FOREWORDIn all the welter of the tragic upheaval which is shattering institutions once thought immutable, condemning millions to physical death and awakening other millions to spiritual life, making staggering discoveries of unexpected human strength or weakness, thrusting men into fame one day or to oblivion the next, there has been nothing more dramatic than the sudden manifestation of the genius of the Dutchman, Louis Raemaekers, who, as Europe recoiled from the first shock of German barbarity, threw down his brush for his pencil and by the intensity of his spirit aroused the compassion and fired the anger of the world with his cartoons of the Belgian violation.He, more than any other individual, has made intensely clear to the people the single issue upon which the war is joined. More than cartoonist, he is teacher and preacher, with the vision, faith, and intensity of a St. Francis, a Luther, or a Joan of Arc.On August 1, 1914, we find him a quiet, gentle man, the son of a country editor, happy in his family, devout, contemplative, loving beauty and peace, contentedly painting the good and lovely things he saw among the tulip-fields and waterways, the cattle and the wind-mills of his own native Holland before the gray-clad millions of the Kaiser burst into the low countries with fire and sword.Then comes the miracle of his transformation; the idyllic is thrust aside by the hideous reality; beauty is drowned in a bestial orgy of force; and in place of the passive painter arises the fiery preacher; the brush is discarded for the pencil, and the pencil in his hands becomes an avenging sword, because by it millions of people have been aroused to a clear-cut realization of the fact that the issue of this war is no less than Slavery and Autocracy versus Freedom and Democracy.The very first of his war cartoons indicated the prophetic vision of the man, and gave the first evidence of his inspiration and genius. It is called “Christendom after Twenty Centuries” and shows a bowed and weeping figure crouching under the sword and lash. It was drawn on that fateful day August 1st, 1914. The intensity of emotion shown in this drawing revealed his power for the first time. To Raemaekers himself it came as a vision and a summons. The landscape painter disappeared, and in his place arose a champion of civilization, throbbing with sublime rage and pity, clothed with authority, and invested with a weapon more powerful than the ruthlessness it indicts.When the stories of the Belgian horror began to circulate in Holland, Raemaekers, like the rest of the humane world, refused to credit them. His own mother was German; he had spent many happy years in Germany; he knew the German peasant as a kindly and happy, if rather stupid fellow; it was incredible that such men could have done the awful things alleged. But the tales persisted, and although the evidence of the wracked and broken refugees who poured into his country by tens of thousands seemed irrefutable, he could not believe it, and readily seized upon the common supposition that the terrible stories were the product of the imagination of an overwrought and panic-stricken people. At length he could remain in doubt no longer, and quietly slipped over the frontier to verify for himself the truth or falsehood of the accusations that had already made Germany guilty of the foulest crimes ever perpetrated in the name of war since the dawn of civilization.What he actually saw with his own eyes he does not tell. But a hundred of his early cartoons bear witness to the burning impression made upon his soul. Raemaekers, like others who have seen them, cannot speak of these unnamable horrors, but can only express his consuming pity or his white-hot rage in the medium that lies nearest his hand. On one occasion only has he publicly referred to his experiences in Belgium. It was at a dinner given him by the artists and literary men of London at the Savage Club, where, pointing to the portraits and trophies of Peary, Scott, Nansen, Shackleton, and other explorers which hang on the walls, he said: “I, too, have been an explorer, Gentlemen. I have explored a hell, and it was terror unspeakable.”It did not take long for the High Command in Berlin to learn through its agents in Holland of the impression that was being created in the public mind by Raemaekers’ cartoons. The publication of his first series of cartoons in theAmsterdam Telegraaf, reflecting the unspeakable horror of the atrocities in Belgium and denouncing with burning scorn the Kaiser and his infamous captains, gave such offense to the “All-Highest” in Potsdam that the German Government offered twelve thousand guilders for his body dead or alive! Further magnificent testimony to the hurt he inflicted on our common adversaries lies in the fact that the German Government, not content with offering a reward for his body, induced the Dutch Government to prosecute him for endangering the neutrality of Holland! He was actually tried on this charge, but although he had not spared the burghers and junkers of his own country for what he considered their criminal laxity in the matter of preparedness and their greed in aiding Germany by the smuggling of foodstuffs, etc., across the frontier, the jury acquitted him and the court tacitly confirmed his right to express his opinions.It was after this that theCologne Gazettein an editorial addressed to the Dutch people, obviously seeking to intimidate what its government could not suppress, said: “After the war Germany will settle accounts with Holland, and for each calumny, for each cartoon of Raemaekers, she will demand payment with the interest that is her due.” German wrath followed him further. His life was constantly endangered at the hands of German agents infesting Holland, and he had to be always on his guard, especially during his periodical excursions into Belgian territory occupied by the enemy. Even before he crossed to England, his wife received anonymous letters warning her that any ship he might sail on would surely be torpedoed.As late as November, 1916, an exhibition of his cartoons in Madrid was forbidden by the Spanish Government upon the insistence of the German embassy in that capital.It is significant to note that these attempted persecutions had an effect directly opposite to that intended. They not only failed to stop the publication of his cartoons but were largely instrumental in drawing the attention of the Allies and neutrals to the great champion that had arisen.For eighteen months his cartoons had been appearing in the AmsterdamTelegraafwithout exciting a more than mild interest outside Holland.American and British war-correspondents returning to London from Amsterdam talked enthusiastically of the “Great Raemaekers” and a few stray cartoons appeared in the press of London and Paris. But he was practically unknown outside of Holland until Christmas week in December, 1915, a year and a half after his first war-cartoon had appeared.A two-line advertisement announced his arrival in the British metropolis. “Exhibition of war-cartoons by Raemaekers, Fine Arts Galleries, Bond Street, admission one shilling,” was all it said. While Londoners are generally interested in new artists, Raemaekers appeared at an inopportune time. For one thing, the public had been rather surfeited with war-literature and war-pictures and the work of an unknown foreign artist was scarcely likely to attract them, and for another, it was within a few days of Christmas, everybody was leaving London, and those who remained in town were bent on giving the troops and the war-sufferers as merry a time as possible.It was quite by chance that the art critic of theLondon Timesvisited the Bond Street Galleries a day or so before Christmas, and Raemaekers’ world-wide fame as it exists to-day may be said to date from the day that theTimesin a two-column notice said, among other things, “this neutral is the only genius produced by the war.”The campaign of publicity launched by theTimeswas taken up by the British and French press. The public flocked to view, and were stunned as they had never been before by the damning record. The cumulative effect of such pictures as “The Shields of Rosselaere,” showing men, women, and children forced to march in front of the German armies, “Men to the right, women to the left,” in which women and children are being beaten with the butts of rifles; “The Exodus from Antwerp,” “The Mothers of Belgium,” “The Widows of Belgium,” and others which revealed unimaginable depths of human agony, impressed the London crowd as by a solemn ritual. They saw with a vividness hitherto unapproached the hideousness of the war, the unequivocal brutality of the German method, and the naked, insatiable greed in the German purpose. Not now could the timidest soul believe that Germany was fighting a war of defense. Here was the fact inescapable that civilization itself was threatened; here was the whole carnival of lust and conquest as mercilessly depicted on the faces of its agents as they themselves had trampled onward to their shocking goal.The exhibition was crowded daily for twenty weeks. From nine in the morning till six at night the galleries were packed with people of every grade of society. It is not too much to say that no oration, no literature, no art had brought the real meaning of the war home so convincingly to Londoners as these cartoons. Parents who had already given their sons, wives who had given husbands, were strengthened in their resignation and comforted in their sorrow; those who yet had the sacrifice to make were fortified in their resolve. As I have said, the cumulative effect of these hundred and fifty cartoons on the emotions of a people just awakening to and suffering from the desperate realities of the war was almost overwhelming, and many a man and woman quivered and cried under this pitiless revelation of the stupendous suffering that had been and was yet to be.The exhibition was carried from London to the principal English and Scottish cities, and thence to Paris. Everywhere the story was the same. Crowds flocked to see and heed the artist’s fiery records; statesmen, soldiers, artists did him honor. In London he was received by the Prime Minister and the artistic and learned societies; in Paris he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and given a reception at the Sorbonne—the highest purely intellectual honor that can be bestowed upon any man. France, equally with England, acclaimed him as the new champion of humanity. In the provincial cities of England, as in London, crowds thronged the galleries daily for weeks at a time. In Liverpool alone five thousand persons visited the exhibition in one afternoon; Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow, Edinburgh told the same story of the people being aroused and inspirited as though a new evangel had come to tell them that their cause was sacred and their sacrifice not vain.In a few months his genius was universally recognized and his position as the supreme cartoonist of the war firmly established. And now that he had the appreciation and the scope that were his due, he threw himself into his work with even greater ardor. He made recruiting posters for the army and navy; he depicted the shortage of shells and called on men and women to man the munition factories; he contributed posters to stimulate thrift and industry and contributions to the Government funds; he worked for both the British and the French Red Cross, and for private and public charities innumerable; his pen never flagged. While the wrongs of Belgium had been the first incentive to his genius, he now dealt with the war in all its later phases, and found subjects wherever the blight of Kaiserism traveled—in France, Russia, Serbia, Rumania, Italy, and the Far East; and in the Zeppelin raids, the Armenian massacres, the Belgian and French deportations, the Red Cross outrages, and the submarine infamies.As a mere material record of industry, Raemaekers’ is probably unique in the world’s history. Since the beginning of the war he has drawn nearly 1000 cartoons. There is not a single phase of the war,—military, naval, or political,—that has not formed a basis for his artistic comment. Some three hundred of the cartoons have been reproduced in facsimile form, and in that state have been exhibited in hundreds of cities throughout the world.In book form his work exists already in a dozen editions, from the sumptuous edition-de-luxe at one hundred dollars to the popular (British) edition at four cents.Post-card editions of the cartoons run into many millions; his cartoons have been filmed, exist as lantern-slides, and leading actors and actresses have reproduced them in the form of tableaux. But it is in the world’s press that the greatest distribution has taken place. He is cartoonist to half a hundred newspapers, and literally thousands of different publications have reproduced his pictures at one time or another. He has been translated into a score of languages, the writer having seen one edition in Basque and another in Arabic. In the United States alone his cartoons in one year have reached a newspaper circulation of over 300,000,000, and exhibitions have been held in over one hundred of the leading cities.And all this gigantic distribution has grown during the two years that have passed since his cartoons were first exhibited in London. It is a record that has never yet been equalled. What is the secret of this man’s appeal to men and women in all stations of life, to people of every creed and nationality? In Europe nearly all, and in America a great many, of the leading writers and thinkers have acclaimed the genius of Raemaekers, but none have been able to tell us why it is that his pictures appeal with equal intensity to the Briton, the Latin, the Slav, and the American. A writer in theBoston Transcriptperhaps comes nearest to the truth. He says: “The mantle of Dante has fallen upon Raemaekers; he leads the conscience of the world to-day through an inferno of wrong.”This world-wide recognition is conclusive testimony to the universality of his genius. Raemaekers appeals to all mankind. The value of his contribution to the cause of civilization in this war lies in the fact that he has seen and depicted with the directness and clarity of genius the truth that the issue is joined between the forces of evil and good. For him there are no other considerations, no qualifications, no compromises. He has but one enemy, and that is the destroyer of peace and civilization; he has but one hero, and that is the defender of them. He sees in war itself no pomp and glitter, but only the burning village, the devastated home, the agonized women and children, and the brave and faithful dead. He depicts militarism as hideous, brutal, coarse, and cunning. His one thought seems to be that those things which all kindly and gentle men and women hold dear and sacred are being trampled upon and threatened by a monstrous wrong; and that the ideals of justice, order, and human liberty which have been established in the conscience of humanity after centuries of painful struggle are in danger of annihilation. In thus narrowing the issue, in thus resolving all doubt, he has, in the words of Theodore Roosevelt, “rendered the most powerful of the honorable contributions by neutrals to the cause of civilization.” Raemaekers’ name and work will live long after many of the men and their achievements in this war have faded from the general mind. Future generations will look at his cartoons and will find in them at once the cause and the justification of the rising of the world’s free peoples to give their lives for freedom and the safety of democracy.The historical value of the cartoons have frequently been insisted upon by critics and reviewers and I have been urged to publish them in the form of a cartoon History of the War. The present attempt is the outcome of these suggestions.It has not been possible to adhere to any very definite method of arrangement. Many of the cartoons were drawn long after the events with which they deal took place, as, for instance, the Wittenberg pictures. The typhus outbreak amongst the prisoners at Wittenberg happened in December, 1914, but the facts were not made public until May, 1916. On the other hand, the cartoon depicting Count von Bernstorff’s dismissal from Washington was published two years before he was handed his passports. It was a cartoon based upon the activities of Dumba. A great number of cartoons, particularly those published during the early months of the war, have no direct historical significance. The Belgian cartoons constitute a general indictment of the German method of warfare, while the Nurse Cavell drawings (Vol. II.) represent a specific comment upon an actual example of that method. The letterpress has been compiled mainly from officialcommuniquesand reports, and from the speeches and public statements of the leading men of the belligerents and some of the neutrals. I have also quoted freely from newspapers, magazines, and books, and whenever possible I have made acknowledgment of these sources. My object has been not to explain the cartoons, but to show their great value as historical documents and to make sure, so far as is possible, that the basis of truth upon which they rest shall not be forgotten.J. Murray Allison.New York, Christmas Day, 1917.NOTE ON THE BELGIAN CARTOONSThe cartoons which appear on the following pages up to and includingpage 86call for special reference.They represent Raemaekers’ impression of the behaviour of the German troops in Belgium during the first weeks of the invasion. The great majority of them were drawn long before any Official Reports were published, and not, as would seem natural, as illustrations of the Reports which were eventually published by the Belgian, French, and British Governments. The cartoon on page 86 was drawn after the publication of the British Government’s Official Report. It is important to realise this. It is also necessary to remember that the German atrocities began actually at the moment that the German troops crossed the frontier on the evening of August 3rd and continued in unabated violence until the defeat at the Marne.After the retreat of the Germans from Paris the German General Staff appear to have altered its cold-blooded policy in Belgium and France. From that moment, when the carefully prepared blow at the heart of France had failed and when the possibility of defeat began to dawn upon the Potsdam mind, organised robbery, murder, arson and rape were discontinued or at least toned down as a feature of German warfare. Whilst that method—the Official Reports of the Allied Governments’ Commissions of Enquiry prove conclusively it was a method—continued, Raemaekers concentrated his pencil upon it and neglected the strictly military and political happenings. That is why I have grouped the Belgian cartoons at the beginning of this volume. They do really represent the first phase of the war. With regard to the extracts that I have selected to face the Belgian cartoons I would ask the reader to remember that they have been taken largely from Official Reports issued after the drawings were published. Raemaekers’ pictorial indictment came first. He was justified later by the sworn evidence of eye-witnesses.I think perhaps that it is necessary to make these observations in case the letterpress facing the Belgian cartoons should not in many cases be considered quite apt.J. M. A.CHRISTENDOM AFTERTWENTY CENTURIESRaemaekers’ first war cartoon, originally published on the first of August, 1914.THE HARVEST IS RIPEOn the evening of August 3 the German troops cross the frontier. The storm burst so suddenly that neither party had time to adjust its mind to the situation. The Germans seem to have expected an easy passage. The Belgian population, never dreaming of an attack, were startled and stupefied.From the very beginning of the operations the civilian population of the villages lying upon the line of the German advance were made to experience the extreme horrors of war. “On the 4th of August,” says one witness, “at Herve I saw at about 2 o’clock in the afternoon, near the station, five Uhlans; these were the first German troops I had seen. They were followed by a German officer and some soldiers in a motor car. The men in the car called out to a couple of young fellows who were standing about thirty yards away. The young men, being afraid, ran off and then the Germans fired and killed one of them named D.” The murder of this innocent fugitive civilian was a prelude to the burning and pillage of Herve and of other villages in the neighborhood, to the indiscriminate shooting of civilians of both sexes, and to the organized military execution of batches of selected males.British Government Committee’s Report.I CRUSH WHATEVER RESISTS METhe wrong—I speak openly—that we are committing we will endeavor to make good as soon as our military goal has been reached. Anybody who is threatened as we are threatened, and is fighting for his highest possessions, can have only one thought—how is he to hack his way through.Von Bethmann-Hollweg.Reichstag, August 4, 1915.With a clear conscience Germany goes to the battlefield.The Kaiser,August, 1914.“THIS IS HOW I DEAL WITH SMALL FRY”We are now in a state of necessity, and necessity knows no law. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and perhaps are already on Belgian soil.Gentlemen, that is contrary to the dictates of international law.It is true that the French Government has declared at Brussels that France is willing to respect the neutrality of Belgium, so long as her opponent respects it. We knew, however, that France stood ready for invasion. France could wait, but we could not wait. A French movement upon our flank upon the lower Rhine might have been disastrous. So we were compelled to override the just protest of the Luxemburg and Belgian Governments.Von Bethmann-Hollweg,Reichstag, Berlin, 4th August, ’14.GOTT MITT UNSRemember that the German people are the chosen of God. On me, the German Emperor, the spirit of God has descended. I am His sword, His weapon and His vicegerent. Woe to the disobedient and death to cowards and unbelievers.FromThe Kaiser’sspeech to hissoldiers on the way to the front.SATAN’S PARTNERBernhardi: “War is as divine as eating and drinking”Satan: “Here is a partner for me”The inevitableness, the idealism, the blessing of war as an indispensable and stimulating law of development must be repeatedly emphasized.... War is the greatest factor in the furtherance of culture and power. Efforts to secure peace are extraordinarily detrimental as soon as they influence politics.... Efforts directed toward the abolition of war are not only foolish, but absolutely immoral, and must be stigmatized as unworthy of the human race.... In fact, the State is a law unto itself. Weak nations have not the same right to live as powerful and vigorous nations.“Germany and the Next War.” 1911.Gen. von Bernhardi.MON FILS. BELGIUM, 1914“Ah! was your boy among the twelve thismorning? Then you’ll find himamong this lot”When the German cavalry occupied the village of Linsmeau not a man of the civilian population took part in the fighting. Nevertheless the village was invaded at dusk on August 10 and all the male inhabitants were compelled to come forward and hand over whatever arms they possessed. No recently discharged firearms were found. The invaders divided these peasants in three groups, those in one were bound, and 11 of them placed in a ditch, where they were afterwards found dead.Belgian Gov. Commission’s Report.THE SHIELDS OF RÖSSELAEREIn a café, lower down, near the canal, I saw a number of German soldiers, and was successful in having a chat with the inn-keeper, at the farthest corner of the bar. I asked, of course, what they meant by burning the village, and he told me that the Germans had made a number of successful attacks on Fort Pontisse, until at last they had reduced it to silence. They were now so near that they could open the final assault. They were afraid, however, of some ambush, or underground mine, and the Friday before they had collected the population, whom they forced to march in front of them. When they had got quite near they dared not enter it yet, and drove the priest and twelve of the principal villagers before them.“The German Fury in Belgium,”ByL. Mokveld.“THEY SHOT HER AS A FRANC-TIREUR”We ourselves regret deeply that during these fights the town of Loewen has been destroyed to a great extent. Needless to say that these consequences are not intentional on our part, but cannot be avoided in this infamous franc-tireur war being led against us.Whoever knows the good-natured character of our troops cannot seriously pretend that they are inclined to needless or frivolous destruction.German General Staff.Berlin, August, 1914.AERSCHOT AND AFTERWARDSThe German troops penetrated into Aerschot, a town of 8,000 inhabitants, on Wednesday, Aug. 19, in the morning. No Belgian forces remained behind. No sooner did the Germans enter the town than they shot five or six inhabitants whom they caused to leave their houses. In the evening, pretending that a superior German officer had been killed on the Grand Place by the son of the Burgomaster, or, according to another version of the story, that a conspiracy had been hatched against the superior commandant by the Burgomaster and his family, the Germans took every man who was inside of Aerschot; they led them, fifty at a time, some distance from the town, grouped them in lines of four men, and, making them run ahead of them, shot them and killed them afterward with their bayonets. More than forty men were found thus massacred.Belgian Gov. Commission’s Report.BERNHARDISM:“It’s all right. If I hadn’t done it someone else might”As regards private property, respect among German troops simply does not exist. By the universal testimony of every British officer and soldier I have interrogated the progress of the German troops is like a plague of locusts over the land. What they can not carry off they destroy. Furniture is thrown into the street, pictures are riddled with bullets and pierced by sword cuts, municipal registers burnt, the contents of shops scattered on the floor, drawers rifled, live stock slaughtered and carcasses left to rot in the fields. Cases of petty larceny by German soldiers appear to be innumerable; they take whatever seizes their fancy, and leave the towns they evacuate laden like pedlars. Empty ammunition wagons were drawn up in front of private houses and filled with their contents for despatch to Germany.I have had the reports of local commissions of police placed before me, and they show that in smaller villages like those of Caestre and Merris, with a population of about 1,500 souls or less, pillaging to the extent of £4,000 and £6,000 was committed by the German troops.Professor J. H. Morganin “GermanAtrocities,” an Official Investigation.FROM LIEGETO AIX-LA-CHAPELLESPOILS FOR THE VICTORSThey sang, shouted and waved their arms. Most of them carried bottles full of liquor, which they put into their mouths frequently, smashed them on the ground, or handed them to their comrades, when unable to drink any more themselves. Each of a troop of cavalry had a bottle of pickles, and enjoyed them immensely.Other soldiers kept on running into the burning houses, carrying out vases, pictures, plate, or small pieces of furniture. They smashed everything on the cobbles and then returned to wreck more things that would have been destroyed by the fire all the same. It was a revelry of drunken vandalism. They seemed mad, and even risking being burned alive at this work of destruction. Most of the officers were also tipsy; not one of them was saluted by the soldiers.“The German Fury in Belgium,”ByL. Mokveld.SEDUCTION“Ain’t I a lovable fellow?”There is very strong reason to suspect that young girls were carried off to the trenches by licentious German soldiery, and there abused by hordes of savage and licentious men. People in hiding in the cellars of houses have heard the voices of women in the hands of German soldiers crying all night long until death or stupor ended their agonies. One of our officers, a subaltern in the sappers, heard a woman’s shrieks in the night coming from the German trenches near Richebourg l’Avoue; when we advanced in the morning and drove the Germans out, a girl was found lying naked on the ground “pegged out” in the form of a crucifix. I need not go on with this chapter of horrors. To the end of time it will be remembered, and from one generation to another, in the plains of Flanders, in the Valleys of the Vosges, and on the rolling fields of the Marne, the oral tradition of men will perpetuate this story of infamy and wrong.Professor J. H. Morganin “GermanAtrocities,” an Official Investigation.THE HOSTAGES“Father, what have we done?”The municipal Government of Liège remind their fellow citizens, and all staying within the city, that international law most strictly forbids civilians to commit hostilities against the German soldiers occupying the country.Every attack on German troops by others than the military in uniform not only exposes those who may be guilty to be shot summarily, but will also bring terrible consequences on the leading citizens of Liège now detained in the citadel as hostages by the commander of the German troops.We beseech all residents of the municipality to guard the highest interests of all the inhabitants and of those who are hostages of the German Army, and not to commit any assault on the soldiers of this army.We remind the citizens that by order of General commanding the German troops, those who have arms in their possession must deliver them immediately to the authorities at the Provincial Palace under the penalty of being shot.The Acting Burgomaster,V. Henault.Liège, August 8th.HUSBANDS AND FATHERSThousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the prisons of Germany to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Magdeburg. At Munsterlagen alone, 3,100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom.Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but I know there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under pain of death, their fellow-citizens were compelled to dig their graves. In the Louvain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.Cardinal Mercier,Archbishopof Malines, Belgium.IT’S FATTENING WORKIn Hofstade a number of houses had been set on fire and many corpses were seen, some in houses, some in back yards, and some in the streets.Several examples are given below.Two witnesses speak to having seen the body of a young man pierced by bayonet thrusts with the wrists cut also.On a side road the corpse of a civilian was seen on his doorstep with a bayonet wound in his stomach, and by his side the dead body of a boy of 5 or 6 with his hands nearly severed.The corpses of a woman and boy were seen at the blacksmith’s. They had been killed with the bayonet.In a café a young man, also killed with the bayonet, was holding his hands together as if in the attitude of supplication.Two young women were lying in the back yard of the house. One had her breasts cut off, the other had been stabbed.A young man had been hacked with the bayonet until his entrails protruded. He also had his hands joined in the attitude of prayer.In the garden of a house in the main street bodies of two women were observed, and in another house the body of a boy of 16 with two bayonet wounds in the chest.British Government Committee’s Report.KULTUR HAS PASSED HEREIt is nothing but fanaticism to expect very much from humanity when it has forgotten how to wage war. For the present we know of no other means whereby the rough energy of the camp, the deep impersonal hatred, the cold-bloodedness of murder with a good conscience, the general ardour of the system in the destruction of the enemy ... can be as forcibly and certainly communicated to enervated nations as is done by every great war.Kultur can by no means dispense with passions, vices and malignities.Friedrich Nietzsche.
In all the welter of the tragic upheaval which is shattering institutions once thought immutable, condemning millions to physical death and awakening other millions to spiritual life, making staggering discoveries of unexpected human strength or weakness, thrusting men into fame one day or to oblivion the next, there has been nothing more dramatic than the sudden manifestation of the genius of the Dutchman, Louis Raemaekers, who, as Europe recoiled from the first shock of German barbarity, threw down his brush for his pencil and by the intensity of his spirit aroused the compassion and fired the anger of the world with his cartoons of the Belgian violation.
He, more than any other individual, has made intensely clear to the people the single issue upon which the war is joined. More than cartoonist, he is teacher and preacher, with the vision, faith, and intensity of a St. Francis, a Luther, or a Joan of Arc.
On August 1, 1914, we find him a quiet, gentle man, the son of a country editor, happy in his family, devout, contemplative, loving beauty and peace, contentedly painting the good and lovely things he saw among the tulip-fields and waterways, the cattle and the wind-mills of his own native Holland before the gray-clad millions of the Kaiser burst into the low countries with fire and sword.
Then comes the miracle of his transformation; the idyllic is thrust aside by the hideous reality; beauty is drowned in a bestial orgy of force; and in place of the passive painter arises the fiery preacher; the brush is discarded for the pencil, and the pencil in his hands becomes an avenging sword, because by it millions of people have been aroused to a clear-cut realization of the fact that the issue of this war is no less than Slavery and Autocracy versus Freedom and Democracy.
The very first of his war cartoons indicated the prophetic vision of the man, and gave the first evidence of his inspiration and genius. It is called “Christendom after Twenty Centuries” and shows a bowed and weeping figure crouching under the sword and lash. It was drawn on that fateful day August 1st, 1914. The intensity of emotion shown in this drawing revealed his power for the first time. To Raemaekers himself it came as a vision and a summons. The landscape painter disappeared, and in his place arose a champion of civilization, throbbing with sublime rage and pity, clothed with authority, and invested with a weapon more powerful than the ruthlessness it indicts.
When the stories of the Belgian horror began to circulate in Holland, Raemaekers, like the rest of the humane world, refused to credit them. His own mother was German; he had spent many happy years in Germany; he knew the German peasant as a kindly and happy, if rather stupid fellow; it was incredible that such men could have done the awful things alleged. But the tales persisted, and although the evidence of the wracked and broken refugees who poured into his country by tens of thousands seemed irrefutable, he could not believe it, and readily seized upon the common supposition that the terrible stories were the product of the imagination of an overwrought and panic-stricken people. At length he could remain in doubt no longer, and quietly slipped over the frontier to verify for himself the truth or falsehood of the accusations that had already made Germany guilty of the foulest crimes ever perpetrated in the name of war since the dawn of civilization.
What he actually saw with his own eyes he does not tell. But a hundred of his early cartoons bear witness to the burning impression made upon his soul. Raemaekers, like others who have seen them, cannot speak of these unnamable horrors, but can only express his consuming pity or his white-hot rage in the medium that lies nearest his hand. On one occasion only has he publicly referred to his experiences in Belgium. It was at a dinner given him by the artists and literary men of London at the Savage Club, where, pointing to the portraits and trophies of Peary, Scott, Nansen, Shackleton, and other explorers which hang on the walls, he said: “I, too, have been an explorer, Gentlemen. I have explored a hell, and it was terror unspeakable.”
It did not take long for the High Command in Berlin to learn through its agents in Holland of the impression that was being created in the public mind by Raemaekers’ cartoons. The publication of his first series of cartoons in theAmsterdam Telegraaf, reflecting the unspeakable horror of the atrocities in Belgium and denouncing with burning scorn the Kaiser and his infamous captains, gave such offense to the “All-Highest” in Potsdam that the German Government offered twelve thousand guilders for his body dead or alive! Further magnificent testimony to the hurt he inflicted on our common adversaries lies in the fact that the German Government, not content with offering a reward for his body, induced the Dutch Government to prosecute him for endangering the neutrality of Holland! He was actually tried on this charge, but although he had not spared the burghers and junkers of his own country for what he considered their criminal laxity in the matter of preparedness and their greed in aiding Germany by the smuggling of foodstuffs, etc., across the frontier, the jury acquitted him and the court tacitly confirmed his right to express his opinions.
It was after this that theCologne Gazettein an editorial addressed to the Dutch people, obviously seeking to intimidate what its government could not suppress, said: “After the war Germany will settle accounts with Holland, and for each calumny, for each cartoon of Raemaekers, she will demand payment with the interest that is her due.” German wrath followed him further. His life was constantly endangered at the hands of German agents infesting Holland, and he had to be always on his guard, especially during his periodical excursions into Belgian territory occupied by the enemy. Even before he crossed to England, his wife received anonymous letters warning her that any ship he might sail on would surely be torpedoed.
As late as November, 1916, an exhibition of his cartoons in Madrid was forbidden by the Spanish Government upon the insistence of the German embassy in that capital.
It is significant to note that these attempted persecutions had an effect directly opposite to that intended. They not only failed to stop the publication of his cartoons but were largely instrumental in drawing the attention of the Allies and neutrals to the great champion that had arisen.
For eighteen months his cartoons had been appearing in the AmsterdamTelegraafwithout exciting a more than mild interest outside Holland.
American and British war-correspondents returning to London from Amsterdam talked enthusiastically of the “Great Raemaekers” and a few stray cartoons appeared in the press of London and Paris. But he was practically unknown outside of Holland until Christmas week in December, 1915, a year and a half after his first war-cartoon had appeared.
A two-line advertisement announced his arrival in the British metropolis. “Exhibition of war-cartoons by Raemaekers, Fine Arts Galleries, Bond Street, admission one shilling,” was all it said. While Londoners are generally interested in new artists, Raemaekers appeared at an inopportune time. For one thing, the public had been rather surfeited with war-literature and war-pictures and the work of an unknown foreign artist was scarcely likely to attract them, and for another, it was within a few days of Christmas, everybody was leaving London, and those who remained in town were bent on giving the troops and the war-sufferers as merry a time as possible.
It was quite by chance that the art critic of theLondon Timesvisited the Bond Street Galleries a day or so before Christmas, and Raemaekers’ world-wide fame as it exists to-day may be said to date from the day that theTimesin a two-column notice said, among other things, “this neutral is the only genius produced by the war.”
The campaign of publicity launched by theTimeswas taken up by the British and French press. The public flocked to view, and were stunned as they had never been before by the damning record. The cumulative effect of such pictures as “The Shields of Rosselaere,” showing men, women, and children forced to march in front of the German armies, “Men to the right, women to the left,” in which women and children are being beaten with the butts of rifles; “The Exodus from Antwerp,” “The Mothers of Belgium,” “The Widows of Belgium,” and others which revealed unimaginable depths of human agony, impressed the London crowd as by a solemn ritual. They saw with a vividness hitherto unapproached the hideousness of the war, the unequivocal brutality of the German method, and the naked, insatiable greed in the German purpose. Not now could the timidest soul believe that Germany was fighting a war of defense. Here was the fact inescapable that civilization itself was threatened; here was the whole carnival of lust and conquest as mercilessly depicted on the faces of its agents as they themselves had trampled onward to their shocking goal.
The exhibition was crowded daily for twenty weeks. From nine in the morning till six at night the galleries were packed with people of every grade of society. It is not too much to say that no oration, no literature, no art had brought the real meaning of the war home so convincingly to Londoners as these cartoons. Parents who had already given their sons, wives who had given husbands, were strengthened in their resignation and comforted in their sorrow; those who yet had the sacrifice to make were fortified in their resolve. As I have said, the cumulative effect of these hundred and fifty cartoons on the emotions of a people just awakening to and suffering from the desperate realities of the war was almost overwhelming, and many a man and woman quivered and cried under this pitiless revelation of the stupendous suffering that had been and was yet to be.
The exhibition was carried from London to the principal English and Scottish cities, and thence to Paris. Everywhere the story was the same. Crowds flocked to see and heed the artist’s fiery records; statesmen, soldiers, artists did him honor. In London he was received by the Prime Minister and the artistic and learned societies; in Paris he was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and given a reception at the Sorbonne—the highest purely intellectual honor that can be bestowed upon any man. France, equally with England, acclaimed him as the new champion of humanity. In the provincial cities of England, as in London, crowds thronged the galleries daily for weeks at a time. In Liverpool alone five thousand persons visited the exhibition in one afternoon; Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow, Edinburgh told the same story of the people being aroused and inspirited as though a new evangel had come to tell them that their cause was sacred and their sacrifice not vain.
In a few months his genius was universally recognized and his position as the supreme cartoonist of the war firmly established. And now that he had the appreciation and the scope that were his due, he threw himself into his work with even greater ardor. He made recruiting posters for the army and navy; he depicted the shortage of shells and called on men and women to man the munition factories; he contributed posters to stimulate thrift and industry and contributions to the Government funds; he worked for both the British and the French Red Cross, and for private and public charities innumerable; his pen never flagged. While the wrongs of Belgium had been the first incentive to his genius, he now dealt with the war in all its later phases, and found subjects wherever the blight of Kaiserism traveled—in France, Russia, Serbia, Rumania, Italy, and the Far East; and in the Zeppelin raids, the Armenian massacres, the Belgian and French deportations, the Red Cross outrages, and the submarine infamies.
As a mere material record of industry, Raemaekers’ is probably unique in the world’s history. Since the beginning of the war he has drawn nearly 1000 cartoons. There is not a single phase of the war,—military, naval, or political,—that has not formed a basis for his artistic comment. Some three hundred of the cartoons have been reproduced in facsimile form, and in that state have been exhibited in hundreds of cities throughout the world.
In book form his work exists already in a dozen editions, from the sumptuous edition-de-luxe at one hundred dollars to the popular (British) edition at four cents.
Post-card editions of the cartoons run into many millions; his cartoons have been filmed, exist as lantern-slides, and leading actors and actresses have reproduced them in the form of tableaux. But it is in the world’s press that the greatest distribution has taken place. He is cartoonist to half a hundred newspapers, and literally thousands of different publications have reproduced his pictures at one time or another. He has been translated into a score of languages, the writer having seen one edition in Basque and another in Arabic. In the United States alone his cartoons in one year have reached a newspaper circulation of over 300,000,000, and exhibitions have been held in over one hundred of the leading cities.
And all this gigantic distribution has grown during the two years that have passed since his cartoons were first exhibited in London. It is a record that has never yet been equalled. What is the secret of this man’s appeal to men and women in all stations of life, to people of every creed and nationality? In Europe nearly all, and in America a great many, of the leading writers and thinkers have acclaimed the genius of Raemaekers, but none have been able to tell us why it is that his pictures appeal with equal intensity to the Briton, the Latin, the Slav, and the American. A writer in theBoston Transcriptperhaps comes nearest to the truth. He says: “The mantle of Dante has fallen upon Raemaekers; he leads the conscience of the world to-day through an inferno of wrong.”
This world-wide recognition is conclusive testimony to the universality of his genius. Raemaekers appeals to all mankind. The value of his contribution to the cause of civilization in this war lies in the fact that he has seen and depicted with the directness and clarity of genius the truth that the issue is joined between the forces of evil and good. For him there are no other considerations, no qualifications, no compromises. He has but one enemy, and that is the destroyer of peace and civilization; he has but one hero, and that is the defender of them. He sees in war itself no pomp and glitter, but only the burning village, the devastated home, the agonized women and children, and the brave and faithful dead. He depicts militarism as hideous, brutal, coarse, and cunning. His one thought seems to be that those things which all kindly and gentle men and women hold dear and sacred are being trampled upon and threatened by a monstrous wrong; and that the ideals of justice, order, and human liberty which have been established in the conscience of humanity after centuries of painful struggle are in danger of annihilation. In thus narrowing the issue, in thus resolving all doubt, he has, in the words of Theodore Roosevelt, “rendered the most powerful of the honorable contributions by neutrals to the cause of civilization.” Raemaekers’ name and work will live long after many of the men and their achievements in this war have faded from the general mind. Future generations will look at his cartoons and will find in them at once the cause and the justification of the rising of the world’s free peoples to give their lives for freedom and the safety of democracy.
The historical value of the cartoons have frequently been insisted upon by critics and reviewers and I have been urged to publish them in the form of a cartoon History of the War. The present attempt is the outcome of these suggestions.
It has not been possible to adhere to any very definite method of arrangement. Many of the cartoons were drawn long after the events with which they deal took place, as, for instance, the Wittenberg pictures. The typhus outbreak amongst the prisoners at Wittenberg happened in December, 1914, but the facts were not made public until May, 1916. On the other hand, the cartoon depicting Count von Bernstorff’s dismissal from Washington was published two years before he was handed his passports. It was a cartoon based upon the activities of Dumba. A great number of cartoons, particularly those published during the early months of the war, have no direct historical significance. The Belgian cartoons constitute a general indictment of the German method of warfare, while the Nurse Cavell drawings (Vol. II.) represent a specific comment upon an actual example of that method. The letterpress has been compiled mainly from officialcommuniquesand reports, and from the speeches and public statements of the leading men of the belligerents and some of the neutrals. I have also quoted freely from newspapers, magazines, and books, and whenever possible I have made acknowledgment of these sources. My object has been not to explain the cartoons, but to show their great value as historical documents and to make sure, so far as is possible, that the basis of truth upon which they rest shall not be forgotten.
J. Murray Allison.
New York, Christmas Day, 1917.
The cartoons which appear on the following pages up to and includingpage 86call for special reference.
They represent Raemaekers’ impression of the behaviour of the German troops in Belgium during the first weeks of the invasion. The great majority of them were drawn long before any Official Reports were published, and not, as would seem natural, as illustrations of the Reports which were eventually published by the Belgian, French, and British Governments. The cartoon on page 86 was drawn after the publication of the British Government’s Official Report. It is important to realise this. It is also necessary to remember that the German atrocities began actually at the moment that the German troops crossed the frontier on the evening of August 3rd and continued in unabated violence until the defeat at the Marne.
After the retreat of the Germans from Paris the German General Staff appear to have altered its cold-blooded policy in Belgium and France. From that moment, when the carefully prepared blow at the heart of France had failed and when the possibility of defeat began to dawn upon the Potsdam mind, organised robbery, murder, arson and rape were discontinued or at least toned down as a feature of German warfare. Whilst that method—the Official Reports of the Allied Governments’ Commissions of Enquiry prove conclusively it was a method—continued, Raemaekers concentrated his pencil upon it and neglected the strictly military and political happenings. That is why I have grouped the Belgian cartoons at the beginning of this volume. They do really represent the first phase of the war. With regard to the extracts that I have selected to face the Belgian cartoons I would ask the reader to remember that they have been taken largely from Official Reports issued after the drawings were published. Raemaekers’ pictorial indictment came first. He was justified later by the sworn evidence of eye-witnesses.
I think perhaps that it is necessary to make these observations in case the letterpress facing the Belgian cartoons should not in many cases be considered quite apt.
J. M. A.
Raemaekers’ first war cartoon, originally published on the first of August, 1914.
On the evening of August 3 the German troops cross the frontier. The storm burst so suddenly that neither party had time to adjust its mind to the situation. The Germans seem to have expected an easy passage. The Belgian population, never dreaming of an attack, were startled and stupefied.
From the very beginning of the operations the civilian population of the villages lying upon the line of the German advance were made to experience the extreme horrors of war. “On the 4th of August,” says one witness, “at Herve I saw at about 2 o’clock in the afternoon, near the station, five Uhlans; these were the first German troops I had seen. They were followed by a German officer and some soldiers in a motor car. The men in the car called out to a couple of young fellows who were standing about thirty yards away. The young men, being afraid, ran off and then the Germans fired and killed one of them named D.” The murder of this innocent fugitive civilian was a prelude to the burning and pillage of Herve and of other villages in the neighborhood, to the indiscriminate shooting of civilians of both sexes, and to the organized military execution of batches of selected males.
British Government Committee’s Report.
The wrong—I speak openly—that we are committing we will endeavor to make good as soon as our military goal has been reached. Anybody who is threatened as we are threatened, and is fighting for his highest possessions, can have only one thought—how is he to hack his way through.
Von Bethmann-Hollweg.Reichstag, August 4, 1915.
With a clear conscience Germany goes to the battlefield.
The Kaiser,August, 1914.
We are now in a state of necessity, and necessity knows no law. Our troops have occupied Luxemburg and perhaps are already on Belgian soil.Gentlemen, that is contrary to the dictates of international law.It is true that the French Government has declared at Brussels that France is willing to respect the neutrality of Belgium, so long as her opponent respects it. We knew, however, that France stood ready for invasion. France could wait, but we could not wait. A French movement upon our flank upon the lower Rhine might have been disastrous. So we were compelled to override the just protest of the Luxemburg and Belgian Governments.
Von Bethmann-Hollweg,Reichstag, Berlin, 4th August, ’14.
Remember that the German people are the chosen of God. On me, the German Emperor, the spirit of God has descended. I am His sword, His weapon and His vicegerent. Woe to the disobedient and death to cowards and unbelievers.
FromThe Kaiser’sspeech to hissoldiers on the way to the front.
Bernhardi: “War is as divine as eating and drinking”Satan: “Here is a partner for me”
The inevitableness, the idealism, the blessing of war as an indispensable and stimulating law of development must be repeatedly emphasized.
... War is the greatest factor in the furtherance of culture and power. Efforts to secure peace are extraordinarily detrimental as soon as they influence politics.
... Efforts directed toward the abolition of war are not only foolish, but absolutely immoral, and must be stigmatized as unworthy of the human race.
... In fact, the State is a law unto itself. Weak nations have not the same right to live as powerful and vigorous nations.
“Germany and the Next War.” 1911.Gen. von Bernhardi.
“Ah! was your boy among the twelve thismorning? Then you’ll find himamong this lot”
When the German cavalry occupied the village of Linsmeau not a man of the civilian population took part in the fighting. Nevertheless the village was invaded at dusk on August 10 and all the male inhabitants were compelled to come forward and hand over whatever arms they possessed. No recently discharged firearms were found. The invaders divided these peasants in three groups, those in one were bound, and 11 of them placed in a ditch, where they were afterwards found dead.
Belgian Gov. Commission’s Report.
In a café, lower down, near the canal, I saw a number of German soldiers, and was successful in having a chat with the inn-keeper, at the farthest corner of the bar. I asked, of course, what they meant by burning the village, and he told me that the Germans had made a number of successful attacks on Fort Pontisse, until at last they had reduced it to silence. They were now so near that they could open the final assault. They were afraid, however, of some ambush, or underground mine, and the Friday before they had collected the population, whom they forced to march in front of them. When they had got quite near they dared not enter it yet, and drove the priest and twelve of the principal villagers before them.
“The German Fury in Belgium,”ByL. Mokveld.
We ourselves regret deeply that during these fights the town of Loewen has been destroyed to a great extent. Needless to say that these consequences are not intentional on our part, but cannot be avoided in this infamous franc-tireur war being led against us.
Whoever knows the good-natured character of our troops cannot seriously pretend that they are inclined to needless or frivolous destruction.
German General Staff.Berlin, August, 1914.
The German troops penetrated into Aerschot, a town of 8,000 inhabitants, on Wednesday, Aug. 19, in the morning. No Belgian forces remained behind. No sooner did the Germans enter the town than they shot five or six inhabitants whom they caused to leave their houses. In the evening, pretending that a superior German officer had been killed on the Grand Place by the son of the Burgomaster, or, according to another version of the story, that a conspiracy had been hatched against the superior commandant by the Burgomaster and his family, the Germans took every man who was inside of Aerschot; they led them, fifty at a time, some distance from the town, grouped them in lines of four men, and, making them run ahead of them, shot them and killed them afterward with their bayonets. More than forty men were found thus massacred.
Belgian Gov. Commission’s Report.
“It’s all right. If I hadn’t done it someone else might”
As regards private property, respect among German troops simply does not exist. By the universal testimony of every British officer and soldier I have interrogated the progress of the German troops is like a plague of locusts over the land. What they can not carry off they destroy. Furniture is thrown into the street, pictures are riddled with bullets and pierced by sword cuts, municipal registers burnt, the contents of shops scattered on the floor, drawers rifled, live stock slaughtered and carcasses left to rot in the fields. Cases of petty larceny by German soldiers appear to be innumerable; they take whatever seizes their fancy, and leave the towns they evacuate laden like pedlars. Empty ammunition wagons were drawn up in front of private houses and filled with their contents for despatch to Germany.
I have had the reports of local commissions of police placed before me, and they show that in smaller villages like those of Caestre and Merris, with a population of about 1,500 souls or less, pillaging to the extent of £4,000 and £6,000 was committed by the German troops.
Professor J. H. Morganin “GermanAtrocities,” an Official Investigation.
They sang, shouted and waved their arms. Most of them carried bottles full of liquor, which they put into their mouths frequently, smashed them on the ground, or handed them to their comrades, when unable to drink any more themselves. Each of a troop of cavalry had a bottle of pickles, and enjoyed them immensely.
Other soldiers kept on running into the burning houses, carrying out vases, pictures, plate, or small pieces of furniture. They smashed everything on the cobbles and then returned to wreck more things that would have been destroyed by the fire all the same. It was a revelry of drunken vandalism. They seemed mad, and even risking being burned alive at this work of destruction. Most of the officers were also tipsy; not one of them was saluted by the soldiers.
“The German Fury in Belgium,”ByL. Mokveld.
“Ain’t I a lovable fellow?”
There is very strong reason to suspect that young girls were carried off to the trenches by licentious German soldiery, and there abused by hordes of savage and licentious men. People in hiding in the cellars of houses have heard the voices of women in the hands of German soldiers crying all night long until death or stupor ended their agonies. One of our officers, a subaltern in the sappers, heard a woman’s shrieks in the night coming from the German trenches near Richebourg l’Avoue; when we advanced in the morning and drove the Germans out, a girl was found lying naked on the ground “pegged out” in the form of a crucifix. I need not go on with this chapter of horrors. To the end of time it will be remembered, and from one generation to another, in the plains of Flanders, in the Valleys of the Vosges, and on the rolling fields of the Marne, the oral tradition of men will perpetuate this story of infamy and wrong.
Professor J. H. Morganin “GermanAtrocities,” an Official Investigation.
“Father, what have we done?”
The municipal Government of Liège remind their fellow citizens, and all staying within the city, that international law most strictly forbids civilians to commit hostilities against the German soldiers occupying the country.
Every attack on German troops by others than the military in uniform not only exposes those who may be guilty to be shot summarily, but will also bring terrible consequences on the leading citizens of Liège now detained in the citadel as hostages by the commander of the German troops.
We beseech all residents of the municipality to guard the highest interests of all the inhabitants and of those who are hostages of the German Army, and not to commit any assault on the soldiers of this army.
We remind the citizens that by order of General commanding the German troops, those who have arms in their possession must deliver them immediately to the authorities at the Provincial Palace under the penalty of being shot.
The Acting Burgomaster,V. Henault.Liège, August 8th.
Thousands of Belgian citizens have in like manner been deported to the prisons of Germany to Munsterlagen, to Celle, to Magdeburg. At Munsterlagen alone, 3,100 civil prisoners were numbered. History will tell of the physical and moral torments of their long martyrdom.
Hundreds of innocent men were shot. I possess no complete necrology; but I know there were ninety-one shot at Aerschot and that there, under pain of death, their fellow-citizens were compelled to dig their graves. In the Louvain group of communes 176 persons, men and women, old men and sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.
Cardinal Mercier,Archbishopof Malines, Belgium.
In Hofstade a number of houses had been set on fire and many corpses were seen, some in houses, some in back yards, and some in the streets.
Several examples are given below.
Two witnesses speak to having seen the body of a young man pierced by bayonet thrusts with the wrists cut also.
On a side road the corpse of a civilian was seen on his doorstep with a bayonet wound in his stomach, and by his side the dead body of a boy of 5 or 6 with his hands nearly severed.
The corpses of a woman and boy were seen at the blacksmith’s. They had been killed with the bayonet.
In a café a young man, also killed with the bayonet, was holding his hands together as if in the attitude of supplication.
Two young women were lying in the back yard of the house. One had her breasts cut off, the other had been stabbed.
A young man had been hacked with the bayonet until his entrails protruded. He also had his hands joined in the attitude of prayer.
In the garden of a house in the main street bodies of two women were observed, and in another house the body of a boy of 16 with two bayonet wounds in the chest.
British Government Committee’s Report.
It is nothing but fanaticism to expect very much from humanity when it has forgotten how to wage war. For the present we know of no other means whereby the rough energy of the camp, the deep impersonal hatred, the cold-bloodedness of murder with a good conscience, the general ardour of the system in the destruction of the enemy ... can be as forcibly and certainly communicated to enervated nations as is done by every great war.Kultur can by no means dispense with passions, vices and malignities.
Friedrich Nietzsche.