Chapter 34

[1062]There is no direct authority for this particularcensusearlier than the Principate. The fact that acensus, approximating to or identical with the equestrian, was required forjudicesunder the Gracchan law, and the specification that these should not be senators or members of senatorial families, led to these judges being called “knights.” They were selected from a class practically identical with that of theequites equo privato.[1063]Cic.pro Cluent.48, 134.[1064]Suet.Claud.16.[1065]Val. Max. ii. 9, 7.[1066]Cic.de Rep.iv. 2, 2. So Pompeius, a consul who had never been a senator (70B.C.), claims and obtains his discharge before he enters on his office (Plut.Pomp.22).[1067]Plut.C. Gracch.2. See p. 184.[1068]Liv. xxvii. 11 (209B.C.) “(Censores) addiderunt acerbitati (the deprivation of the public horse) etiam tempus, ne praeterita stipendia procederent eis, quae equo publico meruerant, sed dena stipendia equis privatis facerent.”[1069]Gell. iv. 12; Festus p. 108.[1070]Cic.pro Cluent.48, 134; Liv. xxix. 37. Removal from the ranks is described as a deprivation of the horse (adimere equum, Liv. xxiv. 18, xli. 2, 7).[1071]A fragment of a censorian edict of 92B.C.directed against the “Latini rhetores” has been preserved. It contains the words “Haec nova, quae praeter consuetudinem ac morem majorum fiunt, neque placent neque recta videntur” (Suet.de Clar. Rhet.1; Gell. xv. 11, 2).[1072]“Judex domesticus,” “domesticus magistratus” (Sen.Controv.ii. 3;de Benef.iii. 11).[1073]Cic.de Rep.iv. 6, 16 “Nec vero mulieribus praefectus praeponatur, qui apud Graecos creari solet; sed sit censor qui viros doceat moderari uxoribus.”[1074]Dionys. xx. 13.[1075]p. 55.[1076]Dionys. l.c.[1077]Festus p. 344.[1078]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “coelibes esse prohibento.”[1079]Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillus et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem coelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”[1080]Liv. xxxix. 19.[1081]Cic.Phil.ii. 28, 69.[1082]Val. Max. ii. 9, 2 “M. Val. Maximus et C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus censores ... L. Annium senatu moverunt, quod, quam virginem in matrimonium duxerat, repudiasset, nullo amicorum in consilio adhibito.”[1083]Plin.H. N.xviii. 3, 11.[1084]Plut.Ti. Gracch.14; Val. Max. ii. 9, 4. For excessive taxation imposed on articles of luxury see Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut.Cat. Maj.18; and p. 221.[1085]Cf. Gell. v. 13 “M. Cato in oratione, quam dixit apud censores in Lentulum, ita scripsit: ‘quod majores sanctius habuere defendi pupillos quam clientem non fallere.’”[1086]GreenidgeInfamia in Roman Lawp. 67.[1087]Even amateur performances might call down thenota. See Suet.Dom.8 (Domitian) “suscepta correctione morum ... quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur, movit senatu.”[1088]Thelex Julia Municipalisexcludes them, like actors, from the municipal senate; thelex Acilia repetundarumfrom the bench ofjudices.[1089]Suet.Aug.39 “notavitque aliquos quod, pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati, graviori foenore collocassent.”[1090]Plut.Cat. Maj.17;C. Gracch.2.[1091]Gell. xiv. 7 “opus etiam censorium fecisse existimatos, per quos eo tempore (i.e. at an unlawful time) senatus consultum factum esset.”[1092]Cic.de Div.i. 16, 29 “Appius ... censor C. Ateium (tribune 55B.C.) notavit, quod ementitum auspicia subscriberet.”[1093]Val. Max. ii. 9, 5 “M. autem Antonius et L. Flaccus censores (97B.C.) Duronium senatu moverunt, quod legem de coercendis conviviorum sumptibus latam tribunus plebi abrogaverat.”[1094]Cic.pro Cluent.42, 119; 43, 121; Suet.Dom.8.[1095]Liv. xxiv. 18; xxvii. 11 and 25.[1096]In 204B.C.the censor M. Livius disfranchised for the purposes of thecomitia centuriata(aerarios reliquit) thirty-four out of the thirty-five tribes “quod et innocentem se condemnassent et condemnatum consulem et censorem fecissent” (Liv. xxix. 37).[1097]Lex Jul Munic.l. 120.[1098]Cic.de Off.iii. 31, 111 “indicant (the sanctity of the oath in former times) notiones animadversionesque censorum, qui nulla de re diligentius quam de jure jurando judicabant.”[1099]To this form of disqualification the name “mediateinfamia” has been given by modern jurists.[1100]Cic.pro Cluent.42, 120 “quos autem ipsi L. Gellius et Cn. Lentulus duo censores ... furti et captarum pecuniarum nomine notaverunt, ii non modo in senatum redierunt. sed etiam illarum ipsarum rerum judiciis absoluti sunt.”[1101]Liv. xxix. 37 (in 204B.C., Claudius Nero) “M. Livium (his colleague), quia populi judicio esset damnatus, equum vendere jussit.”[1102]It enacted “ut quem populus damnasset cuive imperium abrogasset in senatu ne esset” (Ascon.in Cornelian.p. 78).[1103]Dio Cass. xxxvi. 21.[1104]Liv. xlv. 15 “omnes iidem ab utroque et tribu remoti et aerarii facti”; xliv. 16 “tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus”; xxvii. 11; xxix. 37 “aerarios reliquit.”[1105]See GreenidgeInfamia in Roman Lawpp. 106-110. Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. pp. 402 ff.) makes the expressionstribu movereandin aerarios referreidentical after 312B.C.and interprets both as signifying the removal from a higher to a lower tribe.[1106]Liv. i. 44; Dionys. iv. 22.[1107]At eachlustrum votawere offered “quae in proximum lustrum suscipi mos est” (Suet.Aug.97). Before the censorship of Scipio Aemilianus it had been the custom to pray “ut populi Romani res meliores amplioresque facerent”; after it, on his initiative, “ut eas perpetuo incolumes servent” (Val. Max. iv. 1, 10).[1108]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 19, 50 and 51; 29, 81. The leases were sometimes of considerable duration (Hyginus p. 116 Lachm. “Ex hoste capti agri postquam divisi sunt per centurias ... qui superfuerunt agri vectigalibus subjecti sunt, alii per annos [quinos], alii per annos centenos pluresve: finito illo tempore iterum veneunt locanturque ita ut vectigalibus est consuetudo”).[1109]e.g. alex censoriaenjoined that not more than five thousand workmen should be employed in the gold mines of Vercellae by the contractor who worked them (Plin.H.N.xxxiii. 78).[1110]The jurists inform us that this is the true sense ofpublicanus; theconductoresare onlypublicanorum loco(Dig.39, 4, 12, 13). In common parlance, however, both arepublicani, and this usage is etymologically justifiable, since they are both concerned with apublicum, a word which denotes state revenue and state service (Dig.39, 4, 1; Tac.Ann.xiii. 51; Liv. xxiii. 49, 1).[1111]Vectigal(ἀποφορά Plut.Ti. Gracch.8; cf. App.B.C.i. 7). In the case of pasture land it was calledscriptura(Festus p. 833).[1112]Lex agrarial. 85 “ex lege dicta, quam ... censores ... deixerunt, publicano dare oportuit.”[1113]Cic.in Verr.ii. 26, 63; 60, 147; iii. 7, 18.[1114]ib. iii. 6, 12 and 14.[1115]Polyb. vi. 17. The Senate can συμπτώματος γενομένου κουφίσαι καὶ τὸ παράπαν ἀδυνάτου τινὸς συμβάντος ἀπολῦσαι τῆς ἐργωνίας. Cf. the section on the Senate’s control of property. In 169 and 59B.C.we find the people releasing from an oppressive contract (Liv. xliii. 16; App.B.C.ii. 13).[1116]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “templa, vias, aquas ... tuento”;ad Fam.xiii. 11, 1 “sarta tecta (i.e. the repairs of walls and roofs) aedium sacrarum locorumque communium tueri.”[1117]Cf. Liv. xxxix. 44 “ultro tributa infimis (pretiis) locaverunt.”[1118]ib. xliv. 16 “ad opera publica facienda cum eis (censoribus) dimidium ex vectigalibus ejus anni attributum ex senatus consulto a quaestoribus esset”; xl. 46 “censoribus deinde postulantibus ut pecuniae summa sibi, qua in opera publica uterentur, attribueretur, vectigal annuum decretum est.”[1119]Lex Jul. Munic.l. 73; Liv. xxxix. 44 (quoted n. 2).[1120]Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 446) takes the phrase to mean something “voluntarily granted” by the Senate to the magistrate.[1121]Liv. xxxix. 44. The later tendency, however, was for such public rights to be protected by the praetor’s interdicts.[1122]ib. xl. 51 “complura sacella publica quae fuerant occupata a privatis publica sacraque ut essent paterentque populo curarunt.”[1123]ib. xliii. 16 “censores ad pignora capienda miserunt multamque pro contione privato dixerunt.”[1124]Lex agrariall. 35, 36.[1125]ib.[1126]p. 208.[1127]p. 93.[1128]p. 94.[1129]pp. 95 ff.[1130]p. 190.[1131]p. 162.[1132]p. 126.[1133]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 7, 17 “toties legibus agrariis curatores constituti sunt triumviri quinqueviri decemviri.” Cf. ib. ii. 12, 31 “eodem jure ... quo habuerunt (pullarios) tresviri lege Sempronia.”[1134]ib. ii. 7, 16 “jubet enim (the agrarian law of Rullus) tribunum plebis, qui eam legem tulerit, creare decemviros per tribus septemdecim, ut, quem novem tribus fecerint, is decemvir sit.”[1135]pp. 174, 177.[1136]The nature of the Sullan limitations is unknown. Caesar says “Sullam nudata omnibus rebus tribunicia potestate tamen intercessionem liberam reliquisse” (B.C.i. 7), and Cicero “Sullam probo, qui tribunis plebis sua lege injuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit, auxilii ferendi reliquerit” (de Leg.iii. 9, 22). He probably formulated cases in which it could not be employed. There are instances of the tribunician veto between 81B.C.and 70B.C., the date of the restoration of the tribune’s power. See Momms.Staatsr.ii p. 308 nn. 1 and 2.[1137]p. 162.[1138]p. 182.[1139]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6.[1140]Festus p. 233; Dio Cass. liv. 26.[1141]Liv.Ep.xi.[1142]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6; Sall.Cat.55.[1143]Val. Max. vi. 1, 10; Cic.pro Cluent.13, 38.[1144]Ascon.in Milon.p. 38.[1145]Plaut.Amph.l. 1, 3.[1146]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 30. The full official title which first appears in 44B.C.isa(uro)a(rgento)a(ere)f(lando)f(eriundo). For this title and its variants see Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 602 n. 3.[1147]Momms.Staatsr.ii p. 601.[1148]Verbally the second title might, and perhaps should, refer to theviaeof Italy. But the office is probably an urban magistracy. See ib. p. 604.[1149]Liv. iii. 55.[1150]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6. For their jurisdiction in cases of freedom in the Ciceronian period see Cic.pro Caec.39, 97;pro Domo29, 78.[1151]Festus p. 233.[1152]p. 207.[1153]This was the case with C. Claudius Pulcher (C.I.L.i. p. 279), C. Junius (Cic.pro Cluent.29, 79), and C. Julius Caesar (Suet.Caes.11).[1154]p. 189.[1155]Cic.pro Cluent.33, 91.[1156]Mommsen inclines to think that the office followed as a matter of course on the aedileship (Staatsr.ii. p. 590).[1157]p. 155.[1158]Liv. ix. 30.[1159]p. 234.[1160]p. 43.[1161]p. 102.[1162]p. 126.[1163]Cic.pro Caec.33, 95; cf.pro Domo40, 106 “Quae tua fuit consecratio? Tuleram, inquit, ut mihi liceret. Quid? Non exceperas ut, si quid jus non esset rogari, ne esset rogatum?”[1164]Valerius Probus gives the formula which emphasises this religious aspect of the saving clause. It wassi quid sacri sancti est quod non jure sit rogatum, ejus hac lege nihil rogatur.[1165]See p. 107.[1166]Cic.pro Domo20, 53 “quae (est) sententia Caeciliae legis et Didiae nisi haec, ne populo necesse sit in conjunctis rebus compluribus aut id quod nolit accipere aut id quod velit repudiare?” The principle had existed as early as thelex Acilia Repetundarumof 122 (l. 72). See MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 336.[1167]Liv. viii. 23.[1168]ib. ix. 42. Compare, however, x. 22 (296B.C.), where theplebiscitumand thesenatus consultumare both mentioned in connexion with the prorogation of the command of L. Volumnius. For the recognition of theimperiumof the consul for a single day to enable him to triumph, see p. 158.[1169]Liv. xxxviii. 54-60.[1170]ib. xlii. 21 and 22.[1171]Cic.de Fin.ii. 16, 54.[1172]Thequaestio Mamiliaof 110B.C.(Sall.Jug.40).[1173]p. 14.[1174]Thelex Plautia Papiria(Cic.pro Arch.4, 7; see p. 311) was the work of two tribunes.[1175]Cic.pro Balbo21, 48 “lege Appuleia ... qua lege Saturninus C. Mario tulerat, ut in singulas colonias ternos cives Romanos facere posset.”[1176]ib. 8, 19 “lege quam L. Gellius Cn. Cornelius (coss. 72B.C.) ex senatus sententia tulerunt ... videmus satis esse sanctum ut cives Romani sint ii, quos Cn. Pompeius de consilii sententia singillatim civitate donaverit.”[1177]Val. Max. v. 2, 8 “(C. Marius) duas ... Camertium cohortes mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentis in ipsa acie adversus condicionem foederis civitate donavit.”[1178]Momms.Staatsr.iii. p. 135 n. 5.[1179]Cic.pro Caec.35, 101.[1180]Liv. xxvi. 33 (speech of M. Atilius Regulus) “‘Per senatum agi de Campanis, qui cives Romani sunt, injussu populo non video posse. Idque et apud majores nostros in Satricanis factum est (319B.C.) cum defecissent, ut M. Antistius tribunus plebis prius rogationem ferret scisceretque plebs uti senatui de Satricanis sententiae dicendae jus esset. Itaque censeo cum tribunis plebis agendum esse ut eorum unus pluresve rogationem ferant ad plebem qua nobis statuendi de Campanis jus fiat.’ L. Atilius tribunus plebis ex auctoritate senatus plebem in haec verba rogavit ... Plebes sic jussit, ‘Quod senatus juratus, maxima pars, censeat, qui adsidetis, id volumus jubemusque.’”[1181]ib. xxxviii. 36 “edocti populi esse, non senatus, jus suffragii quibus velit impertiri, destiterunt incepto.”[1182]p. 229.[1183]Liv. xlv. 15 (169B.C.; on the proposal of the censor Sempronius to disfranchise the freedmen, his colleague Claudius) “negabat ... suffragii lationem injussu populi censorem cuiquam homini, nedum ordini universo adimere posse: neque enim, si tribu movere posset, quod sit nihil aliud quam mutare jubere tribum, ideo omnibus quinque et triginta tribubus emovere posse, id est civitatem libertatemque eripere.”[1184]In Liv. vii. 16 (357B.C.) we find the account of the creation of thevicesima manumissionisby thecomitia tributa populi.[1185]This change was effected by alex Aebutia(Gell. xvi. 10, 8; Gaius iv. 30).[1186]p. 205.[1187]The fullestpraescriptiowhich has been preserved is that of thelex Quinctia de aquaeductibus, a consular law of 9B.C.(Frontinusde aquaeductibus129). It runs: “T. Quinctius Crispinus consul populum jure rogavit populusque jure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi Juli pr(idie) [k] Julias. Tribus Sergia principium fuit, pro tribu Sex.... L. f. Virro [primus scivit].”[1188]UlpianReg. praef.2 “Minus quam perfecta lex est, quae vetat aliquid fieri et, si factum sit, non rescindit, sed poenam injungit ei qui contra legem fecit.” The Licinio-Sextian agrarian law of 367 was apparently of this kind.[1189]Macrob.Comm. in Somn. Scip.ii. 17, 13 “inter leges quoque illa imperfecta dicitur, in qua nulla deviantibus poena sancitur.”[1190]Cic.ad Att.iii. 23, 2 “alteram caput est tralaticium de impunitatesi quid contra alias leges ejus legis ergo factum sit.”[1191]Ulpianop. cit.3 “Lex aut rogatur, id est, fertur; aut abrogatur, id est, prior lex tollitur; aut derogatur, id est, pars primae (legis) tollitur; aut subrogatur, id est, adjicitur aliquid primae legi; aut obrogatur, id est, mutatur aliquid ex prima lege.” Cf. the clause in a law cited by Cicero (ad Att.iii. 23, 3) “si quid in hac rogatione scriptum est, quod per leges plebisve scita promulgare, abrogare, derogare, obrogare sine fraude sua non liceat.”[1192]Cic. l.c. 23, 2 “neque enim ulla (lex) est, quae non ipsa se saepiat difficultate abrogationis. Sed, cum lex abrogatur, illud ipsum abrogatur, quo modo eam abrogari [non] oporteat.”[1193]p. 239.[1194]See the section on the Senate.[1195]Livy describes a controversy whether from this point of view an armistice (indutiae) rested on a level with apax: (iv. 30) “cum Veientibus ... indutiae, ... non pax facta ... ante diem rebellaverant ... controversia inde fuit utrum populi jussu indiceretur bellum an satis esset senatus consultum. Pervicere tribuni ... ut Quinctius consul de bello ad populum ferret: omnes centuriae jussere.”[1196]Polyb. vi. 14 ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) βουλεύεται καὶ πολέμου.[1197]MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 343.[1198]See the section on the Senate.[1199]Polyb. i. 62 (agreement between Lutatius Catulus and the Carthaginians in 241B.C.) ἐπὶ τοῖσδε φιλίαν εἶναι Καρχηδονίοις καὶ Ῥωμαίοις, ἐὰν καὶ τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων συνδοκῇ. The people rejected the treaty, but it was subsequently maintained that, but for this saving clause, it would have been binding (ib. iii. 29).[1200]ib. vi. 14 καὶ μὴν περὶ συμμαχίας καὶ διαλύσεως καὶ συνθηκῶν οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) ἐστιν ὁ βεβαιῶν ἒκαστα τούτων καὶ κύρια ποιῶν ἢ τοὐναντίον.[1201]Liv. xxix. 12 (205B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “jusserunt ... omnes tribus”; xxx. 43 (201B.C., peace with Carthage) “De pace ... omnes tribus jusserunt”; xxxiii. 25 (196B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “ea rogatio in Capitolio ad plebem lata est. Omnes quinque et triginta tribus, uti rogas jusserunt.”[1202]So on the conclusion of the second Punic war (Liv. xxx. 43 “M’. Acilius et Q. Minucius tribuni plebis ad populum tulerunt ‘Vellent juberentne senatum decernere ut cum Carthaginiensibus pax fieret, et quem eam pacem dare quemque ex Africa exercitum deportare juberent’”).[1203]Seelex Antonia de Termessibus(BrunsFontes).[1204]p. 47.[1205]p. 187.[1206]p. 63.[1207]See below on the competence of theconcilium plebis.

[1063]Cic.pro Cluent.48, 134.

[1064]Suet.Claud.16.

[1065]Val. Max. ii. 9, 7.

[1066]Cic.de Rep.iv. 2, 2. So Pompeius, a consul who had never been a senator (70B.C.), claims and obtains his discharge before he enters on his office (Plut.Pomp.22).

[1067]Plut.C. Gracch.2. See p. 184.

[1068]Liv. xxvii. 11 (209B.C.) “(Censores) addiderunt acerbitati (the deprivation of the public horse) etiam tempus, ne praeterita stipendia procederent eis, quae equo publico meruerant, sed dena stipendia equis privatis facerent.”

[1069]Gell. iv. 12; Festus p. 108.

[1070]Cic.pro Cluent.48, 134; Liv. xxix. 37. Removal from the ranks is described as a deprivation of the horse (adimere equum, Liv. xxiv. 18, xli. 2, 7).

[1071]A fragment of a censorian edict of 92B.C.directed against the “Latini rhetores” has been preserved. It contains the words “Haec nova, quae praeter consuetudinem ac morem majorum fiunt, neque placent neque recta videntur” (Suet.de Clar. Rhet.1; Gell. xv. 11, 2).

[1072]“Judex domesticus,” “domesticus magistratus” (Sen.Controv.ii. 3;de Benef.iii. 11).

[1073]Cic.de Rep.iv. 6, 16 “Nec vero mulieribus praefectus praeponatur, qui apud Graecos creari solet; sed sit censor qui viros doceat moderari uxoribus.”

[1074]Dionys. xx. 13.

[1075]p. 55.

[1076]Dionys. l.c.

[1077]Festus p. 344.

[1078]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “coelibes esse prohibento.”

[1079]Val. Max. ii. 9, 1 “Camillus et Postumius censores aera poenae nomine eos, qui ad senectutem coelibes pervenerant, in aerarium deferre jusserunt.”

[1080]Liv. xxxix. 19.

[1081]Cic.Phil.ii. 28, 69.

[1082]Val. Max. ii. 9, 2 “M. Val. Maximus et C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus censores ... L. Annium senatu moverunt, quod, quam virginem in matrimonium duxerat, repudiasset, nullo amicorum in consilio adhibito.”

[1083]Plin.H. N.xviii. 3, 11.

[1084]Plut.Ti. Gracch.14; Val. Max. ii. 9, 4. For excessive taxation imposed on articles of luxury see Liv. xxxix. 44; Plut.Cat. Maj.18; and p. 221.

[1085]Cf. Gell. v. 13 “M. Cato in oratione, quam dixit apud censores in Lentulum, ita scripsit: ‘quod majores sanctius habuere defendi pupillos quam clientem non fallere.’”

[1086]GreenidgeInfamia in Roman Lawp. 67.

[1087]Even amateur performances might call down thenota. See Suet.Dom.8 (Domitian) “suscepta correctione morum ... quaestorium virum, quod gesticulandi saltandique studio teneretur, movit senatu.”

[1088]Thelex Julia Municipalisexcludes them, like actors, from the municipal senate; thelex Acilia repetundarumfrom the bench ofjudices.

[1089]Suet.Aug.39 “notavitque aliquos quod, pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati, graviori foenore collocassent.”

[1090]Plut.Cat. Maj.17;C. Gracch.2.

[1091]Gell. xiv. 7 “opus etiam censorium fecisse existimatos, per quos eo tempore (i.e. at an unlawful time) senatus consultum factum esset.”

[1092]Cic.de Div.i. 16, 29 “Appius ... censor C. Ateium (tribune 55B.C.) notavit, quod ementitum auspicia subscriberet.”

[1093]Val. Max. ii. 9, 5 “M. autem Antonius et L. Flaccus censores (97B.C.) Duronium senatu moverunt, quod legem de coercendis conviviorum sumptibus latam tribunus plebi abrogaverat.”

[1094]Cic.pro Cluent.42, 119; 43, 121; Suet.Dom.8.

[1095]Liv. xxiv. 18; xxvii. 11 and 25.

[1096]In 204B.C.the censor M. Livius disfranchised for the purposes of thecomitia centuriata(aerarios reliquit) thirty-four out of the thirty-five tribes “quod et innocentem se condemnassent et condemnatum consulem et censorem fecissent” (Liv. xxix. 37).

[1097]Lex Jul Munic.l. 120.

[1098]Cic.de Off.iii. 31, 111 “indicant (the sanctity of the oath in former times) notiones animadversionesque censorum, qui nulla de re diligentius quam de jure jurando judicabant.”

[1099]To this form of disqualification the name “mediateinfamia” has been given by modern jurists.

[1100]Cic.pro Cluent.42, 120 “quos autem ipsi L. Gellius et Cn. Lentulus duo censores ... furti et captarum pecuniarum nomine notaverunt, ii non modo in senatum redierunt. sed etiam illarum ipsarum rerum judiciis absoluti sunt.”

[1101]Liv. xxix. 37 (in 204B.C., Claudius Nero) “M. Livium (his colleague), quia populi judicio esset damnatus, equum vendere jussit.”

[1102]It enacted “ut quem populus damnasset cuive imperium abrogasset in senatu ne esset” (Ascon.in Cornelian.p. 78).

[1103]Dio Cass. xxxvi. 21.

[1104]Liv. xlv. 15 “omnes iidem ab utroque et tribu remoti et aerarii facti”; xliv. 16 “tribu quoque is motus et aerarius factus”; xxvii. 11; xxix. 37 “aerarios reliquit.”

[1105]See GreenidgeInfamia in Roman Lawpp. 106-110. Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. pp. 402 ff.) makes the expressionstribu movereandin aerarios referreidentical after 312B.C.and interprets both as signifying the removal from a higher to a lower tribe.

[1106]Liv. i. 44; Dionys. iv. 22.

[1107]At eachlustrum votawere offered “quae in proximum lustrum suscipi mos est” (Suet.Aug.97). Before the censorship of Scipio Aemilianus it had been the custom to pray “ut populi Romani res meliores amplioresque facerent”; after it, on his initiative, “ut eas perpetuo incolumes servent” (Val. Max. iv. 1, 10).

[1108]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 19, 50 and 51; 29, 81. The leases were sometimes of considerable duration (Hyginus p. 116 Lachm. “Ex hoste capti agri postquam divisi sunt per centurias ... qui superfuerunt agri vectigalibus subjecti sunt, alii per annos [quinos], alii per annos centenos pluresve: finito illo tempore iterum veneunt locanturque ita ut vectigalibus est consuetudo”).

[1109]e.g. alex censoriaenjoined that not more than five thousand workmen should be employed in the gold mines of Vercellae by the contractor who worked them (Plin.H.N.xxxiii. 78).

[1110]The jurists inform us that this is the true sense ofpublicanus; theconductoresare onlypublicanorum loco(Dig.39, 4, 12, 13). In common parlance, however, both arepublicani, and this usage is etymologically justifiable, since they are both concerned with apublicum, a word which denotes state revenue and state service (Dig.39, 4, 1; Tac.Ann.xiii. 51; Liv. xxiii. 49, 1).

[1111]Vectigal(ἀποφορά Plut.Ti. Gracch.8; cf. App.B.C.i. 7). In the case of pasture land it was calledscriptura(Festus p. 833).

[1112]Lex agrarial. 85 “ex lege dicta, quam ... censores ... deixerunt, publicano dare oportuit.”

[1113]Cic.in Verr.ii. 26, 63; 60, 147; iii. 7, 18.

[1114]ib. iii. 6, 12 and 14.

[1115]Polyb. vi. 17. The Senate can συμπτώματος γενομένου κουφίσαι καὶ τὸ παράπαν ἀδυνάτου τινὸς συμβάντος ἀπολῦσαι τῆς ἐργωνίας. Cf. the section on the Senate’s control of property. In 169 and 59B.C.we find the people releasing from an oppressive contract (Liv. xliii. 16; App.B.C.ii. 13).

[1116]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 7 “templa, vias, aquas ... tuento”;ad Fam.xiii. 11, 1 “sarta tecta (i.e. the repairs of walls and roofs) aedium sacrarum locorumque communium tueri.”

[1117]Cf. Liv. xxxix. 44 “ultro tributa infimis (pretiis) locaverunt.”

[1118]ib. xliv. 16 “ad opera publica facienda cum eis (censoribus) dimidium ex vectigalibus ejus anni attributum ex senatus consulto a quaestoribus esset”; xl. 46 “censoribus deinde postulantibus ut pecuniae summa sibi, qua in opera publica uterentur, attribueretur, vectigal annuum decretum est.”

[1119]Lex Jul. Munic.l. 73; Liv. xxxix. 44 (quoted n. 2).

[1120]Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 446) takes the phrase to mean something “voluntarily granted” by the Senate to the magistrate.

[1121]Liv. xxxix. 44. The later tendency, however, was for such public rights to be protected by the praetor’s interdicts.

[1122]ib. xl. 51 “complura sacella publica quae fuerant occupata a privatis publica sacraque ut essent paterentque populo curarunt.”

[1123]ib. xliii. 16 “censores ad pignora capienda miserunt multamque pro contione privato dixerunt.”

[1124]Lex agrariall. 35, 36.

[1125]ib.

[1126]p. 208.

[1127]p. 93.

[1128]p. 94.

[1129]pp. 95 ff.

[1130]p. 190.

[1131]p. 162.

[1132]p. 126.

[1133]Cic.de Leg. Agr.ii. 7, 17 “toties legibus agrariis curatores constituti sunt triumviri quinqueviri decemviri.” Cf. ib. ii. 12, 31 “eodem jure ... quo habuerunt (pullarios) tresviri lege Sempronia.”

[1134]ib. ii. 7, 16 “jubet enim (the agrarian law of Rullus) tribunum plebis, qui eam legem tulerit, creare decemviros per tribus septemdecim, ut, quem novem tribus fecerint, is decemvir sit.”

[1135]pp. 174, 177.

[1136]The nature of the Sullan limitations is unknown. Caesar says “Sullam nudata omnibus rebus tribunicia potestate tamen intercessionem liberam reliquisse” (B.C.i. 7), and Cicero “Sullam probo, qui tribunis plebis sua lege injuriae faciendae potestatem ademerit, auxilii ferendi reliquerit” (de Leg.iii. 9, 22). He probably formulated cases in which it could not be employed. There are instances of the tribunician veto between 81B.C.and 70B.C., the date of the restoration of the tribune’s power. See Momms.Staatsr.ii p. 308 nn. 1 and 2.

[1137]p. 162.

[1138]p. 182.

[1139]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6.

[1140]Festus p. 233; Dio Cass. liv. 26.

[1141]Liv.Ep.xi.

[1142]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6; Sall.Cat.55.

[1143]Val. Max. vi. 1, 10; Cic.pro Cluent.13, 38.

[1144]Ascon.in Milon.p. 38.

[1145]Plaut.Amph.l. 1, 3.

[1146]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 30. The full official title which first appears in 44B.C.isa(uro)a(rgento)a(ere)f(lando)f(eriundo). For this title and its variants see Momms.Staatsr.ii. p. 602 n. 3.

[1147]Momms.Staatsr.ii p. 601.

[1148]Verbally the second title might, and perhaps should, refer to theviaeof Italy. But the office is probably an urban magistracy. See ib. p. 604.

[1149]Liv. iii. 55.

[1150]Cic.de Leg.iii. 3, 6. For their jurisdiction in cases of freedom in the Ciceronian period see Cic.pro Caec.39, 97;pro Domo29, 78.

[1151]Festus p. 233.

[1152]p. 207.

[1153]This was the case with C. Claudius Pulcher (C.I.L.i. p. 279), C. Junius (Cic.pro Cluent.29, 79), and C. Julius Caesar (Suet.Caes.11).

[1154]p. 189.

[1155]Cic.pro Cluent.33, 91.

[1156]Mommsen inclines to think that the office followed as a matter of course on the aedileship (Staatsr.ii. p. 590).

[1157]p. 155.

[1158]Liv. ix. 30.

[1159]p. 234.

[1160]p. 43.

[1161]p. 102.

[1162]p. 126.

[1163]Cic.pro Caec.33, 95; cf.pro Domo40, 106 “Quae tua fuit consecratio? Tuleram, inquit, ut mihi liceret. Quid? Non exceperas ut, si quid jus non esset rogari, ne esset rogatum?”

[1164]Valerius Probus gives the formula which emphasises this religious aspect of the saving clause. It wassi quid sacri sancti est quod non jure sit rogatum, ejus hac lege nihil rogatur.

[1165]See p. 107.

[1166]Cic.pro Domo20, 53 “quae (est) sententia Caeciliae legis et Didiae nisi haec, ne populo necesse sit in conjunctis rebus compluribus aut id quod nolit accipere aut id quod velit repudiare?” The principle had existed as early as thelex Acilia Repetundarumof 122 (l. 72). See MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 336.

[1167]Liv. viii. 23.

[1168]ib. ix. 42. Compare, however, x. 22 (296B.C.), where theplebiscitumand thesenatus consultumare both mentioned in connexion with the prorogation of the command of L. Volumnius. For the recognition of theimperiumof the consul for a single day to enable him to triumph, see p. 158.

[1169]Liv. xxxviii. 54-60.

[1170]ib. xlii. 21 and 22.

[1171]Cic.de Fin.ii. 16, 54.

[1172]Thequaestio Mamiliaof 110B.C.(Sall.Jug.40).

[1173]p. 14.

[1174]Thelex Plautia Papiria(Cic.pro Arch.4, 7; see p. 311) was the work of two tribunes.

[1175]Cic.pro Balbo21, 48 “lege Appuleia ... qua lege Saturninus C. Mario tulerat, ut in singulas colonias ternos cives Romanos facere posset.”

[1176]ib. 8, 19 “lege quam L. Gellius Cn. Cornelius (coss. 72B.C.) ex senatus sententia tulerunt ... videmus satis esse sanctum ut cives Romani sint ii, quos Cn. Pompeius de consilii sententia singillatim civitate donaverit.”

[1177]Val. Max. v. 2, 8 “(C. Marius) duas ... Camertium cohortes mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentis in ipsa acie adversus condicionem foederis civitate donavit.”

[1178]Momms.Staatsr.iii. p. 135 n. 5.

[1179]Cic.pro Caec.35, 101.

[1180]Liv. xxvi. 33 (speech of M. Atilius Regulus) “‘Per senatum agi de Campanis, qui cives Romani sunt, injussu populo non video posse. Idque et apud majores nostros in Satricanis factum est (319B.C.) cum defecissent, ut M. Antistius tribunus plebis prius rogationem ferret scisceretque plebs uti senatui de Satricanis sententiae dicendae jus esset. Itaque censeo cum tribunis plebis agendum esse ut eorum unus pluresve rogationem ferant ad plebem qua nobis statuendi de Campanis jus fiat.’ L. Atilius tribunus plebis ex auctoritate senatus plebem in haec verba rogavit ... Plebes sic jussit, ‘Quod senatus juratus, maxima pars, censeat, qui adsidetis, id volumus jubemusque.’”

[1181]ib. xxxviii. 36 “edocti populi esse, non senatus, jus suffragii quibus velit impertiri, destiterunt incepto.”

[1182]p. 229.

[1183]Liv. xlv. 15 (169B.C.; on the proposal of the censor Sempronius to disfranchise the freedmen, his colleague Claudius) “negabat ... suffragii lationem injussu populi censorem cuiquam homini, nedum ordini universo adimere posse: neque enim, si tribu movere posset, quod sit nihil aliud quam mutare jubere tribum, ideo omnibus quinque et triginta tribubus emovere posse, id est civitatem libertatemque eripere.”

[1184]In Liv. vii. 16 (357B.C.) we find the account of the creation of thevicesima manumissionisby thecomitia tributa populi.

[1185]This change was effected by alex Aebutia(Gell. xvi. 10, 8; Gaius iv. 30).

[1186]p. 205.

[1187]The fullestpraescriptiowhich has been preserved is that of thelex Quinctia de aquaeductibus, a consular law of 9B.C.(Frontinusde aquaeductibus129). It runs: “T. Quinctius Crispinus consul populum jure rogavit populusque jure scivit in foro pro rostris aedis divi Juli pr(idie) [k] Julias. Tribus Sergia principium fuit, pro tribu Sex.... L. f. Virro [primus scivit].”

[1188]UlpianReg. praef.2 “Minus quam perfecta lex est, quae vetat aliquid fieri et, si factum sit, non rescindit, sed poenam injungit ei qui contra legem fecit.” The Licinio-Sextian agrarian law of 367 was apparently of this kind.

[1189]Macrob.Comm. in Somn. Scip.ii. 17, 13 “inter leges quoque illa imperfecta dicitur, in qua nulla deviantibus poena sancitur.”

[1190]Cic.ad Att.iii. 23, 2 “alteram caput est tralaticium de impunitatesi quid contra alias leges ejus legis ergo factum sit.”

[1191]Ulpianop. cit.3 “Lex aut rogatur, id est, fertur; aut abrogatur, id est, prior lex tollitur; aut derogatur, id est, pars primae (legis) tollitur; aut subrogatur, id est, adjicitur aliquid primae legi; aut obrogatur, id est, mutatur aliquid ex prima lege.” Cf. the clause in a law cited by Cicero (ad Att.iii. 23, 3) “si quid in hac rogatione scriptum est, quod per leges plebisve scita promulgare, abrogare, derogare, obrogare sine fraude sua non liceat.”

[1192]Cic. l.c. 23, 2 “neque enim ulla (lex) est, quae non ipsa se saepiat difficultate abrogationis. Sed, cum lex abrogatur, illud ipsum abrogatur, quo modo eam abrogari [non] oporteat.”

[1193]p. 239.

[1194]See the section on the Senate.

[1195]Livy describes a controversy whether from this point of view an armistice (indutiae) rested on a level with apax: (iv. 30) “cum Veientibus ... indutiae, ... non pax facta ... ante diem rebellaverant ... controversia inde fuit utrum populi jussu indiceretur bellum an satis esset senatus consultum. Pervicere tribuni ... ut Quinctius consul de bello ad populum ferret: omnes centuriae jussere.”

[1196]Polyb. vi. 14 ὑπὲρ εἰρήνης οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) βουλεύεται καὶ πολέμου.

[1197]MommsenStaatsr.iii. p. 343.

[1198]See the section on the Senate.

[1199]Polyb. i. 62 (agreement between Lutatius Catulus and the Carthaginians in 241B.C.) ἐπὶ τοῖσδε φιλίαν εἶναι Καρχηδονίοις καὶ Ῥωμαίοις, ἐὰν καὶ τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ῥωμαίων συνδοκῇ. The people rejected the treaty, but it was subsequently maintained that, but for this saving clause, it would have been binding (ib. iii. 29).

[1200]ib. vi. 14 καὶ μὴν περὶ συμμαχίας καὶ διαλύσεως καὶ συνθηκῶν οὖτος (ὁ δῆμος) ἐστιν ὁ βεβαιῶν ἒκαστα τούτων καὶ κύρια ποιῶν ἢ τοὐναντίον.

[1201]Liv. xxix. 12 (205B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “jusserunt ... omnes tribus”; xxx. 43 (201B.C., peace with Carthage) “De pace ... omnes tribus jusserunt”; xxxiii. 25 (196B.C., peace with Philip of Macedon) “ea rogatio in Capitolio ad plebem lata est. Omnes quinque et triginta tribus, uti rogas jusserunt.”

[1202]So on the conclusion of the second Punic war (Liv. xxx. 43 “M’. Acilius et Q. Minucius tribuni plebis ad populum tulerunt ‘Vellent juberentne senatum decernere ut cum Carthaginiensibus pax fieret, et quem eam pacem dare quemque ex Africa exercitum deportare juberent’”).

[1203]Seelex Antonia de Termessibus(BrunsFontes).

[1204]p. 47.

[1205]p. 187.

[1206]p. 63.

[1207]See below on the competence of theconcilium plebis.

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