for the refusal of Giuliano, Duke of Nemours, to take the Duchy of Urbino,438note1Giorgio, Francesco di, architect of palaces at Pienza, iii. 75Giorgio, Francesco di, cited for the character of Frederick, Duke of Urbino, i.176note1Giorgione, greatness of his genius, iii. 366;fate of his works, 366;his power in depicting tranquillised emotion, 367Giottino, the scholar of Giotto, iii. 197Giotto, the Campanile at Florence, iii. 63, 190, iv.251;his work in S. Francis', Assisi, iii. 117, 190, 195;his genius pictorial, 120, 177;story of Cimabue's finding him, as a child, drawing, 190, 191;amount of his work, 190;his fidelity to nature, 191;advances made by him in painting, 192;his power of representation, 193;excellence of his allegories, 194;mention of him by Petrarch, 217note1;influenced by Dante, 283note2;his ode on Poverty, iv.39note1,243(cp. iii. 124, 194)Giovanni da Capistrano, Fra, i.490;his preaching at Brescia,615Giovanni da Imola, his salary from the University of Padua, ii. 122Giovanni da Ravenna, Petrarch's secretary, ii. 98;the first of the vagabond Humanists, 99;his influence, 100Giovanni, Ser (of Florence), hisNovelle, iv.150;called his workIl Pecorone,150;poverty of the framework of theNovelle,151;their antiquarian interest,151;one novel the source of theMerchant of Venice,152note1;revision of theNovelleby Domenichi,152note2;Giovanni as a poet,152Giovanni da Udine, the scholar of Raphael, iii. 490Giovanni, Fra, da Verona, his work as a wood-carver at Monte Oliveto and Naples, iii. 78note2Giovio, Paolo, his description of Azzo Visconti, i.134;of Gian Galeazzo,141,142note1;of the marriage of Violante Visconti,138;his conception of history,249note2;his untrustworthiness,292note2, ii. 354note1, 417, 512;his account of Machiavelli's education, 310;praises the massacre of Sinigaglia, 324;his criticism of Machiavelli'sArt of War, 330;believed that Alexander VI. died of poison, 429, 430;on Lodovico Sforza, 547note2;on Poliziano's personal appearance, ii. 350note1;his account of Poliziano's death, ii. 354note1;his description of Poliziano's poetry, iv.407;made Bishop of Nocera, ii. 402, 417;his versatility of talent, 417;his criticism of Navagero, 485note3;relates that Navagero suffered fromatra bilis, 487;his confession that culture had left Italy, 544;his correspondence with Aretino, v.410note1;relates that Pomponazzi was ignorant of Greek,459Giraldi, Giovanbattista. (SeeCinthio.)Giunta of Pisa, said to have worked on the frescoes of Assisi, iii. 196Giunta, the Roman printer, his piracies on Aldo Manuzio, ii. 379note2;publishes theLysistrataandThesmaphoriazusæof Aristophanes, 382Giunti, the, printers at Venice, v.374;Giunta prints the mutilated version of Boiardo'srifacimentoof theOrlando Innamorato,374;acknowledges the fact of the mutilation in a second edition,374,377Giulio Romano, his decoration of the Palazzo del Te, ii. 440, iii. 83, 492, iv.403, v.389;his architectural work at Rome, iii. 83;his superintendence of S. Peter's, 91;the only great master produced by Rome, 184;his occasional coarseness and vulgarity, 454, 492;driven from Rome for designing a series of obscene figures, v.389Giustiniani, the, their patronage of learning at Venice, ii. 212—— Venetian ambassador, his testimony to the death of Alexander VI. by apoplexy, i.430;mentions the legend that Alexander had sold his soul to the devil,431;Lionardo, procures Filelfo a Secretaryship at Constantinople, ii. 267Giusto de' Conti, hisCanzoniere, iv.165Gli Otto, name of Council in some Italian cities, i.35Goldsmith's work, all the earlier Florentine artists served an apprenticeship to this art, iii. 124, 442Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, a name of office in some Italian cities, i.35;at Florence,224Gonzaga, the, at Mantua, i.145;how they became tyrants,112,148note1;members of this family become Condottieri,161;distinguish themselves at Fornovo,580note1—— Alessandro, educated by Vittorino da Feltre,177, ii. 297;Camilla, Molza's attachment to her, v.226;Cario, the pupil of Vittorino da Feltre, ii. 293;betrays Milan to Sforza, 281;Cecilia, educated by Vittorino da Feltre, i.177, ii. 297;Cesare, v.122;Elisabetta, i.182,184;Francesco, (1)147;commands at Fornovo,580, iii. 275note1;letter of, to his wife, quoted for the account of Alexander VI.'s death, i.431note1,432;(2) Cardinal, his patronage of scholars, ii. 404 (cp. iii. 277note1);causes Poliziano to write theOrfeo, iii. 277note1, iv.411;(3) a wild libertine student at Bologna, v.312,314;Gian Francesco,(1) his murder of his wife, i.119note2;(2) summons Vittorino da Feltre to Mantua,176, ii. 291, 295;Gianlucido, educated by Vittorino da Feltre, i.177, ii. 297;Isabella, her reception at Rome by Leo X., v.146;Lodovico, the pupil of Vittorino da Feltre, ii. 291, iii. 276;his reception of Filelfo, ii. 285;invites Mantegna to Mantua, iii. 276;Lucrezia, Bandello her tutor, v.64,65;Ugolino, i.134;his murder,119note2Gorboduc, tragedy of, praised by Sir Philip Sidney, v.132note1;illustrates the character of the Italian tragedies,136Gorello, Ser, quoted for the character of Bishop Guido Tarlati of Arezzo, i.83Goritz, John, why calledCorycius, ii. 397;his entertainments of the Roman Academy, 409;his sufferings in the Sack of Rome, 444Gothic architecture, its rarity in Rome, iii. 46;never understood by the Italians, 50, 66, 69, iv.345, v.505Gothic, Italian, its mixed, exotic character, iii. 50;its relations to Northern styles, iv.312Goths, policy of the Goths in Italy, i.94Governo Misto, the ideal government of Italian statesmen, i.283,306, ii. 319Gozzoli, Benozzo, his repetition of Traini'sTriumph of S. Thomas, iii. 208;character of his genius, 241 (cp. iv.261note2,372, 463);various works of his,242;his excellence in portraying idyllic subjects,243;employed by Cosimo de' Medici to paint his private chapel,263Gran Consiglio, in Italian cities, i.35,57,71Granacci, Francesco, Michelangelo's friend in boyhood, iii. 386Gravina, praised theItalia Liberataof Trissino, v.307Graziani, quoted for the preaching of San Bernardino, i.613;for Fra Jacopo and Fra Roberto da Lecce,614Grazzini, Antonfrancesco. (SeeLasca, Il.)Greece and Italy, contrasts and resemblances of, i.195,205,237, ii. 4, 10, 16, 43, 513, iii. 1, 121, 355, 410-412, iv.45,117, v.112;contrast between Greek and Christian religious notions, iii. 12, 136Greek, utter ignorance of, in the Middle Ages, ii. 66, 94;importance of the study of Greek, 112;probability that the lost Greek classics perished before the fall of Constantinople, 141;impression produced by the Greek visitors to the Council of Florence, 197;Greek studies owed less to the Byzantine than to the Italian scholars, 197, 250;the first Greek books printed in Italy, 368, 375, 377, 382, 405note1;the first in Northern Europe, 391note2;Greek hardly studied in Italy by the end of the sixteenth century, 543Greene, Robert, the dramatist, quoted for Italian immorality, i.473Gregoropoulos, John, the reader in Aldo Manuzio's Greek Press, ii. 378;a member of the Aldine Academy, 387Gregory the Great, i.50;his contempt for grammatical correctness, ii. 61Gregory VI., i.59Gregory VII. (SeeHildebrand.)Gregory IX., war of, with Frederick II., iv.279Gregory XI.,113note1Gregory XII., makes Antonio Losco Apostolic Secretary, ii. 218Gregory of Tours, cited for medieval contempt of antiquity, ii. 60Gritti, Andrea, Doge of Venice, his patronage of Aretino, v.395;Luigi (son of the Doge), gives Aretino a pension,395Grocin, his endeavours to introduce the study of Greek into England, ii. 388, 391Guardi, his sketch of aMasked Ball in the Council Chamber, Ducal Palace, Venice, iii. 358Guarini, Battista, shows the completion of the Italian reaction against the middle ages, v.244;thePastor Fidowith Tasso'sAmintathe perfection of the Italian pastoral drama,114,223,241,511;essentially lyrical nature of thePastor Fido,242;its central motive the opposition of an ideal world of pleasure to the world of facts and laws,242Guarino da Verona, the tutor of Lionello d'Este, i.171,173, ii. 299;a scholar of Giovanni da Ravenna, ii. 100;brings Greek MSS. to Italy, 141, 267;obliged to leave Florence by Niccolò's opposition, 182;his translation of Strabo, 228;his quarrels with Poggio and other scholars, 240, 301;his praise of Beccadelli'sHermaphroditus, 255, 301, 514;his friendship with Filelfo, 267;his success as a teacher at Ferrara, 300 (cp. 473, 537);his nobility of character, 301, 523Gubbio, the Pottery of, i.80Gucci, Agostino di. (SeeDuccio, Agostino di.)Guelfs and Ghibellines, quarrel of, i.38,61,69,70,71,72,73,74,80,95,101,206,221,584, ii. 57, iv.159-164,367Guicciardini, Francesco, his life and character, i.295-301;pleads the cause of Alessandro de' Medici before Charles V.,232,280,298;his services to the Medici,280,285,297;his cynicism,278,291,302, v.446;portrait of him in Ariosto's Satires, iv.515;comparison of Guicciardini and Machiavelli, v.446;differences of opinion between Guicciardini and Machiavelli, i.44,45note1,91;the Comment on theDiscorsiof Machiavelli,306note2;theGoverno Misto(cp. passage cited from theReggimento di F.,306);the decay of Italy due to the Papacy,451(cp. passage cited from theRicordi,382, 452);theIstoria d'Italia,300-303;the murder of Manfredi,428note1;the death of Alexander VI, ascribed to poison,429;the joy in Rome at Alexander's death,431;character of Julius II.,434note1,552note3;the effect of the murder of Gian Galeazzo Sforza,480note2,556;character of Charles VIII.,540,547;of Lodovico Sforza,548note2;the French invasion,549,582;believes that it was guided by Providence,553note1;the reception of Charles at Naples by Pontanus, ii. 363;theReggimento di Firenze, 304-308;the ideal government of Florence, 223note1;the motives of tyrannicide, 169;the corruption of Florence, 229;the Venetian polity, 306;his admiration for Venice, 234, 299;theGoverno Misto, 306 (cp. passage cited from theReggimento di F., note2);the account of Savonarola, 304 (cp. passage cited from theStoria Fiorentina, 308, 512note1);theRicordi, 308, v.446,519;the disunion of Italy,92note1;'the blood of the citizens the mortar of tyranny,'131,298note2;the faults of democracy,306note1;use of the wordpopolo,306;Guicciardini's conception of history, i.249note2;the faith of the Florentine patriots in Savonarola during the siege,284note1,536note2;the character of the Medici,298note2,299note2;the decay of Italy due to the Papacy,382,452(cp. passage cited from the Comment on theDiscorsiof Machiavelli,451);the balance of power created in Italy by Lorenzo de' Medici,404note2;theStoria Fiorentina,278,279,308;the suspicious temper of Lorenzo de' Medici,119note1;his sensuality, iv.385note1;his policy,386;policy of Cosimo de' Medici, i.229notes1and2, ii. 170 (for the Medici cp. also i.298note2,299note2);the account of Savonarola, i.308,512note1 (cp. passage cited from theReggimento di Firenze, i.301);character of Alexander VI., i.412,417note1 (see alsoAppendix iii. vol. i.)Guicciardini, Luigi, his account of Clement's behaviour at the sack of Rome, 444Guicciardini, Francesco and Luigi, mentioned together, i.197note1,203note1,230Guidalotto, Francesco, murders Biordo Michelotti, i.148note2Guidicci, Mario, his Dissertations on Michelangelo's Sonnets, v.297Guidiccioni, Giovanni, Bishop of Fossombrone, his letters, quoted for the profligacy of Rome, i.446note1,459note2, v.190,387note1;his Poems, their patriotic feeling, v.282,520;Gyraldus' criticism of them,282;translation of a sonnet,282;his correspondence with Aretino,410note1Guido delle Colonne, iv.5note1,25Guido da Siena, the earliest of the Sienese painters, iii. 214Guidotto, of Bologna, iv.48;reputed author of many early popular Italian works,129Guilds, their importance in Italy, i.72,72note1Guinicelli, Guido, his services to Italian poetry, iv.46;Dante's praise of him,47;his treatment of love,61Guiniforte (son of Gasparino da Bartizza), tutor of Francesco Sforza's children, ii. 266Guinizzi, family of the, at Lucca, i.148Guittone of Arezzo, importance of his Epistles in the history of Italian prose, iv.36,45,130;his Poems mentioned with contempt by Dante,46;his religious poems,73Gyraldus, Lilius, on the Academy of Naples, ii. 365;cited for the purism of Italian scholars, 398;teacher at the High School of Ferrara, 427, 506;his criticism of Poliziano'sSylvæ, 459;of Sannazzaro'sDe Partu Virginis, 469note1;of Bembo's Latin verses, 484;of Guidiccioni's Poems, v.282;his attack on the Humanists, ii. 518, 530;his denunciations of the immorality of the Italian stage, v.192HADRIAN, Cardinal, concerned in Pitrucci's conspiracy, i.437Hæmatomania, i.109(seeAppendix i. vol. i.)Hawkwood, John, Sir, i.113note1,362Hegel, his criticism of Machiavelli'sPrince, i.367;his saying that architecture preceded the other arts, iii. 40Henry II. of France, appoints Bandello bishop of Agen, v.64Henry VII. the Emperor, marches into Italy, i.76;his death,77,80Henry VII. of England, confers the Garter on Frederick of Urbino, i.181;on Guidobaldo, his son, ii. 420Henry VIII. invites Torrigiano to England, iii. 444;makes a present to Aretino, v.405Henry the German, an early printer, ii. 376Heribert, Archbishop of Milan, i.58Heywood, theChallenge for Beautyquoted for the character of Italian plays, v.111(cp.189)Hildebrand, made Pope, i.59;declares war on the Empire,60;his arrogation of spiritual autocracy,411Historians, the Florentine, i.246foll. (seealso under the names of the various writers);contrast of the Historians of the Renaissance period with the earlier writers,278Hobbes, his saying about the Papacy quoted, i.6Hohenstauffen, war between the House of Hohenstauffen and the Papacy, i.59,60,68,74,100,374, ii. 251, iv.6(seealsoFrederick II.)Honor, Italian notions of, i.481,485, v.242,520Honorius, his retirement to Ravenna, i.46Howell, quoted for the English opinion on Italy, i.472note2Human Life, medieval conception of, i.10,13,14, iv.289, v.454,455,456Humanism, definition of the word, ii. 71;four periods of Italian Humanism, ii. 160-162, 310, 393, 440, 517;Humanism a revival of Latin culture, and little affected by Greek models, v.132note1,509;Italian tyrannicide and the Reformation had their origin in Humanistic liberty, i.465-468, v.414Humanists, the, persecution of the Roman Humanists by Paul the Second, i.384note1,386,387, ii. 36, 511;their quarrels, ii. 237-245, 264, 511, iv.431note1,451, v.89,285;formed a class by themselves, ii. 216, 510, 543, iv.366;their flatteries of the great, ii. 492, 496, 512, 514, iv.367,405;their pretensions and vanity, ii. 511, 521, iv.405;their employment of invective, ii. 512 (cp. i.387), v.393;their resemblance to the Greek sophists and rhetoricians, ii. 513;emptiness of their works from their preference of form to matter, 514, 530, v.247,264;came to be considered the corrupters of youth, ii. 515;universal bad opinion of them, 518 (cp. the passages from Maccaronic writers, v.331-333);injury occasioned to their character by their vagrant habits, ii. 520;their irreligion and licentiousness, 520;the better characters among them, 523;the real value of their works, 524;their study of style, 525;their letter-writing, 532;services rendered by their erudition, 533;aided in diffusing a liberal spirit, 535;their influence on modern education, 536;the services rendered by them to Italy, iv.367;effect of their labours in preparing for the growth of Italian literature, v.496Hussites, the, i.9Hutton, Von, Ulrich, i.27,437Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. (SeeColonna, Francesco.)INOVE, name of governing body at Siena, i.35,208Ibrahim ibn Ahmed. (SeeAppendix i. vol. i.)Ibycus, lines on Peace translated, iv.52Il Grasso, Legnaiuolo, the metrical version of the novel so called, iv.253Ilaria del Carretto, her monument in the Cathedral, Lucca, iii. 132, 165Illicini, Bernardo Lapini, his Commentary on Petrarch'sTrionfi, v.99;hisNovellaof Anselmo Salimbeni and Carlo Montanini,99-101Imperia, la Bella, v.288;epitaph upon her, ii. 406note1Incogniti, the, an Academy at Naples, ii. 366Infessura, Stefano, quoted, i.22;cited for the stories about Sixtus and Alexander,388note1;quoted about the sale of offices by Sixtus,394note1;upon his avarice,395note1;upon his cruelty and sensuality,395note2;about the Papacy of Innocent VIII.,404note1,405note1,405;for the immorality of Rome,474note2Informi, the, an Academy at Ravenna, ii. 366Ingannati, Gli, Comedy of, v.72note1,123Inghirami, Tommaso, his rise into greatness, ii. 403 (cp. v.139);made Librarian of the Vatican, ii. 424;Professor in the Sapienza at Rome, 427Innocent III., war of, with Frederick II., iv.279Innocent IV., establishes the University of Piacenza, ii. 117Innocent VIII., i.113, ii. 359;his additions to the Vatican, i.384note1;employs Mantegna to paint his chapel there, iii. 277;his Bull against witchcraft, i.402note1, v.347;his pontificate, i.403-406;his monument by Antonio del Pollajuolo,415, iii. 147;his detention of Prince Djem, i.415,461;appoints Bruni Apostolic Secretary, ii. 218;his destruction of ancient monuments at Rome, 430Inquisition, the, foundation of, i.399Insensati, the, an Academy at Perugia, ii. 366Instabili, the, an Academy at Bologna, ii. 366Intronati, the, an Academy at Siena, their performance of the MasqueEl Sacrificio, v.143note2;volume published by them on the quarrel and reconcilement of Aretino and Albicante, v.420Invention, effect of the progress of inventions on the Renaissance, i.3,29Investitures, War of, i.59,60,97, iv.7,13Isabella of Aragon, i.555Istoria Bresciana, cited, i.615note2Italy, Italians: