Chapter 42

[2155]WilmannsIndexp. 559.[2156]Tac.Ann.i. 80; vi. 39; iv. 18.[2157]Plut.Galba4.[2158]Dio Cass. liii. 13; Tac.Ann.i. 80.[2159]Dio Cass. liii. 23[2160]Wilmanns 1267;procurator vices agens legati(ib. 1622a). The titleprocurator et praeseswas also applied to them. Theprocurator vice praesidiswas an ordinary procurator holding aninterimcommand for the regular governor of a province (WilmannsIndexp. 568).[2161]See p. 428; and cf. Tac.Hist.i. 11.[2162]JosephusAntiq. Jud.xviii. 4, 2.[2163]Leg. pro pr. exercitus Germanici superioris, legato pro pr. Germaniae super(ioris) et exercitus in ea tendentis(Wilmanns 867, 1186). Cf. Tac.Ann.vi. 30 “Gaetulicus ea tempestate superioris Germaniae legiones curabat.”[2164]Tac.Ann.i. 31.[2165]Tac.Hist.i. 11 “Aegyptum copiasque, quibus coerceretur, jam inde a divo Augusto equites Romani obtinent loco regum: ita visum expedire provinciam aditu difficilem, annonae fecundam ... domi retinere.”[2166]Tac.Ann.ii. 59 “Augustus ... vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus, seposuit Aegyptum, ne fame urgueret Italiam, quisquis eam provinciam claustraque terrae ac maris ... insedisset.”[2167]Ulpian (inDig.1, 17, 1) speaks of his having an “imperium ... ad similitudinem proconsulis.”[2168]Tac.Ann.xii. 60 “divus Augustus apud equestres, qui Aegypto praesiderent, lege agi decretaque eorum proinde haberi jusserat, ac si magistratus Romani constituissent.”[2169]Cic.ad Att.xiv. 12, 1; Tac.Ann.xiii. 32; Plin.H.N.iii. 30.[2170]See MitteisReichsrecht und Volksrecht.[2171]Cf. Plin.Epp. ad Traj.17 (28), 37 (46), 39 (48), 47 (56), 54 (62), 111 (112).[2172]Thelex Malacitana(the charter of a Latin colony in Spain founded between 81 and 84A.D.) contains (c. li.) elaborate provisions for forcing candidates to come forward for office (BrunsFontes). Trajan in a letter to Pliny speaks of those “qui inviti fiunt decuriones” (Plin.Ep. ad Traj.113 [114]).[2173]See MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 190; KuhnVerfassung des römischen Reichsi. p. 238. Cf. Plin.ad Traj.112 (113) “ii quos indulgentia tua quibusdam civitatibus super legitimum numerum adicere permisit.” Contrast with this the principle of admission to local senates recognised by thelex Julia Munic.l. 85 “nei quis eorum quem ... legito neve sublegito ... nisi in demortuei damnateive locum.”[2174]Lex Julia Munic.l. 135 “IIvir(atum)IIIIvir(atum) aliamve quam potestatem, ex quo honore in eum ordinem perveniat.”[2175]Paulus inDig.50, 2, 7, 2 “Is, qui non sit decurio, duumviratu vel aliis honoribus fungi non potest, quia decurionum honoribus plebeii fungi prohibentur.”[2176]Dig.50, 2, 1.[2177]ib. 50, 4, 1, 3 “Illud tenendum est generaliter personale quidem munus esse, quod corporibus labore cum sollicitudine animi ac vigilantia sollemniter extitit, patrimonii vero, in quo sumptus maxime postulatur.” But the two ideas were often inseparable. Hence the recognition ofmixta muneraby Arcadius (50, 4, 18). For a complete enumeration ofmunerasee KuhnVerfassungi. pp. 35 ff.[2178]Dig.50, 4, 1, 2; 50, 4, 18, 8, 16 and 26.[2179]ib. 50, 4, 1, 1.[2180]That coercion was sometimes employed is shown by TacitusAnn.iv. 36 “objecta publice Cyzicenis incuria caerimoniarum divi Augusti, additis violentiae criminibus adversum cives Romanos. Et amisere libertatem.”[2181]Cf. Plin.Paneg.80 “velocissimi sideris more omnia invisere, omnia audire, et undecumque invocatum statim, velut numen, adesse et adsistere. Talia esse crediderim quae ipse mundi parens temperat nutu ... tantum caelo vacat, postquam te dedit, qui erga omne hominum genus vice sua fungereris.” Boissier (La Religion Romainei. pp. 206, 207) quotes a very similar passage from Bossuet, which concludes “qu’il faut obéir aux princes comme à la justice même; ils sont des dieux et participent en quelque façon à l’indépendance divine.”[2182]Dio Cass. li. 22.[2183]ib. liv. 25.[2184]Joseph.Antiq.xv. 10, 3.[2185]Suet.Aug.52 “templa, quamvis sciret etiam proconsulibus decerni solere, in nulla tamen provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit.”[2186]EckhelDoctrina Numorumii. 466.[2187]Dio Cass. liv. 32; RhysHibbert Lecturespp. 409, 421, 424.[2188]Tac.Ann.i. 57.[2189]EggerExamen critique des historiens du règne d’AugusteApp. ii. pp. 360-375.[2190]MourlotHistoire de l’Augustalité dans l’Empire Romainpp. 29-33.[2191]Tac.Ann.i. 73.[2192]Thus in 15A.D.a temple was erected at Tarraco (Tac.Ann.i. 78).[2193]p. 363.[2194]Suet.Vesp.23 “Prima quoque morbi accessione, ‘Vae,’ inquit, ‘puto, Deus fio.’”[2195]Vita Marci18.[2196]Tac.Ann.i. 54.[2197]See the inscription of Narbonne in RushforthLatin Historical Inscriptionsn. 35. In this case theFlaminicawas the wife of theFlamen, as at Rome; but this was usually not the case in the municipal towns. See MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 174.[2198]MommsenStaatsr.iii p. 455.[2199]This was the usual type, but there were local variations, and the relation ofsevirtoAugustaliswas not always the same. In Cisalpine Gaul we haveseviri et Augustales, where the ex-sevir retains his title. In southern ItalyAugustalisis used forsevir. See Mourlotop. cit.pp. 69-72; Rushforthop. cit.p. 64.[2200]For a “templum et monumentum” in honour of the governor see Cic.ad Q. fr.1, 1, 9, 26. A temple to Roma was erected by Smyrna as early as 195B.C.(Tac.Ann.iv. 56).[2201]Tac.Ann.xiv. 31 “templum divo Claudio constitutum quasi arx aeternae dominationis aspiciebatur.”[2202]Imperial rescripts toconciliaor κοινά are frequent SeeDig.47, 14, 1; 49, 1, 1; 48, 6, 5, 1. Cf. 1, 16, 4, 5.[2203]Plin.Ep.iii. 4, 2. Where, as in this passage, thelegatiof a province are represented as making a complaint, they doubtless represent theconcilium. InA.D.62 asenatus consultumwas passed “ne quis ad concilium sociorum referret agendas apud senatum pro praetoribus prove consulibus grates” (Tac.Ann.xv. 22).[2204]Cod.5, 27, 1 (A.D.336).

[2155]WilmannsIndexp. 559.

[2156]Tac.Ann.i. 80; vi. 39; iv. 18.

[2157]Plut.Galba4.

[2158]Dio Cass. liii. 13; Tac.Ann.i. 80.

[2159]Dio Cass. liii. 23

[2160]Wilmanns 1267;procurator vices agens legati(ib. 1622a). The titleprocurator et praeseswas also applied to them. Theprocurator vice praesidiswas an ordinary procurator holding aninterimcommand for the regular governor of a province (WilmannsIndexp. 568).

[2161]See p. 428; and cf. Tac.Hist.i. 11.

[2162]JosephusAntiq. Jud.xviii. 4, 2.

[2163]Leg. pro pr. exercitus Germanici superioris, legato pro pr. Germaniae super(ioris) et exercitus in ea tendentis(Wilmanns 867, 1186). Cf. Tac.Ann.vi. 30 “Gaetulicus ea tempestate superioris Germaniae legiones curabat.”

[2164]Tac.Ann.i. 31.

[2165]Tac.Hist.i. 11 “Aegyptum copiasque, quibus coerceretur, jam inde a divo Augusto equites Romani obtinent loco regum: ita visum expedire provinciam aditu difficilem, annonae fecundam ... domi retinere.”

[2166]Tac.Ann.ii. 59 “Augustus ... vetitis nisi permissu ingredi senatoribus aut equitibus Romanis illustribus, seposuit Aegyptum, ne fame urgueret Italiam, quisquis eam provinciam claustraque terrae ac maris ... insedisset.”

[2167]Ulpian (inDig.1, 17, 1) speaks of his having an “imperium ... ad similitudinem proconsulis.”

[2168]Tac.Ann.xii. 60 “divus Augustus apud equestres, qui Aegypto praesiderent, lege agi decretaque eorum proinde haberi jusserat, ac si magistratus Romani constituissent.”

[2169]Cic.ad Att.xiv. 12, 1; Tac.Ann.xiii. 32; Plin.H.N.iii. 30.

[2170]See MitteisReichsrecht und Volksrecht.

[2171]Cf. Plin.Epp. ad Traj.17 (28), 37 (46), 39 (48), 47 (56), 54 (62), 111 (112).

[2172]Thelex Malacitana(the charter of a Latin colony in Spain founded between 81 and 84A.D.) contains (c. li.) elaborate provisions for forcing candidates to come forward for office (BrunsFontes). Trajan in a letter to Pliny speaks of those “qui inviti fiunt decuriones” (Plin.Ep. ad Traj.113 [114]).

[2173]See MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 190; KuhnVerfassung des römischen Reichsi. p. 238. Cf. Plin.ad Traj.112 (113) “ii quos indulgentia tua quibusdam civitatibus super legitimum numerum adicere permisit.” Contrast with this the principle of admission to local senates recognised by thelex Julia Munic.l. 85 “nei quis eorum quem ... legito neve sublegito ... nisi in demortuei damnateive locum.”

[2174]Lex Julia Munic.l. 135 “IIvir(atum)IIIIvir(atum) aliamve quam potestatem, ex quo honore in eum ordinem perveniat.”

[2175]Paulus inDig.50, 2, 7, 2 “Is, qui non sit decurio, duumviratu vel aliis honoribus fungi non potest, quia decurionum honoribus plebeii fungi prohibentur.”

[2176]Dig.50, 2, 1.

[2177]ib. 50, 4, 1, 3 “Illud tenendum est generaliter personale quidem munus esse, quod corporibus labore cum sollicitudine animi ac vigilantia sollemniter extitit, patrimonii vero, in quo sumptus maxime postulatur.” But the two ideas were often inseparable. Hence the recognition ofmixta muneraby Arcadius (50, 4, 18). For a complete enumeration ofmunerasee KuhnVerfassungi. pp. 35 ff.

[2178]Dig.50, 4, 1, 2; 50, 4, 18, 8, 16 and 26.

[2179]ib. 50, 4, 1, 1.

[2180]That coercion was sometimes employed is shown by TacitusAnn.iv. 36 “objecta publice Cyzicenis incuria caerimoniarum divi Augusti, additis violentiae criminibus adversum cives Romanos. Et amisere libertatem.”

[2181]Cf. Plin.Paneg.80 “velocissimi sideris more omnia invisere, omnia audire, et undecumque invocatum statim, velut numen, adesse et adsistere. Talia esse crediderim quae ipse mundi parens temperat nutu ... tantum caelo vacat, postquam te dedit, qui erga omne hominum genus vice sua fungereris.” Boissier (La Religion Romainei. pp. 206, 207) quotes a very similar passage from Bossuet, which concludes “qu’il faut obéir aux princes comme à la justice même; ils sont des dieux et participent en quelque façon à l’indépendance divine.”

[2182]Dio Cass. li. 22.

[2183]ib. liv. 25.

[2184]Joseph.Antiq.xv. 10, 3.

[2185]Suet.Aug.52 “templa, quamvis sciret etiam proconsulibus decerni solere, in nulla tamen provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit.”

[2186]EckhelDoctrina Numorumii. 466.

[2187]Dio Cass. liv. 32; RhysHibbert Lecturespp. 409, 421, 424.

[2188]Tac.Ann.i. 57.

[2189]EggerExamen critique des historiens du règne d’AugusteApp. ii. pp. 360-375.

[2190]MourlotHistoire de l’Augustalité dans l’Empire Romainpp. 29-33.

[2191]Tac.Ann.i. 73.

[2192]Thus in 15A.D.a temple was erected at Tarraco (Tac.Ann.i. 78).

[2193]p. 363.

[2194]Suet.Vesp.23 “Prima quoque morbi accessione, ‘Vae,’ inquit, ‘puto, Deus fio.’”

[2195]Vita Marci18.

[2196]Tac.Ann.i. 54.

[2197]See the inscription of Narbonne in RushforthLatin Historical Inscriptionsn. 35. In this case theFlaminicawas the wife of theFlamen, as at Rome; but this was usually not the case in the municipal towns. See MarquardtStaatsverw.i. p. 174.

[2198]MommsenStaatsr.iii p. 455.

[2199]This was the usual type, but there were local variations, and the relation ofsevirtoAugustaliswas not always the same. In Cisalpine Gaul we haveseviri et Augustales, where the ex-sevir retains his title. In southern ItalyAugustalisis used forsevir. See Mourlotop. cit.pp. 69-72; Rushforthop. cit.p. 64.

[2200]For a “templum et monumentum” in honour of the governor see Cic.ad Q. fr.1, 1, 9, 26. A temple to Roma was erected by Smyrna as early as 195B.C.(Tac.Ann.iv. 56).

[2201]Tac.Ann.xiv. 31 “templum divo Claudio constitutum quasi arx aeternae dominationis aspiciebatur.”

[2202]Imperial rescripts toconciliaor κοινά are frequent SeeDig.47, 14, 1; 49, 1, 1; 48, 6, 5, 1. Cf. 1, 16, 4, 5.

[2203]Plin.Ep.iii. 4, 2. Where, as in this passage, thelegatiof a province are represented as making a complaint, they doubtless represent theconcilium. InA.D.62 asenatus consultumwas passed “ne quis ad concilium sociorum referret agendas apud senatum pro praetoribus prove consulibus grates” (Tac.Ann.xv. 22).

[2204]Cod.5, 27, 1 (A.D.336).

Back to Index Next