing, commodity;portion,clause, stipulation,detail, item; contribution,piece,essay,feature.articulation,n.joint;utterance,pronunciation, enunciation.artifice,n.stratagem,finesse,craft,guile,subtlety,wile, machination,ruse, diplomacy.artificial,a.factitious;feigned,affected,assumed, fictitious,counterfeit,spurious.artisan,n.artificer,craftsman,mechanic, handcraftsman.artist's workshop.studio, atelier.artless,a.ingenuous,naïve,guileless,simple,sincere,unaffected,undesigning.artlessness,n.ingenuousness,naïveté, guilelessness,sincerity,candor,innocence.ascent,n.rising, ascension;elevation,height.ascetic,n.hermit,recluse, eremite, anchoret,solitary.Antonyms:voluptuary,sensualist, sybarite, worldling,epicure, gormand.ascribable,a.attributable, assignable,chargeable, imputable, referrible.ascribe,v.attribute,assign, impute.ascription,n.attribution, imputation.ashamed,a.abashed, confused, mortified, disconcerted.Antonyms: unashamed,brazen-faced.ashes,n. pl.cinders; lapilli.Associated words: ashery, mortuary urn, spodomancy,leach.ashes of barilla.pulverine.ashy,a.ashen, cineraceous, cineritious, cinereous.Asia,n.Associated words: Asiatic, Asiaticism, Eurasian, Eurasiatic, Asian.ask,v.inquire,question, interrogate,quiz, catechize;request,solicit,petition, supplicate, entreat,desire,beg,seek,beseech,crave,implore, importune, dun,apply;require,demand,expect,challenge,exact,claim;invite,bid.askance,adv.sidewise, obliquely, askant,askew,asquint.asker,n.petitioner, inquirer,questioner, solicitor, solicitant, suitor, supplicant, postulant.askew,adv.awry,askance,asquint, obliquely,sidewise, askant.asking,n.petition,solicitation,inquiry,quiz, interrogation,question,instance, entreaty, supplication,request, importunity,application, imploration,invitation.aslant,adv.obliquely.aspect,n.appearance,look;view,scene, prospect;position,posture.aspiring,a.ambitious, emulous, aspirant.asquint,adv.obliquely,awry,askance,askew.ass,n.donkey,jackass.Associated word: bray.assail,v.attack,assault, oppugn; asperse,defame,vilify, malign.assailant,n.assailer, aggressor,assaulter,antagonist.assault,n.onset, onslaught,charge, aggression, assailing,invasion, incursion.assault,v.attack,assail.assaulter,n.assailant.assay,n.Associated words: docimology, docimacy, docimastic.assemble,v.convene, congregate,gather,meet;muster, convoke.assembly,n.concourse, congregation, assemblage,meeting;convention,convocation, congress, synod, diet,council, caucus, consistory, conclave, conventicle, conference; galaxy.assent,n.consent,agreement, acquiescence, concurrence; placet.Antonyms:dissent, declension.assent,v.concur, acquiesce, concede,yield,consent.Antonyms:dissent,refuse.assert,v.affirm,state,say, aver, predicate, asseverate,maintain,declare.assertion,n.affirmation,statement,declaration, avermentassertive,a.positive, peremptory, declaratory, affirmativeassets,n. pl.resources,property, effects, possessions.assiduity,n.sedulity,diligence, sedulousness, perseveranceassiduous,a.sedulous,diligent,persistent,industrious,unremitting.assign,v.allot,apportion,appoint; transfer,make over, convey:advance, adduce,specify.assignment,n.transfer,conveyance;apportionment,appointment,allotment, allocation, emplacement; determination specification, adducing.assish,a.asinine.assishness,n.asininity.assist,v.abet, coöperate with,aid. Seehelp.assistance,n.aid,succor,relief,coöperation, reinforcement, collaboration, subservience.assistant,a.helping,auxiliary, subsidiary,coöperating, adjuvant.assistant,n.helper,auxiliary,aider, coöperator, collaborator, coadjutor; abettor,aid,accessory,ally, adjuvant, adjunct, confrère,accomplice,confederate, subsidiary.assisting,a.auxiliary, subsidiary,assistant.associate,v.join,connect, affiliate; fraternize, consort, hobnob.associate,n.companion, intimate,mate, fellow, consort,comrade, yoke-fellow,chum,crony, compeer; colleague, confrère,partner, collaborator, coöperator.association,n.affiliation,connection, intimacy, conjunction,combination, participation, collaboration, collusion,coöperation, coadjuvancy;fraternity, sodality, syndicate, confraternity,league, corporation,guild.Antonyms: disassociation,disconnection.assume,v.undertake; presume, presuppose, postulate, take for granted; arrogate,appropriate;affect,simulate,pretend,feign.assumed,a.supposed, postulated;make-believe, pretended,feigned.assuming,a.pretentious, presumptuous.assurance,n.surety,promise;confidence, conviction, assuredness; effrontery, audacity,impudence;insurance.astonish,v.amaze,stagger, astound,overwhelm, flabbergast (Jocular).astonishing,a.amazing, astounding.astonishment,n.amazement,surprise,wonder, flabbergastation (Jocular).astraddle,adv.astride.asylum,n.retreat,sanctuary.Athanasian Creed.Quicunque, Quicunque vult.athlete,n.gymnast, pancratist.athletic,a.gymnastic, agonistic, pancratic;stalwart,muscular,able-bodied,brawny,lusty.athletics,n. pl.gymnastics, athletism.Associated words: agonistics, stadium.atom,n.monad,molecule,particle,bit,iota,grain,scrap,scintilla.atomic,a.molecular.atonable,a.expiable.Antonyms:unatonable, inexpiable.atone,v.expiate.atonement,n.expiation,amends,reparation, propitiation.atoning,a.expiatory, propitiatory.at short notice.summarily, promptly.atrocious,a.heinous, flagitious,nefarious,felonious,infamous,outrageous.atrocity,n.heinousness,enormity, nefariousness, flagrancy,crime,outrage.attach,v.affix, annex, append, subjoin;distress, distrain,seize.attachment,n.devotedness,devotion, adherence; adjunctappendage, appurtenance;seizure,distress.attack,n.assault, onset, aggression, onslaught,invasion, escalade,siege,descent,charge, bombardment, fusillade, allonge, oppugnancy; access,fit.attack,v.assault,assail,invade,charge,beset,storm,besiege, bombard,waylay; impugn,censure.attain,v.achieve,compass,gain.attainable,a.achievable, compassable, practicable,obtainable.attainment,n.achievement, culmination, acquisition,accomplishment,acquirement.attend,v.guard, lookafter;accompany,escort; payregard,heed,listen.attendant,a.consequent, accompanying, concomitant, attending.attention,n.heed,regard, advertence,vigilance, circumspection,consideration, alertness,watchfulness,notice;civility,courtesy, deference,devoirs, addresses.Antonyms:inattention, inadvertence,slight,disregard.attentive,a.heedful, observant, intent,mindful,wary,alert, circumspect,watchful;courteous, deferential,considerate.Antonyms: Seeinattentive.attest,v.corroborate,confirm,authenticate,certify, indorse,ratify.
apprehensive,a.discerning,apt;fearful,anxious, worried.
approachable,a.accessible.Antonym:unapproachable.
appropriate,a.fitting,proper,applicable, apposite,pertinent,fit.Antonyms: Seeinappropriate.
approval,n.approbation,sanction, commendation,liking, indorsement.Antonyms: Seedisapproval.
approve,v.commend,sanction,countenance,favor,like.
apron,n.pinafore, tier;boot.
apt,a.fit,relevant,appropriate,germane,applicable, felicitous,pertinent,apropos;likely,liable;clever,intelligent,bright,deft.Antonyms: Seeinapt.
aptitude,n.proneness, propensity,leaning, proclivity,inclination.Antonym: inaptitude.
aptness,n.appropriateness,pertinence;intelligence, cleverness.
arbitrary,a.tyrannical,absolute,imperious,unrestrained,dictatorial.
arbitrator,n.arbiter,umpire,judge,referee.
arbor,n.bower, pergola,trellis.
arch,a.greatest,chief;cunning,roguish, mischievous,sportive.
arch,v.vault, concamerate.--n.concameration, fornication.
archæologist,n.antiquary,antiquarian, paleologist.
archæology,n.paleology.
archbishop,n.primate, metropolitan.
arched,a.vaulted, camerated, forniciform, fornicated.
archery,n.Associated word: toxophilite.
archives,n. pl.publicrecords, registers, muniments.
ardent,a.zealous,passionate,fervent,warm,enthusiastic, sanguine,vehement, impassioned; spirituous, alcoholic;fiery,hot,burning,flagrant,intense.
ardor,n.eagerness,zeal, heartiness, impetuosity,fervor,vehemence, empressement, intensity,warmth.Antonyms:indifference,apathy.
arduous,a.onerous,difficult,laborious, wearisome.
arena,n.amphitheater,ring,field.
arguable,a.debatable,disputable,moot, contestable.
argue,v.reason,plead,remonstrate,expostulate;contend,dispute, controvert,moot,discuss;prove, evince,betoken,indicate, imply,denote.
arguer n.reasoner,disputant, debater, controversialist.
argument,n.reasoning,controversy, argumentation,discussion,debate,dispute, disputation, polemic.
argumentative,a.ratiocinative;disputatious, polemical,controversial, dialectical.
arid,a.dry,barren,unproductive, parched,sterile; uninteresting,dull, unsuggestive.
aridity,n.dryness,drought, unproductiveness,sterility; dullness, unsuggestiveness.
arise,v.mount, ascend,rise; proceed,issue,spring, originate.
aristocracy,n.peerage, patriciate,nobility, patricianorder.Antonyms:commonalty, yeomanry, proletariate,bourgeoisie, peasantry,rabble.
aristrocrat,n.patrician,noble,peer, grandee,lord.
aristocratic,a.patrician,noble, titled.Antonyms: plebeian, proletarian.
arm,n.brachium (upper arm), antibrachium (forearm); (bones of the arm) humerus, radius, ulna, epipodiale.Associated words: akimbo, solen,cradle, triceps, chevron, brassard,pinion, discriminal, gesticulate, gesticulation,gesture, brachial, chelidon, elbow, biceps.
arm,n.branch; inlet (of the sea), fiord, firth, frith,cove, estuary; projection.
arm,v.equip (with weapons), fortify,strengthen.
armhole,n.scye (Cutter's term).
armor,n.mail, panoply, armature,armory, cuirass, jambeaux, corselet, hauberk.
armor-bearer,n.armiger.
armory,n.arsenal.
armpit,n.axilla.
arms,n. pl.weapons,armor, artillery, accoutrements,guns, ordnance; escutcheon, scutcheon, ensigns armorial, coat-of-arms.
army,n.troops,force, armament;host,legions, throng.Associated words:militia,military, strategy, logistics,generalship, tactics, regiment,squad,company, stratography, flank, barracks, bivouac,muster, caisson, ploy, ployment, deploy, deployment, van, mobilize, mobilization demobilize, demobilization, etatmajor, impedimenta, munitions.
army peddler.sutler.
aromatic,a.fragrant, redolent,balmy,spicy,savory.
arouse,v.excite,rouse,animate,stimulate,awaken,revive, inspirit.
arrange,v.dispose,range, classify,marshal, methodize; prearrange,devise,contrive, premeditate; adjust,settle, determine.
arrangement,n.disposition,distribution, collocation,classification; preparation, preconcertion,settlement,adjustment,agreement;economy,management, regulation.Antonyms: disarrangement,confusion,chaos.
arrest,v.apprehend;stop,check,restrain;stunt,dwarf.
arrest,n.apprehension,capture,detention;custody, duress;stoppage,restraint, interruption,hindrance,prevention.Associated words: capias,warrant.
arrogance,n.hauteur, superciliousness,insolence,haughtiness, lordliness, contumely.
arrogant,a.Seehaughty.
arrow,n.dart; matras.Associated words: barb, ouabain, sagittal, sagittary,quiver, sheaf, belomancy.
arrowhead,n.Associated words: cuneiform, sagittate.
arsenal,n.armory,magazine.
art,n.(fine arts)music,painting,sculpture, architecture,poetry,engraving; (liberal arts) grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry,music, astronomy, the sciences, philosophy,history;craft,dexterity, clevernes, ingenuity,cunning,artifice.Associated words: technical, paleotechnics, technics, technic, intransigeant, intransigeance, artist, artistic, artistry.
artful,a.designing,crafty, diplomatic, disingenuous,ingenious,dexterous,politic.
article,n.thing, commodity;portion,clause, stipulation,detail, item; contribution,piece,essay,feature.
articulation,n.joint;utterance,pronunciation, enunciation.
artifice,n.stratagem,finesse,craft,guile,subtlety,wile, machination,ruse, diplomacy.
artificial,a.factitious;feigned,affected,assumed, fictitious,counterfeit,spurious.
artisan,n.artificer,craftsman,mechanic, handcraftsman.
artist's workshop.studio, atelier.
artless,a.ingenuous,naïve,guileless,simple,sincere,unaffected,undesigning.
artlessness,n.ingenuousness,naïveté, guilelessness,sincerity,candor,innocence.
ascent,n.rising, ascension;elevation,height.
ascetic,n.hermit,recluse, eremite, anchoret,solitary.Antonyms:voluptuary,sensualist, sybarite, worldling,epicure, gormand.
ascribable,a.attributable, assignable,chargeable, imputable, referrible.
ascribe,v.attribute,assign, impute.
ascription,n.attribution, imputation.
ashamed,a.abashed, confused, mortified, disconcerted.Antonyms: unashamed,brazen-faced.
ashes,n. pl.cinders; lapilli.Associated words: ashery, mortuary urn, spodomancy,leach.
ashes of barilla.pulverine.
ashy,a.ashen, cineraceous, cineritious, cinereous.
Asia,n.Associated words: Asiatic, Asiaticism, Eurasian, Eurasiatic, Asian.
ask,v.inquire,question, interrogate,quiz, catechize;request,solicit,petition, supplicate, entreat,desire,beg,seek,beseech,crave,implore, importune, dun,apply;require,demand,expect,challenge,exact,claim;invite,bid.
askance,adv.sidewise, obliquely, askant,askew,asquint.
asker,n.petitioner, inquirer,questioner, solicitor, solicitant, suitor, supplicant, postulant.
askew,adv.awry,askance,asquint, obliquely,sidewise, askant.
asking,n.petition,solicitation,inquiry,quiz, interrogation,question,instance, entreaty, supplication,request, importunity,application, imploration,invitation.
aslant,adv.obliquely.
aspect,n.appearance,look;view,scene, prospect;position,posture.
aspiring,a.ambitious, emulous, aspirant.
asquint,adv.obliquely,awry,askance,askew.
ass,n.donkey,jackass.Associated word: bray.
assail,v.attack,assault, oppugn; asperse,defame,vilify, malign.
assailant,n.assailer, aggressor,assaulter,antagonist.
assault,n.onset, onslaught,charge, aggression, assailing,invasion, incursion.
assault,v.attack,assail.
assaulter,n.assailant.
assay,n.Associated words: docimology, docimacy, docimastic.
assemble,v.convene, congregate,gather,meet;muster, convoke.
assembly,n.concourse, congregation, assemblage,meeting;convention,convocation, congress, synod, diet,council, caucus, consistory, conclave, conventicle, conference; galaxy.
assent,n.consent,agreement, acquiescence, concurrence; placet.Antonyms:dissent, declension.
assent,v.concur, acquiesce, concede,yield,consent.Antonyms:dissent,refuse.
assert,v.affirm,state,say, aver, predicate, asseverate,maintain,declare.
assertion,n.affirmation,statement,declaration, averment
assertive,a.positive, peremptory, declaratory, affirmative
assets,n. pl.resources,property, effects, possessions.
assiduity,n.sedulity,diligence, sedulousness, perseverance
assiduous,a.sedulous,diligent,persistent,industrious,unremitting.
assign,v.allot,apportion,appoint; transfer,make over, convey:advance, adduce,specify.
assignment,n.transfer,conveyance;apportionment,appointment,allotment, allocation, emplacement; determination specification, adducing.
assish,a.asinine.
assishness,n.asininity.
assist,v.abet, coöperate with,aid. Seehelp.
assistance,n.aid,succor,relief,coöperation, reinforcement, collaboration, subservience.
assistant,a.helping,auxiliary, subsidiary,coöperating, adjuvant.
assistant,n.helper,auxiliary,aider, coöperator, collaborator, coadjutor; abettor,aid,accessory,ally, adjuvant, adjunct, confrère,accomplice,confederate, subsidiary.
assisting,a.auxiliary, subsidiary,assistant.
associate,v.join,connect, affiliate; fraternize, consort, hobnob.
associate,n.companion, intimate,mate, fellow, consort,comrade, yoke-fellow,chum,crony, compeer; colleague, confrère,partner, collaborator, coöperator.
association,n.affiliation,connection, intimacy, conjunction,combination, participation, collaboration, collusion,coöperation, coadjuvancy;fraternity, sodality, syndicate, confraternity,league, corporation,guild.Antonyms: disassociation,disconnection.
assume,v.undertake; presume, presuppose, postulate, take for granted; arrogate,appropriate;affect,simulate,pretend,feign.
assumed,a.supposed, postulated;make-believe, pretended,feigned.
assuming,a.pretentious, presumptuous.
assurance,n.surety,promise;confidence, conviction, assuredness; effrontery, audacity,impudence;insurance.
astonish,v.amaze,stagger, astound,overwhelm, flabbergast (Jocular).
astonishing,a.amazing, astounding.
astonishment,n.amazement,surprise,wonder, flabbergastation (Jocular).
astraddle,adv.astride.
asylum,n.retreat,sanctuary.
Athanasian Creed.Quicunque, Quicunque vult.
athlete,n.gymnast, pancratist.
athletic,a.gymnastic, agonistic, pancratic;stalwart,muscular,able-bodied,brawny,lusty.
athletics,n. pl.gymnastics, athletism.Associated words: agonistics, stadium.
atom,n.monad,molecule,particle,bit,iota,grain,scrap,scintilla.
atomic,a.molecular.
atonable,a.expiable.Antonyms:unatonable, inexpiable.
atone,v.expiate.
atonement,n.expiation,amends,reparation, propitiation.
atoning,a.expiatory, propitiatory.
at short notice.summarily, promptly.
atrocious,a.heinous, flagitious,nefarious,felonious,infamous,outrageous.
atrocity,n.heinousness,enormity, nefariousness, flagrancy,crime,outrage.
attach,v.affix, annex, append, subjoin;distress, distrain,seize.
attachment,n.devotedness,devotion, adherence; adjunctappendage, appurtenance;seizure,distress.
attack,n.assault, onset, aggression, onslaught,invasion, escalade,siege,descent,charge, bombardment, fusillade, allonge, oppugnancy; access,fit.
attack,v.assault,assail,invade,charge,beset,storm,besiege, bombard,waylay; impugn,censure.
attain,v.achieve,compass,gain.
attainable,a.achievable, compassable, practicable,obtainable.
attainment,n.achievement, culmination, acquisition,accomplishment,acquirement.
attend,v.guard, lookafter;accompany,escort; payregard,heed,listen.
attendant,a.consequent, accompanying, concomitant, attending.
attention,n.heed,regard, advertence,vigilance, circumspection,consideration, alertness,watchfulness,notice;civility,courtesy, deference,devoirs, addresses.Antonyms:inattention, inadvertence,slight,disregard.
attentive,a.heedful, observant, intent,mindful,wary,alert, circumspect,watchful;courteous, deferential,considerate.Antonyms: Seeinattentive.
attest,v.corroborate,confirm,authenticate,certify, indorse,ratify.