APPENDIX

Besides the foregoing language, there is another lingo, or rather mixed dialect, spoken by the Chinook and other neighbouring tribes; which is generally used in their intercourse with the whites. It is much more easily learned, and the pronunciation {349} more agreeable to the ear than the other, as will appear from the annexed specimen.

{350} A TABLE OF THE WEATHER AT THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, FROM MARCH22NDTILL JULY22ND, 1811.

1. Gabriel Franchère,Voyage(French original, published at Montreal in 1820; English translation published in New York, 1854); Ross Cox,Adventures on the Columbia River(London, 1831); and Alexander Ross,Adventures(London, 1849). We reprint the first and third of these.

2. For a brief account of the discoveries of the North-west Coast, see Thwaites,Rocky Mountain Exploration(New York, 1904), chap. i. For notes on Vancouver and Drake, see Franchère’sNarrative, volume vi of our series, notes 2, 66. Further references to thisNarrative, in the following notes, will be to that reprint.—Ed.

3. For brief sketch of John Jacob Astor, see Franchère’sNarrative, volume vi. of our series, note 8.—Ed.

4. For the history of the great fur-trade companies, see Turner, “Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical SocietyProceedings, 1889; Chittenden,History of American Fur Trade in Far West(New York, 1902); J. Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, preface. The Mackinac Company, composed of British subjects, was formed before the surrender of the Upper Lakes posts to the Americans (1796). It operated chiefly in the West and South-west; and in 1807, Americans on Lake Ontario fired upon its brigade. See MichiganPioneer and Historical Collections, xxv, pp. 250–257. This company was a source of dispute between Canada and the United States until Astor purchased its stock. At the time of sale, the North West Company’s partners held a controlling interest.—Ed.

5. The word “Oregon” was not an appellation of the Spaniards, but appears to have first been employed in 1778 by the English traveller, Captain Jonathan Carver (concerning whom see J. Long’sVoyages, volume ii of our series, note 5). On the meaning thereof, see Oregon Historical SocietyQuarterly, June, 1900; also H. H. Bancroft,History of Oregon(San Francisco, 1886), i, pp. 17–25.—Ed.

6. For brief biography of these partners of the Pacific Fur Company, see Bradbury’sTravels, volume v of our series, note 4; Franchère’sNarrative, notes 9, 10.—Ed.

7. Concerning Mackenzie’s discoveries, see Franchère, note 4. McKay accompanied Mackenzie upon his second voyage to the Pacific, not upon his first expedition to the Arctic.—Ed.

8. Relative to Hunt, Crooks, McClellan, and Miller, see Bradbury’sTravels, volume v of our series, notes 2, 3, 72; for Clarke, see Franchère, note 81.—Ed.

9. For what is known of these clerks, see Franchère, notes 76, 84. For Robert Stuart, see Bradbury’sTravels, in our volume v, note 117.—Ed.

10. Compare the following description of the voyage of the “Tonquin” with that of Franchère; on the “Constitution,” Captain Thorn, and the Hawaiian Islands, seeibid., notes 18, 19, 21.—Ed.

11. Compare Ross’s account of the Hawaiian Islands with that of Franchère, especially notes 22–34.—Ed.

12. Compare the following account with that of Franchère, particularly notes 36, 37, 40, 41.—Ed.

13. Compare Ross’s description of the building of Astoria with that of Franchère, particularly notes 42, 44, 61.—Ed.

14. The tribes of the Pacific coast were numerous, and their classification varies. For the Chinook, Clatsop, Wakiacum, Cathlapotle (Cattleputles), Tillamook (Killamux), Multnomah, and Chehalis (Chickelis), see Franchère, notes 39, 40, 45, 52, 53, 65, 67. The other tribes cannot positively be identified, except the Katlamat (Cathlamux), who were a branch of the Upper Chinook, giving name to the town of Cathlamet, Washington. On the subject of the native races of this section, see Thwaites,Original Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition(New York, 1904), under Scientific Data: Ethnology.—Ed.

15. For information concerning the wood-rat, sea-otter, and chepool, see Franchère, notes 128–130.—Ed.

16. For the characteristic fish of this coast, see Franchère, notes 88, 124–126. Theulichanis the candlefish, so named because it is fat enough to burn for illuminating purposes.—Ed.

17. For the wappato root see Franchère, note 87.—Ed.

18. Captain John Meares, born about 1756, served in the British navy, where he attained the rank of lieutenant. After the Peace of Paris (1783) he entered the merchant service, and founded a commercial house in Macao, China, to trade with the North-west Coast of North America. In 1786 he made his first voyage thither. Two years later, he formed an establishment at Nootka Sound, and explored the coast to the south—failing, however, to recognize the outlet of the Columbia as the mouth of a great river. In 1789, Meares’s establishment at Nootka was demolished by the Spaniards, which led to the diplomatic incident known as the Nootka Sound episode. His book appeared during this controversy—Voyages made in the years 1788 and 1789 to the N. W. Coast of America(London, 1791). Meares finally returned to the navy, became commander in 1795, and died in 1809.—Ed.

19. For brief account of Vancouver, see Franchère, note 2. Port Discovery, on the northern coast of Washington, was named for Vancouver’s ship. Desolation Sound was farther north in the Gulf of Georgia.—Ed.

20. For the appearance of these flattened heads, see Clark’s drawings of the Chinook, inOriginal Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition.—Ed.

21. For the promontory known as Tongue Point, see Franchère, note 44. Gray’s Bay was named for Captain Robert Gray,op. cit., note 1. “Oathlamuck” Point is that now known as Cathlamet Point, in Clatsop County, Oregon. This does not bound Gray’s Bay, except as it is the point below which the river widens into great inlets.—Ed.

22. Puget’s Island, in the Columbia opposite Cathlamet, Washington, was named when Broughton explored the Columbia (1792), for Peter Puget, lieutenant of Vancouver’s vessel, the “Discovery.” For Oak Point, see Franchère, note 74. Ross is the only contemporary writer who mentions this Indian village by name.—Ed.

23. Ross confuses the names of two landmarks; the first should be Mount Coffin (see Franchère, note 48), the second Coffin Rock. The first is an isolated cliff on the Washington bank of the river, the second a rocky islet toward the Oregon side—both used as places of Indian sepulture. For Deer Island, see Franchère, note 75.—Ed.

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