Chapter 23

The fragments of other interludes, probably both by Redford, included in add. MSS 15,233, are as follows:—[Fragment No. 1.]* * * * *D. Marye, Tom, such poyntes God send him mani!T. Well, go to, mok on! your mokes bere can I,Tyll we shall once be evin, I truste.G. Nay, Tom, all Malles lay in the dust,And syns we have droonke all of one cup,Shake handes lyke freends! all quarelles give up!D. Ye, by my sowle, and syns the payne is past,Let us be merye, and care awey cast.I. What els, Tom, syns we have leve to play?Let us be merye all thys long daye!Fynis, quod Master Jhon Redford.Here the syngHey nony nonye,and so go forth syngyng.In the MS. this fragment is cancelled with a pen.[Fragment No. 2.]The other fragment of an interlude (cancelled in the MS.) is as follows:—Corage.Shall we three joyne in uniteeTo cheere these gestes?Kyndnes.By my trothe, ye.Clennescumth in andCon.steylyth away.Not so, my friends, here me speake. Mum!Corage.Where is Concupiscence becum?Clennes.My presens hath put her to flyght!Where Clennes doth in place apeere,Ther is Concupiscence gone quighte.This is not signed by Redford; it is only conjecturally his.The other works of Redford's in the MS. book (additional MSS. 15,233) appear to be separate poems, with titles (some apparently inserted in his reprint by Halliwell Phillips). The numbers to the right refer to the pages in Halliwell Phillips's reprint.1.Lamentation of boys learning the prick song.(14 stanzas of 4 lines each)622."Nolo Mortem peccatoris: hœc sunt verba Salvatoris."(23 stanzas of six lines each)683."Long have I been a singing man."(8 stanzas of six lines each)804."Will and Power."(3 stanzas of seven lines each)865."The Pleasure of Godliness."Besides some irregular opening lines.(22 stanzas of six lines each)926."The goodness of all God's gifts."(11 stanzas of seven lines each)977."The sinfulness of man."(8 stanzas of eight lines each)100

The fragments of other interludes, probably both by Redford, included in add. MSS 15,233, are as follows:—

[Fragment No. 1.]

* * * * *D. Marye, Tom, such poyntes God send him mani!T. Well, go to, mok on! your mokes bere can I,Tyll we shall once be evin, I truste.G. Nay, Tom, all Malles lay in the dust,And syns we have droonke all of one cup,Shake handes lyke freends! all quarelles give up!D. Ye, by my sowle, and syns the payne is past,Let us be merye, and care awey cast.I. What els, Tom, syns we have leve to play?Let us be merye all thys long daye!Fynis, quod Master Jhon Redford.Here the syngHey nony nonye,and so go forth syngyng.

* * * * *D. Marye, Tom, such poyntes God send him mani!

T. Well, go to, mok on! your mokes bere can I,Tyll we shall once be evin, I truste.

G. Nay, Tom, all Malles lay in the dust,And syns we have droonke all of one cup,Shake handes lyke freends! all quarelles give up!

D. Ye, by my sowle, and syns the payne is past,Let us be merye, and care awey cast.

I. What els, Tom, syns we have leve to play?Let us be merye all thys long daye!Fynis, quod Master Jhon Redford.Here the syngHey nony nonye,and so go forth syngyng.

In the MS. this fragment is cancelled with a pen.

[Fragment No. 2.]

The other fragment of an interlude (cancelled in the MS.) is as follows:—

Corage.

Shall we three joyne in uniteeTo cheere these gestes?

Kyndnes.

By my trothe, ye.Clennescumth in andCon.steylyth away.Not so, my friends, here me speake. Mum!

Corage.

Where is Concupiscence becum?

Clennes.

My presens hath put her to flyght!Where Clennes doth in place apeere,Ther is Concupiscence gone quighte.

This is not signed by Redford; it is only conjecturally his.

The other works of Redford's in the MS. book (additional MSS. 15,233) appear to be separate poems, with titles (some apparently inserted in his reprint by Halliwell Phillips). The numbers to the right refer to the pages in Halliwell Phillips's reprint.

Reducible, "he will bereducible" (M37,b), reclaimable.Refrait, "harp both onrefrait" (N59,d), refrain, burden. "Of ther song therefreitwas of pees."—Lydgate inPol. Poems(1443),II., 211 (Rolls).Remord, "thou ought to remord" (IP316,b), feel remorse. "Remordand rew, and pondir weill my parte."—A. Scott,Poems(c.1560), xiii. 38 (S.T.S.).Remotion, "to you ... have recourse andremotion" (M3,d), inclination to.Ren(passim), run.Reporture, "to makereporture" (N100,c), mention, report. "To hyr I wyll goo and makereportur."—DigbyMyst.(c.1485),III., 2084 (1882).Resided, "oneresidedme with a bowl of water" (JE358,a). I have been unable to arrive at any satisfactory explanation of this passage.Respublica.The text is given on pp. 177-272. The original forms one of the Macro plays in manuscript, now the property of Mr. J. H. Gurney of Keswick Hall, near Norwich: see Macro Plays and Manuscripts,ante.Respublicahas been three times previously printed in modern times—(a) by Mr. John Payne Collier inIllustrations of Old English Literature, I. (1866), B. M. press-mark, 2326,c; (b) by Prof. Brandl inQuellen, etc. (1904); and (c) by the Early English Text Society (Extra Series xciv.), edited by Mr. Leonard A. Magnus, LL.B., "from Mr. Gurney's unique Macro MS. 115" (1905), B. M. press-mark, Ac. 9926/60. I do not know how Mr. Collier got his copy; Dr. Brandl states his copy was made for him by Dr. Emeke, "and we both have collated it." Whether the copy was made direct from the original manuscript, or whether it was (as in the case ofMankind) (q.v.) a copy of a copy, or further, whether the collation of the proof-sheets was with the original or with the copy is not stated: still even the last issomethingtowards assurance, for the ways of the modern "comp." and the oversight of the average "reader" are, at times, passing strange. Yet Mr. Magnus by his remark, "Prof. Brandl had to make his edition from a copy of the manuscript," seems to infer that the German editor was unable to get into close contact with the original. This uncertainty is unfortunate, for were we sure of the contrary, there would have been immediate and well-founded confidence in the fidelity of Prof. Brandl's text. But worse remains. Mr. Magnus, beyond saying that "the manuscript has been kindly lent by the owner," nowhere, so far as I can read, mentions that the copy of the same as prepared for the printers had, when in proof, been compared with the original manuscript. My own experience in collating the three copies ofMankind(q.v.), made respectively for the E.E.T.S., Prof. Manly, and Prof. Brandl, does not tend to reassure one. Indeed, the sampling of Mr. Manly's printed sheets in another direction has convinced me that though the text may be, and probably is, substantially accurate, yet it would be folly to waste valuable time in furnishing, for this play, even the simplest of textual notes and criticism. Knowing, byexperience, the weighty trustworthiness of Prof. Brandl's work in respect to other plays, I commenced by modernising his text, at the same time collating it with that of Collier, only to find, when I came to compare it with the E.E.T. Society's edition, just the same obviously careless miscripts and blunders that I found when collatingMankind. This estimate was confirmed when I tested the value of the work done onRespublica, apart from the text, in the same fashion that I tested the worth ofMankind. Taking pages xviii. (four lines from bottom) to xxii. (two lines from top) of Mr. Magnus'Introduction(E.E.T.S., Extra Series xciv.), to prove the accuracy of the quotations and references, what is the result? In 124 lines there are no fewer than forty errors in quotation, reference figures, and the like, or more than one mistake for every three lines!!! I fear little faith can be placed in the accuracy of the text of the play when such a result is forthcoming in respect to the very structure of the setting. Nor is this an isolated or specially selected weak spot: these particular pages attracted attention as providing an obviously distinctive chance of checking the work done. Turn again to the glossary references, and taking a column haphazard, the second column of page 79, and the same process of verifying the printed page shows five blunders in thirty-four entries fromCaletoCreature. Or, take page 66 of the notes, and one reaps four blunders in twelve lines (Notes, l. 439-l. 581)! I cannot therefore help feeling uncertain about the text of the play itself, and as I have been unable, as yet, to get access to the original, I prefer to save useless labour by sending forth my own text without comment of any kind. As a matter of course the E.E.T.S. version is no doubt nearest the original, and, in doubtful cases I have, equally of course, followed it in preference to the Collier or Brandl versions; but it must not be taken as worth more than it really is. I can only once again express a sincere hope that some one will in the near future be allowed to reproduce these invaluable Macro Plays in facsimile.Respublicais noteworthy in more respects than one. Obviously written by a Catholic, it is the Reformation in itssocial and political, and not in its doctrinal, aspect that forms the pivot of the action of the play. The calmest judgments of posterity incline to the view that the mainspring of the revolt against the Papacy in England rested more on zeal as the tool of worldliness than, as elsewhere, on worldliness as the tool of zeal. A king whose character was despotism itself personified, unprincipled ministers, a rapacious aristocracy, a servile Parliament, such were the instruments by which England was delivered from the yoke of Rome. The work which had been begun by Henry, the murderer of his wives, was continued by Somerset, the murderer of his brother, and completed by Elizabeth, the murderer of her guest. By Reformers and Catholics alike, religion was made the tool of spoliation, rapine, and oppression. The Reformation left the country morally and materially bankrupt, and Catholic though Mary was, much seems to have been expected of her by the nation at large. Indeed, the great mass of the people cared little or nothing for the factional strife of either camp, except so far as it affected them from a social point of view. Hence themotifofRespublicaand its curiously moderate tone. It would really seem that Queen Mary was possessed of a softness not usually credited to her, and that she succumbed to political faction as her brother before her and her sister after her succumbed. It is, therefore, this aspect—the social aspect—of the great upheaval with which the author ofRespublicais concerned, and no more pithy or pungent contemporary narrative or satire exists. Apart from the regrettable shortcomings of Mr. Magnus' volume in other respects, he has done useful yeoman service to English scholarships by tracing and emphasising, point by point, the action of the play in its relation to political events, practically identifying the play as a stage version of the events of the reign of EdwardVI.I can only refer my readers to his altogether admirable analysis—a statement of fact and resumé which happily is not and cannot be marred by the evil influence of inaccuracy of reference and quotation. Further, if Mr. Magnus' essay be read in conjunction with that portion of Hallam'sConstitutional History ofEngland, which concerns this period—Macaulay's famous review of the same will serve admirably—and with Book II. of Burnett'sHistory of the Reformation, the key will be found to emphasise the points made by Mr. Magnus, and to illustrate and explain the political and social allusions with whichRespublicaabounds. On the question of authorship, Mr. Magnus also attempts an attribution, suggesting Udall, the author ofRalph Roister Doister. His facts and inferences are, to my mind, inconclusive; as he himself admits. Identity of phraseology, tricks of style, similarity of orthography, and the like, are at best uncertain grounds to form the basis of Tudor attributions. Very shortly thecorpusof pre-Shakespearean drama now in progress will enable the student to tackle his subject to more purpose than heretofore.Rested, "would haverestedme" (IP316,c), a contracted form ofarrest.Restority, "it isrestority" (R222,c), restorative; note the exigency of the rhyme.Ricepudding-cake(R.passim), Respublica (q.v.).Ringworm, "arunning ringworm" (M28,a),i.e.the mark of the halter round New Guise's neck.Rods, "rods in piss" (R219,b), a reckoning in store.Rond, "rondin your ear" (M14,c), whisper.Room, "to have with him aroom" (N49,d; 50,a), post, office, station, position. "To have and enjoy that office androom."—Holinshed,Scotland(an. 1543).Royals, "give usred royals" (M21,b),i.e.give us gold, not coppers:red= gold is frequently found in old writers, though it is now only used in thieves' slang. Theroyalwas a gold coin of varying value, from 10s. to 30s.: see other volumes of this series. "Ich shall not mis ofred onesto haue store."—T. Howell,Poems(1568), i. 91 (Grosart).Rutter, "Arutter, huffa gallant" (N77,c), trooper, horseman: also a swaggering, dashing gallant. That this last mentioned is the sense is clear from the phrasehuffa gallant, which in old writers is commonly put into the mouths of roisterers anddashing men of fashion: seeFour Elements,Hickscorner, etc.Rutterkin, "whatrutterkinhave we here" (IP332,b), a rutter: see previous entry.Sad, "sada-sleep" (M26,c), sound, firm, not to be easily awakened. "It was founded on asadstoon."—Wyclif, Luke vi.Saint Audrey, "St. Audrey'sholy bend" (M28,a),bend= band: see Nares,s.v.Tawdry.Saint Catherine's(JE361,c). This is probably St. Catherine's near Guildford, which was one of the stations on the "Pilgrim's way" from Winchester to Canterbury, the route lying also through Kent. From St. Catherine's, which stands on a knoll just to the south of Guildford, the "way" leads up through "The Chantries" to St. Martha's Chapel, which crowns a considerable hill, thence proceeding eastward into Kent.Saint Chad(IP336,c). Of course this saint was picked for the rhyme's sake. St. Chad was better known by his Saxon name of St. Ceadda, a Northumbrian by birth. His early life was spent in a monastery in Ireland. In 664 he succeeded Bishop Cedda, his brother, as abbot of Lastingham. Subsequently he became Bishop of York, but resigned the bishopric on a question arising as to the regularity of his consecration, retiring to his old office at Lastingham. On the death of Jaruman, bishop of Mercia, Ceadda was induced to enter the episcopate once more. He died at Lichfield in 672. He has always been a popular saint in the English Calendar, his festival falling on the 2nd March.Saint Charity(M11,b), seeAnon. Plays(E.E.D.S.), 3 Ser., 293,d.Saint Gabriel's Mother(M35,b), perhaps a reference to the Virgin Mary. There are three St. Gabriels, of whom the one recognised in the gnostic systems is the more likely. He was the angel specially associated with the conception of the Virgin Mary, and according to some versions was Jesus Himself taking the form of the angel Gabriel for the purpose of preparing the Virgin, in a physical sense, for the miraculous conception.Saint George, "Saint George thee borrow" (R208,a), whether merely used as a salutation or referring to some song is not clear: as regards the phrase, see Udal,Works(E.E.D.S.), 146,d.Saint Hugh(IP341,a). There are no less thanfourSt. Hughs who were bishops, viz.:—Hugh, 9th Bishop of Geneva, early in 7th century; Hugh, 13th Bishop of Alby, said to have been in possession of the See when the Saracens took the city in 722; Hugh, 37th Bishop of Paris, died in 730; Hugh, 18th Bishop of Séez, in latter half of 8th century. There is also a legendary St. Hugh, patron of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, who is said to have buried Brihtric, King of Mercia, in the chapel of St. Faith at Tewkesbury, and to have been buried there himself in 812. According toDictionary of ChristianBiography, the story is an impudent fabrication.Saint Quintin(M13,b) came into Gaul with St. Lucian of Beavais, and was martyred by the Romans under Rectiovarus.Saint Trunnion, see Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.),I., 272,d.Sallet, "for lack of asallet" (R229,b), a light helmet, chiefly used by foot-soldiers in the fifteenth century: see God's Good. "Many a time, but for asallet, my brain-pan had been cleft with a brown-bill."—Shakespeare, 2Henry VI., ix. 10.Sancto, "Cum sancto ... perverteris" (M15,c), seePsalmxvii. 27.Scamble, Scambling,"I doubt not toscambleand rake" (R187,c)—"fall thus toscambling" (R194,d)—"as quickscamblingas ever I saw" (R221,c),i.e.pilfer and plunder when and how possible; see "Catch that catch may" (R187,b), and cf. Cotgrave, "Scamblingly, catch that catch may."—"Much more beingscambledup after this manner."—Holinshed,Chronicle(Epis. Dedic.).Scape, "thescapeof extreats" (R183,d), trick, cheat: see Respublica. "They readily pardon all faults andscapescommitted by negligence."—North,Plutarch, p. 206.Scottling, "a prettyscottling" (M6,d), scuttling.Scoured, "scoureda pair of fetters" (M28,d), a very common piece of Old Cant = to go, or lie, in, or wear fetters: usually, "toscourthe cramp-rings or derbies." "Then to the quier-ken toscourethe cramp-ring."—Dekker,Beggar's Curse(1608). "And 'cause we are poor made toscourthe cramp-ring."—Dekker,Lanthorne and Candlelight. The original isscoryde.Sectourship, see Respublica.Secule, "seculethyself" (IP342,d),? a misprint forsecure.Sereful, "aserefulman" (N81,c), I suspect from the context that this is a misprint for fearful = full of fear, timid. Or it may be akin to the use ofsereby Ascham, characterised by Nares as "peculiar" to that writer = individual, particular, single: whenceserefulwould mean "peculiar," "full of idiosyncracies," "difficult."Shaked, "Theyshakedme up" (R255,d), shook.Shalch, "whatshalchzai to om" (R.,passim), shall I—shal[l i]ch.Shales, "served but withshales" (R214,d), shells.Sharings(R183,c), shearings.Shent, "you will beshent" (N105,c, et passim), blamed.Shroud cell(M17,c),? privy place, such as the crypt of a church: shrouds are properly places under ground: the meaning is that Mankind has met Mercy privately.Side, see Aloft.Side-gown, "hisside-gownmay be sold" (M29,d), long gown: cf. "side-sleeves" = long sleeves. There are examples enough in Nares.Si didero(M20,d),i.e."I'll pay you back with profit" (E.E.T.S. ed.).Sighing, "weeping,sighing, and sobbing" (M32,d), thesythyngeof the original seems worth recording.Siker, "sikerthyself, man!" (N51,b), secure, make all safe, assure

Reducible, "he will bereducible" (M37,b), reclaimable.

Refrait, "harp both onrefrait" (N59,d), refrain, burden. "Of ther song therefreitwas of pees."—Lydgate inPol. Poems(1443),II., 211 (Rolls).

Remord, "thou ought to remord" (IP316,b), feel remorse. "Remordand rew, and pondir weill my parte."—A. Scott,Poems(c.1560), xiii. 38 (S.T.S.).

Remotion, "to you ... have recourse andremotion" (M3,d), inclination to.

Ren(passim), run.

Reporture, "to makereporture" (N100,c), mention, report. "To hyr I wyll goo and makereportur."—DigbyMyst.(c.1485),III., 2084 (1882).

Resided, "oneresidedme with a bowl of water" (JE358,a). I have been unable to arrive at any satisfactory explanation of this passage.

Respublica.The text is given on pp. 177-272. The original forms one of the Macro plays in manuscript, now the property of Mr. J. H. Gurney of Keswick Hall, near Norwich: see Macro Plays and Manuscripts,ante.Respublicahas been three times previously printed in modern times—(a) by Mr. John Payne Collier inIllustrations of Old English Literature, I. (1866), B. M. press-mark, 2326,c; (b) by Prof. Brandl inQuellen, etc. (1904); and (c) by the Early English Text Society (Extra Series xciv.), edited by Mr. Leonard A. Magnus, LL.B., "from Mr. Gurney's unique Macro MS. 115" (1905), B. M. press-mark, Ac. 9926/60. I do not know how Mr. Collier got his copy; Dr. Brandl states his copy was made for him by Dr. Emeke, "and we both have collated it." Whether the copy was made direct from the original manuscript, or whether it was (as in the case ofMankind) (q.v.) a copy of a copy, or further, whether the collation of the proof-sheets was with the original or with the copy is not stated: still even the last issomethingtowards assurance, for the ways of the modern "comp." and the oversight of the average "reader" are, at times, passing strange. Yet Mr. Magnus by his remark, "Prof. Brandl had to make his edition from a copy of the manuscript," seems to infer that the German editor was unable to get into close contact with the original. This uncertainty is unfortunate, for were we sure of the contrary, there would have been immediate and well-founded confidence in the fidelity of Prof. Brandl's text. But worse remains. Mr. Magnus, beyond saying that "the manuscript has been kindly lent by the owner," nowhere, so far as I can read, mentions that the copy of the same as prepared for the printers had, when in proof, been compared with the original manuscript. My own experience in collating the three copies ofMankind(q.v.), made respectively for the E.E.T.S., Prof. Manly, and Prof. Brandl, does not tend to reassure one. Indeed, the sampling of Mr. Manly's printed sheets in another direction has convinced me that though the text may be, and probably is, substantially accurate, yet it would be folly to waste valuable time in furnishing, for this play, even the simplest of textual notes and criticism. Knowing, byexperience, the weighty trustworthiness of Prof. Brandl's work in respect to other plays, I commenced by modernising his text, at the same time collating it with that of Collier, only to find, when I came to compare it with the E.E.T. Society's edition, just the same obviously careless miscripts and blunders that I found when collatingMankind. This estimate was confirmed when I tested the value of the work done onRespublica, apart from the text, in the same fashion that I tested the worth ofMankind. Taking pages xviii. (four lines from bottom) to xxii. (two lines from top) of Mr. Magnus'Introduction(E.E.T.S., Extra Series xciv.), to prove the accuracy of the quotations and references, what is the result? In 124 lines there are no fewer than forty errors in quotation, reference figures, and the like, or more than one mistake for every three lines!!! I fear little faith can be placed in the accuracy of the text of the play when such a result is forthcoming in respect to the very structure of the setting. Nor is this an isolated or specially selected weak spot: these particular pages attracted attention as providing an obviously distinctive chance of checking the work done. Turn again to the glossary references, and taking a column haphazard, the second column of page 79, and the same process of verifying the printed page shows five blunders in thirty-four entries fromCaletoCreature. Or, take page 66 of the notes, and one reaps four blunders in twelve lines (Notes, l. 439-l. 581)! I cannot therefore help feeling uncertain about the text of the play itself, and as I have been unable, as yet, to get access to the original, I prefer to save useless labour by sending forth my own text without comment of any kind. As a matter of course the E.E.T.S. version is no doubt nearest the original, and, in doubtful cases I have, equally of course, followed it in preference to the Collier or Brandl versions; but it must not be taken as worth more than it really is. I can only once again express a sincere hope that some one will in the near future be allowed to reproduce these invaluable Macro Plays in facsimile.Respublicais noteworthy in more respects than one. Obviously written by a Catholic, it is the Reformation in itssocial and political, and not in its doctrinal, aspect that forms the pivot of the action of the play. The calmest judgments of posterity incline to the view that the mainspring of the revolt against the Papacy in England rested more on zeal as the tool of worldliness than, as elsewhere, on worldliness as the tool of zeal. A king whose character was despotism itself personified, unprincipled ministers, a rapacious aristocracy, a servile Parliament, such were the instruments by which England was delivered from the yoke of Rome. The work which had been begun by Henry, the murderer of his wives, was continued by Somerset, the murderer of his brother, and completed by Elizabeth, the murderer of her guest. By Reformers and Catholics alike, religion was made the tool of spoliation, rapine, and oppression. The Reformation left the country morally and materially bankrupt, and Catholic though Mary was, much seems to have been expected of her by the nation at large. Indeed, the great mass of the people cared little or nothing for the factional strife of either camp, except so far as it affected them from a social point of view. Hence themotifofRespublicaand its curiously moderate tone. It would really seem that Queen Mary was possessed of a softness not usually credited to her, and that she succumbed to political faction as her brother before her and her sister after her succumbed. It is, therefore, this aspect—the social aspect—of the great upheaval with which the author ofRespublicais concerned, and no more pithy or pungent contemporary narrative or satire exists. Apart from the regrettable shortcomings of Mr. Magnus' volume in other respects, he has done useful yeoman service to English scholarships by tracing and emphasising, point by point, the action of the play in its relation to political events, practically identifying the play as a stage version of the events of the reign of EdwardVI.I can only refer my readers to his altogether admirable analysis—a statement of fact and resumé which happily is not and cannot be marred by the evil influence of inaccuracy of reference and quotation. Further, if Mr. Magnus' essay be read in conjunction with that portion of Hallam'sConstitutional History ofEngland, which concerns this period—Macaulay's famous review of the same will serve admirably—and with Book II. of Burnett'sHistory of the Reformation, the key will be found to emphasise the points made by Mr. Magnus, and to illustrate and explain the political and social allusions with whichRespublicaabounds. On the question of authorship, Mr. Magnus also attempts an attribution, suggesting Udall, the author ofRalph Roister Doister. His facts and inferences are, to my mind, inconclusive; as he himself admits. Identity of phraseology, tricks of style, similarity of orthography, and the like, are at best uncertain grounds to form the basis of Tudor attributions. Very shortly thecorpusof pre-Shakespearean drama now in progress will enable the student to tackle his subject to more purpose than heretofore.

Rested, "would haverestedme" (IP316,c), a contracted form ofarrest.

Restority, "it isrestority" (R222,c), restorative; note the exigency of the rhyme.

Ricepudding-cake(R.passim), Respublica (q.v.).

Ringworm, "arunning ringworm" (M28,a),i.e.the mark of the halter round New Guise's neck.

Rods, "rods in piss" (R219,b), a reckoning in store.

Rond, "rondin your ear" (M14,c), whisper.

Room, "to have with him aroom" (N49,d; 50,a), post, office, station, position. "To have and enjoy that office androom."—Holinshed,Scotland(an. 1543).

Royals, "give usred royals" (M21,b),i.e.give us gold, not coppers:red= gold is frequently found in old writers, though it is now only used in thieves' slang. Theroyalwas a gold coin of varying value, from 10s. to 30s.: see other volumes of this series. "Ich shall not mis ofred onesto haue store."—T. Howell,Poems(1568), i. 91 (Grosart).

Rutter, "Arutter, huffa gallant" (N77,c), trooper, horseman: also a swaggering, dashing gallant. That this last mentioned is the sense is clear from the phrasehuffa gallant, which in old writers is commonly put into the mouths of roisterers anddashing men of fashion: seeFour Elements,Hickscorner, etc.

Rutterkin, "whatrutterkinhave we here" (IP332,b), a rutter: see previous entry.

Sad, "sada-sleep" (M26,c), sound, firm, not to be easily awakened. "It was founded on asadstoon."—Wyclif, Luke vi.

Saint Audrey, "St. Audrey'sholy bend" (M28,a),bend= band: see Nares,s.v.Tawdry.

Saint Catherine's(JE361,c). This is probably St. Catherine's near Guildford, which was one of the stations on the "Pilgrim's way" from Winchester to Canterbury, the route lying also through Kent. From St. Catherine's, which stands on a knoll just to the south of Guildford, the "way" leads up through "The Chantries" to St. Martha's Chapel, which crowns a considerable hill, thence proceeding eastward into Kent.

Saint Chad(IP336,c). Of course this saint was picked for the rhyme's sake. St. Chad was better known by his Saxon name of St. Ceadda, a Northumbrian by birth. His early life was spent in a monastery in Ireland. In 664 he succeeded Bishop Cedda, his brother, as abbot of Lastingham. Subsequently he became Bishop of York, but resigned the bishopric on a question arising as to the regularity of his consecration, retiring to his old office at Lastingham. On the death of Jaruman, bishop of Mercia, Ceadda was induced to enter the episcopate once more. He died at Lichfield in 672. He has always been a popular saint in the English Calendar, his festival falling on the 2nd March.

Saint Charity(M11,b), seeAnon. Plays(E.E.D.S.), 3 Ser., 293,d.

Saint Gabriel's Mother(M35,b), perhaps a reference to the Virgin Mary. There are three St. Gabriels, of whom the one recognised in the gnostic systems is the more likely. He was the angel specially associated with the conception of the Virgin Mary, and according to some versions was Jesus Himself taking the form of the angel Gabriel for the purpose of preparing the Virgin, in a physical sense, for the miraculous conception.

Saint George, "Saint George thee borrow" (R208,a), whether merely used as a salutation or referring to some song is not clear: as regards the phrase, see Udal,Works(E.E.D.S.), 146,d.

Saint Hugh(IP341,a). There are no less thanfourSt. Hughs who were bishops, viz.:—Hugh, 9th Bishop of Geneva, early in 7th century; Hugh, 13th Bishop of Alby, said to have been in possession of the See when the Saracens took the city in 722; Hugh, 37th Bishop of Paris, died in 730; Hugh, 18th Bishop of Séez, in latter half of 8th century. There is also a legendary St. Hugh, patron of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, who is said to have buried Brihtric, King of Mercia, in the chapel of St. Faith at Tewkesbury, and to have been buried there himself in 812. According toDictionary of ChristianBiography, the story is an impudent fabrication.

Saint Quintin(M13,b) came into Gaul with St. Lucian of Beavais, and was martyred by the Romans under Rectiovarus.

Saint Trunnion, see Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.),I., 272,d.

Sallet, "for lack of asallet" (R229,b), a light helmet, chiefly used by foot-soldiers in the fifteenth century: see God's Good. "Many a time, but for asallet, my brain-pan had been cleft with a brown-bill."—Shakespeare, 2Henry VI., ix. 10.

Sancto, "Cum sancto ... perverteris" (M15,c), seePsalmxvii. 27.

Scamble, Scambling,"I doubt not toscambleand rake" (R187,c)—"fall thus toscambling" (R194,d)—"as quickscamblingas ever I saw" (R221,c),i.e.pilfer and plunder when and how possible; see "Catch that catch may" (R187,b), and cf. Cotgrave, "Scamblingly, catch that catch may."—"Much more beingscambledup after this manner."—Holinshed,Chronicle(Epis. Dedic.).

Scape, "thescapeof extreats" (R183,d), trick, cheat: see Respublica. "They readily pardon all faults andscapescommitted by negligence."—North,Plutarch, p. 206.

Scottling, "a prettyscottling" (M6,d), scuttling.

Scoured, "scoureda pair of fetters" (M28,d), a very common piece of Old Cant = to go, or lie, in, or wear fetters: usually, "toscourthe cramp-rings or derbies." "Then to the quier-ken toscourethe cramp-ring."—Dekker,Beggar's Curse(1608). "And 'cause we are poor made toscourthe cramp-ring."—Dekker,Lanthorne and Candlelight. The original isscoryde.

Sectourship, see Respublica.

Secule, "seculethyself" (IP342,d),? a misprint forsecure.

Sereful, "aserefulman" (N81,c), I suspect from the context that this is a misprint for fearful = full of fear, timid. Or it may be akin to the use ofsereby Ascham, characterised by Nares as "peculiar" to that writer = individual, particular, single: whenceserefulwould mean "peculiar," "full of idiosyncracies," "difficult."

Shaked, "Theyshakedme up" (R255,d), shook.

Shalch, "whatshalchzai to om" (R.,passim), shall I—shal[l i]ch.

Shales, "served but withshales" (R214,d), shells.

Sharings(R183,c), shearings.

Shent, "you will beshent" (N105,c, et passim), blamed.

Shroud cell(M17,c),? privy place, such as the crypt of a church: shrouds are properly places under ground: the meaning is that Mankind has met Mercy privately.

Side, see Aloft.

Side-gown, "hisside-gownmay be sold" (M29,d), long gown: cf. "side-sleeves" = long sleeves. There are examples enough in Nares.

Si didero(M20,d),i.e."I'll pay you back with profit" (E.E.T.S. ed.).

Sighing, "weeping,sighing, and sobbing" (M32,d), thesythyngeof the original seems worth recording.

Siker, "sikerthyself, man!" (N51,b), secure, make all safe, assure

"Now be we duchesses both I and ye,Andsikerdeto the regals of Athenes,And both hereafter likely to be queenes."

—Chaucer,Legend of Ariadne.

Sikerness, "In one issikerness" (N55,b), certainty, security, sureness: see previous entry.Silver hook(IP345,d), a bribe.Sindons, "thesindonsin which were wrapped the chalices" (R221,d), a wrapper of cotton or linen. "There were found a book and a letter, both written in fine parchment, and wrapped insindonsof linen."—Bacon.Singular, "my sing'lar solace" (M36,c)—"my ...singularrecreatory" (M39,a), unique: in originalsinglerandsyngulerrespectively.

Sikerness, "In one issikerness" (N55,b), certainty, security, sureness: see previous entry.

Silver hook(IP345,d), a bribe.

Sindons, "thesindonsin which were wrapped the chalices" (R221,d), a wrapper of cotton or linen. "There were found a book and a letter, both written in fine parchment, and wrapped insindonsof linen."—Bacon.

Singular, "my sing'lar solace" (M36,c)—"my ...singularrecreatory" (M39,a), unique: in originalsinglerandsyngulerrespectively.

"Some villain, ay, andsingularin his art."

—Shakespeare,Cymbeline(1605), iii. 4.

Sir Will—Sir William of Trentram(JE356,b; 357,a): see Trentham.Sleet, "I will notsleetmy love to greet" (WS172,c), neglect.Sleight(passim), art, skill, dexterity, expertness: generic in both a good and bad sense.Sliped, "slipeddown to the hard knee" (N77,c), sloped: note the rhyme with "striped."Slipper, "Aslippersugar-mouthed whorecop" (R212,c), "the ground beslipperand sliding" (JE363,d), slippery. "I know theybee slipperthat I have to do wyth, and there is no holde of them."—Barnes,Workes(1573), p. 283.Slither, "make you toslither" (M7,c), slide, glide: still dialectical.Slouthy, see Flouthy.Smattering, "asmatteringface" (M27,b),? a wanton face: cf.smoterlich= wanton; alsosmorterest place(N95,a),placebeing considered as a misprint for "piece.""We wyll have cousynge Besse also,And two or thre proper wenchis mo,Ryght feyr andsmotterof face."—

Sir Will—Sir William of Trentram(JE356,b; 357,a): see Trentham.

Sleet, "I will notsleetmy love to greet" (WS172,c), neglect.

Sleight(passim), art, skill, dexterity, expertness: generic in both a good and bad sense.

Sliped, "slipeddown to the hard knee" (N77,c), sloped: note the rhyme with "striped."

Slipper, "Aslippersugar-mouthed whorecop" (R212,c), "the ground beslipperand sliding" (JE363,d), slippery. "I know theybee slipperthat I have to do wyth, and there is no holde of them."—Barnes,Workes(1573), p. 283.

Slither, "make you toslither" (M7,c), slide, glide: still dialectical.

Slouthy, see Flouthy.

Smattering, "asmatteringface" (M27,b),? a wanton face: cf.smoterlich= wanton; alsosmorterest place(N95,a),placebeing considered as a misprint for "piece."

"We wyll have cousynge Besse also,And two or thre proper wenchis mo,Ryght feyr andsmotterof face."—

Four Elements, Anon. Pl., 1 Ser. (E.E.D.S.), 22,b.

Smorterest, "thesmorterestplace" (N95,a): see previous entry.Smoult, "gay,smoultsmirking whorecop" (R214,b), smooth.Socket, "his wife'ssocket" (M8,c),vulva.Sonde, "God ... send us of Hissonde" (M24,b), message, dispensation.

Smorterest, "thesmorterestplace" (N95,a): see previous entry.

Smoult, "gay,smoultsmirking whorecop" (R214,b), smooth.

Socket, "his wife'ssocket" (M8,c),vulva.

Sonde, "God ... send us of Hissonde" (M24,b), message, dispensation.

"Fyve yeer and more, as liked Cristessonde,Er that hir schip approched unto londe."

—Chaucer,Cant. Tales(1383), 5322.

Sort(passim), company, assemblage, knot of people, gang: see other volumes of this series.Sovereigns, "sovereignsI beseech you" (M3,d; also IP347,a),i.e.the audience, "Masters," "excellencies": cf. M.E.soverainly= above all.Sowneth(JE360,b), soundeth: see other volumes of this series.Spadibus, "inspadibus" (M18,c), spades; cf. Breadibus.Sparling, "my own ...sparling": (WS162,c), properly the smelt: formerly colloquial for "gull," "simpleton," and (so it would appear) as an endearment. Probably, however, the exigencies of a rhyme with "darling" influenced the author. Later, the cry, "Westward for smelts!" = on the spree, in search of conies, male or female.Special, "my predelictspecial" (M39,a), favourite: most frequently used of a paramour, male or female.Spiritualty, "an officer of thespiritualty" (IP343,c), the hierarchy of the Church: here = an officer of the Ecclesiastical Courts.Squat, "squatout ons brain" (R256,d), squash.Starve, see Grass.State, "a greatstate" (N68,d)—"haled up withstates" (R267,c)—"to compare with astate" (IP339,c), a person of rank or importance. "Whenstates... sit in the cool."—Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.),II., 258,b.Statt, see Stow.Stile, see Hedge.Store, "storeis no sore" (R184,c), in Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.), 12,c; 176,d.Stow, "stow, statt, stow!" (M32,b), "Stow, stow, says Halliwell, was formerly addressed to a hawk by a falconer to make it come to his fist."Strussioners, "suchstrussionersas these" (R265,c), destructioners + constructioners.Stud, "Doth youstudyour brains" (R228,b). People's perversion (perhaps intentional) of "study."Suffer, "hewill not suffer" (R213,a); in originalnilnot, and it should have been so printed in text.Nil= will not n[e w]il[l]: cf. namnot, ninnat.Superate, "now it issuperate" (M15,a), conquered, overcome.Supersedeas(R261,d), a writ having in general the effect of a command, to stay or forbear, on good cause shown, my ordinary proceedings which might otherwise be proceeded with: hence a stay, a stop. "To give asupersedeasto industry."—Hammond,fl.(1605-60),Works, i. 480.Tagetive, "Am I atagetive" (WH277,c). I can find no trace of this word. Can Wealth be regarded as offended at being spoken to as if he were one of the "tag" or rabble?Tane(WH294,b; 305,a), taken.Tenderance, "cometh of greattenderance" (N52,d), watchfulness.The, "God let you neverthe" (M.,et passim), prosper, thrive.Thirleth, "a short prayerthirlethheaven" (M25,a), ascends to, pierces, penetrates. "If onythirleor make an hole in a feble walle."—Gesta Romanorum.Tide, "tarry here thistide" (M23,d), time, season.Tinkers, "thoughtinkersshould lack work" (R213,d), cf. "Like Banbury tinkers, that in mending one hole make three."To, "thou must needsto" (N50,d), elliptic;i.e."go to."To-beaten, "allto-beaten" (M19,c),to= A.S. prefix implying deterioration, destruction, or completeness;i.e.beaten unmercifully.To-gloried, "allto-gloried" (M34,c): see previous entry.To-gloried= finically fine or grandiloquent (i.e.your phraseology is destructive of "measure").Tority, "ye give metority" (R266,c), authority.Trentham (Sir William of Trentham). As already stated (seeJohn Evangelist) the entrances and exits, and the connection between different parts of this play ofJohn the Evangelist, are by no means obvious. At 356,b, Eugenio, referring to Irisdision, says he may well be called "witless Sir Will"; and when Eugenio speaks of the coming of Sir William of Trentham (357,a), in comes John the Evangelist. The most feasible explanation is that the part of John the Evangelist was played by a parish priest whose name was Sir William of Trentham. The clerical use ofSir=dominusis common, but the only reference I can find to Trentham (near Stoke-on-Trent) is in the 5th volume of "Magna Britannia," pp. 92 and 154. In both places there is mention of a monastery of "Canons Regular of St. Augustine," built in the reign of William Rufus. According to Dugdale and Speed it was valued, at the time of the dissolution, at £106, 3s. 10d. per annum. As the rule of the Augustines enjoins poverty, chastity, and humility, my suggestion receives confirmation of a sort at 359,bandc, where "wilful poverty" is enjoined. As regards Irisdision, who is obviously the same as John the Evangelist and Sir William of Trentham, this is a puzzle. Eugenio is Greek, but an attempt at making Greek of Irisdision is not quite satisfactory, and may seem somewhat far-fetched.Irisin Greek mythology was a messenger of the gods, who are sometimes noted collectively byDis—is Irisdision intended to mean "a divine messenger"?Trepitt, "take you here atrepitt" (M7,d), blow.Trise, "trisehim out at your gates" (M21,d), haul, pull.Trust, (a) "in trust is treason" (M33,b), in Heywood (Works, E.E.D.S.,II., 67,c).

Sort(passim), company, assemblage, knot of people, gang: see other volumes of this series.

Sovereigns, "sovereignsI beseech you" (M3,d; also IP347,a),i.e.the audience, "Masters," "excellencies": cf. M.E.soverainly= above all.

Sowneth(JE360,b), soundeth: see other volumes of this series.

Spadibus, "inspadibus" (M18,c), spades; cf. Breadibus.

Sparling, "my own ...sparling": (WS162,c), properly the smelt: formerly colloquial for "gull," "simpleton," and (so it would appear) as an endearment. Probably, however, the exigencies of a rhyme with "darling" influenced the author. Later, the cry, "Westward for smelts!" = on the spree, in search of conies, male or female.

Special, "my predelictspecial" (M39,a), favourite: most frequently used of a paramour, male or female.

Spiritualty, "an officer of thespiritualty" (IP343,c), the hierarchy of the Church: here = an officer of the Ecclesiastical Courts.

Squat, "squatout ons brain" (R256,d), squash.

Starve, see Grass.

State, "a greatstate" (N68,d)—"haled up withstates" (R267,c)—"to compare with astate" (IP339,c), a person of rank or importance. "Whenstates... sit in the cool."—Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.),II., 258,b.

Statt, see Stow.

Stile, see Hedge.

Store, "storeis no sore" (R184,c), in Heywood,Works(E.E.D.S.), 12,c; 176,d.

Stow, "stow, statt, stow!" (M32,b), "Stow, stow, says Halliwell, was formerly addressed to a hawk by a falconer to make it come to his fist."

Strussioners, "suchstrussionersas these" (R265,c), destructioners + constructioners.

Stud, "Doth youstudyour brains" (R228,b). People's perversion (perhaps intentional) of "study."

Suffer, "hewill not suffer" (R213,a); in originalnilnot, and it should have been so printed in text.Nil= will not n[e w]il[l]: cf. namnot, ninnat.

Superate, "now it issuperate" (M15,a), conquered, overcome.

Supersedeas(R261,d), a writ having in general the effect of a command, to stay or forbear, on good cause shown, my ordinary proceedings which might otherwise be proceeded with: hence a stay, a stop. "To give asupersedeasto industry."—Hammond,fl.(1605-60),Works, i. 480.

Tagetive, "Am I atagetive" (WH277,c). I can find no trace of this word. Can Wealth be regarded as offended at being spoken to as if he were one of the "tag" or rabble?

Tane(WH294,b; 305,a), taken.

Tenderance, "cometh of greattenderance" (N52,d), watchfulness.

The, "God let you neverthe" (M.,et passim), prosper, thrive.

Thirleth, "a short prayerthirlethheaven" (M25,a), ascends to, pierces, penetrates. "If onythirleor make an hole in a feble walle."—Gesta Romanorum.

Tide, "tarry here thistide" (M23,d), time, season.

Tinkers, "thoughtinkersshould lack work" (R213,d), cf. "Like Banbury tinkers, that in mending one hole make three."

To, "thou must needsto" (N50,d), elliptic;i.e."go to."

To-beaten, "allto-beaten" (M19,c),to= A.S. prefix implying deterioration, destruction, or completeness;i.e.beaten unmercifully.

To-gloried, "allto-gloried" (M34,c): see previous entry.To-gloried= finically fine or grandiloquent (i.e.your phraseology is destructive of "measure").

Tority, "ye give metority" (R266,c), authority.

Trentham (Sir William of Trentham). As already stated (seeJohn Evangelist) the entrances and exits, and the connection between different parts of this play ofJohn the Evangelist, are by no means obvious. At 356,b, Eugenio, referring to Irisdision, says he may well be called "witless Sir Will"; and when Eugenio speaks of the coming of Sir William of Trentham (357,a), in comes John the Evangelist. The most feasible explanation is that the part of John the Evangelist was played by a parish priest whose name was Sir William of Trentham. The clerical use ofSir=dominusis common, but the only reference I can find to Trentham (near Stoke-on-Trent) is in the 5th volume of "Magna Britannia," pp. 92 and 154. In both places there is mention of a monastery of "Canons Regular of St. Augustine," built in the reign of William Rufus. According to Dugdale and Speed it was valued, at the time of the dissolution, at £106, 3s. 10d. per annum. As the rule of the Augustines enjoins poverty, chastity, and humility, my suggestion receives confirmation of a sort at 359,bandc, where "wilful poverty" is enjoined. As regards Irisdision, who is obviously the same as John the Evangelist and Sir William of Trentham, this is a puzzle. Eugenio is Greek, but an attempt at making Greek of Irisdision is not quite satisfactory, and may seem somewhat far-fetched.Irisin Greek mythology was a messenger of the gods, who are sometimes noted collectively byDis—is Irisdision intended to mean "a divine messenger"?

Trepitt, "take you here atrepitt" (M7,d), blow.

Trise, "trisehim out at your gates" (M21,d), haul, pull.

Trust, (a) "in trust is treason" (M33,b), in Heywood (Works, E.E.D.S.,II., 67,c).

(b) "best betrust" (R196,a),i.e.Avarice has called his minions back to coach them, and bidsthem be ready (to truss= to tuck up the gown and generally to prepare oneself). On the other hand, Mr. Magnus (E.E.T.S.) says, "Mr. Daniel has explained this phrase as a nickname for a dishonest fellow, with a by-play ontrussed(i.e.hanged)."

Uncurtess, "souncurtess/, so inconsiderate" (M33,b; 34,a), unthoughtful, careless, uncivil.Underfong, "war or battle tounderfong" (N90,a), undertake, manage, wage.Unrightful, "Inunrightfulto say pride of him than" (JE366,c), the passage is obscure or corrupt;unrightfuloccurs in Bale (Works, E.E.D.S.), 59,c—"justicesunrightful."Unthrifts rent(JE364,c)—"let us go toUnthrift'sa while" (JE361,c), arent= tenements or houses let out to others; often named after the proprietor: Fulwood'sRents, Holborn, is (1907) a case in point.Until(passim), to, unto.Valeslie, "you liestvaleslie" (R210,c), valorously.Vowels: "worship of the five vowels" (M22,c), the passage as it stands is obscure. Furnivall and Pollard readv. vowellys, Manly,v voli ellysand Brandl,volvellys. I have perforce followed the first-named as the most likely to be according to the original, but in view of the uncertainty as to the accuracy of either transcript, little can be said (seeMankind). Manly (whom the E.E. Text editors follow) suggestsvij(or xx)devellys; Brandldewellys? The phrasing is suggestive, "worship" (cf. "worship of the new year": seeNew Year), and "v vowels," which of course is distinctive, but I am quite at a loss to suggest an explanation. If the allusion is to gaming,vowelsmay be a miscript forvolvelles, quite a different word. Whitney says of it—"A small and generally circular movable plate affixed to an engraving containing a dial or lottery, and made to carry the index hand or pointer." There is a paragraph inNotes and Queries(Sixth Series, vol. xi. p. 217) referring to "volvelles," and it seems pretty evident from this that they were well known as instruments of chance; there is an allusion in Withers'Emblems, where he makes use of the "Index" or "volvelle"in a moral sense. One could understand the "worship ofvolvelles," if this were a gambling game, as one can understand the "worship of dice."Walsingham Whistle(M20,c), probably an allusion to the "Wishing Wells" at Walsingham (Norfolk). Persons drinking of them were said to obtain the fulfilment of any wish made while drinking.Nought, appealed to, said he could "pipe on a Walsingham whistle,"i.e.wish for what he wanted, and perhaps get it. Apparently he does, for he wished for the entry ofTitivullus, who appears.Walter, "I love ill towalter" (JE364,a), tumble, roll about. "To turne orwalterin mire" (Baret, 1580).Wart, "chewa'r't, a false harlot you art" (R210,c), war[ran]t.Wat, "some greatwat" (N69,b)—"Brotherwat" (WH297,a), a wight, a man.Way, "do way, do way" (M6,c), away, away!Wealth and Healthis one of the recently recovered "lost" plays (see Preface), and is of unknown authorship. The text is given on pp. 273-309, from a photograph copy of the original now in the British Museum, together with a reduced facsimile of the title-page. The B.M. entry is—

Uncurtess, "souncurtess/, so inconsiderate" (M33,b; 34,a), unthoughtful, careless, uncivil.

Underfong, "war or battle tounderfong" (N90,a), undertake, manage, wage.

Unrightful, "Inunrightfulto say pride of him than" (JE366,c), the passage is obscure or corrupt;unrightfuloccurs in Bale (Works, E.E.D.S.), 59,c—"justicesunrightful."

Unthrifts rent(JE364,c)—"let us go toUnthrift'sa while" (JE361,c), arent= tenements or houses let out to others; often named after the proprietor: Fulwood'sRents, Holborn, is (1907) a case in point.

Until(passim), to, unto.

Valeslie, "you liestvaleslie" (R210,c), valorously.

Vowels: "worship of the five vowels" (M22,c), the passage as it stands is obscure. Furnivall and Pollard readv. vowellys, Manly,v voli ellysand Brandl,volvellys. I have perforce followed the first-named as the most likely to be according to the original, but in view of the uncertainty as to the accuracy of either transcript, little can be said (seeMankind). Manly (whom the E.E. Text editors follow) suggestsvij(or xx)devellys; Brandldewellys? The phrasing is suggestive, "worship" (cf. "worship of the new year": seeNew Year), and "v vowels," which of course is distinctive, but I am quite at a loss to suggest an explanation. If the allusion is to gaming,vowelsmay be a miscript forvolvelles, quite a different word. Whitney says of it—"A small and generally circular movable plate affixed to an engraving containing a dial or lottery, and made to carry the index hand or pointer." There is a paragraph inNotes and Queries(Sixth Series, vol. xi. p. 217) referring to "volvelles," and it seems pretty evident from this that they were well known as instruments of chance; there is an allusion in Withers'Emblems, where he makes use of the "Index" or "volvelle"in a moral sense. One could understand the "worship ofvolvelles," if this were a gambling game, as one can understand the "worship of dice."

Walsingham Whistle(M20,c), probably an allusion to the "Wishing Wells" at Walsingham (Norfolk). Persons drinking of them were said to obtain the fulfilment of any wish made while drinking.Nought, appealed to, said he could "pipe on a Walsingham whistle,"i.e.wish for what he wanted, and perhaps get it. Apparently he does, for he wished for the entry ofTitivullus, who appears.

Walter, "I love ill towalter" (JE364,a), tumble, roll about. "To turne orwalterin mire" (Baret, 1580).

Wart, "chewa'r't, a false harlot you art" (R210,c), war[ran]t.

Wat, "some greatwat" (N69,b)—"Brotherwat" (WH297,a), a wight, a man.

Way, "do way, do way" (M6,c), away, away!

Wealth and Healthis one of the recently recovered "lost" plays (see Preface), and is of unknown authorship. The text is given on pp. 273-309, from a photograph copy of the original now in the British Museum, together with a reduced facsimile of the title-page. The B.M. entry is—

Wealth. An enterlude of Welth and Helth, very mery and full of pastyme, newly att his [i.e.att this] tyme imprinted. B. L. [London, 1565?] 4o. [C.34,i.25.

The collation is sixteen leaves, Ai (title with back blank) to Div. in 4s. The play is wretchedly printed on very thin paper, and simply bristles with printer's errors. I have taken no heed of most of these in the present text which I have collated twice with the old copy. I think I have succeeded in producing a substantially correct version of the original, any specially doubtful point being notedinfra. This, however, must be taken with one reservation—so far as the state of the typography would allow I have given the Dutch and Spanish jargon exactly as it appears in the old text. It was simply impossible to make sense out of it. Many of the words have no resemblance to anythingin Dutch. It was submitted to Dutch and German scholars to no effect. The sense occasionally can be gleaned—for example, that Hance was a drunken Hollander who wanted to get an engagement as gunner by the English. But the whole is evidently a caricature of Dutch, with which the author obviously had no acquaintance beyond a few scattered words, and the "patter" was put in simply to tickle the ears of the groundlings. As regards date, the British Museum Catalogue suggests "? 1565" for this recovered copy; but Hazlitt states that the play was licensed in 1557-8, and printed by John Waley in 1558. There is little internal evidence to help to a decision. Hance (300,c) says he has been in England "this darteen (thirteen) year," and if we deduct this from 1557-8 we get 1544-5, which is close enough to the times of Anne of Cleves (1540), the "Flander's mare" of HenryVIII., to suggest that the play may have been written and played a year or two earlier than the date of its entry at Stationers' Hall. There are two references to the Sovereign (301,band 308,d), Queen Elizabeth, who succeeded 17th Nov. 1558, but these allusions do not, of course, reveal anything.Corrigenda, Amended Readings, etc.: Title-page (274), a reduced facsimile being given (273), direct comparison may be made: though very indistinct, there are traces of the lines of a written inscription on the lower half of the page—Names of Players(275et seq.), these are given in margin; in places dropped a little out of line, but nowhere so that the commencement of the speech is not easily identified—"praise yourselftoomuch ye may" (276,a), originalso—"Yetno displeasure" (276,b), originalYeth—"to you nodispraise" (276,b), in originaldyspayre—"am I atagetive" (277,c), originaltagetyve, but the first "stamp" may be anything: seeTagetive—"I, Wealth,haveall treasure" (278,a), originalhatg: the close alphabetical juxtaposition ofvandton the one hand andeandgof the misprint (for so I take it) is curious: seesupra—"theirpain is such" (280,c), originalthere—"Ill-W.Why, I came," etc. (284,a), throughout the original Ill-Will, who is given his full name in the stage direction marking his entrance, is"tagged" in the marginWill—"H[eal]th.Whose," etc. (284,a), the letters in square brackets are rubbed away, but the speech seems to be to Health rather than Wealth. See Health's speech, 283,b.—"andkindredtoo" (284,d), originalkinred—"lest that Imar" (285,d), so I think in original: the letters are blurred, but the portions visible indicate the rubbed-out strokes: if so, note the three rhymes,were,near,mar: Dr. Murray givesmer(e) as a form current from the 13th to the 16th centuries—"Icamemy way" (286,c), originalcan—"Ill-W.I would come in" (286,c), in original this speech is given to Wit, but clearly that is a mistake—"HanceBeerpot, a scon router" (287,a), so in original, which there seemed no need to modernise to Hans: seeante—"his name is War" (287,c), in view of recent discussion inN. and Q.note the rhyme withmar—"with yourgound? stand near" (287,c), this may possibly read "with your gound-stand near?"—"I am very glad" (289,d), the next line is very indistinct, and even the paper at this place is opaquer than elsewhere, so debarring restoration in that wise: itlookslike "Some crafty wile for him [I would] ye had," butI wouldis very doubtful, unless we reckon on a glaring misprint—"they shall notflit" (290,c), originalflye—"[Health]. Sirs! now go your way" (291,c), the name is not in original, but the lines are apparently as now attributed—"w'outblane" (294,b),woutin original—"If a man be never so...." (295,a), the line appears to have got loose, and in printing this has caused extra blurring:somay not be correct; what follows looks like "so ... good and b ... be but thrifty": but it is uncertain to a degree—"Speak! be notafraid" (295,d), in originalafryde—"Whatsayestthou in his face" (296,a), obviously misprinted in the original: the word meant may beseest—"fortheseyears twenty" (296,b),thisin original—"as goodknow" (296,d), in originalno—"Andyour subtilty known" (297,a), in originalAud oursubtillitte knowen—"Ill-W.Peace! no mo words" (297,b), in original this is given toWit—"with kindness myheartdo kill" (299,b),heryein original—"magtnotdo thereto" (300,a),aotin original—"I understand thee well" (300,d),Icin original: the author has forgotten himself in this instance—"Wit.I will go to fetch them" (304,d), in originalI Iyf go to fetch tham—"shouldleanto man's life" (305,a), in originalleaue—

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