[119]No precipitation takes place during the conversion of solution of green sulphate into red; and the acid appears saturated.[120]Division II, Section 6.[121]According to the estimation in the equation, 6.5 of dry green sulphate of iron contain 4.1 green oxide of iron, and 2.4 of Kirwan’s real sulphuric acid; and 8.1 red sulphate of iron, contain 2.4 acid, and 5.7 red oxide of iron.[122]The muddy green color produced in a solution of red sulphate of iron agitated in nitrous gas, depended upon impurities in the mercury. I have since found, that when the solution is completely oxygenated, the diminution is barely perceptible.[123]Perhaps the liberation of nitrous gas from the solution takes place at a lower temperature than its decomposition. I have always observed that the quantity of yellow precipitate is greater when the solution is rapidly made to boil. Were it possible to heat it to a certain temperature at once, probably a compleat decomposition would take place.[124]Annales de Chimie. T. 38, pag. 187.[125]Annales de Chimie, xxiii. pag. 85; or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal vol. i. pag. 45.[126]Probably by giving them oxygene; whereas the green muriate and sulphate blacken animal substances; most likely by abstracting from them oxygene.[127]The existence of green nitrate was not suspected by Proust.[128]In this process nitrous oxide is sometimes given out, as will be seen hereafter.[129]Hence we learn why no nitrous gas is disengaged when impregnated solution of sulphate of iron is decomposed by prussiate of potash, as in Div. IV. Sec. vii.[130]In both of these solutions the metal is at its minimum of oxydation. The absorption of a small quantity of nitrous gas by white vitriol was observed by Priestley.[131]Humbolt, who is the first philosopher that has applied the solution of sulphate of iron to ascertain the purity of nitrous gas, asserts that he uniformly found nitrous gas obtained from solution of copper in nitrous acid, to contain from six tenths to one tenth nitrogene.Annales de Chimie, vol. xxviii. pag. 147.[132]Vol. ii. pag. 55.[133]Phil. Trans. vol. lxxvi. pag. 133.[134]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. 323.[135]That is, alumn containing sulphate of potash.[136]The production of ammoniac in this process was observed by Kirwan and Austin.[137]Solution of sulphure of strontian, or barytes, should be used. During the conversion of nitrous gas into nitrous oxide by those bodies, a thin film is deposited on the surface of the solution. This film examined, is found to consist of sulphur and sulphate. Possibly the nitrous gas is wholly decomposed by the hydrogene of the sulphurated hydrogene in the solution, whilst the sulphate is produced from water decompounded by the sulphur to form more gas for the saturation of the hydro-sulphure.[138]As was first observed by Priestley and Austin, and as I have proved by many experiments.[139]As I have found by experiment.[140]As was observed by Milner. Nitrous gas passed over heated zinc, or tin, I doubt not will be found converted into nitrous oxide.[141]Annales de Chimie, xxxii. p. 3.[142]The decomposition and recomposition of water, in this process, are analogous to some of the phænomena observed by the ingenious Mrs. Fulhame.[143]From one of Dr. Priestley’s experiments, it appears that hydrogene gas is sometimes disengaged during the solution of iron in very dilute nitric acid by heat. This phænomenon has never occurred to me.[144]As was discovered by Priestley, and the Dutch Chemists.[145]Such as the leaves, bark, and wood, of trees.[146]As I have observed after Priestley.[147]As was discovered by Priestly.[148]This deep color depended, in some measure, upon the nitro-muriatic vapor suspended in it. I have since observed that it is more intense in proportion as the heat employed for the production of the gas has been stronger. The natural color of the peculiar gas is deep yellow.[149]The decomposition of aëriform nitrous acid by mercury, was first noted by Priestley; vol. iii. pag. 101. This decomposition I have often had occasion to observe. In reading Humbolt’s paper on eudiometry, Annales de Chimie, xxviii, pag. 150, I was not a little surprised to find that he takes no notice of this fact. He seems to suppose that nitrous acid can remain aëriform, and even be condensed, in contact with mercury, without alteration. He says, “In mingling 100 parts of atmospheric air with 100 of nitrous air, the air immediately became red, but all the acid produced remained aëriform; and after eighteen hours somedropsonly of acid were formed, whichswamupon themercury.”[150]Lavoisier has said concerning aqua regia, “In solutions of metals in this acid, as in all other acids, the metals are first oxydated, by attracting a part of the oxygene from the compound radical. This occasions the disengagement of a particular species of gas not hitherto described, which may be called nitro-muriatic gas. It has a very disagreeable smell, and is fatal to animal life when respired; it attacks iron, and causes it to rust; it is absorbed in considerable quantities by water.” Elem. Eng. 237.[151]I have no doubt but that the gas procured from the solution of gold in aqua regia, is analogous to that produced from platina.Some very uncommon circumstances are attendant on the solution of platina:1st. The immense quantity of acid required for the solution of a minute quantity of platina.2d. The great quantity of gas produced during the solution of this minute quantity.3d. The intense red color of the solution, and its perfectly acid properties after it ceases to act upon the metal.[152]For if nitrous oxide had been formed, it would have been decomposed by the hydrogene.[153]Experiments and observations, vol. ii. pag. 81.[154]The experiments of Berthollet have clearly proved the perfect acidity of this substance.[155]The Dutch chemists have asserted, that mixture with ammoniac prevents the absorption of nitrous oxide by water, either wholly or partially. Journal de Physique, t. xliii. part ii. pag. 327. It is difficult to account for their mistake.[156]Sulphureous acid saturates more potash than sulphuric acid, so that most probably during the conversion of sulphite of potash into sulphate, portions of sulphureous acid are disengaged.[157]Hence we learn that sulphite of potash, when strongly heated, does not decompose nitrous oxide, even in thenascent state.[158]See the excellent memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin on the sulphureous acid, and its combinations. Annales de Chimie, ii, 54. Or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal, vol. i, pag. 313.[159]Unless the sum of affinity of the potash, oil, nitrous oxide, and earths, should be inch as to enable the nitrous oxide to combine with the earth, whilst the oil and alkali remained in combination, & c.[160]For when a little of the mixed salt was introduced into a solution of sulphurated hydrogene, globules of gas were given out during the solution.[161]Carbonate of ammoniac formed at a high temperature, containing near 60 per cent alkali, and capable of combining with small quantities of acids without giving out its carbonic acid. Of this salt a particular account will be given in the experiments on the ammoniacal salts, which I have often mentioned in the course of this work.[162]It may not be amiss to mention some appearances taking place in the decomposition of nitrous gas by sulphurated hydrogene, though it is useless to theorise concerning them. The sulphur deposited is at first yellow; as the process proceeds, it becomes white, and in some instances I have suspected a diminution of it.[163]Predisposing affinity, the existence of which at first consideration it is difficult to admit, may be easily accounted for bysupposingthe attractions of the simple principles of compound substances. And this doctrine will apply in all instances where the constitution of bodies is known. Predisposing affinity ought not to be considered as the affinity ofnon-existingbodies for each other; but as the mutual affinity of their simple principles, disposing them to assume new arrangements.[164]See the above mentioned elaborate memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin.[165]The different persons who have respired nitrous oxide have, as will be seen hereafter, given different accounts of the taste; the greater number have called it sweet, some metallic. One of my friends, in a letter to me dated Nov. 13, 1799, containing a detail of some experiments made on the respiration of nitrous oxide, at Birmingham, denotes the taste of it by the term “sweetish faintly acidulous.” To me the taste both of the gas and of its solution in water, has always appeared faintly sweetish.[166]Section 2.[167]Vol. ii. pag. 91.[168]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii, part ii. pag. 330. They effected the same change by passing it through a heated tube. Dr. Priestley had published an account of similar experiments more than two years before.[169]On the one hand, it decomposes ammoniac into hydrogene and nitrogene, whilst on the other, it converts free oxygene and nitrogene into nitrous acid. It likewise converts nitrous gas into nitrous acid and nitrogene. Till we are more accurately acquainted with the nature of heat, light, and electricity, we shall probably be unable to explain these phænomena.[170]Vol. ii. pag. 83.[171]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. part 2, pag. 331. They supposed it to consist of about 37,5 oxygene, and 62,5 nitrogene. The nearness of this account to the truth is singular, when we consider that they were neither acquainted with the specific gravity of nitrous oxide, nor with the production of nitrous acid in this experiment.[172]Experiments on the detonation of nitrous oxide with phosphorus in this way require great attention. The detonating jar should be very conical; the nitrous oxide employed should never equal more than one eighth of the capacity of the jar. The wire for the inflammation must be very thick, and curved so as to be easily introduced into the jar. When ignited, it must be instantaneously passed through the heated mercury into the jar.Perhaps the electric spark might be advantageously applied for detonating phosphoric vapor with nitrous oxide.[173]It will be seen hereafter that these bodies are easily inflamed in nitrous oxide.[174]Phosphorus burnt feebly with a white flame in a mixture of 4 nitrogene and 1 nitrous oxide.[175]Journal de Physique, xliii. 328.[176]In this experiment, as in the last, dense white vapor was produced.[177]Res. I. Div. III. S. II.[178]Journal de Physique, xliii. 334.[179]As is proved by the decomposition of oxide of iron and sulphuric acid by charcoal, at that temperature.[180]Hydrogene at or about the red heat, appears to attract oxygene stronger than phosphorus. See Dr. Priestley’s experiments, vol. i. page 262.[181]That attraction must be called chemical, which enables bodies of different specific gravities to unite in such a manner as to produce a compound, in every part of which the constituents are found in the same proportions to each other. Atmospheric air, examined after having been at perfect rest in closed vessels, for a great length of time, contains in every part the same proportions of oxygene and nitrogene; whereas if no affinity existed between these principles, following the laws of specific gravity, they ought to separate; the oxygene forming the inferior, the nitrogene the superior stratum.The supposition of thechemicalcomposition of atmospheric air, has been advanced by many philosophers. The two first evidences have been often noticed.[182]For it is unalterable by those bodies which are capable of attracting oxygene from nitrous gas and nitrous acid, at common temperatures.[183]See the curious experiments of Rosier, Journal de Physique, 1786, vol. 1, pag. 419.[184]As appears from the experiments of Dr. Beddoes; likewise those of Mr. Watt.[185]As appears from the experiments of Lavoisier and Dr. Beddoes; and as will be seen hereafter.[186]The colour of common venous blood, examined in this way, resembles that of the paint called by colour-men red ochre; that of blood saturated with nitrous oxide, approaches to the tinge of lake.[187]Small birds suffer much from cold when introduced into gases through water. In this experiment, the goldfinch was immediately inserted into a large mouthed phial, filled with the gases, and opened in the atmosphere.[188]I use the popular name. This fish is very common in every part of England; it is nearly of the same size and color as the minnow, and is distinguished from it by two small bony excresences at the origin of the belly. It is extremely susceptible.[189]A priori I expected that fishes, like amphibious animals would have been very quickly destroyed by the action of nitrous oxide.[190]The hydrocarbonate employed, was procured from alcohol, by means of sulphuric acid. This gas contains more carbon, than hydrocarbonate from water and charcoal.[191]The curious fact of the reddening of venous blood by hydrocarbonate, was discovered by Dr. Beddoes.[192]By lungs, I mean in this place, all the internal organs of respiration.[193]Because these products are formed during the respiration of common air.[194]Annales de Chimie, vol. 1, page 279.[195]This is only an imperfect approximation; the ratio of the increase of expansibility of gases to the increase of temperature, has not yet been ascertained. It is probable that the expansibility of gases is altered by their mixture.[196]For there is no reason to suppose the production of nitrogene.[197]This capacity is most probably below the medium, my chest is narrow, measuring in circumference, but 29 inches, and my neck rather long and slender.[198]Dr. Goodwyn in his excellent work on the connexion of life with respiration, has detailed some experiments on the capacity of the lungs after natural expiration. He makes the medium capacity about 109 cubic inches, which agrees very well with my estimation.—page 27.[199]The oxygene as we have before noticed, most probably wholly existed in the residual gas.[200]When they are agitated, a greater proportion of nitrous gas is absorbed, condensed in the nitric acid by the water; and to find the oxygene,(50 -m)(50 -m)x=———— or————(3,4)(3,5)[201]The diminution of air by single inspirations, was particularly noticed by Dr. Goodwyn.[202]Dr. Priestley found that it likewise became florid at the surface when covered by milk; but that it underwent little or no alteration of color under water and most other fluids.—Vol. 3. p. 372.[203]There are many analogous decompositions. Dr. Priestley noticed (and I have often made the observation) that green oxide of iron, or the precipitate from pale green sulphate of iron by caustic alkali, became red at the surface, when covered by a thick stratum of water. In my experiments on the green muriate and sulphate of iron, I observed that part of some dark oxide of iron which was at the bottom of a trough of water 9 inches deep, became red at the surface nearly in the same time as another portion of the same precipitation that was exposed to the atmosphere. This oxygenation must depend upon the decomposition of atmospheric air constantly dissolved by the water.[204]Dr. Mitchill attempted to prove from some phænomena connected with contagious diseases, that dephlogisticated nitrous gas which he called oxide of septon, was the principle of contagion, and capable of producing the most terrible effects when respired by animals in the minutest quantities or even when applied to the skin or muscular fibre.[205]I did not attempt to experiment upon animals, because they die nearly in equal times in non-respirable gases, and gases incapable of supporting life and possessed of no action on the venous blood.[206]Dr. Beddoes has given some account of this experiment, in his Notice of some observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution. It was noticed in Mr. Nicholson’s Phil. Journal for May 1799.[207]Mild physical pleasure is perhaps always destructive to action. Almost all our powerful voluntary actions, arise either from hope, fear, or desire; and the most powerful from desire, which is an emotion produced by the coalescence of hope or ideal pleasure with physical pain.[208]Pure hydrogene has been often respired by different Philosophers, particularly by Scheele, Fontana, and the adventurous and unfortunate Rosier.[209]I believe it had never been breathed before by any individual, in a state so little diluted.[210]I ought to observe, that between eight and ten, I took by the advice of Dr. Beddoes, two or three doses of diluted nitric acid.[211]By whatever cause the exhaustion of organs is produced, pain is almost uniformly connected with their returning health. Pain is rarely ever perceived in limbs debilitated by fatigue till after they have been for some hours at rest. Pain is uniformly connected with the recovery from the debility induced by typhus, often with the recovery from that produced by the stimulation of opium and alcohol.[212]Carbonic acid is produced in this way in a high state of purity, and with great readiness.[213]Carbonic acid possesses no action on arterial blood. Hence perhaps, its slight effects when breathed mingled with large quantities of common air. Its effects are very marked upon venous blood! If it were thrown forcibly into the lungs of animals, the momentary application of it to the pulmonary venous blood would probably destroy life.[214]In a conversation with Mr. Watt, relating to the powers of gases, that excellent philosopher told me he had for some time entertained a suspicion, that the effects attributed to oxygene produced from manganese by heat, in some measure depended upon nitrous acid suspended in the gas, formed during ignition by the union of some of the oxygene of the manganese with nitrogene likewise condensed in it.In the course of experiments on nitrous acid, detailed inResearch I. made in September, October, and December, 1799, I several times experienced a severe oppression on the chest and difficulty of respiration, not unanalogous to that produced by oxygene, but much more violent, from breathing an atmosphere loaded with nitrous acid vapour. This fact seemed to confirm Mr. Watt’s suspicion. I confess, however, that I have never been able to detect any smell of nitrous acid, either by means of my own organs or those of others, during the production of oxygene; when the gas is suffered to pass into the atmosphere. The oxygene breathed in the experiments detailed in the text, had been for some days in contact with water.[215]In the same manner as the debility from intoxication by two bottles of wine is increased by a third.[216]I ought to observe that my usual drink is water, that I had been little accustomed to take wine or spirits, and had never been compleatly intoxicated but once before in the course of my life. This will account for the powerful effects of a single bottle of wine.[217]The plan of this box was communicated by Mr. Watt. An account of it will be detailed in theResearches.[218]The nitrous oxide was too diluted to act much; it was mingled with near 32 times its bulk of atmospheric air.[219]In all these experiments after the first minute, my cheeks became purple.[220]Physical pleasure and pain generally occur connected with a compound impression, i. e. an organ and some object. When the idea left by the compound impression, is called up by being linked accidentally to some other idea or impression, no recurrence, or the slightest possible, of the pleasure or pain in any form will take place. But when the compound impression itself existswithoutthe physical pleasure or pain, it will awaken ideal or intellectual pleasure or pain, i. e. hope or fear. So that physical pleasure and pain are to hope and fear, what impressions are to ideas. For instance, assuming no accidental association, the child does not fear the fire before he is burnt. When he puts his finger to the fire he feels the physical pain of burning, which is connected with a visible compound impression, the fire and his finger. Now when the compound idea of the fire and his finger, left by the compound impression are called up by his mother, saying, “You have burnt your finger,” nothing like fear or the pain of burning is connected with it. But when the finger is brought near the fire, i. e. when the compound impression again exists, the ideal pain of burning or the passion of fear is awakened, and it becomes connected with those very actions which removed the finger from the fire.[221]Notice of some Observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution.[222]In some of these experiments, hearing was rendered more acute.[223]Dr. Mitchill (an American Chemist) has erroneously supposed its full admission to the lungs, in its concentrated state, to be incompatible with animal life, and that in a more diluted form it operates as a principal agent in the production of contagious diseases, &c. This gratuitous position is thus unqualifiedly affirmed. “If a full inspiration of gaseous oxyd be made, there will be a sudden extinction of life; and this accordingly accounts for the fact related by Russel (History of Aleppo, p. 232.) and confirmed by other observers, of many persons falling down dead suddenly, when struck with the contagion of the plague.”Vide Remarks on the Gaseous Oxyd of Azote, by Samuel Latham Mitchill, M. D.[224]In the former experiments, Mr. Southey generally respired six quarts, now he is unable to consume two.In an experiment made since this paper was drawn up, the effect was rather pleasurable.[225]The doses in these experiments were from five to seven quarts.[226]Of the facts on which Brown founded his law of indirect debility, no prudent man will lose sight either in practising or studying medicine. They are incontrovertible.—And our new facts may doubtless be conciliated to the Brunonian doctrine.But to suppose that the expenditure of a quality or a substance or a spirit, and its renewal or accumulation are the general principles of animal phænomena, seems to me a grievous and baneful error. I believe it often happens that excitement and excitability increase, and that they oftener decrease together;—In short, without generalizing in a manner, of which Brown and similar theorists had no conception, our notions of the living world will in my opinion, continue to be as confused as the elements are said to have been in chaos. On some future occasion, I may presume to point out the region through which I imagine the path to wind, that will lead the observers of some distant generation to a point, whence they may enjoy a view of the subtle, busy and intricate movements of the organic creation as clear as Newton obtained of the movements of the heavenly masses.[227]After writing this, I was present when an invalid, in whose foot the gout, after much wandering, had at last fixed, breathed 12 quarts of oxygene gas. While breathing, he eagerly pointed to the inflamed leg; and afterwards said he had felt in it a new sensation, somewhat like tension.—I never had seen oxygene respired where there was so much local inflammation.June 18. After four quarts of oxygene with 6 of nitrous oxide and then 6 of nitrous oxide alone, violent itching of the wounds made by the leech; and redness and tumour.—Both had healed, and I did not expect to feel any thing more from them.—I tried this again with two doses of nitrous oxide—The yellow halo round one wound changed to crimson, and there was so much stinging and swelling that I feared suppuration.—Absorption here was rapid.[228]See Dr. Beddoes’sConsiderations,part1.page26. His observations in the note in the last section, will likewise apply here.—Is not healthy living action dependant upon a certain equilibrium between the principles supplied to the blood by the pulmonary veins from respiration and by the lymphatics from absorption? Does not sensibility more immediately depend upon respiration? Deprive an animal under stimulation, of air, and it instantly dies; probably if absorption could be prevented, it would likewise speedily die. It would be curious to try whether intoxication from fermented liquors cannot be prevented by breathing during their operation, an atmosphere deprived of part of its oxygene.[229]Sublime emotion with regard to natural objects, is generally produced by the connection of the pleasure of beauty with the passion of fear.
[119]No precipitation takes place during the conversion of solution of green sulphate into red; and the acid appears saturated.
[119]No precipitation takes place during the conversion of solution of green sulphate into red; and the acid appears saturated.
[120]Division II, Section 6.
[120]Division II, Section 6.
[121]According to the estimation in the equation, 6.5 of dry green sulphate of iron contain 4.1 green oxide of iron, and 2.4 of Kirwan’s real sulphuric acid; and 8.1 red sulphate of iron, contain 2.4 acid, and 5.7 red oxide of iron.
[121]According to the estimation in the equation, 6.5 of dry green sulphate of iron contain 4.1 green oxide of iron, and 2.4 of Kirwan’s real sulphuric acid; and 8.1 red sulphate of iron, contain 2.4 acid, and 5.7 red oxide of iron.
[122]The muddy green color produced in a solution of red sulphate of iron agitated in nitrous gas, depended upon impurities in the mercury. I have since found, that when the solution is completely oxygenated, the diminution is barely perceptible.
[122]The muddy green color produced in a solution of red sulphate of iron agitated in nitrous gas, depended upon impurities in the mercury. I have since found, that when the solution is completely oxygenated, the diminution is barely perceptible.
[123]Perhaps the liberation of nitrous gas from the solution takes place at a lower temperature than its decomposition. I have always observed that the quantity of yellow precipitate is greater when the solution is rapidly made to boil. Were it possible to heat it to a certain temperature at once, probably a compleat decomposition would take place.
[123]Perhaps the liberation of nitrous gas from the solution takes place at a lower temperature than its decomposition. I have always observed that the quantity of yellow precipitate is greater when the solution is rapidly made to boil. Were it possible to heat it to a certain temperature at once, probably a compleat decomposition would take place.
[124]Annales de Chimie. T. 38, pag. 187.
[124]Annales de Chimie. T. 38, pag. 187.
[125]Annales de Chimie, xxiii. pag. 85; or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal vol. i. pag. 45.
[125]Annales de Chimie, xxiii. pag. 85; or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal vol. i. pag. 45.
[126]Probably by giving them oxygene; whereas the green muriate and sulphate blacken animal substances; most likely by abstracting from them oxygene.
[126]Probably by giving them oxygene; whereas the green muriate and sulphate blacken animal substances; most likely by abstracting from them oxygene.
[127]The existence of green nitrate was not suspected by Proust.
[127]The existence of green nitrate was not suspected by Proust.
[128]In this process nitrous oxide is sometimes given out, as will be seen hereafter.
[128]In this process nitrous oxide is sometimes given out, as will be seen hereafter.
[129]Hence we learn why no nitrous gas is disengaged when impregnated solution of sulphate of iron is decomposed by prussiate of potash, as in Div. IV. Sec. vii.
[129]Hence we learn why no nitrous gas is disengaged when impregnated solution of sulphate of iron is decomposed by prussiate of potash, as in Div. IV. Sec. vii.
[130]In both of these solutions the metal is at its minimum of oxydation. The absorption of a small quantity of nitrous gas by white vitriol was observed by Priestley.
[130]In both of these solutions the metal is at its minimum of oxydation. The absorption of a small quantity of nitrous gas by white vitriol was observed by Priestley.
[131]Humbolt, who is the first philosopher that has applied the solution of sulphate of iron to ascertain the purity of nitrous gas, asserts that he uniformly found nitrous gas obtained from solution of copper in nitrous acid, to contain from six tenths to one tenth nitrogene.Annales de Chimie, vol. xxviii. pag. 147.
[131]Humbolt, who is the first philosopher that has applied the solution of sulphate of iron to ascertain the purity of nitrous gas, asserts that he uniformly found nitrous gas obtained from solution of copper in nitrous acid, to contain from six tenths to one tenth nitrogene.
Annales de Chimie, vol. xxviii. pag. 147.
[132]Vol. ii. pag. 55.
[132]Vol. ii. pag. 55.
[133]Phil. Trans. vol. lxxvi. pag. 133.
[133]Phil. Trans. vol. lxxvi. pag. 133.
[134]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. 323.
[134]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. 323.
[135]That is, alumn containing sulphate of potash.
[135]That is, alumn containing sulphate of potash.
[136]The production of ammoniac in this process was observed by Kirwan and Austin.
[136]The production of ammoniac in this process was observed by Kirwan and Austin.
[137]Solution of sulphure of strontian, or barytes, should be used. During the conversion of nitrous gas into nitrous oxide by those bodies, a thin film is deposited on the surface of the solution. This film examined, is found to consist of sulphur and sulphate. Possibly the nitrous gas is wholly decomposed by the hydrogene of the sulphurated hydrogene in the solution, whilst the sulphate is produced from water decompounded by the sulphur to form more gas for the saturation of the hydro-sulphure.
[137]Solution of sulphure of strontian, or barytes, should be used. During the conversion of nitrous gas into nitrous oxide by those bodies, a thin film is deposited on the surface of the solution. This film examined, is found to consist of sulphur and sulphate. Possibly the nitrous gas is wholly decomposed by the hydrogene of the sulphurated hydrogene in the solution, whilst the sulphate is produced from water decompounded by the sulphur to form more gas for the saturation of the hydro-sulphure.
[138]As was first observed by Priestley and Austin, and as I have proved by many experiments.
[138]As was first observed by Priestley and Austin, and as I have proved by many experiments.
[139]As I have found by experiment.
[139]As I have found by experiment.
[140]As was observed by Milner. Nitrous gas passed over heated zinc, or tin, I doubt not will be found converted into nitrous oxide.
[140]As was observed by Milner. Nitrous gas passed over heated zinc, or tin, I doubt not will be found converted into nitrous oxide.
[141]Annales de Chimie, xxxii. p. 3.
[141]Annales de Chimie, xxxii. p. 3.
[142]The decomposition and recomposition of water, in this process, are analogous to some of the phænomena observed by the ingenious Mrs. Fulhame.
[142]The decomposition and recomposition of water, in this process, are analogous to some of the phænomena observed by the ingenious Mrs. Fulhame.
[143]From one of Dr. Priestley’s experiments, it appears that hydrogene gas is sometimes disengaged during the solution of iron in very dilute nitric acid by heat. This phænomenon has never occurred to me.
[143]From one of Dr. Priestley’s experiments, it appears that hydrogene gas is sometimes disengaged during the solution of iron in very dilute nitric acid by heat. This phænomenon has never occurred to me.
[144]As was discovered by Priestley, and the Dutch Chemists.
[144]As was discovered by Priestley, and the Dutch Chemists.
[145]Such as the leaves, bark, and wood, of trees.
[145]Such as the leaves, bark, and wood, of trees.
[146]As I have observed after Priestley.
[146]As I have observed after Priestley.
[147]As was discovered by Priestly.
[147]As was discovered by Priestly.
[148]This deep color depended, in some measure, upon the nitro-muriatic vapor suspended in it. I have since observed that it is more intense in proportion as the heat employed for the production of the gas has been stronger. The natural color of the peculiar gas is deep yellow.
[148]This deep color depended, in some measure, upon the nitro-muriatic vapor suspended in it. I have since observed that it is more intense in proportion as the heat employed for the production of the gas has been stronger. The natural color of the peculiar gas is deep yellow.
[149]The decomposition of aëriform nitrous acid by mercury, was first noted by Priestley; vol. iii. pag. 101. This decomposition I have often had occasion to observe. In reading Humbolt’s paper on eudiometry, Annales de Chimie, xxviii, pag. 150, I was not a little surprised to find that he takes no notice of this fact. He seems to suppose that nitrous acid can remain aëriform, and even be condensed, in contact with mercury, without alteration. He says, “In mingling 100 parts of atmospheric air with 100 of nitrous air, the air immediately became red, but all the acid produced remained aëriform; and after eighteen hours somedropsonly of acid were formed, whichswamupon themercury.”
[149]The decomposition of aëriform nitrous acid by mercury, was first noted by Priestley; vol. iii. pag. 101. This decomposition I have often had occasion to observe. In reading Humbolt’s paper on eudiometry, Annales de Chimie, xxviii, pag. 150, I was not a little surprised to find that he takes no notice of this fact. He seems to suppose that nitrous acid can remain aëriform, and even be condensed, in contact with mercury, without alteration. He says, “In mingling 100 parts of atmospheric air with 100 of nitrous air, the air immediately became red, but all the acid produced remained aëriform; and after eighteen hours somedropsonly of acid were formed, whichswamupon themercury.”
[150]Lavoisier has said concerning aqua regia, “In solutions of metals in this acid, as in all other acids, the metals are first oxydated, by attracting a part of the oxygene from the compound radical. This occasions the disengagement of a particular species of gas not hitherto described, which may be called nitro-muriatic gas. It has a very disagreeable smell, and is fatal to animal life when respired; it attacks iron, and causes it to rust; it is absorbed in considerable quantities by water.” Elem. Eng. 237.
[150]Lavoisier has said concerning aqua regia, “In solutions of metals in this acid, as in all other acids, the metals are first oxydated, by attracting a part of the oxygene from the compound radical. This occasions the disengagement of a particular species of gas not hitherto described, which may be called nitro-muriatic gas. It has a very disagreeable smell, and is fatal to animal life when respired; it attacks iron, and causes it to rust; it is absorbed in considerable quantities by water.” Elem. Eng. 237.
[151]I have no doubt but that the gas procured from the solution of gold in aqua regia, is analogous to that produced from platina.Some very uncommon circumstances are attendant on the solution of platina:1st. The immense quantity of acid required for the solution of a minute quantity of platina.2d. The great quantity of gas produced during the solution of this minute quantity.3d. The intense red color of the solution, and its perfectly acid properties after it ceases to act upon the metal.
[151]I have no doubt but that the gas procured from the solution of gold in aqua regia, is analogous to that produced from platina.
Some very uncommon circumstances are attendant on the solution of platina:
1st. The immense quantity of acid required for the solution of a minute quantity of platina.
2d. The great quantity of gas produced during the solution of this minute quantity.
3d. The intense red color of the solution, and its perfectly acid properties after it ceases to act upon the metal.
[152]For if nitrous oxide had been formed, it would have been decomposed by the hydrogene.
[152]For if nitrous oxide had been formed, it would have been decomposed by the hydrogene.
[153]Experiments and observations, vol. ii. pag. 81.
[153]Experiments and observations, vol. ii. pag. 81.
[154]The experiments of Berthollet have clearly proved the perfect acidity of this substance.
[154]The experiments of Berthollet have clearly proved the perfect acidity of this substance.
[155]The Dutch chemists have asserted, that mixture with ammoniac prevents the absorption of nitrous oxide by water, either wholly or partially. Journal de Physique, t. xliii. part ii. pag. 327. It is difficult to account for their mistake.
[155]The Dutch chemists have asserted, that mixture with ammoniac prevents the absorption of nitrous oxide by water, either wholly or partially. Journal de Physique, t. xliii. part ii. pag. 327. It is difficult to account for their mistake.
[156]Sulphureous acid saturates more potash than sulphuric acid, so that most probably during the conversion of sulphite of potash into sulphate, portions of sulphureous acid are disengaged.
[156]Sulphureous acid saturates more potash than sulphuric acid, so that most probably during the conversion of sulphite of potash into sulphate, portions of sulphureous acid are disengaged.
[157]Hence we learn that sulphite of potash, when strongly heated, does not decompose nitrous oxide, even in thenascent state.
[157]Hence we learn that sulphite of potash, when strongly heated, does not decompose nitrous oxide, even in thenascent state.
[158]See the excellent memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin on the sulphureous acid, and its combinations. Annales de Chimie, ii, 54. Or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal, vol. i, pag. 313.
[158]See the excellent memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin on the sulphureous acid, and its combinations. Annales de Chimie, ii, 54. Or Nicholson’s Phil. Journal, vol. i, pag. 313.
[159]Unless the sum of affinity of the potash, oil, nitrous oxide, and earths, should be inch as to enable the nitrous oxide to combine with the earth, whilst the oil and alkali remained in combination, & c.
[159]Unless the sum of affinity of the potash, oil, nitrous oxide, and earths, should be inch as to enable the nitrous oxide to combine with the earth, whilst the oil and alkali remained in combination, & c.
[160]For when a little of the mixed salt was introduced into a solution of sulphurated hydrogene, globules of gas were given out during the solution.
[160]For when a little of the mixed salt was introduced into a solution of sulphurated hydrogene, globules of gas were given out during the solution.
[161]Carbonate of ammoniac formed at a high temperature, containing near 60 per cent alkali, and capable of combining with small quantities of acids without giving out its carbonic acid. Of this salt a particular account will be given in the experiments on the ammoniacal salts, which I have often mentioned in the course of this work.
[161]Carbonate of ammoniac formed at a high temperature, containing near 60 per cent alkali, and capable of combining with small quantities of acids without giving out its carbonic acid. Of this salt a particular account will be given in the experiments on the ammoniacal salts, which I have often mentioned in the course of this work.
[162]It may not be amiss to mention some appearances taking place in the decomposition of nitrous gas by sulphurated hydrogene, though it is useless to theorise concerning them. The sulphur deposited is at first yellow; as the process proceeds, it becomes white, and in some instances I have suspected a diminution of it.
[162]It may not be amiss to mention some appearances taking place in the decomposition of nitrous gas by sulphurated hydrogene, though it is useless to theorise concerning them. The sulphur deposited is at first yellow; as the process proceeds, it becomes white, and in some instances I have suspected a diminution of it.
[163]Predisposing affinity, the existence of which at first consideration it is difficult to admit, may be easily accounted for bysupposingthe attractions of the simple principles of compound substances. And this doctrine will apply in all instances where the constitution of bodies is known. Predisposing affinity ought not to be considered as the affinity ofnon-existingbodies for each other; but as the mutual affinity of their simple principles, disposing them to assume new arrangements.
[163]Predisposing affinity, the existence of which at first consideration it is difficult to admit, may be easily accounted for bysupposingthe attractions of the simple principles of compound substances. And this doctrine will apply in all instances where the constitution of bodies is known. Predisposing affinity ought not to be considered as the affinity ofnon-existingbodies for each other; but as the mutual affinity of their simple principles, disposing them to assume new arrangements.
[164]See the above mentioned elaborate memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin.
[164]See the above mentioned elaborate memoir of Fourcroy and Vauquelin.
[165]The different persons who have respired nitrous oxide have, as will be seen hereafter, given different accounts of the taste; the greater number have called it sweet, some metallic. One of my friends, in a letter to me dated Nov. 13, 1799, containing a detail of some experiments made on the respiration of nitrous oxide, at Birmingham, denotes the taste of it by the term “sweetish faintly acidulous.” To me the taste both of the gas and of its solution in water, has always appeared faintly sweetish.
[165]The different persons who have respired nitrous oxide have, as will be seen hereafter, given different accounts of the taste; the greater number have called it sweet, some metallic. One of my friends, in a letter to me dated Nov. 13, 1799, containing a detail of some experiments made on the respiration of nitrous oxide, at Birmingham, denotes the taste of it by the term “sweetish faintly acidulous.” To me the taste both of the gas and of its solution in water, has always appeared faintly sweetish.
[166]Section 2.
[166]Section 2.
[167]Vol. ii. pag. 91.
[167]Vol. ii. pag. 91.
[168]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii, part ii. pag. 330. They effected the same change by passing it through a heated tube. Dr. Priestley had published an account of similar experiments more than two years before.
[168]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii, part ii. pag. 330. They effected the same change by passing it through a heated tube. Dr. Priestley had published an account of similar experiments more than two years before.
[169]On the one hand, it decomposes ammoniac into hydrogene and nitrogene, whilst on the other, it converts free oxygene and nitrogene into nitrous acid. It likewise converts nitrous gas into nitrous acid and nitrogene. Till we are more accurately acquainted with the nature of heat, light, and electricity, we shall probably be unable to explain these phænomena.
[169]On the one hand, it decomposes ammoniac into hydrogene and nitrogene, whilst on the other, it converts free oxygene and nitrogene into nitrous acid. It likewise converts nitrous gas into nitrous acid and nitrogene. Till we are more accurately acquainted with the nature of heat, light, and electricity, we shall probably be unable to explain these phænomena.
[170]Vol. ii. pag. 83.
[170]Vol. ii. pag. 83.
[171]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. part 2, pag. 331. They supposed it to consist of about 37,5 oxygene, and 62,5 nitrogene. The nearness of this account to the truth is singular, when we consider that they were neither acquainted with the specific gravity of nitrous oxide, nor with the production of nitrous acid in this experiment.
[171]Journal de Physique, tom. xliii. part 2, pag. 331. They supposed it to consist of about 37,5 oxygene, and 62,5 nitrogene. The nearness of this account to the truth is singular, when we consider that they were neither acquainted with the specific gravity of nitrous oxide, nor with the production of nitrous acid in this experiment.
[172]Experiments on the detonation of nitrous oxide with phosphorus in this way require great attention. The detonating jar should be very conical; the nitrous oxide employed should never equal more than one eighth of the capacity of the jar. The wire for the inflammation must be very thick, and curved so as to be easily introduced into the jar. When ignited, it must be instantaneously passed through the heated mercury into the jar.Perhaps the electric spark might be advantageously applied for detonating phosphoric vapor with nitrous oxide.
[172]Experiments on the detonation of nitrous oxide with phosphorus in this way require great attention. The detonating jar should be very conical; the nitrous oxide employed should never equal more than one eighth of the capacity of the jar. The wire for the inflammation must be very thick, and curved so as to be easily introduced into the jar. When ignited, it must be instantaneously passed through the heated mercury into the jar.
Perhaps the electric spark might be advantageously applied for detonating phosphoric vapor with nitrous oxide.
[173]It will be seen hereafter that these bodies are easily inflamed in nitrous oxide.
[173]It will be seen hereafter that these bodies are easily inflamed in nitrous oxide.
[174]Phosphorus burnt feebly with a white flame in a mixture of 4 nitrogene and 1 nitrous oxide.
[174]Phosphorus burnt feebly with a white flame in a mixture of 4 nitrogene and 1 nitrous oxide.
[175]Journal de Physique, xliii. 328.
[175]Journal de Physique, xliii. 328.
[176]In this experiment, as in the last, dense white vapor was produced.
[176]In this experiment, as in the last, dense white vapor was produced.
[177]Res. I. Div. III. S. II.
[177]Res. I. Div. III. S. II.
[178]Journal de Physique, xliii. 334.
[178]Journal de Physique, xliii. 334.
[179]As is proved by the decomposition of oxide of iron and sulphuric acid by charcoal, at that temperature.
[179]As is proved by the decomposition of oxide of iron and sulphuric acid by charcoal, at that temperature.
[180]Hydrogene at or about the red heat, appears to attract oxygene stronger than phosphorus. See Dr. Priestley’s experiments, vol. i. page 262.
[180]Hydrogene at or about the red heat, appears to attract oxygene stronger than phosphorus. See Dr. Priestley’s experiments, vol. i. page 262.
[181]That attraction must be called chemical, which enables bodies of different specific gravities to unite in such a manner as to produce a compound, in every part of which the constituents are found in the same proportions to each other. Atmospheric air, examined after having been at perfect rest in closed vessels, for a great length of time, contains in every part the same proportions of oxygene and nitrogene; whereas if no affinity existed between these principles, following the laws of specific gravity, they ought to separate; the oxygene forming the inferior, the nitrogene the superior stratum.The supposition of thechemicalcomposition of atmospheric air, has been advanced by many philosophers. The two first evidences have been often noticed.
[181]That attraction must be called chemical, which enables bodies of different specific gravities to unite in such a manner as to produce a compound, in every part of which the constituents are found in the same proportions to each other. Atmospheric air, examined after having been at perfect rest in closed vessels, for a great length of time, contains in every part the same proportions of oxygene and nitrogene; whereas if no affinity existed between these principles, following the laws of specific gravity, they ought to separate; the oxygene forming the inferior, the nitrogene the superior stratum.
The supposition of thechemicalcomposition of atmospheric air, has been advanced by many philosophers. The two first evidences have been often noticed.
[182]For it is unalterable by those bodies which are capable of attracting oxygene from nitrous gas and nitrous acid, at common temperatures.
[182]For it is unalterable by those bodies which are capable of attracting oxygene from nitrous gas and nitrous acid, at common temperatures.
[183]See the curious experiments of Rosier, Journal de Physique, 1786, vol. 1, pag. 419.
[183]See the curious experiments of Rosier, Journal de Physique, 1786, vol. 1, pag. 419.
[184]As appears from the experiments of Dr. Beddoes; likewise those of Mr. Watt.
[184]As appears from the experiments of Dr. Beddoes; likewise those of Mr. Watt.
[185]As appears from the experiments of Lavoisier and Dr. Beddoes; and as will be seen hereafter.
[185]As appears from the experiments of Lavoisier and Dr. Beddoes; and as will be seen hereafter.
[186]The colour of common venous blood, examined in this way, resembles that of the paint called by colour-men red ochre; that of blood saturated with nitrous oxide, approaches to the tinge of lake.
[186]The colour of common venous blood, examined in this way, resembles that of the paint called by colour-men red ochre; that of blood saturated with nitrous oxide, approaches to the tinge of lake.
[187]Small birds suffer much from cold when introduced into gases through water. In this experiment, the goldfinch was immediately inserted into a large mouthed phial, filled with the gases, and opened in the atmosphere.
[187]Small birds suffer much from cold when introduced into gases through water. In this experiment, the goldfinch was immediately inserted into a large mouthed phial, filled with the gases, and opened in the atmosphere.
[188]I use the popular name. This fish is very common in every part of England; it is nearly of the same size and color as the minnow, and is distinguished from it by two small bony excresences at the origin of the belly. It is extremely susceptible.
[188]I use the popular name. This fish is very common in every part of England; it is nearly of the same size and color as the minnow, and is distinguished from it by two small bony excresences at the origin of the belly. It is extremely susceptible.
[189]A priori I expected that fishes, like amphibious animals would have been very quickly destroyed by the action of nitrous oxide.
[189]A priori I expected that fishes, like amphibious animals would have been very quickly destroyed by the action of nitrous oxide.
[190]The hydrocarbonate employed, was procured from alcohol, by means of sulphuric acid. This gas contains more carbon, than hydrocarbonate from water and charcoal.
[190]The hydrocarbonate employed, was procured from alcohol, by means of sulphuric acid. This gas contains more carbon, than hydrocarbonate from water and charcoal.
[191]The curious fact of the reddening of venous blood by hydrocarbonate, was discovered by Dr. Beddoes.
[191]The curious fact of the reddening of venous blood by hydrocarbonate, was discovered by Dr. Beddoes.
[192]By lungs, I mean in this place, all the internal organs of respiration.
[192]By lungs, I mean in this place, all the internal organs of respiration.
[193]Because these products are formed during the respiration of common air.
[193]Because these products are formed during the respiration of common air.
[194]Annales de Chimie, vol. 1, page 279.
[194]Annales de Chimie, vol. 1, page 279.
[195]This is only an imperfect approximation; the ratio of the increase of expansibility of gases to the increase of temperature, has not yet been ascertained. It is probable that the expansibility of gases is altered by their mixture.
[195]This is only an imperfect approximation; the ratio of the increase of expansibility of gases to the increase of temperature, has not yet been ascertained. It is probable that the expansibility of gases is altered by their mixture.
[196]For there is no reason to suppose the production of nitrogene.
[196]For there is no reason to suppose the production of nitrogene.
[197]This capacity is most probably below the medium, my chest is narrow, measuring in circumference, but 29 inches, and my neck rather long and slender.
[197]This capacity is most probably below the medium, my chest is narrow, measuring in circumference, but 29 inches, and my neck rather long and slender.
[198]Dr. Goodwyn in his excellent work on the connexion of life with respiration, has detailed some experiments on the capacity of the lungs after natural expiration. He makes the medium capacity about 109 cubic inches, which agrees very well with my estimation.—page 27.
[198]Dr. Goodwyn in his excellent work on the connexion of life with respiration, has detailed some experiments on the capacity of the lungs after natural expiration. He makes the medium capacity about 109 cubic inches, which agrees very well with my estimation.—page 27.
[199]The oxygene as we have before noticed, most probably wholly existed in the residual gas.
[199]The oxygene as we have before noticed, most probably wholly existed in the residual gas.
[200]When they are agitated, a greater proportion of nitrous gas is absorbed, condensed in the nitric acid by the water; and to find the oxygene,(50 -m)(50 -m)x=———— or————(3,4)(3,5)
[200]When they are agitated, a greater proportion of nitrous gas is absorbed, condensed in the nitric acid by the water; and to find the oxygene,
[201]The diminution of air by single inspirations, was particularly noticed by Dr. Goodwyn.
[201]The diminution of air by single inspirations, was particularly noticed by Dr. Goodwyn.
[202]Dr. Priestley found that it likewise became florid at the surface when covered by milk; but that it underwent little or no alteration of color under water and most other fluids.—Vol. 3. p. 372.
[202]Dr. Priestley found that it likewise became florid at the surface when covered by milk; but that it underwent little or no alteration of color under water and most other fluids.—Vol. 3. p. 372.
[203]There are many analogous decompositions. Dr. Priestley noticed (and I have often made the observation) that green oxide of iron, or the precipitate from pale green sulphate of iron by caustic alkali, became red at the surface, when covered by a thick stratum of water. In my experiments on the green muriate and sulphate of iron, I observed that part of some dark oxide of iron which was at the bottom of a trough of water 9 inches deep, became red at the surface nearly in the same time as another portion of the same precipitation that was exposed to the atmosphere. This oxygenation must depend upon the decomposition of atmospheric air constantly dissolved by the water.
[203]There are many analogous decompositions. Dr. Priestley noticed (and I have often made the observation) that green oxide of iron, or the precipitate from pale green sulphate of iron by caustic alkali, became red at the surface, when covered by a thick stratum of water. In my experiments on the green muriate and sulphate of iron, I observed that part of some dark oxide of iron which was at the bottom of a trough of water 9 inches deep, became red at the surface nearly in the same time as another portion of the same precipitation that was exposed to the atmosphere. This oxygenation must depend upon the decomposition of atmospheric air constantly dissolved by the water.
[204]Dr. Mitchill attempted to prove from some phænomena connected with contagious diseases, that dephlogisticated nitrous gas which he called oxide of septon, was the principle of contagion, and capable of producing the most terrible effects when respired by animals in the minutest quantities or even when applied to the skin or muscular fibre.
[204]Dr. Mitchill attempted to prove from some phænomena connected with contagious diseases, that dephlogisticated nitrous gas which he called oxide of septon, was the principle of contagion, and capable of producing the most terrible effects when respired by animals in the minutest quantities or even when applied to the skin or muscular fibre.
[205]I did not attempt to experiment upon animals, because they die nearly in equal times in non-respirable gases, and gases incapable of supporting life and possessed of no action on the venous blood.
[205]I did not attempt to experiment upon animals, because they die nearly in equal times in non-respirable gases, and gases incapable of supporting life and possessed of no action on the venous blood.
[206]Dr. Beddoes has given some account of this experiment, in his Notice of some observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution. It was noticed in Mr. Nicholson’s Phil. Journal for May 1799.
[206]Dr. Beddoes has given some account of this experiment, in his Notice of some observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution. It was noticed in Mr. Nicholson’s Phil. Journal for May 1799.
[207]Mild physical pleasure is perhaps always destructive to action. Almost all our powerful voluntary actions, arise either from hope, fear, or desire; and the most powerful from desire, which is an emotion produced by the coalescence of hope or ideal pleasure with physical pain.
[207]Mild physical pleasure is perhaps always destructive to action. Almost all our powerful voluntary actions, arise either from hope, fear, or desire; and the most powerful from desire, which is an emotion produced by the coalescence of hope or ideal pleasure with physical pain.
[208]Pure hydrogene has been often respired by different Philosophers, particularly by Scheele, Fontana, and the adventurous and unfortunate Rosier.
[208]Pure hydrogene has been often respired by different Philosophers, particularly by Scheele, Fontana, and the adventurous and unfortunate Rosier.
[209]I believe it had never been breathed before by any individual, in a state so little diluted.
[209]I believe it had never been breathed before by any individual, in a state so little diluted.
[210]I ought to observe, that between eight and ten, I took by the advice of Dr. Beddoes, two or three doses of diluted nitric acid.
[210]I ought to observe, that between eight and ten, I took by the advice of Dr. Beddoes, two or three doses of diluted nitric acid.
[211]By whatever cause the exhaustion of organs is produced, pain is almost uniformly connected with their returning health. Pain is rarely ever perceived in limbs debilitated by fatigue till after they have been for some hours at rest. Pain is uniformly connected with the recovery from the debility induced by typhus, often with the recovery from that produced by the stimulation of opium and alcohol.
[211]By whatever cause the exhaustion of organs is produced, pain is almost uniformly connected with their returning health. Pain is rarely ever perceived in limbs debilitated by fatigue till after they have been for some hours at rest. Pain is uniformly connected with the recovery from the debility induced by typhus, often with the recovery from that produced by the stimulation of opium and alcohol.
[212]Carbonic acid is produced in this way in a high state of purity, and with great readiness.
[212]Carbonic acid is produced in this way in a high state of purity, and with great readiness.
[213]Carbonic acid possesses no action on arterial blood. Hence perhaps, its slight effects when breathed mingled with large quantities of common air. Its effects are very marked upon venous blood! If it were thrown forcibly into the lungs of animals, the momentary application of it to the pulmonary venous blood would probably destroy life.
[213]Carbonic acid possesses no action on arterial blood. Hence perhaps, its slight effects when breathed mingled with large quantities of common air. Its effects are very marked upon venous blood! If it were thrown forcibly into the lungs of animals, the momentary application of it to the pulmonary venous blood would probably destroy life.
[214]In a conversation with Mr. Watt, relating to the powers of gases, that excellent philosopher told me he had for some time entertained a suspicion, that the effects attributed to oxygene produced from manganese by heat, in some measure depended upon nitrous acid suspended in the gas, formed during ignition by the union of some of the oxygene of the manganese with nitrogene likewise condensed in it.In the course of experiments on nitrous acid, detailed inResearch I. made in September, October, and December, 1799, I several times experienced a severe oppression on the chest and difficulty of respiration, not unanalogous to that produced by oxygene, but much more violent, from breathing an atmosphere loaded with nitrous acid vapour. This fact seemed to confirm Mr. Watt’s suspicion. I confess, however, that I have never been able to detect any smell of nitrous acid, either by means of my own organs or those of others, during the production of oxygene; when the gas is suffered to pass into the atmosphere. The oxygene breathed in the experiments detailed in the text, had been for some days in contact with water.
[214]In a conversation with Mr. Watt, relating to the powers of gases, that excellent philosopher told me he had for some time entertained a suspicion, that the effects attributed to oxygene produced from manganese by heat, in some measure depended upon nitrous acid suspended in the gas, formed during ignition by the union of some of the oxygene of the manganese with nitrogene likewise condensed in it.
In the course of experiments on nitrous acid, detailed inResearch I. made in September, October, and December, 1799, I several times experienced a severe oppression on the chest and difficulty of respiration, not unanalogous to that produced by oxygene, but much more violent, from breathing an atmosphere loaded with nitrous acid vapour. This fact seemed to confirm Mr. Watt’s suspicion. I confess, however, that I have never been able to detect any smell of nitrous acid, either by means of my own organs or those of others, during the production of oxygene; when the gas is suffered to pass into the atmosphere. The oxygene breathed in the experiments detailed in the text, had been for some days in contact with water.
[215]In the same manner as the debility from intoxication by two bottles of wine is increased by a third.
[215]In the same manner as the debility from intoxication by two bottles of wine is increased by a third.
[216]I ought to observe that my usual drink is water, that I had been little accustomed to take wine or spirits, and had never been compleatly intoxicated but once before in the course of my life. This will account for the powerful effects of a single bottle of wine.
[216]I ought to observe that my usual drink is water, that I had been little accustomed to take wine or spirits, and had never been compleatly intoxicated but once before in the course of my life. This will account for the powerful effects of a single bottle of wine.
[217]The plan of this box was communicated by Mr. Watt. An account of it will be detailed in theResearches.
[217]The plan of this box was communicated by Mr. Watt. An account of it will be detailed in theResearches.
[218]The nitrous oxide was too diluted to act much; it was mingled with near 32 times its bulk of atmospheric air.
[218]The nitrous oxide was too diluted to act much; it was mingled with near 32 times its bulk of atmospheric air.
[219]In all these experiments after the first minute, my cheeks became purple.
[219]In all these experiments after the first minute, my cheeks became purple.
[220]Physical pleasure and pain generally occur connected with a compound impression, i. e. an organ and some object. When the idea left by the compound impression, is called up by being linked accidentally to some other idea or impression, no recurrence, or the slightest possible, of the pleasure or pain in any form will take place. But when the compound impression itself existswithoutthe physical pleasure or pain, it will awaken ideal or intellectual pleasure or pain, i. e. hope or fear. So that physical pleasure and pain are to hope and fear, what impressions are to ideas. For instance, assuming no accidental association, the child does not fear the fire before he is burnt. When he puts his finger to the fire he feels the physical pain of burning, which is connected with a visible compound impression, the fire and his finger. Now when the compound idea of the fire and his finger, left by the compound impression are called up by his mother, saying, “You have burnt your finger,” nothing like fear or the pain of burning is connected with it. But when the finger is brought near the fire, i. e. when the compound impression again exists, the ideal pain of burning or the passion of fear is awakened, and it becomes connected with those very actions which removed the finger from the fire.
[220]Physical pleasure and pain generally occur connected with a compound impression, i. e. an organ and some object. When the idea left by the compound impression, is called up by being linked accidentally to some other idea or impression, no recurrence, or the slightest possible, of the pleasure or pain in any form will take place. But when the compound impression itself existswithoutthe physical pleasure or pain, it will awaken ideal or intellectual pleasure or pain, i. e. hope or fear. So that physical pleasure and pain are to hope and fear, what impressions are to ideas. For instance, assuming no accidental association, the child does not fear the fire before he is burnt. When he puts his finger to the fire he feels the physical pain of burning, which is connected with a visible compound impression, the fire and his finger. Now when the compound idea of the fire and his finger, left by the compound impression are called up by his mother, saying, “You have burnt your finger,” nothing like fear or the pain of burning is connected with it. But when the finger is brought near the fire, i. e. when the compound impression again exists, the ideal pain of burning or the passion of fear is awakened, and it becomes connected with those very actions which removed the finger from the fire.
[221]Notice of some Observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution.
[221]Notice of some Observations made at the Medical Pneumatic Institution.
[222]In some of these experiments, hearing was rendered more acute.
[222]In some of these experiments, hearing was rendered more acute.
[223]Dr. Mitchill (an American Chemist) has erroneously supposed its full admission to the lungs, in its concentrated state, to be incompatible with animal life, and that in a more diluted form it operates as a principal agent in the production of contagious diseases, &c. This gratuitous position is thus unqualifiedly affirmed. “If a full inspiration of gaseous oxyd be made, there will be a sudden extinction of life; and this accordingly accounts for the fact related by Russel (History of Aleppo, p. 232.) and confirmed by other observers, of many persons falling down dead suddenly, when struck with the contagion of the plague.”Vide Remarks on the Gaseous Oxyd of Azote, by Samuel Latham Mitchill, M. D.
[223]Dr. Mitchill (an American Chemist) has erroneously supposed its full admission to the lungs, in its concentrated state, to be incompatible with animal life, and that in a more diluted form it operates as a principal agent in the production of contagious diseases, &c. This gratuitous position is thus unqualifiedly affirmed. “If a full inspiration of gaseous oxyd be made, there will be a sudden extinction of life; and this accordingly accounts for the fact related by Russel (History of Aleppo, p. 232.) and confirmed by other observers, of many persons falling down dead suddenly, when struck with the contagion of the plague.”
Vide Remarks on the Gaseous Oxyd of Azote, by Samuel Latham Mitchill, M. D.
[224]In the former experiments, Mr. Southey generally respired six quarts, now he is unable to consume two.In an experiment made since this paper was drawn up, the effect was rather pleasurable.
[224]In the former experiments, Mr. Southey generally respired six quarts, now he is unable to consume two.
In an experiment made since this paper was drawn up, the effect was rather pleasurable.
[225]The doses in these experiments were from five to seven quarts.
[225]The doses in these experiments were from five to seven quarts.
[226]Of the facts on which Brown founded his law of indirect debility, no prudent man will lose sight either in practising or studying medicine. They are incontrovertible.—And our new facts may doubtless be conciliated to the Brunonian doctrine.But to suppose that the expenditure of a quality or a substance or a spirit, and its renewal or accumulation are the general principles of animal phænomena, seems to me a grievous and baneful error. I believe it often happens that excitement and excitability increase, and that they oftener decrease together;—In short, without generalizing in a manner, of which Brown and similar theorists had no conception, our notions of the living world will in my opinion, continue to be as confused as the elements are said to have been in chaos. On some future occasion, I may presume to point out the region through which I imagine the path to wind, that will lead the observers of some distant generation to a point, whence they may enjoy a view of the subtle, busy and intricate movements of the organic creation as clear as Newton obtained of the movements of the heavenly masses.
[226]Of the facts on which Brown founded his law of indirect debility, no prudent man will lose sight either in practising or studying medicine. They are incontrovertible.—And our new facts may doubtless be conciliated to the Brunonian doctrine.
But to suppose that the expenditure of a quality or a substance or a spirit, and its renewal or accumulation are the general principles of animal phænomena, seems to me a grievous and baneful error. I believe it often happens that excitement and excitability increase, and that they oftener decrease together;—In short, without generalizing in a manner, of which Brown and similar theorists had no conception, our notions of the living world will in my opinion, continue to be as confused as the elements are said to have been in chaos. On some future occasion, I may presume to point out the region through which I imagine the path to wind, that will lead the observers of some distant generation to a point, whence they may enjoy a view of the subtle, busy and intricate movements of the organic creation as clear as Newton obtained of the movements of the heavenly masses.
[227]After writing this, I was present when an invalid, in whose foot the gout, after much wandering, had at last fixed, breathed 12 quarts of oxygene gas. While breathing, he eagerly pointed to the inflamed leg; and afterwards said he had felt in it a new sensation, somewhat like tension.—I never had seen oxygene respired where there was so much local inflammation.June 18. After four quarts of oxygene with 6 of nitrous oxide and then 6 of nitrous oxide alone, violent itching of the wounds made by the leech; and redness and tumour.—Both had healed, and I did not expect to feel any thing more from them.—I tried this again with two doses of nitrous oxide—The yellow halo round one wound changed to crimson, and there was so much stinging and swelling that I feared suppuration.—Absorption here was rapid.
[227]After writing this, I was present when an invalid, in whose foot the gout, after much wandering, had at last fixed, breathed 12 quarts of oxygene gas. While breathing, he eagerly pointed to the inflamed leg; and afterwards said he had felt in it a new sensation, somewhat like tension.—I never had seen oxygene respired where there was so much local inflammation.
June 18. After four quarts of oxygene with 6 of nitrous oxide and then 6 of nitrous oxide alone, violent itching of the wounds made by the leech; and redness and tumour.—Both had healed, and I did not expect to feel any thing more from them.—I tried this again with two doses of nitrous oxide—The yellow halo round one wound changed to crimson, and there was so much stinging and swelling that I feared suppuration.—Absorption here was rapid.
[228]See Dr. Beddoes’sConsiderations,part1.page26. His observations in the note in the last section, will likewise apply here.—Is not healthy living action dependant upon a certain equilibrium between the principles supplied to the blood by the pulmonary veins from respiration and by the lymphatics from absorption? Does not sensibility more immediately depend upon respiration? Deprive an animal under stimulation, of air, and it instantly dies; probably if absorption could be prevented, it would likewise speedily die. It would be curious to try whether intoxication from fermented liquors cannot be prevented by breathing during their operation, an atmosphere deprived of part of its oxygene.
[228]See Dr. Beddoes’sConsiderations,part1.page26. His observations in the note in the last section, will likewise apply here.—Is not healthy living action dependant upon a certain equilibrium between the principles supplied to the blood by the pulmonary veins from respiration and by the lymphatics from absorption? Does not sensibility more immediately depend upon respiration? Deprive an animal under stimulation, of air, and it instantly dies; probably if absorption could be prevented, it would likewise speedily die. It would be curious to try whether intoxication from fermented liquors cannot be prevented by breathing during their operation, an atmosphere deprived of part of its oxygene.
[229]Sublime emotion with regard to natural objects, is generally produced by the connection of the pleasure of beauty with the passion of fear.
[229]Sublime emotion with regard to natural objects, is generally produced by the connection of the pleasure of beauty with the passion of fear.