FOOTNOTES:

Cold walls, to you I speak, but you are senseless!Celestial Powers, you hear, but have determined,And shall determine, to my greatest happiness.Then unto whom shall I unfold my wrong,Cast down my tears, or hold up folded hands?—To Her to whom remorse doth most belong;To Her, who is the first, and may aloneBe justly called, the Empress of the Britons.Who should have mercy if a Queen have none?

Cold walls, to you I speak, but you are senseless!Celestial Powers, you hear, but have determined,And shall determine, to my greatest happiness.

Then unto whom shall I unfold my wrong,Cast down my tears, or hold up folded hands?—To Her to whom remorse doth most belong;

To Her, who is the first, and may aloneBe justly called, the Empress of the Britons.Who should have mercy if a Queen have none?

Queen Anne responded as she had always done to Raleigh's appeals. If his life had lain in her hands, it would have been a long and a happy one. She immediately wrote to Buckingham, knowing that his influence was far greater than her own with the King, and her letter exists for the wonder of posterity. She writes to her husband's favourite: 'My kind Dog,' for so the poor lady stoops to address him, 'if I have any power or credit with you, I pray you let me have a trial of it, at this time, in dealing sincerely and earnestly with the King that Sir Walter Raleigh's life may not be called in question.' Buckingham, however, was already pledged to aid the Spanish alliance, and the Queen's letter was unavailing.

On August 17 and on two subsequent occasions Raleigh was examined before the Commissioners, the charge being formally drawn up by Yelverton, the Attorney-General. He was accused of having abused the King's confidence by setting out to find gold in a mine which never existed, with instituting a piratical attack on a peaceful Spanish settlement, with attempting to capture the Mexican plate fleet, although he had been specially warned that he would take his life in his hands if he committed any one of these three faults. It is hard to understand how Mr. Edwards persuaded himself to brand each of these charges as 'a distinct falsehood.' The sympathy we must feel for Raleigh's misfortunes, and the enthusiasm with which we read theApology, should not, surely, blind us to the fact that in neither of these three matters was his action true or honest. We have no particular account of his examinations, but it is almost certain that they wrung fromhim admissions of a most damaging character. He had tried to make James a catspaw in revenging himself on Spain, and he had to take the consequences.

It was of great importance to the Government to understand why France had meddled in the matter. The Council, therefore, summoned La Chesnée, the envoy who had made propositions to Raleigh at Brentford and at Broad Street; but he denied the whole story, and said he never suggested flight to Raleigh. So little information had been gained by the middle of September, that it was determined to employ a professional spy. The person selected for this engaging office was Sir Thomas Wilson, one of the band of English pensioners in the pay of Spain. The most favourable thing that has ever been said of Stukely is that he was not quite such a scoundrel as Wilson. On September 9 this person, who had known Raleigh from Elizabeth's days, and was now Keeper of the State Papers, was supplied with 'convenient lodging within or near unto the chambers of Sir Walter Raleigh.' At the same time Sir Allen Apsley, the Lieutenant, who had guarded the prisoner hitherto, was relieved.

Wilson's first act was not one of conciliation. He demanded that Raleigh should be turned out of his comfortable quarters in the Wardrobe Tower to make room for Wilson, who desired that the prisoner should have the smaller rooms above. To this, and other demands, Apsley would not accede. Wilson then began to do his best to insinuate himself into Raleigh's confidence, and after about a fortnight seems to have succeeded. We have a very full report of his conversations with Raleigh, but they add little to our knowledge, even ifWilson's evidence could be taken as gospel. Raleigh admitted La Chesnée's offer of a French passage, and his own proposal to seize the Mexican fleet; but both these points were already known to the Council.

Towards the end of September two events occurred which brought matters more to a crisis. On the 24th Raleigh wrote a confession to the King, in which he said that the French Government had given him a commission, that La Chesnée had three times offered him escape, and that he himself was in possession of important State secrets, of which he would make a clean breast if the King would pardon him. This important document was found at Simancas, and first published in 1868 by Mr. St. John. On the same day Philip III. sent a despatch to James I. desiring him in peremptory terms to save him the trouble of hanging Raleigh at Madrid by executing him promptly in London. As soon as this ultimatum arrived, James applied to the Commissioners to know how it would be best to deal with the prisoner judicially. Several lawyers assured him that Raleigh was under sentence of death, and that therefore no trial was necessary; but James shrank from the scandal of apparent murder. The Commissioners were so fully satisfied of Raleigh's guilt that they advised the King to give him a public trial, under somewhat unusual forms. He was to be tried before the Council and the judges, a few persons of rank being admitted as spectators; the conduct of the trial to be the same as though it were proceeding in Westminster Hall. On receipt of the despatch from Madrid, that is to say on October 3, Lady Raleigh, whose presence was no longer required, was released from the Tower.

The trial before the Commissioners began on October 22. Mr. Gardiner has printed in theCamden Miscellanysuch notes of cross-examination as were preserved by Sir Julius Cæsar, but they are very slight. Raleigh seems to have denied any intention to stir up war between England and Spain, and declared that he had confidently believed in the existence of the mine. But he made no attempt to deny that in case the mine failed he had proposed the taking of the Mexican fleet. At the close of the examination, Bacon,[13]in the name of the Commissioners, told Raleigh that he was guilty of abusing the confidence of King James and of injuring the subjects of Spain, and that he must prepare to die, being 'already civilly dead.' Raleigh was then taken back to the Tower, where he was left in suspense for ten days. Meanwhile the Justices of the King's Bench were desired to award execution upon the old Winchester sentence of 1603. It is thought that James hoped to keep Raleigh from appearing again in public, but the judges said that he must be brought face to face with them. On October 28, therefore, Raleigh was roused from his bed, where he was suffering from a severe attack of the ague, and was brought out of the Tower, which he never entered again. He was taken so hastily that he had no time for his toilet, and his barber called out that his master had not combed his head. 'Let them kem that are to have it,' was Raleigh's answer; and he continued, 'Dost thou know, Peter, any plaister that will set a man's head on again, when it is off?'

When he came before Yelverton, he attempted to argue that the Guiana commission had wiped out all the past, including the sentence of 1603. He began to discuss anew his late voyage; but the Chief Justice, interrupting him, told him that he was to be executed for the old treason, not for this new one. Raleigh then threw himself on the King's mercy, being every way trapped and fettered; without referring to this appeal, the Chief Justice proceeded to award execution. Raleigh was to be beheaded early next morning in Old Palace Yard. He entreated for a few days' respite, that he might finish some writings, but the King had purposely left town that no petitions for delay might reach him. Bacon produced the warrant, which he had drawn up, and which bore the King's signature and the Great Seal.

Raleigh was taken from Westminster Hall to the Gate House. He was in high spirits, and meeting his old friend Sir Hugh Beeston, he urged him to secure a good place at the show next morning. He himself, he said, was sure of one. He was so gay and chatty, that his cousin Francis Thynne begged him to be more grave lest his enemies should report his levity. Raleigh answered, 'It is my last mirth in this world; do not grudge it to me.' Dr. Tounson, Dean of Westminster, to whom Raleigh was a stranger, then attended him; and was somewhat scandalised at this flow of mercurial spirits. 'When I began,' says the Dean, 'to encourage him against the fear of death, he seemed to make so light of it that I wondered at him. When I told him that the dear servants of God, in better causes than his, had shrunk back and trembled a little, he denied it not. But yet he gave God thanks that he had never feareddeath.' The good Dean was puzzled; but his final reflection was all to Raleigh's honour. After the execution he reported that 'he was the most fearless of death that ever was known, and the most resolute and confident; yet with reverence and conscience.'

It was late on Thursday evening, the 28th, that Lady Raleigh learned the position of affairs. She had not dreamed that the case was so hopeless. She hastened to the Gate House, and until midnight husband and wife were closeted together in conversation, she being consoled and strengthened by his calm. Her last word was that she had obtained permission to dispose of his body. 'It is well, Bess,' he said, 'that thou mayst dispose of that dead, which thou hadst not always the disposing of when alive.' And so, with a smile, they parted. When his wife had left him, Raleigh sat down to write his last verses:

Even such is time, that takes in trustOur youth, our joys, our all we have,And pays us but with earth and dust;Who in the dark and silent grave,When we have wandered all our ways,Shuts up the story of our days;But from this earth, this grave, this dust,My God shall raise me up, I trust.

At the same hour Lady Raleigh was preparing for the horrors of the morrow. She sent off this note to her brother, Sir Nicholas Carew:

I desire, good brother, that you will be pleased to let me bury the worthy body of my noble husband, Sir Walter Raleigh, in your church at Beddington, where I desire to be buried. The Lords have given me his dead body, thoughthey denied me his life. This night he shall be brought you with two or three of my men. Let me hear presently. God hold me in my wits.

There was probably some difficulty in the way, for Raleigh's body was not brought that night to Beddington.

In the morning the Dean of Westminster entered the Gate House again. Raleigh, who had perhaps not gone to bed all night, had just finished a testamentary paper of defence. Dr. Tounson found him still very cheerful and merry, and administered the Communion to him. After the Eucharist, Raleigh talked very freely to the Dean, defending himself, and going back in his reminiscences to the reign of Elizabeth. He declared that the world would yet be persuaded of his innocence, and he once more scandalised the Dean by his truculent cheerfulness. He ate a hearty breakfast, and smoked a pipe of tobacco. It was now time to leave the Gate House; but before he did so, a cup of sack was brought to him. The servant asked if the wine was to his liking, and Raleigh replied, 'I will answer you as did the fellow who drank of St. Giles' bowl as he went to Tyburn, "It is good drink, if a man might stay by it."'

This excitement lasted without reaction until he reached the scaffold, whither he was led by the sheriffs, still attended by Dr. Tounson. As they passed through the vast throng of persons who had come to see the spectacle, Raleigh observed a very old man bareheaded in the crowd, and snatching off the rich night-cap of cut lace which he himself was wearing, he threw it to him, saying, 'Friend, you need this more than I do.' Raleigh was dressed in a black embroidered velvet night-gown over a hare-coloured satin doublet and a black embroidered waistcoat. He wore a ruff-band, a pair of black cut taffetas breeches, and ash-coloured silk stockings, thus combining his taste for magnificence with a decent regard for the occasion. The multitude so pressed upon him, and he had walked with such an animated step, that when he ascended the scaffold, erect and smiling, he was observed to be quite out of breath.

There are many contemporary reports of Sir Walter Raleigh's deportment at this final moment of his life. In the place of these hackneyed narratives, we may perhaps quote the less-known words of another bystander, the republican Sir John Elyot, who was at that time a young man of twenty-eight. In hisMonarchy of Man, which remained in manuscript until 1879, Elyot says:

Take an example in that else unmatched fortitude of our Raleigh, the magnanimity of his sufferings, that large chronicle of fortitude. All the preparations that are terrible presented to his eye, guards and officers about him, fetters and chains upon him, the scaffold and executioner before him, and then the axe, and more cruel expectation of his enemies, and what did all that work on the resolution of that worthy? Made it an impression of weak fear, or a distraction of his reason? Nothing so little did that great soul suffer, but gathered more strength and advantage upon either. His mind became the clearer, as if already it had been freed from the cloud and oppression of the body, and that trial gave an illustration to his courage, so that it changed the affection of his enemies, and turned their joy into sorrow, and all men else it filled with admiration, leaving no doubt but this, whether death was more acceptable to him, or he more welcome unto death.

At the windows of Sir Randolph Carew, which wereopposite to the scaffold, Raleigh observed a cluster of gentlemen and noblemen, and in particular several of those who had been adventurers with him for the mine on the Orinoco. He perceived, amongst others, the Earls of Arundel, Oxford, and Northampton. That these old friends should hear distinctly what he had to say was his main object, and he therefore addressed them with an apology for the weakness of his voice, and asked them to come down to him. Arundel at once assented, and all the company at Carew's left the balcony, and came on to the scaffold, where those who had been intimate with Raleigh solemnly embraced him. He then began his celebrated speech, of which he had left a brief draft signed in the Gate House. There are extant several versions of this address, besides the one he signed. In the excitement of the scene, he seems to have said more, and to have put it more ingeniously, than in the solitude of the previous night. His old love of publicity, of the open air, appeared in the first sentence:

I thank God that He has sent me to die in the light, and not in darkness. I likewise thank God that He has suffered me to die before such an assembly of honourable witnesses, and not obscurely in the Tower, where for the space of thirteen years together I have been oppressed with many miseries. And I return Him thanks, that my fever [the ague] hath not taken me at this time, as I prayed to Him that it might not, that I might clear myself of such accusations unjustly laid to my charge, and leave behind me the testimony of a true heart both to my king and country.

He was justly elated. He knew that his resources were exhausted, his energies abated, and that pardonwould now merely mean a relegation to oblivion. He took his public execution with delight, as if it were a martyrdom, and had the greatness of soul to perceive that nothing could possibly commend his career and character to posterity so much as to leave this mortal stage with a telling soliloquy. His powers were drawn together to their height; his intellect, which had lately seemed to be growing dim, had never flashed more brilliantly, and the biographer can recall but one occasion in Raleigh's life, and that the morning of St. Barnaby at Cadiz, when his bearing was of quite so gallant a magnificence. As he stood on the scaffold in the cold morning air, he foiled James and Philip at one thrust, and conquered the esteem of all posterity. It is only now, after two centuries and a half, that history is beginning to hint that there was not a little special pleading and some excusable equivocation in this great apology which rang through monarchical England like the blast of a clarion, and which echoed in secret places till the oppressed rose up and claimed their liberty.

He spoke for about five-and-twenty minutes. His speech was excessively ingenious, as well as eloquent, and directed to move the sympathy of his hearers as much as possible, without any deviation from literal truth. He said that it was true that he had tried to escape to France, but that his motive was not treasonable; he knew the King to be justly incensed, and thought that from La Rochelle he might negotiate his pardon. What he said about the commission from France is so ingeniously worded, as to leave us absolutely without evidence from this quarter. After speaking about La Chesnée's visits, he proceeded to denouncethe base Mannourie and his miserable master Sir Lewis Stukely, yet without a word of unseemly invective. He then defended his actions in the Guiana voyage, and turning brusquely to the Earl of Arundel, appealed to him for evidence that the last words spoken between them as the 'Destiny' left the Thames were of Raleigh's return to England. This was to rebut the accusation that Raleigh had been overpowered by his mutinous crew, and brought to Kinsale against his will. Arundel answered, 'And so you did!' The Sheriff presently showing some impatience, Raleigh asked pardon, and begged to say but a few words more. He had been vexed to find that the Dean of Westminster believed a story which was in general circulation to the effect that Raleigh behaved insolently at the execution of Essex, 'puffing out tobacco in disdain of him;' this he solemnly denied. He then closed as follows:

And now I entreat that you will all join me in prayer to the Great God of Heaven, whom I have grievously offended, being a man full of all vanity, who has lived a sinful life in such callings as have been most inducing to it; for I have been a soldier, a sailor, and a courtier, which are courses of wickedness and vice; that His almighty goodness will forgive me; that He will cast away my sins from me; and that He will receive me into everlasting life.—So I take my leave of you all, making my peace with God.

Proclamation was then made that all visitors should quit the scaffold. In parting with his friends, Raleigh besought them, and Arundel in particular, to beg the King to guard his memory against scurrilous pamphleteers. The noblemen lingered so long, that it was Raleigh himself who gently dismissed them. 'I have a longjourney to go,' he said, and smiled, 'therefore I must take my leave of you.' When the friends had retired he addressed himself to prayer, having first announced that he died in the faith of the Church of England. When his prayer was done, he took off his night-gown and doublet, and called to the headsman to show him the axe. The man hesitated, and Raleigh cried, 'I prithee, let me see it. Dost thou think that I am afraid of it?' Having passed his finger along the edge, he gave it back, and turning to the Sheriff, smiled, and said, ''Tis a sharp medicine, but one that will cure me of all my diseases.' The executioner, overcome with emotion, kneeled before him for pardon. Raleigh put his two hands upon his shoulders, and said he forgave him with all his heart. He added, 'When I stretch forth my hands, despatch me.' He then rose erect, and bowed ceremoniously to the spectators to the right and then to the left, and said aloud, 'Give me heartily your prayers.' The Sheriff then asked him which way he would lay himself on the block. Raleigh answered, 'So the heart be right, it matters not which way the head lies,' but he chose to lie facing the east. The headsman hastened to place his own cloak beneath him, so displaying the axe. Raleigh then lay down, and the company was hushed while he remained awhile in silent prayer. He was then seen to stretch out his hands, but the headsman was absolutely unnerved and could not stir. Raleigh repeated the action, but again without result. The rich Devonshire voice was then heard again, and for the last time. 'What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!' His body neither twitched nor trembled; only his lips were seen still moving in prayer. At lastthe headsman summoned his resolution, and though he struck twice, the first blow was fatal.

Sir Walter Raleigh was probably well advanced in his sixty-seventh year, but grief and travel had made him look much older. He was still vigorous, however, and the effusion from his body was so extraordinary, that many of the spectators shared the wonder of Lady Macbeth, that the old man had so much blood in him. The head was shown to the spectators, on both sides of the scaffold, and was then dropped into a red bag. The body was wrapt in the velvet night-gown, and both were carried to Lady Raleigh. By this time, perhaps, she had heard from her brother that he could not receive the body at Beddington, for she presently had it interred in the chancel of St. Margaret's, Westminster. The head she caused to be embalmed, and kept it with her all her life, permitting favoured friends, like Bishop Goodman, to see and even to kiss it. After her death, Carew Raleigh preserved it with a like piety. It is supposed now to rest in West Horsley church in Surrey. Lady Raleigh lived on until 1647, thus witnessing the ruin of the dynasty which had destroyed her own happiness.

No success befell the wretches who had enriched themselves by Raleigh's ruin. Sir Judas Stukely, for so he was now commonly styled, was shunned by all classes of society. It was discovered very soon after the execution, that Stukely had for years past been a clipper of coin of the realm. He did not get his blood-money until Christmas 1618, and in January 1619 he was caught with his guilty fingers at work on some of the very gold pieces for which he had sold his master. Themeaner rascal, Mannourie, fell with him. The populace clamoured for Stukely's death on the gallows, but the King allowed him to escape. Wherever he met human beings, however, they taunted him with the memory of Sir Walter Raleigh, and at last he fled to the desolate island of Lundy, where his brain gave way under the weight of remorse and solitude. He died there, a maniac, in 1620. Another of Raleigh's enemies, though a less malignant one, scarcely survived him. Lord Cobham, who had been released from the Tower while Raleigh was in the Canaries, died of lingering paralysis on January 24, 1619. Of other persons who were closely associated with Raleigh, Queen Anne died in the same year, 1619; Camden in 1623; James I. in 1625; Nottingham, at the age of eighty-nine, in 1624; Bacon in 1629; Ben Jonson in 1637; while the Earl of Arundel lived on until 1646.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Mr. Edwards corrects the date to 1580n.s., but this is manifestly wrong; on the 7th of February 1580n.s.Raleigh was on the Atlantic making for Cork Harbour.[2]Dr. Brushfield has found no mention of the elder Walter Raleigh later than April 11, 1578. As he was born in 1497, he must then have been over eighty years of age.[3]Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson has communicated to me the following interesting discovery, which he has made in examining the Assembly Books of the borough of King's Lynn, in Norfolk. It appears that the Mayor was paid ten pounds 'in respecte he did in the yere of his maioraltie [between Michaelmas 1587 and Michaelmas 1588] entertayn Sir Walter Rawlye knight and his companye in resortinge hether about the Queanes affayrs;' the occasion being, it would seem, the furnishing and setting forth of a ship of war and a pinnace as the contingent from Lynn towards defence against the Armada. This is an important fact, for it is the only definite record that has hitherto reached us of Raleigh's activity in guarding the coast against invasion.[4]In the first two numbers of theAthenæumfor 1886, I gave in full detail the facts and arguments which are here given in summary.[5]Raleigh says that he appointed this man, 'taking him out of prison, because he had all the ancient records of Sherborne, his father having been the Bishop's officer.'—De la Warr MSS.[6]Mr. Edwards has evidently dated this important letter a year too late (vol. ii. 397-8).[7]In a letter Raleigh goes still further, and says that he found Meeres, 'coming suddenly upon him, counterfeiting my hand above a hundred times upon an oiled paper.'[8]Among Sir A. Malet's MSS., for instance, we find Raleigh spoken of, so early as April 1600, as 'the hellish Atheist and Traitor,' and we look in vain for the cause of such violence.[9]This date, till lately uncertain, is proved from the journal of Cecil's secretary.[10]This was really the first edition of theRemains, although that title does not appear until the third edition of 1657.[11]More exactly, a house at the corner of Wykford Lane, with a small estate at the back of it, an appendage to Lady Raleigh's brother's seat at Beddington.[12]I gather this date, hitherto entirety unknown, from the fact that in the recently publishedLismore PapersSir Richard Boyle notes on May 27 that he receives letters from Raleigh announcing his arrival at Kinsale.[13]Among the Bute MSS. is a letter from Raleigh to Bacon beseeching him 'to spend some few words to the putting of false fame to flight;' but Bacon's enmity was unalterable.

[1]Mr. Edwards corrects the date to 1580n.s., but this is manifestly wrong; on the 7th of February 1580n.s.Raleigh was on the Atlantic making for Cork Harbour.

[2]Dr. Brushfield has found no mention of the elder Walter Raleigh later than April 11, 1578. As he was born in 1497, he must then have been over eighty years of age.

[3]Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson has communicated to me the following interesting discovery, which he has made in examining the Assembly Books of the borough of King's Lynn, in Norfolk. It appears that the Mayor was paid ten pounds 'in respecte he did in the yere of his maioraltie [between Michaelmas 1587 and Michaelmas 1588] entertayn Sir Walter Rawlye knight and his companye in resortinge hether about the Queanes affayrs;' the occasion being, it would seem, the furnishing and setting forth of a ship of war and a pinnace as the contingent from Lynn towards defence against the Armada. This is an important fact, for it is the only definite record that has hitherto reached us of Raleigh's activity in guarding the coast against invasion.

[4]In the first two numbers of theAthenæumfor 1886, I gave in full detail the facts and arguments which are here given in summary.

[5]Raleigh says that he appointed this man, 'taking him out of prison, because he had all the ancient records of Sherborne, his father having been the Bishop's officer.'—De la Warr MSS.

[6]Mr. Edwards has evidently dated this important letter a year too late (vol. ii. 397-8).

[7]In a letter Raleigh goes still further, and says that he found Meeres, 'coming suddenly upon him, counterfeiting my hand above a hundred times upon an oiled paper.'

[8]Among Sir A. Malet's MSS., for instance, we find Raleigh spoken of, so early as April 1600, as 'the hellish Atheist and Traitor,' and we look in vain for the cause of such violence.

[9]This date, till lately uncertain, is proved from the journal of Cecil's secretary.

[10]This was really the first edition of theRemains, although that title does not appear until the third edition of 1657.

[11]More exactly, a house at the corner of Wykford Lane, with a small estate at the back of it, an appendage to Lady Raleigh's brother's seat at Beddington.

[12]I gather this date, hitherto entirety unknown, from the fact that in the recently publishedLismore PapersSir Richard Boyle notes on May 27 that he receives letters from Raleigh announcing his arrival at Kinsale.

[13]Among the Bute MSS. is a letter from Raleigh to Bacon beseeching him 'to spend some few words to the putting of false fame to flight;' but Bacon's enmity was unalterable.

Note.—Read Raleigh for R.

Adricomius,179

Albert, Aremberg, the Envoy of Archduke,136

Alençon's contrast to R. at Court,18;

pageant at Antwerp for,18

Algarve, Bishop of, library captured by Essex and nucleus of Bodleian,101

Algerine corsairs,193;

sack Lanzarote,194

Allen, Sir Francis,42

America, its debt, to Sir H. Gilbert,25;

Gilbert's last expedition to,27;

R. renews Gilbert's charter,28;

R.'s costly expeditions to,29,37

Amidas, a captain in R.'s American fleet,28;

discovers Virginia,29

Amurath, King of Turbay,185

Anderson, one of R.'s Winchester judges,146

'Angel Gabriel,' capture of ship,40

Annalesby Camden,3

Anne of Denmark.SeeQueen

Annesley, R. takes up his command,19

Antonio of Portugal,41

Apology for the Voyage to Guianaby R.,193,208-10

Apothegms, Bacon's,113

Apsley, Sir Allen, Lieutenant of Tower,211;

relieved of R.'s custody,211

Aremberg, Count, plotter in Durham House,134;

ambassador of Archduke Albert,136;

relations with Cobham,137,155;

communications with R.,148;

James accepts his protestations,155

'Ark Raleigh' fitted for Gilbert's expedition by R.,27;

purchased by Elizabeth,54

'Ark Royal,' Lord Howard's ship,93

Armada, account of,37-39;

Lynn contributes to resistance of,38;

R.'s advice for boarding ships,39;

R. and Drake receive prisoners from,39

Armadillo in Guiana,74,80

Artson, R. captures sack from one,41

Arundel, Earl of, Keymis writes to,201;

at R.'s execution as a friend218;

R. appeals to him in justification,220;

death of,223

Ashley, Mrs. Catherine, R.'s aunt,19

Ashley, Sir Anthony, notifies Cadiz victory,100

Assapana Islands,80

Astrophel, Elegy by R. in,34

d'Aubigné,Histoire Universelleby,177

Aubrey at Oxford with R.,3

Awbeg, river in Munster, sung by Spenser,44

Azores, piratical expedition to,33;

Peter Strozzi lost at,39;

R.'sReport of the Fight in the,ib.;

'Revenge' and Armada fight off,51;

'Madre de Dios' captured off,60;

second plate-ship expedition off,107;

capture of its towns arranged,ib.;

R. takes Fayal,108;

Essex attacks San Miguel,109

Bacon, Anthony,42,56

Bacon, Lord Francis, with R. at Oxford,3;

praise of Grenville's fight,51;

issues hisEssays,85;

hisApothegms,113;

his cousins the Cookes,90;

asked if R.'s Guiana commission is equivalent to pardon,191;

if R. fails in Guiana asks what is his alternative?ib.;

R. reveals his desire for Mexican plate fleet to,ib.;

tells R. he must prepare to die,213;

asked by R. to protect his fame,213;

death of,223

Bailey, John, commands 'Husband' in Guiana fleet,194;

prevented from seizing French ship,195;

deserts R.'s expedition,196;

returns and charges R. with piracy,196,204;

in pay of Gondomar,196;

imprisoned and story discredited,204;

released with reprimand,205

Balligara, R.'s share in,194

Barlow, a captain in R.'s American fleet,28;

discovers Virginia,ib.

Barlow's reference to R.,7

Barry Court, Geraldine stronghold,13;

source of quarrel between R. and Ormond,14;

R. offers to rebuild,16

Barry, David, Irish malcontent,13

Barry, Lord, defeat at Cleve by R.,15

Basing House, Marquis of Winchester's,122;

Queen Elizabeth and French envoys at,123

Bath, R. visits,63,115,122,127

Bear Gardens, R. takes French envoys to,122

Beauchamp, Lord, R.'s deputy in Cornwall,32

Beaumont's story of R. and King James,133

Beaumont, Countess of,167

Becanus, Goropius,178

Beddington, Lady R. sells land at,189;

burial asked for R. at,215

Bedford, Earl of, R. succeeds him in Stannaries,32

Bedingfield Park, seat of Sir F. Carew,135;

King James and R. entertained at,ib.

Beeston, Sir Hugh, and R.'s execution,214

Benevolence tax,184

Berreo, Antonio de, Spanish Governor of Trinidad, describes Guiana,66;

his cruelty,68;

captured by R. at St. Joseph,ib.;

attempts to lure R.,ib.;

submission to R.,68-69;

founded Guayana Vieja,73

Berrie, Captain Leonard, makes voyage to Guiana for R.,102

Beville, Sir R., inquires into Sir R. Grenville's death,51

Bideford, Grenville's Virginian expedition stopped at,37;

R. sends ships to Virginia from,ib.

Bindon, Lord.SeeHoward

Biron, Duc de, special French Ambassador,122-123;

disgrace,127

Blount, Sir Christopher, R.'s keeper at Dartmouth,61;

to make joint attack on San Miguel,107;

excites Essex against R.,109;

tries to kill R.,120;

pardoned by R. before execution,ib.

Bodleian Library, Bishop of Algarve's books captured by Earl of Essex contained in,101

'Bonaventure,' ship,105

Boyle, Richard, afterwards Earl of Cork, buys R.'s Irish estates,129;

lends R. 100l.,194;

R. announces his arrival at Kinsale to,203

Brett, Sir Alex., trustee of Sherborne,164

Breviary of the History of Englandby R.,182-3

Broad-cloths, R.'s licence to export woollen,29,30

Broad Street, R. resides in,188,208

Brooke, George, conspires for Arabella Stuart,102,142;

concerned in Watson's plot,135;

relationship to Cobham and Cecil,ib.;

arrest,136;

execution,158

Brooke, Henry, brother to Lady Cecil.SeeCobham,102

Brushfield, Dr., R.'s bibliography,vi.;

researches,2,16

Bryskett, Lodovick, in Munster,10;

'Thestylis' of Spenser,45

Burghley, R. corresponds with,8,9;

his moderate Irish policy,22;

joint author ofThe Opinion of Mr. Rawley,22;

assails R.'s broad-cloth patent,30;

references to,31,84;

sends R. to Dartmouth to save prizes,61

Burrow, Sir John, commands Indian Carrack venture,54;

successful attack of plate-ships,59-60

Burwick, John, master of 'Destiny,'194

Byron's Conspiracyby Chapman,123

Cabinet Councilby R.,186;

published by Milton,ib.

Cadiz expedition,87,88-102;

forced on by Lord Howard,88;

Queen Elizabeth reluctantly permits,ib.;

Essex, Howard, and R. to consider,89;

Dutch to co-operate,ib.;

R. to raise levies for,ib.;

recruiting for,90;

strength of English and Dutch fleets,91;

R.'sRelation of the Action,92;

details of destruction of Spanish fleet,92-98;

the town sacked,99-100;

R. wounded in the leg,98;

fleet of carracks escape but burnt by Spaniards,99;

Queen Elizabeth claims the prize money,101;

the victory popular in England,102

Cæsar, Sir Julius, notes of R.'s second trial,213

Caiama Island,74

Camden with R. at Oxford,3;

hisAnnales,3;

recommends Jonson to R.,175;

friend of Samuel Daniel,183;

his death,223

Camden Miscellany, account of R.'s second trial in,213

Canary Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off,195;

exposed to Algerine corsairs,195;

Lanzarote sacked,196;

R. visits Gomera,197

Cape Verde Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off,198;

R. lands at Brava,199

Capuri river,80

Caracas plundered and burnt,81

Carews, connections of R.,1

Carew, Sir Francis, R.'s uncle,135;

entertains King James and R.,ib.

Carew, Sir George, at Lismore,44;

keeper of R. at Tower,58;

at Cadiz in 'Mary Rose,'95;

and Cormac MacDermod,129

Carew, Sir Nicholas, and R.'s burial,215

Carew, Sir Randolph, and friends witness R.'s execution,218

Carleton, Dudley, at R.'s trial,153

Caroni, river,74

Carr, Earl of Somerset, and Sherborne,171,172,187

Cashel, Magrath Archbishop of,34

Castle Bally-in-Harsh, its capture,15

Cayenne, R. off river,199,200

Cecil, Sir Robert, and R.'s marriage,54,63;

R.'s letter of devotion for Queen sent to,57;

fails to control Devon sailors,61;

inquires into pillage of 'Madre de Dios,'62;

barters with R.,64;

promises ship for Guiana expedition,67;

R. asks how result of Guiana voyage is viewed,82;

R. sends MS. account and presents from Guiana,83;

Discovery of Guianadedicated to,84;

supports proposed attack on Cadiz,88;

informed by R. of victory at Cadiz,100;

death of his wife and R.'s sympathy,102;

R.'s intimacy with his family,ib.;

obtains R.'s return to Court,103;

told of R.'s goodwill to Essex,106;

thwarts R. in being sworn of P. Council,112;

doubtful support of Guiana voyage,113-4;

son and young Walter R. playmates,114;

at Sherborne,116;

accused by Essex,118;

advised by R. to show Essex no mercy,118-9;

decline of friendship with R.,125;

invited to Bath by R.,127;

R. complains of Lord Bindon to,ib.;

craftiness towards R.,129;

created a peer by King James,133;

estranged from the Brookes,135;

describes R.'s attempted suicide,138;

aids R. with Sherborne estate,144;

sits on R.'s trial,146,157;

influence sought to save R.,158;

Back to Index Next