Chapter 38

[1603]GaiusInst.iii. 72 and 73.[1604]This was effected, either indirectly by the gift of the gold ring (jus aureorum anulorum), or directly by the fiction of anatalibus restitutio. SeeDig.2, 4, 10, 3; 40, 11, 2; Plin.ad Traj.72 and 73.[1605]Dio Cass. xlix. 15; li. 19; liii. 32. See pp. 338, 340.[1606]Tac.Ann.iii. 56 “id summi fastigii vocabulum Augustas repperit, ne regis aut dictatoris nomen adsumeret ac tamen appellatione aliqua cetera imperia praemineret.”[1607]Dio Cass. xlix. 15 καὶ τὸ μήτε ἔργῳ μήτε λόγῳ τι ὑβρίζεσθαι· εἰ δὲ μή, τοῖς αὐτοῖς τὸν τοιοῦτό τι δράσαντα ἐνέχεσθαι οἶσπερ ἐπὶ τῷ δημάρχῳ ἐτέτακτο.[1608]Theadditionalrights granted to the Emperor in connexion with the Senate (see p. 348) assume a right of intercourse with it.[1609]Dio Cass. liii. 17 (the tribunician power) δίδωσί σφισι τά τε γιγνόμενα ὑφ’ ἑτέρου τινός, ἂν μὴ συνεπαινῶσι, παύειν.[1610]Tac.Ann.iii. 70 “recipi Caesar (Tiberius) inter reos vetuit ... perstititque intercedere”; xiv. 48 “credebaturque haud perinde exitium Antistio quam imperatori gloriam quaeri ut condemnatum a senatu intercessione tribunicia morti eximeret” (Nero).[1611]ἀμύνειν (Dio Cass. li. 19); cf. Tac.Ann.i. 2 (of Augustus) “ad tuendam plebem tribunicio jure contentum.”[1612]p. 340.[1613]The statement of Suetonius (Aug.27 “Recepit et morum legumque regimen aeque perpetuum”) is not borne out by theMonumentum Ancyranumor by Augustus’ titular designations.[1614]Suet.Aug.35;Mon. Anc.ii. 5 “consulari cum imperio lustrum solus feci.”[1615]Dio Cass. lxvii. 4 τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὴ καὶ μόνος καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη.[1616]ib. liii. 17 καὶ τοὺς μὲν καταλέγουσι καὶ ἐς τὴν ἱππάδα καὶ ἐς τὸ βουλευτικόν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀπαλείφουσιν, ὅπῶς ἂν αὐτοῖς δόξῃ.[1617]Tac.Ann.xi. 25 “Isdem diebus in numerum patriciorum adscivit Caesar (Claudius as censor) vetustissimum quemque e senatu aut quibus clari parentes fuerant ... exhaustis etiam quas (familias) dictator Caesar lege Cassia et princeps Augustus lege Saenia sublegere.” Cf. Suet.Otho1; and for Vespasian’s censorshipVita Marci1 “Annius Verus ... adscitus in patricios ... a Vespasiano et Tito censoribus.”[1618]p. 14.[1619]Vita Juliani3 “in patricias familias relatus”;Macrini7 “senatus ... Macrinum ... in patricios allegit novum hominem.” Cf. Dio Cass. lxxviii 17.[1620]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 3 “utique ei senatum habere, relationem facere, remittere, senatus consulta per relationem discessionemque facere liceat.” In l. 7 we find the right of the Princeps to summon the Senateex mandatu.[1621]Jus tertiae relationis(Vita Probi12),quartae(Vita Pertinacis5),quintae(Vita Marci6,Alexandri1).[1622]Tac.Ann.i. 14 “candidatos praeturae duodecim nominavit (Tiberius), numerum ab Augusto traditum, et hortante senatu ut augeret jure jurando obstrinxit se non excessurum.”[1623]This practical effect seems sometimes to have been obviated by the Emperor’s selecting his candidates for nomination by lot (Dio Cass. lviii. 20). See Mr. Strachan-Davidson in SmithDict. of Antiq.ii. p. 237.[1624]Lex de imp.Vesp. l. 10 “utique quos magistratum potestatem imperium curationemve cujus rei petentes senatui populoque Romano commendaverit, quibusque suffragationem suam dederit promiserit, eorum comitis quibusque extra ordinem ratio habeatur.” Cf. Tac.Ann.i. 15 “sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.” For the precedent set by Caesar’s use of it see Suet.Caes.41.[1625]Tac.Ann.i. 15 “moderante Tiberio ne plures quam quattuor candidatos commendaret, sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.”[1626]e.g.praetor,tribunus,quaestor candidatus(WilmannsIndexpp. 551 ff.).[1627]Tac.Ann.i. 81 “plerumque eos tantum apud se professos disseruit, quorum nomina consulibus edidisset: posse et alios profiteri, si gratiae aut meritis confiderent.” It may have been a person so appointed who inaccurately describes himself as “per commendation(em) Ti. Caesaris Augusti ab senatu co(n)s(ul) dest(inatus)” (Inscr. Reg. Neap.n. 4762;C.I.L., ix. n. 2342).[1628]C.I.L.xiv. n. 3608 “hunc ... Caesar Aug. Vespasianus iterum cos. fecit”; Plin.Paneg.77 (of Trajan) “praestare consulibus ipsum qui consules facit.” Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 925) thinks that the change came with Nero.[1629]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 22 “utique quibus legibus plebeive scitis scriptum fuit, ne divus Aug(ustus), Tiberiusve Julius Caesar Aug(ustus), Tiberiusque Claudius Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus tenerentur, iis legibus plebisque scitis imp(erator) Caesar Vespasianus solutus sit.”[1630]Tac.Hist.i. 15 (Galba to Piso on the latter’s adoption) “si te privatus lege curiata apud pontifices, ut moris est, adoptarem.”[1631]Paulus inDig.40, 1, 14, 1.[1632]Ulpian inDig.1, 3, 31.[1633]Dio Cass. liii. 17 ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἱερωσύναις ἱερῶσθαι.[1634]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae majestateque divinarum ... rerum esse censebit, ei agere fecere jus potestasque sit.”[1635]p. 254.[1636]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 31.[1637]Dio Cass, liii. 17. In the decrees to Maximus and Balbinus thepontificatus maximusis mentioned (Vita8), and it is possible that it was held by both these emperors conjointly.[1638]Zosimus iv. 36.[1639]Suet.Dom.8 “Incesta Vestalium virginum ... varie ac severe coercuit: priora capitali supplicio; posteriora, more veteri.”[1640]Ulpian inDig.11, 7, 8.[1641]Dio Cass. liii. 17; Tac.Hist.i. 77 “Otho pontificatus auguratusque honoratis jam senibus cumulum dignitatis addidit”; Plin.ad Traj.13 (8) “rogo dignitati, ad quam me provexit indulgentia tua, vel auguratum vel septemviratum, quia vacent, adicere digneris.”[1642]Cic.ad Att.viii. 9, 4 “nihil malle Caesarem quam principe Pompeio sine metu vivere”;ad Fam.vi. 6, 5 “esset hic quidem (Caesar) clarus in toga et princeps.” Cf. Vell. ii. 124 “una tamen veluti luctatio civitatis fuit, pugnantis cum (Tiberio) Caesare senatus populique Romani, ut stationi paternae succederet, illius, ut potius aequalem civem quam eminentem liceret agere principem.”[1643]Tac.Ann.iii. 53 (Tiberius says) “non aedilis aut praetoris aut consulis partes sustineo, majus aliquid et excelsius a principe postulatur.”[1644]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (see note 5); OvidFastiii. 142 “Tu (Romule) domini nomen, principis ille (Augustus) tenet.”[1645]Suet.Aug.53.[1646]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 δεσπότης μὲν τῶν δούλων, αὐτοκράτωρ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, τῶν δὲ δὴ λοιπῶν πρόκριτός εἰμι. Cf. Tac.Ann.ii. 87.[1647]See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 760.[1648]Caesar had beenimperatorsince his first salutation in Gaul; but the right to use the title as anomenseems first to have been granted him in 45B.C.after the victory of Munda (Dio Cass. xliii. 44 ἐκείνῳ τότε πρώτῳ τε καὶ πρῶτον, ὥσπερ τι κύριον, προσέθεσαν). It does not seem, however, that he employed it as apraenomen, as is stated by Suetonius (Caes.76). Cf. p. 337.[1649]Dio Cass. l.c.[1650]p. 156.[1651]Dio Cass. liii. 16 Αὔγουστος ὡς καὶ πλεῖόν τι ἤ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους ὤν ἐπεκλήθη.[1652]KarlowaRechtsgeschichtei. p. 508.[1653]Vita L. Veri, 2.[1654]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1140.[1655]App.B.C.ii. 7 οὐδὲ γὰρ τοίσδε καίπερ οὖσι βασιλεῦσιν εὐθὺς ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπωνυμίαις, ἀλλὰ σὺν χρόνῳ μόλις ἤδε ὡς ἐντελὴς ἐπὶ μεγίστοις δὴ μαρτυρία ψηφίζεται:Vita Hadriani6 “patris patriae nomen delatum sibi statim, et iterum postea, distulit quod hoc nomen Augustus sero meruisset.” It was declined altogether by Tiberius (Suet.Tib.26 and 67) and was not borne by the transitory emperors Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 780.[1656]See MommsenStaatsr.ii. pp. 782-786. As typical instances we may cite an inscription of Vespasian giving thepraenomen imperatoris: “Imp. Caesar. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max. tribunic. potest, vi. imp. xiiii. p.p., cos. vi. desig. vii. censor” (Wilmanns n. 855), and one of Caracalla showing the titleproconsul: “M. Aurellius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus ... pontif. max., trib. pot. xviii. imp. iiii. cos. iiii. p.p. procos.” (ib. n. 2868).Pater patriaeappears sometimes before, sometimes afterconsul.[1657]Dio Cass. xlix. 15.[1658]On Gordian’s revolt in Africa the laurelledfasceswere immediately assumed (Herodian vii. 6;Vita Maximini14).[1659]Originally twelve, later twenty-four (Dio Cass. lxvii. 4).[1660]Dio Cass. li. 19.[1661]ib.[1662]For the reverence to the statue of the deified Emperor see Suet.Tib.58 “genus calumniae (sc. majestatis) eo processit ut haec quoque capitalia essent: circa Augusti simulacrum servum cecidisse, vestimenta mutasse, nummo vel annulo effigiem impressam latrinae aut lupanari intulisse.” For the right ofasylumattaching to the living Emperor’s image see Tac.Ann.iii. 36; GaiusInst.i. 53.[1663]Tertull.Apol.28 “citius ... apud vos per omnes deos quam per unum genium Caesaris pejeratur.” In the official oath taken by the magistrates of Salpensa and Malaca the deified Caesars and the genius of the living Caesar come between Jupiter and thedi Penates. (BrunsFontes.)[1664]On Seneca’s question with reference to Agrippina (59A.D.) “an militi imperanda caedes esset,” the answer is “praetorianos toti Caesarum domui obstrictos ... nihil ... atrox ausuros.” Caligula specifically included the names of his sisters in thesacramentum(Dio Cass. lix. 9)[1665]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 831.[1666]Mon. Ancyr.iii. 5; Dio Cass. lix. 8.[1667]The nameAugustaas assumed by Victorina in Gaul (A.D.268) certainly meant that she claimed to be Empress.[1668]Plin.Paneg.84.[1669]Tac.Ann.iii. 49-51.[1670]Gibbon ch. iii.[1671]Senecade Ben.vi. 34, 2 “Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox Livius Drusus instituerunt segregare turbam suam et alios in secretum recipere, alios cum pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.”[1672]Senecade Clem.i. 10 “cohortem primae admissionis”;Vita Alex.20 “moderationis tantae fuit ... ut amicos non solum primi aut secundi loci sed etiam inferioris aegrotantes viseret.”[1673]Hence such titles as “comes divi Hadriani in oriente,” “comes Imp. Antonini Aug. et divi Veri bello Germanico” (Wilmanns nn. 1184, 637).[1674]p. 147.[1675]Interregnummight be used metaphorically of the interval between the death of one Princeps and the accession of another. SeeVita Taciti1.[1676]Tac.Ann.i. 12 “dixit forte Tiberius se ut non toti rei publicae parem, ita quaecumque pars sibi mandaretur, ejus tutelam suscepturum.”[1677]p. 343.[1678]HenzenAct. Fr. Arv.p. 64. Hadrian, after his salutation by the soldiers, wrote to the Senate that he had beenpraepropereaddressed asimperator(Vita Hadriani6). Pertinax, after his appointment had been accepted by the praetorian guards, laid down his power in the Senate and was elected again (Dio Cass. lxxiii. 1).[1679]Suet.Vesp.6.[1680]Vita Taciti2 (after the murder of Aurelian) “exercitus, qui creare imperatorem raptim solebat, ad senatum literas misit ... petens ut ex ordine suo principem legerent. Verum senatus, sciens lectos a se principes militibus non placere, rem ad milites rettulit, dumque id saepius fit, sextus peractus est mensis.”[1681]In 13B.C.Agrippa receivedtribunicia potestasfor five years (Dio Cass. liv. 12). For Tiberius’ claims see Tac.Ann.i 3 “filius, collega imperii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur.”[1682]Tac.Ann.i 14 (Tiberius on his accession,A.D.14) “Germanico Caesari proconsulare imperium petivit”; iii 56 (A.D.22) “Tiberius mittit literas ad senatum quis potestatem tribuniciam Druso petebat.” For Trajan see Plin.Paneg.8 “ante pulvinar Jovis optimi maximi adoptio peracta est ... simul filius, simul Caesar, mox imperator et consors tribuniciae potestatis”;Vita Pii4 “adoptatus est (Pius) ... factusque est patri et in imperio proconsulari et in tribunicia potestate collega”;Vita Marci6 (Marcus before he came to the throne) “tribunicia potestate donatus est atque imperio extra urbem proconsulari.”[1683]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1158.[1684]Vell. ii. 121 “cum ... senatus populusque Romanus postulante patre ejus, ut aequum ei jus in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque esset quam erat ipsi, decreto complexus esset.”[1685]Agrippa twice declined a triumph offered him by Augustus (Dio Cass. liv. 11 and 24), and the Senate conferred the title ofImperatoronly on the proposal of the Princeps (Tac.Ann.i. 58, Germanicus inA.D.15, “exercitum reduxit nomenque imperatoris auctore Tiberio accepit”).[1686]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1154.[1687]Suet.Gaius24 “(Gaius Drusillam) heredem quoque bonorum atque imperii aeger instituit.”[1688]ib. 14. Compare Domitian’s contention after the death of Vespasian “relictum se participem imperii sed fraudem testamento adhibitam” (Suet.Dom.2).[1689]Tac.Hist.i. 15 (see p. 350); i. 17 (of the adoption of Piso by Galba) “consultatum inde pro rostris an in senatu an in castris adoptio nuncuparetur”; Suet.Galba17 “(Galba Pisonem) perduxit in castra ac pro contione adoptavit.” Nerva proclaims on the Capitol his adoption of Trajan (Dio Cass. lxviii. 8).[1690]See p. 360, n. 2.[1691]p. 354.[1692]Plut.Galba7 (a messenger announces that) ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἠ σύγκλητος αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Γάλβαν ἀναγορεύσειεν: Herodian ii. 12 (the Senate) ψηφίζεται τὸν μὲν (Ἰουλιανὸν) ἀναιρεθῆναι, ἀποδειχθῆναι δὲ μόνον αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Σεουῆρον:VitaMaximini15 “Ubi haec gesta sunt (i.e. after the recognition of the Gordians) senatus magis timens Maximinum aperte ac libere hostes appellat Maximinum et ejus filium.”[1693]This was the case with Caligula, although thedamnatiowas incomplete. See Suet.Claud.11 “Gaii quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit, diem tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit inter festos referri.”[1694]The deposed Nero was thus treated as a traitor (Suet.Ner.49 “codicillos praeripuit legitque se hostem a senatu judicatum et quaeri ut puniatur more majorum”).[1695]Theactaof Tiberius were not sworn to (Dio Cass. lix. 9), although his memory was not condemned. His reign appears amongst the legitimate precedents for the authority of Vespasian in thelex de imperio, those of Gaius, Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius being omitted.[1696]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (Tiberius) ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ Αὐγούστου πράξεσι τούς τε ἄλλους πάντας ὥρκου καὶ αὐτὸς ὤμνυε.[1697]Tiberius characteristically enough would not have hisactasworn to during his lifetime (Tac.Ann.i. 72; Suet.Tib.67), and some thought the motive was “ne mox majore dedecore impar tantis honoribus inveniretur” (Suet. l.c.). His objection to his own deification was interpreted by some as a sign “degeneris animi” (Tac.Ann.iv. 38).[1698]Dio Cass. iii. 20. Here it is made the age for entrance into the Senate; but the completion of the twenty-fifth year is meant. Cf. Quintil.Inst. Or.xii. 6, 1 “quaestoria aetas.”[1699]Dio Cass. l.c. Dispensations from these rules might be given by the Senate, in accordance with thejus liberorum(“ut singuli anni per singulos liberos remittantur”Dig.4, 4, 2), or to members of the imperial house (Tac.Ann.iii. 29 “Per idem tempus (A.D.20) Neronem e liberis Germanici jam ingressum juventam (Tiberius) commendavit patribus, utque munere capessendi vigintiviratus solveretur et quinquennio maturius quam per leges quaesturam peteret ... postulavit”).[1700]Dio Cass. liv. 26; cf. Tac.Ann.iii. 29, quoted in the last note.[1701]In inscriptions of the early Principate the vigintivirate is sometimes not found in the list ofhonores. But it is more probable that it is omitted than that it was an alternative to the military tribunate. See MommsenStaatsr.i. p. 544 n. 4.[1702]Dio Cass. lii. 20.[1703]Its use by Macrinus in the third century excited opposition (Dio Cass. lxxviii. 13). See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 942.[1704]Dio Cass. liv. 19 (of Tiberius in 16B.C.) ἐστρατήγησε γάρ, καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων (Tiberius had received theornamenta praetoriain 19B.C., see c. 10); c. 32 Drusus ἀγορανόμος ... καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων ἀπεδείχθη: cf. c. 22.[1705]Suet.Aug.35; Dio Cass. lviii. 12.[1706]MommsenStaatsr.i. p. 458.[1707]The consularinsigniawere granted to Nymphidius and to Crispinus under Nero (Tac.Ann.xv. 72; xvi. 17); the praetorianinsigniato Sejanus and to Macro under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lvii. 19; lviii. 12).[1708]Quaestorianinsigniawere granted to Laco under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lviii. 12).[1709]Tac.Ann.xii. 21 “consularia insignia Ciloni (procurator of Pontus) ... decernuntur”; Suet.Claud.24 “ornamenta consularia etiam procuratoribus ducenariis indulsit.”[1710]As the praetorianinsigniato Pallas, the quaestorian to Narcissus (Tac.Ann.xii. 53; xi. 38). Cf. Suet.Claud.28.[1711]Suet.Aug.35 (Augustus) “quosdam ad excusandi se verecundiam compulit: servavitque etiam excusatis insigne vestis et spectandi in orchestra epulandique publice jus.”[1712]p. 156.[1713]In an exceptional case, such as Junius Blaesus’ command in Africa, the proconsul might be salutedimperatoron the permission of the Princeps (Tac.Ann.iii. 74), and the first condition of a triumph be fulfilled. But this incident, dating fromA.D.22, was the last of its kind on record.[1714]Suet.Aug.38 “super triginta ducibus justos triumphos et aliquanto pluribus triumphalia ornamenta decernenda curavit”; Wilmanns n. 1145 l. 19 “senatus ... triumphalibus ornamentis honoravit auctore imp. Caesare Augusto Vespasiano”;Indexp. 609.[1715]Dio Cass. lix. 9. The obligation to swearin acta Caesarishad, with reference to the acts of the first Caesar, begun in 45B.C.(App.B.C.ii. 106), and had been renewed during the triumvirate (Dio Cass. xlvii. 18), the formula runningse nihil contra acta Caesaris facturum. For the obligation as continued in the Principate cf. p. 363.[1716]Herodian (ii. 12), with reference to the downfall of Didius Julianus, speaks of the consuls οἷ τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης διοικεῖν εἰώθασιν ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰ τῆς βασιλείας μετέωρα ᾗ.[1717]Plut.Galba 8.[1718]Tac.Hist.iii. 68.[1719]Plin.Paneg.77 “comitia consulum obibat ipse (Trajanus); tantum ex renuntiatione eorum voluptatis quantum prius ex destinatione capiebat.... Adibat aliquis ut principem; respondebat se consulem esse.”[1720]On the consuls was laid the burden of certain newly-established festivals such as those celebrating theNataliaof Augustus and the victory of Actium (Dio Cass. lvi 46; lix. 20).[1721]See MommsenStaatsr.ii pp. 84-87. The climax was reached with twenty-five consulships in a single year (189A.D.) under Commodus (Dio Cass. lxxii. 12;Vita Commodi6).[1722]Vita Alexandri43.[1723]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 32.[1724]MariniAtti Arvalip. 784.[1725]Dio Cassius, lii. cc. 20, 21 (speech of Maecenas), may mean to imply their existence in his own time. Geib (Criminalprocesspp. 392-397) assigns their disappearance to the end of the first century.[1726]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 32 “divus Claudius duos praetores adjecit qui de fidei commisso jus dicerent, ex quibus unum divus Titus detraxit: et adjecit divus Nerva qui inter fiscum et privatos jus diceret.”[1727]See last note.[1728]Vita Marci10 “praetorem tutelarem primus fecit, cum ante tutores a consulibus poscerentur, ut diligentius de tutoribus tractaretur.”[1729]See § 5.[1730]On the condemnation of the history of Cremutius Cordus inA.D.25 “libros per aediles cremandos censuere patres” (Tac.Ann.iv. 35).[1731]Tac.Ann.iii 52-55 (A.D.22).[1732]We hear of Vespasian during the reign of Caligula ἀγορανομοῦντός τε ... καὶ τῆς τῶν στενωπῶν καθαρειότητος ἐπιμελουμένου (Dio Cass. lix. 12). Cf. Suet.Vesp.5.[1733]Tac.Ann.ii. 85 (A.D.19) “Vistilia praetoria familia genita licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat.”

[1603]GaiusInst.iii. 72 and 73.

[1604]This was effected, either indirectly by the gift of the gold ring (jus aureorum anulorum), or directly by the fiction of anatalibus restitutio. SeeDig.2, 4, 10, 3; 40, 11, 2; Plin.ad Traj.72 and 73.

[1605]Dio Cass. xlix. 15; li. 19; liii. 32. See pp. 338, 340.

[1606]Tac.Ann.iii. 56 “id summi fastigii vocabulum Augustas repperit, ne regis aut dictatoris nomen adsumeret ac tamen appellatione aliqua cetera imperia praemineret.”

[1607]Dio Cass. xlix. 15 καὶ τὸ μήτε ἔργῳ μήτε λόγῳ τι ὑβρίζεσθαι· εἰ δὲ μή, τοῖς αὐτοῖς τὸν τοιοῦτό τι δράσαντα ἐνέχεσθαι οἶσπερ ἐπὶ τῷ δημάρχῳ ἐτέτακτο.

[1608]Theadditionalrights granted to the Emperor in connexion with the Senate (see p. 348) assume a right of intercourse with it.

[1609]Dio Cass. liii. 17 (the tribunician power) δίδωσί σφισι τά τε γιγνόμενα ὑφ’ ἑτέρου τινός, ἂν μὴ συνεπαινῶσι, παύειν.

[1610]Tac.Ann.iii. 70 “recipi Caesar (Tiberius) inter reos vetuit ... perstititque intercedere”; xiv. 48 “credebaturque haud perinde exitium Antistio quam imperatori gloriam quaeri ut condemnatum a senatu intercessione tribunicia morti eximeret” (Nero).

[1611]ἀμύνειν (Dio Cass. li. 19); cf. Tac.Ann.i. 2 (of Augustus) “ad tuendam plebem tribunicio jure contentum.”

[1612]p. 340.

[1613]The statement of Suetonius (Aug.27 “Recepit et morum legumque regimen aeque perpetuum”) is not borne out by theMonumentum Ancyranumor by Augustus’ titular designations.

[1614]Suet.Aug.35;Mon. Anc.ii. 5 “consulari cum imperio lustrum solus feci.”

[1615]Dio Cass. lxvii. 4 τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὴ καὶ μόνος καὶ ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη.

[1616]ib. liii. 17 καὶ τοὺς μὲν καταλέγουσι καὶ ἐς τὴν ἱππάδα καὶ ἐς τὸ βουλευτικόν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀπαλείφουσιν, ὅπῶς ἂν αὐτοῖς δόξῃ.

[1617]Tac.Ann.xi. 25 “Isdem diebus in numerum patriciorum adscivit Caesar (Claudius as censor) vetustissimum quemque e senatu aut quibus clari parentes fuerant ... exhaustis etiam quas (familias) dictator Caesar lege Cassia et princeps Augustus lege Saenia sublegere.” Cf. Suet.Otho1; and for Vespasian’s censorshipVita Marci1 “Annius Verus ... adscitus in patricios ... a Vespasiano et Tito censoribus.”

[1618]p. 14.

[1619]Vita Juliani3 “in patricias familias relatus”;Macrini7 “senatus ... Macrinum ... in patricios allegit novum hominem.” Cf. Dio Cass. lxxviii 17.

[1620]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 3 “utique ei senatum habere, relationem facere, remittere, senatus consulta per relationem discessionemque facere liceat.” In l. 7 we find the right of the Princeps to summon the Senateex mandatu.

[1621]Jus tertiae relationis(Vita Probi12),quartae(Vita Pertinacis5),quintae(Vita Marci6,Alexandri1).

[1622]Tac.Ann.i. 14 “candidatos praeturae duodecim nominavit (Tiberius), numerum ab Augusto traditum, et hortante senatu ut augeret jure jurando obstrinxit se non excessurum.”

[1623]This practical effect seems sometimes to have been obviated by the Emperor’s selecting his candidates for nomination by lot (Dio Cass. lviii. 20). See Mr. Strachan-Davidson in SmithDict. of Antiq.ii. p. 237.

[1624]Lex de imp.Vesp. l. 10 “utique quos magistratum potestatem imperium curationemve cujus rei petentes senatui populoque Romano commendaverit, quibusque suffragationem suam dederit promiserit, eorum comitis quibusque extra ordinem ratio habeatur.” Cf. Tac.Ann.i. 15 “sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.” For the precedent set by Caesar’s use of it see Suet.Caes.41.

[1625]Tac.Ann.i. 15 “moderante Tiberio ne plures quam quattuor candidatos commendaret, sine repulsa et ambitu designandos.”

[1626]e.g.praetor,tribunus,quaestor candidatus(WilmannsIndexpp. 551 ff.).

[1627]Tac.Ann.i. 81 “plerumque eos tantum apud se professos disseruit, quorum nomina consulibus edidisset: posse et alios profiteri, si gratiae aut meritis confiderent.” It may have been a person so appointed who inaccurately describes himself as “per commendation(em) Ti. Caesaris Augusti ab senatu co(n)s(ul) dest(inatus)” (Inscr. Reg. Neap.n. 4762;C.I.L., ix. n. 2342).

[1628]C.I.L.xiv. n. 3608 “hunc ... Caesar Aug. Vespasianus iterum cos. fecit”; Plin.Paneg.77 (of Trajan) “praestare consulibus ipsum qui consules facit.” Mommsen (Staatsr.ii. p. 925) thinks that the change came with Nero.

[1629]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 22 “utique quibus legibus plebeive scitis scriptum fuit, ne divus Aug(ustus), Tiberiusve Julius Caesar Aug(ustus), Tiberiusque Claudius Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus tenerentur, iis legibus plebisque scitis imp(erator) Caesar Vespasianus solutus sit.”

[1630]Tac.Hist.i. 15 (Galba to Piso on the latter’s adoption) “si te privatus lege curiata apud pontifices, ut moris est, adoptarem.”

[1631]Paulus inDig.40, 1, 14, 1.

[1632]Ulpian inDig.1, 3, 31.

[1633]Dio Cass. liii. 17 ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἱερωσύναις ἱερῶσθαι.

[1634]Lex de imp. Vesp.l. 17 “utique quaecunque ex usu rei publicae majestateque divinarum ... rerum esse censebit, ei agere fecere jus potestasque sit.”

[1635]p. 254.

[1636]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 31.

[1637]Dio Cass, liii. 17. In the decrees to Maximus and Balbinus thepontificatus maximusis mentioned (Vita8), and it is possible that it was held by both these emperors conjointly.

[1638]Zosimus iv. 36.

[1639]Suet.Dom.8 “Incesta Vestalium virginum ... varie ac severe coercuit: priora capitali supplicio; posteriora, more veteri.”

[1640]Ulpian inDig.11, 7, 8.

[1641]Dio Cass. liii. 17; Tac.Hist.i. 77 “Otho pontificatus auguratusque honoratis jam senibus cumulum dignitatis addidit”; Plin.ad Traj.13 (8) “rogo dignitati, ad quam me provexit indulgentia tua, vel auguratum vel septemviratum, quia vacent, adicere digneris.”

[1642]Cic.ad Att.viii. 9, 4 “nihil malle Caesarem quam principe Pompeio sine metu vivere”;ad Fam.vi. 6, 5 “esset hic quidem (Caesar) clarus in toga et princeps.” Cf. Vell. ii. 124 “una tamen veluti luctatio civitatis fuit, pugnantis cum (Tiberio) Caesare senatus populique Romani, ut stationi paternae succederet, illius, ut potius aequalem civem quam eminentem liceret agere principem.”

[1643]Tac.Ann.iii. 53 (Tiberius says) “non aedilis aut praetoris aut consulis partes sustineo, majus aliquid et excelsius a principe postulatur.”

[1644]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (see note 5); OvidFastiii. 142 “Tu (Romule) domini nomen, principis ille (Augustus) tenet.”

[1645]Suet.Aug.53.

[1646]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 δεσπότης μὲν τῶν δούλων, αὐτοκράτωρ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, τῶν δὲ δὴ λοιπῶν πρόκριτός εἰμι. Cf. Tac.Ann.ii. 87.

[1647]See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 760.

[1648]Caesar had beenimperatorsince his first salutation in Gaul; but the right to use the title as anomenseems first to have been granted him in 45B.C.after the victory of Munda (Dio Cass. xliii. 44 ἐκείνῳ τότε πρώτῳ τε καὶ πρῶτον, ὥσπερ τι κύριον, προσέθεσαν). It does not seem, however, that he employed it as apraenomen, as is stated by Suetonius (Caes.76). Cf. p. 337.

[1649]Dio Cass. l.c.

[1650]p. 156.

[1651]Dio Cass. liii. 16 Αὔγουστος ὡς καὶ πλεῖόν τι ἤ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους ὤν ἐπεκλήθη.

[1652]KarlowaRechtsgeschichtei. p. 508.

[1653]Vita L. Veri, 2.

[1654]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1140.

[1655]App.B.C.ii. 7 οὐδὲ γὰρ τοίσδε καίπερ οὖσι βασιλεῦσιν εὐθὺς ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπωνυμίαις, ἀλλὰ σὺν χρόνῳ μόλις ἤδε ὡς ἐντελὴς ἐπὶ μεγίστοις δὴ μαρτυρία ψηφίζεται:Vita Hadriani6 “patris patriae nomen delatum sibi statim, et iterum postea, distulit quod hoc nomen Augustus sero meruisset.” It was declined altogether by Tiberius (Suet.Tib.26 and 67) and was not borne by the transitory emperors Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 780.

[1656]See MommsenStaatsr.ii. pp. 782-786. As typical instances we may cite an inscription of Vespasian giving thepraenomen imperatoris: “Imp. Caesar. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max. tribunic. potest, vi. imp. xiiii. p.p., cos. vi. desig. vii. censor” (Wilmanns n. 855), and one of Caracalla showing the titleproconsul: “M. Aurellius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus ... pontif. max., trib. pot. xviii. imp. iiii. cos. iiii. p.p. procos.” (ib. n. 2868).Pater patriaeappears sometimes before, sometimes afterconsul.

[1657]Dio Cass. xlix. 15.

[1658]On Gordian’s revolt in Africa the laurelledfasceswere immediately assumed (Herodian vii. 6;Vita Maximini14).

[1659]Originally twelve, later twenty-four (Dio Cass. lxvii. 4).

[1660]Dio Cass. li. 19.

[1661]ib.

[1662]For the reverence to the statue of the deified Emperor see Suet.Tib.58 “genus calumniae (sc. majestatis) eo processit ut haec quoque capitalia essent: circa Augusti simulacrum servum cecidisse, vestimenta mutasse, nummo vel annulo effigiem impressam latrinae aut lupanari intulisse.” For the right ofasylumattaching to the living Emperor’s image see Tac.Ann.iii. 36; GaiusInst.i. 53.

[1663]Tertull.Apol.28 “citius ... apud vos per omnes deos quam per unum genium Caesaris pejeratur.” In the official oath taken by the magistrates of Salpensa and Malaca the deified Caesars and the genius of the living Caesar come between Jupiter and thedi Penates. (BrunsFontes.)

[1664]On Seneca’s question with reference to Agrippina (59A.D.) “an militi imperanda caedes esset,” the answer is “praetorianos toti Caesarum domui obstrictos ... nihil ... atrox ausuros.” Caligula specifically included the names of his sisters in thesacramentum(Dio Cass. lix. 9)

[1665]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 831.

[1666]Mon. Ancyr.iii. 5; Dio Cass. lix. 8.

[1667]The nameAugustaas assumed by Victorina in Gaul (A.D.268) certainly meant that she claimed to be Empress.

[1668]Plin.Paneg.84.

[1669]Tac.Ann.iii. 49-51.

[1670]Gibbon ch. iii.

[1671]Senecade Ben.vi. 34, 2 “Apud nos primi omnium Gracchus et mox Livius Drusus instituerunt segregare turbam suam et alios in secretum recipere, alios cum pluribus, alios universos. Habuerunt itaque isti amicos primos, habuerunt secundos, numquam veros.”

[1672]Senecade Clem.i. 10 “cohortem primae admissionis”;Vita Alex.20 “moderationis tantae fuit ... ut amicos non solum primi aut secundi loci sed etiam inferioris aegrotantes viseret.”

[1673]Hence such titles as “comes divi Hadriani in oriente,” “comes Imp. Antonini Aug. et divi Veri bello Germanico” (Wilmanns nn. 1184, 637).

[1674]p. 147.

[1675]Interregnummight be used metaphorically of the interval between the death of one Princeps and the accession of another. SeeVita Taciti1.

[1676]Tac.Ann.i. 12 “dixit forte Tiberius se ut non toti rei publicae parem, ita quaecumque pars sibi mandaretur, ejus tutelam suscepturum.”

[1677]p. 343.

[1678]HenzenAct. Fr. Arv.p. 64. Hadrian, after his salutation by the soldiers, wrote to the Senate that he had beenpraepropereaddressed asimperator(Vita Hadriani6). Pertinax, after his appointment had been accepted by the praetorian guards, laid down his power in the Senate and was elected again (Dio Cass. lxxiii. 1).

[1679]Suet.Vesp.6.

[1680]Vita Taciti2 (after the murder of Aurelian) “exercitus, qui creare imperatorem raptim solebat, ad senatum literas misit ... petens ut ex ordine suo principem legerent. Verum senatus, sciens lectos a se principes militibus non placere, rem ad milites rettulit, dumque id saepius fit, sextus peractus est mensis.”

[1681]In 13B.C.Agrippa receivedtribunicia potestasfor five years (Dio Cass. liv. 12). For Tiberius’ claims see Tac.Ann.i 3 “filius, collega imperii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur.”

[1682]Tac.Ann.i 14 (Tiberius on his accession,A.D.14) “Germanico Caesari proconsulare imperium petivit”; iii 56 (A.D.22) “Tiberius mittit literas ad senatum quis potestatem tribuniciam Druso petebat.” For Trajan see Plin.Paneg.8 “ante pulvinar Jovis optimi maximi adoptio peracta est ... simul filius, simul Caesar, mox imperator et consors tribuniciae potestatis”;Vita Pii4 “adoptatus est (Pius) ... factusque est patri et in imperio proconsulari et in tribunicia potestate collega”;Vita Marci6 (Marcus before he came to the throne) “tribunicia potestate donatus est atque imperio extra urbem proconsulari.”

[1683]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1158.

[1684]Vell. ii. 121 “cum ... senatus populusque Romanus postulante patre ejus, ut aequum ei jus in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque esset quam erat ipsi, decreto complexus esset.”

[1685]Agrippa twice declined a triumph offered him by Augustus (Dio Cass. liv. 11 and 24), and the Senate conferred the title ofImperatoronly on the proposal of the Princeps (Tac.Ann.i. 58, Germanicus inA.D.15, “exercitum reduxit nomenque imperatoris auctore Tiberio accepit”).

[1686]MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 1154.

[1687]Suet.Gaius24 “(Gaius Drusillam) heredem quoque bonorum atque imperii aeger instituit.”

[1688]ib. 14. Compare Domitian’s contention after the death of Vespasian “relictum se participem imperii sed fraudem testamento adhibitam” (Suet.Dom.2).

[1689]Tac.Hist.i. 15 (see p. 350); i. 17 (of the adoption of Piso by Galba) “consultatum inde pro rostris an in senatu an in castris adoptio nuncuparetur”; Suet.Galba17 “(Galba Pisonem) perduxit in castra ac pro contione adoptavit.” Nerva proclaims on the Capitol his adoption of Trajan (Dio Cass. lxviii. 8).

[1690]See p. 360, n. 2.

[1691]p. 354.

[1692]Plut.Galba7 (a messenger announces that) ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἠ σύγκλητος αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Γάλβαν ἀναγορεύσειεν: Herodian ii. 12 (the Senate) ψηφίζεται τὸν μὲν (Ἰουλιανὸν) ἀναιρεθῆναι, ἀποδειχθῆναι δὲ μόνον αὐτοκράτορα τὸν Σεουῆρον:VitaMaximini15 “Ubi haec gesta sunt (i.e. after the recognition of the Gordians) senatus magis timens Maximinum aperte ac libere hostes appellat Maximinum et ejus filium.”

[1693]This was the case with Caligula, although thedamnatiowas incomplete. See Suet.Claud.11 “Gaii quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit, diem tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit inter festos referri.”

[1694]The deposed Nero was thus treated as a traitor (Suet.Ner.49 “codicillos praeripuit legitque se hostem a senatu judicatum et quaeri ut puniatur more majorum”).

[1695]Theactaof Tiberius were not sworn to (Dio Cass. lix. 9), although his memory was not condemned. His reign appears amongst the legitimate precedents for the authority of Vespasian in thelex de imperio, those of Gaius, Nero, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius being omitted.

[1696]Dio Cass. lvii. 8 (Tiberius) ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ Αὐγούστου πράξεσι τούς τε ἄλλους πάντας ὥρκου καὶ αὐτὸς ὤμνυε.

[1697]Tiberius characteristically enough would not have hisactasworn to during his lifetime (Tac.Ann.i. 72; Suet.Tib.67), and some thought the motive was “ne mox majore dedecore impar tantis honoribus inveniretur” (Suet. l.c.). His objection to his own deification was interpreted by some as a sign “degeneris animi” (Tac.Ann.iv. 38).

[1698]Dio Cass. iii. 20. Here it is made the age for entrance into the Senate; but the completion of the twenty-fifth year is meant. Cf. Quintil.Inst. Or.xii. 6, 1 “quaestoria aetas.”

[1699]Dio Cass. l.c. Dispensations from these rules might be given by the Senate, in accordance with thejus liberorum(“ut singuli anni per singulos liberos remittantur”Dig.4, 4, 2), or to members of the imperial house (Tac.Ann.iii. 29 “Per idem tempus (A.D.20) Neronem e liberis Germanici jam ingressum juventam (Tiberius) commendavit patribus, utque munere capessendi vigintiviratus solveretur et quinquennio maturius quam per leges quaesturam peteret ... postulavit”).

[1700]Dio Cass. liv. 26; cf. Tac.Ann.iii. 29, quoted in the last note.

[1701]In inscriptions of the early Principate the vigintivirate is sometimes not found in the list ofhonores. But it is more probable that it is omitted than that it was an alternative to the military tribunate. See MommsenStaatsr.i. p. 544 n. 4.

[1702]Dio Cass. lii. 20.

[1703]Its use by Macrinus in the third century excited opposition (Dio Cass. lxxviii. 13). See MommsenStaatsr.ii. p. 942.

[1704]Dio Cass. liv. 19 (of Tiberius in 16B.C.) ἐστρατήγησε γάρ, καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων (Tiberius had received theornamenta praetoriain 19B.C., see c. 10); c. 32 Drusus ἀγορανόμος ... καίπερ τὰς στρατηγικὰς τιμὰς ἔχων ἀπεδείχθη: cf. c. 22.

[1705]Suet.Aug.35; Dio Cass. lviii. 12.

[1706]MommsenStaatsr.i. p. 458.

[1707]The consularinsigniawere granted to Nymphidius and to Crispinus under Nero (Tac.Ann.xv. 72; xvi. 17); the praetorianinsigniato Sejanus and to Macro under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lvii. 19; lviii. 12).

[1708]Quaestorianinsigniawere granted to Laco under Tiberius (Dio Cass. lviii. 12).

[1709]Tac.Ann.xii. 21 “consularia insignia Ciloni (procurator of Pontus) ... decernuntur”; Suet.Claud.24 “ornamenta consularia etiam procuratoribus ducenariis indulsit.”

[1710]As the praetorianinsigniato Pallas, the quaestorian to Narcissus (Tac.Ann.xii. 53; xi. 38). Cf. Suet.Claud.28.

[1711]Suet.Aug.35 (Augustus) “quosdam ad excusandi se verecundiam compulit: servavitque etiam excusatis insigne vestis et spectandi in orchestra epulandique publice jus.”

[1712]p. 156.

[1713]In an exceptional case, such as Junius Blaesus’ command in Africa, the proconsul might be salutedimperatoron the permission of the Princeps (Tac.Ann.iii. 74), and the first condition of a triumph be fulfilled. But this incident, dating fromA.D.22, was the last of its kind on record.

[1714]Suet.Aug.38 “super triginta ducibus justos triumphos et aliquanto pluribus triumphalia ornamenta decernenda curavit”; Wilmanns n. 1145 l. 19 “senatus ... triumphalibus ornamentis honoravit auctore imp. Caesare Augusto Vespasiano”;Indexp. 609.

[1715]Dio Cass. lix. 9. The obligation to swearin acta Caesarishad, with reference to the acts of the first Caesar, begun in 45B.C.(App.B.C.ii. 106), and had been renewed during the triumvirate (Dio Cass. xlvii. 18), the formula runningse nihil contra acta Caesaris facturum. For the obligation as continued in the Principate cf. p. 363.

[1716]Herodian (ii. 12), with reference to the downfall of Didius Julianus, speaks of the consuls οἷ τὰ τῆς Ῥώμης διοικεῖν εἰώθασιν ὁπηνίκα ἂν τὰ τῆς βασιλείας μετέωρα ᾗ.

[1717]Plut.Galba 8.

[1718]Tac.Hist.iii. 68.

[1719]Plin.Paneg.77 “comitia consulum obibat ipse (Trajanus); tantum ex renuntiatione eorum voluptatis quantum prius ex destinatione capiebat.... Adibat aliquis ut principem; respondebat se consulem esse.”

[1720]On the consuls was laid the burden of certain newly-established festivals such as those celebrating theNataliaof Augustus and the victory of Actium (Dio Cass. lvi 46; lix. 20).

[1721]See MommsenStaatsr.ii pp. 84-87. The climax was reached with twenty-five consulships in a single year (189A.D.) under Commodus (Dio Cass. lxxii. 12;Vita Commodi6).

[1722]Vita Alexandri43.

[1723]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 32.

[1724]MariniAtti Arvalip. 784.

[1725]Dio Cassius, lii. cc. 20, 21 (speech of Maecenas), may mean to imply their existence in his own time. Geib (Criminalprocesspp. 392-397) assigns their disappearance to the end of the first century.

[1726]Pompon. inDig.1, 2, 2, 32 “divus Claudius duos praetores adjecit qui de fidei commisso jus dicerent, ex quibus unum divus Titus detraxit: et adjecit divus Nerva qui inter fiscum et privatos jus diceret.”

[1727]See last note.

[1728]Vita Marci10 “praetorem tutelarem primus fecit, cum ante tutores a consulibus poscerentur, ut diligentius de tutoribus tractaretur.”

[1729]See § 5.

[1730]On the condemnation of the history of Cremutius Cordus inA.D.25 “libros per aediles cremandos censuere patres” (Tac.Ann.iv. 35).

[1731]Tac.Ann.iii 52-55 (A.D.22).

[1732]We hear of Vespasian during the reign of Caligula ἀγορανομοῦντός τε ... καὶ τῆς τῶν στενωπῶν καθαρειότητος ἐπιμελουμένου (Dio Cass. lix. 12). Cf. Suet.Vesp.5.

[1733]Tac.Ann.ii. 85 (A.D.19) “Vistilia praetoria familia genita licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat.”

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