Fig. 15.Upper surface of ensiform cartilages.A.The upper ligament uniting the cartilages.
Viewing the cartilages as the constituent parts of the band, we found the borderC. L.,E. R.,the “anterior,” to be longer thanC. R.,E. L.,the “posterior.”C. L.,E. R.was a convex, nearly even border,C. L.being larger thanE. R.,with a gaping interval placed nearer Eng than Chang.C. R.,E. L.was an irregular, uneven border, without interval,C. R.being smaller thanE. L.,and placed to the outer side.
1.The spleens.—This organ in Eng was 5 in. long,3-1/3in.wide. The dorsum was marked by a large sulcus, extending nearly across the organ, continuous with the sulcus on the superior border. The hilus was relatively shorter than that of Chang, beginning above, fully an inch below its upper border, and terminating within a half inch of its inferior border.
In Chang it measured 5 in. long,2-1/3in.wide. It was sub-elliptical in form, upper lip somewhat abruptly compressed. The lower border was obtuse and rounded. The dorsum was smooth, and presented at its posterior edge a single sulcus placed midway between the tip and the inferior border. The hilus extended nearly the entire length of the under surface.
2.The livers(Fig.16).—In Eng the liver was 9 in. broad. The right lobe was7-1/2in.wide, antero-posteriorly. The fundus of the gall-bladder was seen on the anterior edge of the organ. The only noticeable feature on the under surface of the liver, was the lobus Spigelii. This was large, measuring 2 in. in transverse diameter, and2-1/3in.in antero-posterior diameter. It presented a somewhat increased breadth of neck, which was overlapped by an anterior prolongation of the lobe, and terminated by a rounded compressed extremity at the transverse fissure. The quadrilateral lobe waswell developed, 2 in. long in greatest diameter, 10 lines wide.
Fig. 16.The livers.A.Right lobe of Eng.B.Left lobe of same.C.Right lobe of Chang.D.Left lobe of same.E.Hepatic tract.F.Round ligament of Eng.G.Round ligament of Chang.H.Accessory suspensory ligament of Eng, with termination of the right mammary artery.I.Fundus of gall-bladder of Chang.J.Fundus of gall-bladder of Eng.
In Chang the liver was8-1/3in.broad. The right lobe was 5 in. wide, antero-posteriorly. The appearance of the gall-bladder corresponded to that seen in Eng. The under surface was normal. The lobus Spigelii presented a narrower neck than in Eng, the anterior prolongation being greater. The quadrilateral lobe was less developed than in Eng. Indeed it was not raised above the under surface of the right lobe, and its limits were so imperfectly marked that it could not well be measured.
Fig. 17.Kidneys of Eng.A.Left kidney.B.Right kidney.C.Left renal vein.D.Left supra-renal vein.E.Left spermatic vein.F.Descending vena cava not distended with clot.G.Right renal vein.H.Aorta distended with plaster.I.Primitive iliac arteries.
3.The kidneys.—In Eng, the body lying on the tableE. R.,C. L.,the left kidney (Fig.17,A) was 4 in. long,1-1/2wide at its hilus, and of the usual kidney shape. It lacked1/2in. of reaching the crest of the ilium. The renal vein (Fig.17,C) of the same side measured 3 in. in length, and was decidedly oblique in position, its termination in the cava being below the level of the lower end of the kidney.
The right kidney (Fig.17,B) corresponded in position to the left kidney of Chang, that is to say, it was in the shallower portion of the abdomen, and in contact with the abdominal wall. It measured 4 in. in length, and2-1/4in.in width. Its inferior border lacked 2 in. of reaching the superior crest of the ilium. The renal vein ascended a little upward to enter the cava a little below the level of the upper end of the kidney.
In Chang, the body lying in such a way that the great trochanter of the right side rested on the table, the left trochanter being raised three inches from the same plane, an obliquity was given to the trunk, and rendered the position of the abdominal organs somewhat anomalous.
The left kidney (Fig.18,A) lay with its lower half clearly within the iliac fossa, its inferior border answering to a point an inch and a half below the termination of the aorta. The organ lay, at its inner and inferior portion, upon the left primitive iliac vein; it measured3-3/4in.in length, and2-7/12in.in width at its widest part. It was larger below, where it retained the usual appearance, but was somewhatabruptlyabruptlypointedabove, and was marked by the characteristic notch on its inner side. The renal vein (Fig.18,C) was very obliquely situated, indeed was almost parallel with the cava, and was3-1/2in.long. The termination of the renal vein answered to a line running across the abdomen lying fully 1 in. above the upper end of the left kidney.
Fig. 18.Kidneys of Chang.A.Left kidney.B.Right kidney.C.Left renal vein.D.Right renal vein.E.Left spermatic vein.F.Aorta filled with plaster.G.Primitive iliac veins.H.Descending cava distended with clot.I.Left supra-renal vein.
The right kidney (Fig.18,B) was normally situated. It measured 4 in. in length, and1-1/2in.in width at its centre, and presented the usual reniform appearance.Its inferior edge just reached an eminence answering to the superior crest of the ilium.
4.The testicles.—The right testicle of Eng was normal. The left testicle was not within the scrotum. Dissection from within the abdomen showed that the organ had been retracted. It lay well concealed within the inguinal canal, slight traction making it appear within the abdomen.
The testicles of Chang were normal.
5.The hearts.—The heart in Eng was situated nearer the median line than normal. The abdominal incision was very unfavorable for studying its exact position in the mediastinum. It was removed through an opening made in the diaphragm. The right side of the heart was occupied by a soft grumous clot much smaller than was found in the same locality in Chang, and which did not distend the cavities. The left side was normal. It was without clot so far as could be determined in the injected condition of the ventricle.
The heart of Chang presented a right auricle and ventricle distended with a dense venous clot; this extended from the right ventricle along the pulmonary arteries. The left side of the heart was empty.
The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale were firmly closed in both hearts.
6.The vessels.—The arteries of both subjects were, so far as examined, in an extremely atheromatous condition. Large plates of calcareous matter were deposited in the abdominal aortas. The injecting matter flowed insufficiently in the left lower extremity of Chang, from a clot plugging the femoral artery.
The venous system of Chang was engorged, giving the appearance of these vessels having been injected after death; that of Eng was comparatively empty.
7.The lungs.—The lungs were so altered bypost-mortemchanges prior to embalming, their contraction by the chloride of zinc, and their increase of weight from the plaster, that no extended examination was made of them. But little difference was seen between the conditions of the lungs in the two men. No hepatization was present in Chang.
8.The vertebral column and ribs.—There was marked lateral curvature of the vertebral column in both bodies. This was more conspicuous in Chang. The convexity of the curve was about half-way down the vertebral column, and inclined in Chang to the right side. The distance from the centre of the vertebral column to the left abdominal wall, 2 in.; to the right abdominal wall, 5 in. The left side of the abdominal cavity, measuring from about the level of the band to the last rib of the right side,7-1/2inches.
The ribs in both Chang and Eng were 22 in number, 7 true and 4 false. On the right side of Eng the first, second, and third ribs were normal. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh presented diminished intercostal spaces, owing probably to the extreme traction made on them by the deflection of the ensiform cartilages. The intercostal space between the third and fourth ribs was slightly contracted; that between the fourth and fifth ribs was very much contracted, the muscle being bulged inward. Between the fifth and sixth, andsixth and seventh ribs the space was less contracted. The remaining intercostal spaces were about normal. The fifth rib near its articulation with the vertebral column formed a well-defined ridge within the thorax, carrying with it the sixth and seventh ribs, thus forming a rounded elevation, distinguishing the positions of these ribs from the thoracic wall above and below this point, where the parietal surface presented the usual concave appearance.
On the left side of Chang a similar arrangement of ribs and intercostal spaces was seen to the above.
The remaining organs were not examined.