In the poets whom Newman praises the imagination is, as it were, centripetal. The neo-classic proneness to oppose good sense to imagination, and the romantic proneness to oppose imagination to good sense, have at least this justification, that in many persons, perhaps in most persons, the two actually conflict, but surely the point to emphasize is that they may come together, that good sense may be imaginative and imagination sensible. If imagination is not sensible, as is plainly the case in Victor Hugo, for example, we may suspect a lack of the universal and ethical quality. All men, even great poets, are more or less immersed in their personal conceit and in the zones of illusion peculiar to their age. But there is the question of degree. The poets to whom the world has finally accorded its suffrage have not been megalomaniacs; they have not threatened like Hugo to outbellow the thunder or pull comets around by the tail.[321]Bossuet’s saying that“good sense is the master of human life” does not contradict but complete Pascal’s saying that “the imagination disposes of everything,” provided only due stress be laid on the word human. It would not be easy to live a more imaginative life than Hugo, but his imagination was so unrestrained that we may ask whether he lived a very human life, whether he was not rather, in Tennyson’s phrase, a “weird Titan.” Man realizes that immensity of his being of which Joubert speaks only in so far as he ceases to be the thrall of his own ego. This human breadth he achieves not by throwing off but by taking on limitations, and what he limits is above all his imagination. The reason why he should strive for a life that is thus increasingly full and complete is simply, as Joubert suggests, that it is more delectable, that it is found practically to make for happiness.
THE END
Perhaps the closest approach in the past to the movement of which Rousseau is the most important single figure is the early Taoist movement in China. Taoism, especially in its popular aspects, became later something very different, and what I say is meant to apply above all to the period from about 550 to 200B.C.The material for the Taoism of this period will be found in convenient form in the volume of Léon Wieger (1913)—Les Pères du Système taoïste(Chinese texts with French translations of Lao-tzŭ, Lieh-tzŭ and Chuang-tzŭ). The Tao Tê King of Lao-tzŭ is a somewhat enigmatical document of only a few thousand words, but plainly primitivistic in its general trend. The phrase that best sums up its general spirit is that of Wordsworth—a “wise passiveness.” The unity at which it aims is clearly of the pantheistic variety, the unity that is obtained by breaking down discrimination and affirming the “identity of contradictories,” and that encourages a reversion to origins, to the state of nature and the simple life. According to the Taoist the Chinese fell from the simple life into artificiality about the time of the legendary Yellow Emperor, Hoang-ti (27th centuryB.C.). The individual also should look back to beginnings and seek to be once more like the new-born child[322]or, according to Chuang-tzŭ, like the new-born calf.[323]It is in Chuang-tzŭ indeed that the doctrine develops its full naturalistic and primitivistic implications. Few writers in either East or West have set forth more entertainingly what one may term the Bohemian attitude towards life. He heaps ridiculeupon Confucius and in the name of spontaneity attacks his doctrine of humanistic imitation.[324]He sings the praises of the unconscious,[325]even when obtained through intoxication,[326]and extols the morality of the beautiful soul.[327]He traces the fall of mankind from nature into artifice in a fashion that anticipates very completely both Rousseau’s Discourse on the Arts and Sciences[328]and that on the Origin of Inequality.[329]See also the amusing passage in which the brigand Chi, child of nature and champion of the weak against the oppressions of government, paints a highly Rousseauistic picture of man’s fall from his primitive felicity.[330]Among the things that are contrary to nature and purely conventional, according to Chuang-tzŭ and the Taoists, are, not only the sciences and arts and attempts to discriminate between good and bad taste,[331]but likewise government and statecraft,[332]virtue and moral standards.[333]To the artificial music of the Confucians, the Taoists oppose a natural music that offers startling analogies to the most recent programmatic and descriptive tendencies of Occidental music.[334]See especially Chuang-tzŭ’s programme for a cosmic symphony in three movements[335]—thePipes of Panas one is tempted to call it. This music that is supposed to reflect in all its mystery and magic the infinite creative processes of nature is very close to the primitivistic music (“L’arbre vu du côté des racines”) with which Hugo’s satyr strikes panic into the breasts of the Olympians.
The Taoist notion of following nature is closely related, as in other naturalistic movements, to the idea of fate whether in its stoical or epicurean form.[336]From the references in Chuang-tzŭ[337]and elsewhere to various sects and schools we see that Taoism was only a part of a great stream of naturalistic and primitivistic tendency. China abounded at that time in pacifists,[338]in apostles of brotherly love, and as we should say nowadays Tolstoyans. A true opposite to the egoistic Yang-chu was the preacher of pure altruism and indiscriminate sympathy, Mei-ti. Mencius said that if the ideas of either of these extremists prevailed the time would come, not only when wolves would devour men, but men would devour one another.[339]In opposing discrimination and ethical standards to the naturalists, Mencius and the Confucian humanists were fighting for civilization. Unfortunately there is some truth in the Taoist charge that the standards of the Confucians are too literal, that in their defence of the principle of imitation they did not allow sufficiently for the element of flux and relativity and illusion in things—an element for which the Taoists had so keen a sense that they even went to the point of suppressing the difference between sleeping and waking[340]and life and death.[341]To reply properly to the Taoist relativist the Confucians would have needed to work out a sound conception of the rôle of the imagination—the universal key to human nature—and this they do not seem to have done. One is inclined to ask whether this is the reason for China’s failure to achieve a great ethical art like that of the drama and the epic of the Occident at their best. The Taoists were richly imaginative but along romantic lines. We should not fail to note the Taoist influence upon Li Po and other Bohemian and bibulous poets of the Tang dynasty, or the relation of Taoism to the rise of a great school of landscape painting at about the same time. We should note also the Taoist element in “Ch’an” Buddhism (the “Zen” Buddhism[342]of Japan), some knowledge of which is needed for an understanding of whole periods of Japanese and Chinese art.
In these later stages, however, the issues are less clear-cut than in the original struggle between Taoists and Confucians. The total impression one has of early Taoism is that it is a main manifestation of an age of somewhat sophistical individualism. Ancient Chinese individualism ended like that of Greece at about the same time in disaster. After a period of terrible convulsions (the era of the “Fighting States”), the inevitable man on horseback appeared from the most barbaric of these states and “put the lid” on everybody. Shi Hwang-ti, the new emperor, had many of the scholars put to death and issued an edict that the writings of the past, especially the Confucian writings, should be destroyed (213B.C.). Though the emperor behaved like a man who took literally the Taoist views as to the blessings of ignorance, it is not clear from our chief authority, the historian Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien, that he acted entirely or indeed mainly under Taoist influence.
It is proper to add that though Lao-tzŭ proclaims that the soft is superior to the hard, a doctrine that should appeal to the Occidental sentimentalist, one does not find in him or in the other Taoists the equivalent of the extreme emotional expansiveness of the Rousseauist. There are passages, especially in Lao-tzŭ, that in their emphasis on concentration and calm are in line with the ordinary wisdom of the East; and even where the doctrine is unmistakably primitivistic the emotional quality is often different from that of the corresponding movement in the West.
My only justification for these very unsystematic bibliographical notes is that, bringing together as they do under one cover material somewhat scattered and inaccessible to most readers, they may help to add to the number, now unfortunately very small, of those who have earned the right to have an opinion about romanticism as an international movement. A list of this kind is a fragment of a fragment. I have given, for example, only a fraction of the books on Rousseau and scarcely any of the books, thousands in numbers, which without being chiefly on Rousseau, contain important passages on him. I may cite almost at random as instances of this latter class, the comparison between Burke and Rousseau in the fifth volume of Lecky’sHistory of the Eighteenth Century; the stanzas on Rousseau in the third canto ofChilde Harold; the passage on Rousseau in Hazlitt’s essay on thePast and Future(Table Talk).
The only period that I have covered with any attempt at fullness is that from about 1795 to 1840. Books that seem to me to possess literary distinction or to deal authoritatively with some aspect of the subject I have marked with a star. I make no claim, however, to have read all the books I have listed, and my rating will no doubt often be questioned in the case of those I have read.
I have not as a rule mentioned articles in periodicals. The files of the following special publications may often be consulted with profit. Those that have current bibliographies I have marked with a dagger.
†Revue d’Histoire littéraire de la France.—†Annales romantiques.—†Revue germanique(Eng. and German).
†Englische Studien—Anglia.—†Mitteilungen über Englische Sprache und Literatur(Beiblatt zur Anglia).—†Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen(Herrigs Archiv).—†Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur—Kritischer Jahresbericht der romanischen Philologie—Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift—Euphorion(German lit.).—†Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur.
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America.—†Modern Language Notes(Baltimore).—Modern Philology(Chicago).—The Journal of English and Germanic Philology(Urbana, Ill.).—†Studies in Philology(Univ. of North Car.).—†The Modern Language Review(Cambridge, Eng.).
Works that are international in scope and that fall either wholly or in part in the romantic period are as follows: L. P. Betz: ✱La Littérature Comparée, Essai bibliographique, 2eéd. augmentée, 1904.—A. Sayous:Le XVIIIesiècle à l’étranger, 2 vols. 1861.—H. Hettner: ✱Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahr.1872. 6 vols. 5th edn. 1909. (Still standard.)—G. Brandes: ✱Main Currents in 19th Century Literature, 6 vols. 1901 ff. Originally given as lectures in Danish at the University of Copenhagen and trans. into German, 1872 ff. (Often marred by political “tendency.”)—T. Süpfle:Geschichte des deutschen Kultureinflusses auf Frankreich, 2 vols. 1886-90.—V. Rossel:Hist. de la litt. fr. hors de France. 2eéd. 1897.—C. E. Vaughan:The Romantic Revolt, 1900.—T. S. Omond:The Romantic Triumph, 1900. (A somewhat colorless book.)
✱The Cambridge History of English Literature, vols.X,XI,XII, 1913 ff. (Excellent bibliographies.)—See also articles and bibliographies in ✱Dictionary of National Biography, ChambersEncyclopædia of English Literature(new edn.) andEncyclopædia Britannica(11th edn.).
L. Stephen: ✱History of English Thought in the 18th Century, 1876. (To be consulted for the deistic prelude to emotional naturalism. The author’s horizons are often limited by his utilitarian outlook.)—T. S. Seccombe:The Age of Johnson, 1900.—E. Bernbaum’sEnglish Poets of the 18th Century, 1918. (An anthology so arranged as to illustrate the growth of sentimentalism.)—W. L. Phelps:The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement, 1893.—H. A. Beers:A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century, 1898.A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century, 1901. (Both vols. are agreeably written but start from a very inadequate definition of romanticism.)—C. H. Herford:The Age of Wordsworth, 1897.—G. Saintsbury:Nineteenth Century Literature, 1896.—A. Symons:The Romantic Movement in English Poetry, 1909. (Ultra-romantic in outlook.)—W. J. Courthope:History of English Poetry, vols.VandVI, 1911.—O. Elton: ✱A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, 1912. (A distinguished treatment of the period, at once scholarly and literary. The point of view is on the whole romantic, as appears in the use of such general terms as “beauty” and the “infinite.”)—H. Richter:Geschichte der englischen Romantik, 1911 ff.—W. A. Neilson:The Essentials of Poetry, 1912. (The point of view appears in a passage like the following, pp. 192-93: According to Arnold high seriousness “is the final criterion of a great poet. One might suggest it as a more fit criterion for a great divine. … The element for which Arnold was groping when he seized on the σπουδή of Aristotle was not seriousness but intensity.”)—P. E. More: ✱The Drift of Romanticism(Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series), 1913. (Deals also with the international aspects of the movement, especially in the essay on Nietzsche. The point of view has much in common with my own.)
George Lillo:The London Merchant; orThe History of George Barnwell, 1731.Fatal Curiosity, 1737. Both plays ed. with intro. by A. W. Ward, 1906. (Bibliography.)—E. Bernbaum:The Drama of Sensibility, 1696-1780, 1915.
S. Richardson, 1689-1761:Novels, ed. L. Stephen, 12 vols. 1883.
D. Diderot:Eloge de R., 1761. Reprinted inŒuvres complètes, vol. v.—J. Jusserand:Le Roman Anglais, 1886.—J. O. E. Donner:R. in der deutschen Romantik, 1896.—W. L. Cross:The Development of the English Novel(chap.II, “The 18th Century Realists”), 1899.—J. Texte: ✱J.-J. Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire. Eng. trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1899.—C. L. Thomson:Samuel Richardson: a Biographical and Critical Study, 1900.—A. Dobson:S. R., 1902.
L. Sterne, 1713-68: Collected Works, ed. G. Saintsbury, 6 vols. 1894. Ed. W. L. Cross, 12 vols. 1904.
P. Fitzgerald:Life of S., 2 vols. 1864. 3d edn. 1906.—P. Stapfer:Laurence Sterne, 1870.—H. D. Traill:Sterne, 1882.—L. Stephen:Sterne. Hours in a Library, vol.III, 1892.—J. Czerny:Sterne, Hippel, und Jean Paul, 1904.—H. W. Thayer:L. S. in Germany, 1905.—P. E. More:Shelburne Essays, 3d Series, 1905.—W. L. Cross:The Life and Times of L. S., 1909.—W. Sichel: ✱Sterne, 1910.—L. Melville:The Life and Letters of L. S., 2 vols. 1911.—F. B. Barton:Etude sur l’influence de S. en France au XVIIIesiècle, 1911.
Henry Mackenzie:The Man of Feeling, 1771.—Horace Walpole:The Castle of Otranto, 1765.—Clara Reeve:The Champion of Virtue, 1777. Title changed toThe Old English Baronin later edns.—Thomas Amory:Life of John Buncle, Esq., 4 vols. 1756-66. New edn. (with intro. by E. A. Baker), 1904.—Henry Brooke:The Fool of Quality, 5 vols. 1766-70. Ed. E. A. Baker, 1906.—William Beckford:An Arabian Tale[Vathek], 1786. In French, 1787. Ed. R. Garnett, 1893.—L. Melville:The Life and Letters of William Beckford, 1910.—P. E. More:W. B., inThe Drift of Romanticism, 1913.
Edward Young, 1683-1765:Works, 6 vols. 1757-78.Poetical Works(Aldine Poets), 1858.—George Eliot:The Poet Y., inEssays, 2d edn. 1884.—W. Thomas:Le poète E. Y., 1901.—J. L. Kind:E. Y. in Germany, 1906.—H. C. Shelley:The Life and Letters of E. Y., 1914.
James Macpherson, 1736-96:Fingal, 1762.Temora, 1763.The Works of Ossian, ed. W. Sharp, 1896.—For bibliography of Ossian and the Ossianic controversy seeLowndes’s Bibliographer’s Manual, partVI, 1861.—J. S. Smart: ✱James Macpherson, 1905.
Thomas Percy:Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 3 vols. 1765. Ed. H. B. Wheatley, 3 vols. 1876 and 1891.—A. C. C. Gaussen:Percy, Prelate and Poet, 1908.
Thomas Chatterton, 1752-70:Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro. and bibliography by H. D. Roberts, 2 vols. 1906.Poetical Works, with intro. by Sir S. Lee, 2 vols. 1906-09.—A. de Vigny:Chatterton. Drame, 1835—D. Masson:ChattertoninEssays, 1856.—T. Watts-Dunton: Introduction to poems of C., inWard’s English Poets.—C. E. Russell:Thomas Chatterton, 1909.—J. H. Ingram:The True Chatterton, 1910.
Thomas Warton:The History of English Poetry, 1774-88.—C. Rinaker:Thomas Warton, 1916.—Joseph Warton:Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope, 2 vols. 1756-82.—Paul-Henri Mallet:Introduction à l’Hist. de Dannemarc, 2 vols. 1755-56—F. E. Farley:Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement, 1903 (Bibliography).—R. Hurd:Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 1762; ed. E. J. Morley, 1911.
W. Godwin, 1756-1836:Political Justice, 1793.Caleb Williams, 1794.
C. K. Paul:W. G., his Friends and Contemporaries, 2 vols 1876.—W. Hazlitt:W. G., inThe Spirit of the Age, 1902.—L. Stephen:W. G.’s Novels. Studies of a Biographer, vol.III, 1902.—P. Ramus:W. G. der Theoretiker des kommunistischen Anarchismus, 1907.—H. Saitzeff:W. G. und die Anfänge des Anarchismus im xviii Jahrhundert, 1907.—Helene Simon:W. G. und Mary Wollstonecraft, 1909.—H. Roussin:W. G., 1912.
R. Burns, 1759-96:The Complete Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 3 vols. 1896.—J. C. Ewing:Selected List of the Works of R. B., and of Books upon his Life and Writings, 1899.
W. Wordsworth:Letter to a Friend of R. Burns, 1816.—T. Carlyle:Burns, 1828. Rptd. 1854.On Heroes and Hero-Worship, 1841.—J. G. Lockhart:Life of R. Burns, 1828.—H. A. Taine:Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, vol.III, 1863-64.—J. C. Shairp:R. Burns, 1879.—R. L. Stevenson:Familiar Studiesof Men and Books, 1882.—M. Arnold:Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. Angellier: ✱R. Burns: la vie et les œuvres, 2 vols. 1893.—T. F. Henderson:R. Burns, 1904.—W. A. Neilson:Burns: How to Know Him, 1917.
W. Blake, 1759-1827:The Poetical Works, ed. with an intro. and textual notes by J. Sampson, 1913.
A. Gilchrist:Life of B., 2 vols. 1863. New edn. 1906.—A. C. Swinburne:W. B., 1868. New edn. 1906.—A. T. Story:W. B., 1893.—J. Thomson (B.V.):Essay on the Poems of W. B., inBiographical and Critical Studies, 1896.—W. B. Yeats:Ideas of Good and Evil, 1903.—F. Benoit:Un Maître de l’Art. B. le Visionnaire, 1906.—P. E. More:Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—P. Berger:W. B., 1907.—S. A. Brooke:Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. J. Ellis:The Real B., a Portrait Biography, 1907.—B. de Selincourt:W. B., 1909.—G. Saintsbury:A History of English Prosody, vol. III, 1910.—J. H. Wicksteed:B.’s Vision of the Book of Job, 1910.—H. C. Beeching:B.’s Religious Lyrics, Essays and Studies by Members of the Eng. Association, vol. III, 1912.—A. G. B. Russell:The Engravings of W. B., 1912.
W. Wordsworth, 1770-1850:Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904.Poems, chosen and edited by M. Arnold, 1879.Prose Works, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1896.Wordsworth’s Literary Criticism, ed. N. C. Smith, 1905.
W. Hazlitt:The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—C. Wordsworth:Memoirs of W. W., 2 vols. 1851.—T.B. Macaulay:Critical and Historical Essays, 1852.—J. R. Lowell:Among my Books, 1870.—R. H. Hutton:Essays Theological and Literary, 2 vols. 1871.—J. C. Shairp:W., 1872.—S. A. Brooke:Theology in the English Poets, 1874. 10th edn. 1907.—E. Dowden:Studies in Literature, 1878.New Studies in Literature, 1895.—W. Bagehot:Literary Studies, 1879.—F. W. H. Myers:W., 1881.—J. H. Shorthouse:On the Platonism of W., 1882.—W. A. Knight:Memorials of Coleorton, 2 vols. 1887.Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855, 1907.—M. Arnold: ✱Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—P. Bourget:Etudes et Portraits, vol. II, 1888.—W. H. Pater:Appreciations, 1889.—L. Stephen:Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892.Studies of a Biographer, vol. I, 1898.—Dorothy Wordsworth:Journals, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols, 1897.—E. Legouis: ✱The Early Life of W., 1770-98. Trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1897.—E. Yarnall:W. and the Coleridges, 1899.—W. A. Raleigh:W., 1903.—K. Bömig:W. W. im Urteile seiner Zeit, 1906.—A. C. Bradley:Eng. Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of W., 1909.—M. Reynolds:The Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry between Pope and W., 1909. (Bibliography.)—L. Cooper:A Concordance to the Poems of W. W., 1911.—E. S. Robertson:Wordsworthshire. An Introduction to a Poet’s Country, 1911.
W. Scott, 1771-1832:Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 1904.The Waverly Novels(Oxford edn.), 25 vols. 1912.The Miscellaneous Prose Works, 30 vols. 1834-71.
W. Hazlitt:The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—J. G. Lockhart: ✱Memoirs of the Life of Sir W. S. Baronet, 2 vols. 1837-38.—T. Carlyle:Sir W.S., 1838.—G. Grant:Life of Sir W. S., 1849.—L. Stephen:Hours in a Library, vol. I, 1874.The Story of S.’s Ruin, Studies of a Biographer, vol. II, 1898.—R. H. Hutton:Sir W. S., 1876.—W. Bagehot:The Waverley Novels in Literary Studies, vol. II, 1879.—G. Smith:Sir W. S., inWard’s English Poets, vol. IV, 1883.—R. L. Stevenson:A Gossip on RomanceinMemories and Portraits, 1887.—J.Veitch:The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, 2 vols. 1887. Vol.II.History and Poetry of the Scottish Border. 2d edn. 2 vols. 1893.—C.D. Yonge:Life of Sir W.S.(bibliography by J.P. Anderson), 1888.—V. Waille:Le Romantisme de Manzoni, 1890.—A. Lang:Life and Letters of J.G. Lockhart, 2 vols. 1896.L. and the Border Minstrelsy, 1910.—F.T. Palgrave:Landscape in Poetry, 1896.—A.A. Jack:Essays on the Novel as illustrated by S. and Miss Austen, 1897.—G. Saintsbury:Sir W.S., 1897.—L. Maigron: ✱Le Roman historique à l’époque romantique. Essai sur l’influence de W.S., 1898.—W.L. Cross:Development of the English Novel, 1899.—M. Dotti:Delle derivazioni nei Promessi sposi di A. Manzoni dai Romanzi di W.S., 1900.—W.H. Hudson:Sir W.S., 1901.—W.S. Crockett:The Scott Country, 1902.Footsteps of S., 1907.The Scott Originals, 1912.—A. Ainger:S. Lectures and Essays, vol.I. 1905.—A.S.G. Canning:History in S.’s Novels, 1905.Sir W.S. studied in Eight Novels, 1910.—G. Agnoli:Gli Albori del romanzo storico in Italia e i primi imitatori di W.S., 1906.—C.A. Young:The Waverley Novels, 1907.—G. Wyndham:Sir W.S., 1908.—F.A. MacCunn:Sir W.S.’s friends, 1909.
S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1831:Dramatic Works, ed. D. Coleridge, 1852.Poetical Works, ed. with biographical intro. by J.D. Campbell, 1893.Complete Poetical Works, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 2 vols. 1912.Prose Works, 6 vols. inBohn’s Library, 1865 ff.—Biographia Literaria, ed. with his æsthetical essays by I. Shawcross, 2 vols. 1907.Anima Poetae, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 1895. C.’sLiterary Criticism, with intro. by J.W. Mackail, 1908.Biographia epistalaris, ed. A. Tumbull, 2 vols. 1911.
W. Hazlitt:Mr. C., inThe Spirit of the Age, 1825.—T. Allsop:Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S.T.C., 2 vols. 1836.—T. Carlyle:Life of John Sterling(part I, chap, VIII), 1851.—Sara Coleridge:Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge, 2 vols. 1873.—H.D. Traill:Coleridge, 1884.—A. Brandl:S.T.C. und die englishe Romantik, 1886. Eng. trans. by Lady Eastlake, 1887.—W. Pater:Coleridge. Appreciations, 1889.—T. De Quincey:S.T.C., 1889.—L. Stephen:Coleridge, Hours in a Library, vol. III, 1892.—J.D. Campbell:S.T.C., 1894. 2d edn.; 1896.—E. Dowden:C. as a Poet. New Studies in Literature, 1895.—E.V. Lucas:Charles Lamb and the Lloyds, 1898.—R.H. Shepherd:The Bibliography of C., 1900.—C. Cestre:La Révolution française et les poètes anglais (1789-1809), 1906.—J. Aynard:La vie d’un poète.Coleridge, 1907.—A.A. Helmholtz:The Indebtedness of S.T.C. to A.W. Schlegel, 1907.—A.A. Jack and A.C. Bradley:Short Bibliography of C., 1912.
C. Lamb, 1775-1834:Life and Works, ed. A. Ainger, 12 vols. 1899-1900.The Works of Charles and Mary L., ed. E.V. Lucas, 7 vols. 1903-05.The Works in Prose and Verse of Charles and Mary L., ed. T. Hutchinson, 2 vols. 1908.The Letters of C.L.Intro, by H.H. Harper, 5 vols. 1907.Dramatic Essays of C.L., ed. B. Matthews, 1891.
G. Gilfillan:C.L., vol.II, 1857.—B.W. Proctor:C.L., 1866.—P. Fitzgerald:C.L., 1866.—A. Ainger:C.L., a Biography, 1882.Lectures and Essays, vol.II, 1905.—W. Pater:C.L. Appreciations, 1889.—E.V. Lucas:Bernard Barton and his Friends, 1893.C.L. and the Lloyds, 1898.The Life of C.L., 2 vols. 1905.—F. Harrison:L. and Keats, 1899.—G.E. Woodberry:C.L., 1900.—H. Paul:C.L. Stray Leaves, 1906.
W. Hazlitt, 1778-1830:Works, edd. A.R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols. and index, 1902-06.
L. Hunt:Autobiography, 3 vols. 1850.—W. C. Hazlitt:Memoirs of W. H., 2 vols. 1867.Four Generations of a Literary Family, 2 vols. 1897.Lamb and H., 1899.—G. Saintsbury:H. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen:Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892.—A. Birrell:W. H., 1902.—P. E. More:The Shelburne Essays, Second Series, 1905.—J. Douady:Vie de W. H., 1907.—Liste chronologique des œuvres de W. H., 1906.
Lord Byron, 1788-1824:The Works of Lord B., ed. by R. H. Coleridge and R. E. Prothero, 13 vols. 1898-1904.Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro., etc., by P. E. More, 1905.—Poetry of B., chosen and arranged by M. Arnold, 1881.
S. E. Brydges:Letters on the Character and Poetical Genius of Lord B., 1824.—T. Medwin:Journal of the Conversations of Lord B., 1824.—L. Hunt:Lord B. and Some of his Contemporaries, 3 vols. 1828.—J. Galt:The Life of Lord B., 1830, 1908.—V. E. P. Chasles:Vie et influence de B. sur son époque, 1850.—T. B. Macaulay:Lord B., 1853.—H. Beyle:Lord B. en Italie, inRacine et Shakespeare, 1824.—K. Elze:Lord B., 1870.—H. von Treitschke:Lord B. und der Radicalismus, inHistorische und politische Aufsätze, vol. I, 1871.—E. Castelar:Vida de Lord B., 1873.—A. C. Swinburne: B., inEssays and Studies, 1875.—C. Cant:Lord B. and his Works, 1883.—J. C. Jeaffreson:The Real Lord B., 2 vols. 1883.—M. Arnold: ✱Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—R. Noel:Life of B.(bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1890.—O. Schmidt:Rousseau und B., 1890.—S. Singheimer:Goethe und Lord B., 1894.—K. Bleibtreu:B. der Übermensch, 1897.Das Byron-Geheimnis, 1912.—R. Ackermann:Lord B., 1901.—F. Melchior:Heines Verhältnis zu Lord B., 1902.—G. K. Chesterton:The Optimism of B., in Twelve Types, 1902.—E. Koeppel:Lord B., 1903.—J. C. Collins:The Works of Lord B., in Studies in Poetry and Criticism, 1905.—W. E. Leonard:B. and Byronism in America, 1905.—M. Eimer:Lord B. und die Kunst, 1907.—E. Estève: ✱B. et le romantisme français, 1907.—J. Calcaño:Tres Poetas pesimistas del siglo xix(Lord B., Shelley, Leopardi), 1907.—P. H. Churchman:B. and Espronoeda, 1909.—R. Edgcumbe: B.;The Last Phase, 1909.—B. Miller:Leigh Hunt’s Relations with B., 1910.—C. M. Fuess:Lord B. as a Satirist in Verse, 1912.—E. C. Mayne: B., 2 vols. 1912.
T. De Quincey, 1785-1859.Select Essays, ed. D. Masson, 2 vols. 1888.Collected Writings, ed. D. Masson, 14 vols. 1889-90.Literary Criticism, ed. H. Darbishire, 1909.
A. H. Japp:T. De Q.: His Life and Writings.. 2 vols. 1877. New edn. 1890.De Q. Memorials, 2 vols. 1891.—S. H. Hodgson:Outcast Essays, 1881.—D. Masson:T. De Q., 1881.—G. Saintsbury:De Q. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen:Hours in a Library.New edn. vol. I. 1892.—J. Hogg:De Q. and his Friends, 1895.—A. Barine:Névrosés: De Q., etc., 1898.—A. Birrell:Essays about Men, Women and Books, 1901.—H. S. Salt:De Q., 1904.—J. A. Green:T. De Q.: a Bibliography, 1908.
P. B. Shelley, 1792-1822:Complete Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904.Prose Works, 4 vols. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1880.Prose Works, ed. R. H. Shepherd, 2 vols. 1888, 1912.S.’s Literary Criticism, ed. J. Shawcross, 1909.Letters to Elizabeth Hitchener, ed. B. Dobell, 1909. TheLetters of S., ed. R. Ingpen, 2 vols. 1909. New edn. 1912.
L. Hunt:Lord Byron and his Contemporaries, 1828.—T. Medwin:The Shelley Papers, 1833.Life of S., 2 vols. 1847. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1913.—T. J. Hogg:Life of S., 2 vols. 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—E. J. Trelawny:Recollections of the Last Days of S. and Byron, 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—D. Masson:Wordsworth, S., Keats, and other Essays, 1874.—J. A. Symonds:S., 1878.—J. Todhunter:A Study of S., 1880.—Shelley Society Publications, 1884-88.—F. Rabbe:S., 1887.—J. C. Jeaffreson:The Real S., 2 vols. 1885.—E. Dowden:Life of S., 2 vols. 1886. Revised and condensed, 1896.—W. Sharp:Life of S., 1887.—M. Arnold: ✱Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—F. S. Ellis:A Lexical Concordance to the Poetical Works of S., 1892.—W. Bagehot:Literary Studies. New edn., vol.I, 1895.—H. Richter:P. B. S., 1898.—W. B. Yeats:The Philosophy of S.’s Poetry, 1903.—S. A. Brooke:The Lyrics of S., etc.Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. S. Bates:A Study of S.’s Drama The Cenci, 1908.—F. Thompson:S., 1909.—A. C. Bradley:S.’s View of Poetry, inOxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909.Short Bibliography of S., English Association Leaflet, no. 23, 1912.—A. Clutton-Brock:S., the Man and the Poet, 1910.—P. E. More:S., inShelburne Essays, Seventh Series, 1910.—A. H. Koszul:La Jeunesse de Shelley, 1910.—H. R. Angeli:S. and his Friends in Italy, 1911.—F. E. Schelling:The English Lyric, 1913.—H. N. Brailsford:S. and Godwin, 1913.—R. Ingpen:S. in England, 2 vols. 1917.
J. Keats, 1795-1821:Poetical Works, ed. with an intro., etc., by H. B. Forman, 1906.Poems, ed. Sir S. Colvin, 2 vols. 1915.Letters.Complete revised edn., ed. H. B. Forman, 1895.Keats Letters, Papers and other Relics, ed. G. C. Williamson, 1914.
M. Arnold:Selections from K.’s Poems, withIntroduction, inWard’s English Poets, vol.IV, 1880. Also in ✱Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. C. Swinburne:Miscellanies, 1886.—W. M. Rossetti:Life of J. K.(bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1887.—S. Colvin:K., 1887.—W. Watson:Excursions in Criticism, 1893.—J. Texte:K. et le neo-hellénisme dans la poésie anglaiseinEtudes de littérature européenne, 1898.—P. E. More:Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—S. A. Brooke:Studies in Poetry, 1907.—A. E. Hancock:J. K., 1908.—A. C. Bradley:The Letters of K., inOxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909.—L. Wolff:An Essay on K.’s Treatment of the Heroic Rhythm and Blank Verse, 1909.J. K., sa vie et son œuvre, 1910.—J. W. Mackail:Lectures on Poetry, 1912.—Sir S. Colvin: ✱Life of J. K., 1917.
Bibliography: G. Lanson: ✱Manuel bibliographique de la litt. fr. moderne, 1500-1900, vols.IIIandIV. Nouvelle éd. revue et complétée, 1915.—H. P. Thieme:Guide bibliographique de la litt. fr. de 1800-1906, 1907.—Asselineau:Bibliographie romantique, 3d edn., 1873. Histories of French Literature: D. Nisard:Histoire de la litt. fr., 4 vols. 1844-61. (For N.’s type of classicism see myMasters of Mod. Fr. Crit., pp. 87 ff.)—F. Brunetière:Manuel de l’histoire de la litt. fr., 1899.—G. Lanson: ✱Histoire de la litt. fr.11th edn. 1909.—C. H. C. Wright:A History of Fr. Lit.(bibliography), 1912.—C.-M. Des Granges:Histoire illustrée de la litt. fr., 1915.
Eighteenth century: F. Baldensperger:Lénore de Bürger dans la litt. fr., inEtudes d’hist. litt.1esérie, 1907.Young et ses Nuits en France,ibid.—J. Reboul:Un grand précurseur des romantiques, Ramond (1755-1827), 1911.—D. Mornet:Le romantisme en Fr. au XVIIIesiècle, 1912.—P. van Tieghem:Ossian en Fr., 2 vols. 1917.
E. Bersot:Etudes sur le XVIIIesiècle, 1855.Hist. des idées morales et politiques en Fr. au XVIIIesiècle, 2 vols. 1865-67.—H. Taine: ✱L’Ancien Régime, 1876. Vol.IofLes Origines de la Fr. contemporaine.—E. Faguet: ✱XVIIIesiècle, 1892.—Rocafort:Les Doctrines litt. de l’Encyclopédie, 1890.—G. Lanson:Le Rôle de l’expérience dans la formation de la philosophie du XVIIIesiècle, 1910.
Abbé Prévost:Manon Lescaut, 1731.—Harrisse:Bibliographie et Notes pour servir à l’hist. de Manon Lescaut, 1875.L’Abbé Prévost: hist. de sa vie et de ses œuvres, 1896.—Heilborn:Abbé Prévost und seine Beziehungen zur deutschen Lit., 1897.
Œuvres complètes de Gessner, trad. par Huber, 3 vols. 1768. H. Heis:Studien aber einige Beziehungen zwischen der deutschen und der französischen Lit. im XVII. Jahr.I.Der Uebersetzer und Vermittler Huber, 1909.
G. Lanson: ✱Nivelle de La Chaussée et la comédie larmoyante, 1887. 2d edn. 1903.—E. Lintilhac:Beaumarchais et ses œuvres, 1887.—L. Béclard:Sébastien Mercier, 1903.—Günther:L’œuvre dramatique de Sedaine, 1908.—F. Gaiffe:Etude sur le drame en Fr. au XVIIIesiècle, 1910.
J.-J. Rousseau, 1712-1778:Discours sur les sciences et les arts, 1750.Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité, 1755.Nouvelle Héloïse, 1761.Emile, 1762.Le contrat social, 1762. Ed. Dreyfus-Brisác, 1896. Ed. Beaulavon, 1903. 2 éd. revue, 1914.Confessions, 1782-88. Ed. A. van Beyer, 1914. ✱The Political Writings of R., ed. with intro., etc. by C. E. Vaughan, 2 vols. 1915. (Excellent work on the text. The estimate of the political influence seems to me to lack penetration.) Collected works: Ed. Petitain, 22 vols. 1819-20. Ed. Musset-Pathay, 23 vols. 1823-26. Ed. Hachette, 13 vols. 1887. (No good collected ed. as yet.)
Streckeisen-Moultou:Œuvres et Correspondance inédites de J.-J. R., 1861.J.-J. R., ses amis et ses ennemis(Lettres à R.), 1865.: E. Asse:Bibliographie de J.-J. R.[no date]. For current bibliography see ✱Annales de la Société J.-J. Rousseau, 1905 ff.Extraits de J.-J. R.publiés avec intro. p. L. Brunel. 3eéd. 1896.—Morceaux choisis de J.-J. R.avec intro. etc., p. D. Mornet, 1911.
Studies (chiefly biographical): Musset-Pathay:Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J.-J. R., 2 vols. 1821.—Gaberel:R. et les Génevois, 1858.—H. Beaudoin:La Vie et les Œuvres de J.-J. R., 2 vols. 1891 (bibliography).—F. Mugnier:Mme. de Warens et J.-J. R., 1891.—F. Macdonald:Studies in the France of Voltaire and R., 1895.J.-J. R., a New Criticism, 2 vols. 1906. (The evidence offered as to the tampering with the memoirs of Mad. d’Epinay is of value. The work is in general uncritical.)—E. Ritter: ✱La famille et la jeunesse de J.-J. R., 1896.—Stoppolini:Le donne nella vita di G.-G. R., 1898.—E. Rod:L’affaire J.-J. R., 1906.—Comte de Girardin: ✱Iconographie de J.-J. R., 1908.Iconographie des Œuvres de J.-J. R., 1910.—H. Buffenoir:Les Portraits de J.-J. R.—E. Faguet:Vie de R., 1912.—G. Gran:J.-J. R., 1912.
Hume:Exposé succint de la contestation qui s’est élevée entre M. Hume et M. Rousseau, 1766.—Dussaulx:De mes rapports avec J.-J. R., 1798.—Comte d’Escherny:Mélanges de littérature, etc., 1811.—D. Guillaume:J.-J. R. à Motiers,1865.—Metzger:J.-J. R. à l’île Saint-Pierre, 1875.La conversion de Mme. Warens, 1887.Une poignée de documents inédits sur Mme. Warens, 1888.Pensées de Mme. Warens, 1888.Les dernières années de Mme. Warens[no date]. G. Desnoiresterres:Voltaire et J.-J. R.(vol.VIof ✱Voltaire et la société fr. au XVIIIesiècle) 2eéd. 1875.—G. Maugras:Voltaire et J.-J. R., 1886.—F. Berthoud:J.-J. R. au Val de Travers, 1881.J.-J. R. et le pasteur de Montmollin, 1884.—T. de Saussure:J.-J. R. à Venise, notes et documents, recueillis par Victor Ceresole 1885.—P. J. Möbius: ✱J.-J. R.’s Krankheitsgeschichte, 1889.—Chatelain:La Folie de J.-J. R., 1890.—F. Mugnier:Nouvelles Lettres de Mme. Warens, 1900.—A. de Montaigu:Démêlés du Comte Montaigu et de son secrétaire J.-J. R., 1904.—B. de Saint-Pierre:La Vie et les Ouvrages de J.-J. R., éd. critique p. par M. Souriau, 1907.—C. Collins:J.-J. R. in England, 1908.—A. Rey:J.-J. R. dans la vallée de Montmorency, 1909.—D. Cabanès:Le Cabinet secret de l’histoire, 3esérie, 1909.—F. Girardet:La Mort de J.-J. R., 1909.—P.-P. Plan:R. raconté par les gazettes de son temps, 1913.
General Studies (chiefly critical): Bersot:Etudes sur le XVIIIesiècle, t.II, 1855.—J. Morley: ✱R., 1873. 2d edn. 2 vols., 1886—Saint-Marc Girardin:J.-J. R., sa vie et ses œuvres, 1874.—H.-F. Amiel:Caractéristique générale de R., inJ.-J. R. jugé par les Génevois d’aujourd’hui, 1878.—Mahrenholtz:J.-J. R.’s Leben, 1889.—Chuquet:J.-J. R., 1893.—H. Höffding:R. und seine Philosophie, 1897.—J.-F. Nourrisson:J.-J. R. et le Rousseauisme, 1903.—Brédif:Du Caractère intellectuel et moral de J.-J. R., 1906.—J. Lemaître:J.-J. R., 1907.—L. Claretie:J.-J. R. et ses amis, 1907.—L. Ducros:J.-J. R. (1712-57), 1908.J.-J. R. (1757-65), 1917.—B. Bouvier:J.-J. R., 1912.
Special Studies (chiefly critical): Sainte-Beuve: ✱Lundis, t.II(R. et Mme. de Franqueville), 1850; t.III(les Confessions), 1850; t.XV(Œuvres et Correspondance inédites), 1861.Nouveaux Lundis, t.IX(Mad. de Verdelin), 1865.—J. R. Lowell:R. and the Sentimentalists, in Lit. Essays,II, 1867.—Brunetière:Etudes critiques, t.III(1886) et IV (1890).—C. Borgeaud:J.-J. R.’s Religionsphilosophie, 1883.—A. Jansen:R. als Musiker, 1884.R. als Botaniker, 1885.—Espinas:Le système de R., 1895.—T. Davidson:J.-J. R. and Education according to Nature, 1898.—M. Liepmann:Die Rechtsphilosophie des J.-J. R.1898.—F. Haymann:J.-J. R.’s Sozial-Philosophie, 1898.—P. E. Merriam:History of the Theory of Sovereignty since R., 1900.—E. Duffau:La profession de foi du Vicaire Savoyard, 1900.—J. L. Windenberger:Essai sur le Système de politique étrangère de J.-J. R., 1900.—A. Pougin:J.-J. R. musicien, 1901.—G. Schumann:Religion und Religion-Erziehung bei R., 1902.—Faguet:Politique comparée de Montesquieu, Voltaire et R., 1902.—M. Gascheau:Les Idées économiques chez quelques philosophes du XVIIIesiècle, 1903.—Grand-Carteret:La Montagne à travers les âges, 1903.—Albalat:Le Travail du Style enseigné par les corrections manuscrites des grands écrivains, 1903.—A. Geikie:Landscape in History and other Essays, 1905.—B. Lassudrie-Duchesne:J.-J. R. et le Droit des gens, 1906.—G. del Vecchio:Su la teoria del Contratto Sociale, 1906.—P. E. More:Shelburne Essays,VI(Studies in Religious Dualism), 1909.—D. Mornet:Le sentiment de la nature en France, de J.-J. R. à B. de S. Pierre, 1907.—L. Gignoux:Le théâtre de J.-J. R., 1909.—H. Rodet:Le Contrat Social et les idées politiques de J.-J. R., 1909.—A. Schinz:J.-J. R., a Forerunner of Pragmatism, 1909.—G. Fusseder:Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprache R.’s, 1909.—J.-J. Tiersot:R., 1912 (Les Maîtres de la Musique).—G. Vallette:J.-J. R. Génevois, 1911.—E. Faguet:R. contre Molière, 1912.Les Amies de R., 1912.R. Artiste, 1913.R. Penseur, 1913.
Sources: Dom Cajot:Les Plagiats de J.-J. R. de Genève sur l’Education, 1765.—J. Vuy:Origine des ideés politiques de J.-J. R., 1878.—G. Krüger:Emprunts de J.-J. R. dans son premier Discours, 1891.—J. Texte: ✱J.-J. R. et les origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire au XVIIIesiècle, 1895.—C. Culcasi:Degli influssi italiani nell’ opera di J.-J. R.—G. Chinni:Le fonti dell’ Emile de J.-J. R., 1908.—D. Villey:L’influence de Montaigne sur les idées pédagogiques de Locke et de R., 1911.
Reputation and Influence: Mme. de Staël:Lettres sur le caractère et les ouvrages de J.-J. R., 1788.—Mercier:De J.-J. R. considéré comme l’un des premiers auteurs de la Révolution, 1791.—Kramer:A.-H. Francke, J.-J. R., H. Pestalozzi, 1854.—E. Schmidt:Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe, 1875.—Dietrich:Kant et R., 1878.—Nolen:Kant et J.-J. R., 1880.—O. Schmidt:R. et Byron, 1887.—Pinloche:La réforme de l’éducation en Allemagne au XVIIIesiècle, Basedow et le philanthropinisme, 1889.Pestalozzi et l’éducation populaire moderne, 1891.—Lévy-Bruhl:L’Allemagne depuis Leibnitz, 1890.La Philosophie de Jacobi, 1894.—J. Grand-Carteret:J.-J. R. jugé par les Français d’aujourd’hui, 1890.—R. Fester:R. und die deutsche Geschichtsphilosophie, 1890.—H. Gössgen:R. und Basedow, 1891.—C. H. Lincoln:J.-J. R. and the French Revolution, 1898.—A. Chalybans:J.-J. R.’s Einfluss auf die französische Revolution und die Socialdemokratie, 1899.—V. Delbos:Essai sur la formation de la philosophie pratique de Kant, 1903.—C. Cestre:La Révolution française et les Poètes anglais, 1906.—P. Lasserre: ✱Le Romantisme français, 1907.—Natorp:Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Sozialpädagogik, erste Abteilung:Historisches (Pestalozzi et R.), 1907.—M. Schiff:Editions et traductions italiennes des œuvres de J.-J. R., 1908.—H. Buffenoir:Le Prestige de J.-J. R., 1909.—E. Champion:J.-J. R. et la Révolution française, 1910 (superficial).—A. Meynier:J.-J. R. révolutionnaire, 1913 (superficial).—Revue de métaphysique et de morale, May, 1912. Symposium on R. and his influence by E. Boutroux, B. Bosanquet, J. Jaurès, etc. For similar symposium (by G. Lanson, H. Höffding, E. Gosse, etc.) seeAnnales de la Soc. J.-J. R., VIII (1912). For symposium by Italian writers seePer il IIocentenario di G. G. R. (Studi pubblicati dalla Rivista pedagogica), 1913.—P. M. Masson: ✱La Religion de J.-J. R., 3 vols. 1917. (A storehouse of information for the growth of deism and religious sentimentalism in France in the 18th century. Unfortunately the author is himself confused as to the difference between genuine religion and mere religiosity.)
D. Diderot, 1713-84:Œuvres, p. par Assézat et Tourneux, 20 vols. 1875-79.Diderot. Extraits, avec intro., etc., par J. Texte, 1909 (excellent).Pages choisies de D., p. avec intro. par G. Pellissier, 1909 (excellent).
Naigeon:Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de D., 1798.Mémoires de Mme. de Vandeul, 1830.—Sainte-Beuve:Portraits litt., I (1830).Lundis,III, (1851).—Rosenkranz:D.’s Leben und Werke, 2 vols. 1866.—E. Scherer: ✱D., 1880.—Caro:La fin du Dix-huitième Siècle, t.I, 1880.—E. Faguet:Dix-huitième Siècle, 1892.—J. Morley: ✱Diderot and the Encyclopædists, 2 vols. 1891.—L. Ducros:D., l’homme et l’écrivain, 1894.—J. Reinach:D., 1894.—A. Collignon:D., sa vie, ses œuvres, sa correspondance, 1895.—Bersot:Etudes sur le Dix-huitième Siècle, t.II, 1855.—Brunetière:Etudes critiques, t.II.Les Salons de D., 1880.—J. Bédier:Le Paradoxe sur le Comédien est-il de D.? Etudes Critiques, 1903.
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, 1737-1814:Etudes de la nature, 3 vols. 1784; 4 vols. 1787 (4th vol. containsPaul et Virginie); éd. augmentée, 5 vols. 1792.œuvres complètes, p. par Aimé Martin, 12 vols. 1818-20. Supplément, 1823.Correspondance, p. par A. Martin, 3 vols. 1826.—A. Barine:B. de Saint-Pierre, 1891.—F. Maury:Etude sur la vie et les œuvres de B. de Saint-Pierre, 1892.
Nineteenth Century: A. Nettement:Histoire de la litt. fr. sous le gouvernement de juillet, 2 vols. 1854.—A. Michiels:Histoire des idées lit. en Fr., 2 vols. 1842.—G. Pellissier: ✱Le mouvement litt. au XIXesiècle. (Eng. trans.) 6th edn. 1900.—E. Faguet:Le XIXesiècle, 1887. ✱Politiques et Moralistes du XIXesiècle, 3 vols. 1891-99.—F. Brunetière: ✱L’Evolution de la poésie lyrique en Fr. au XIXesiècle, 2 vols. 1894.—C. Le Goffie:La Litt. fr. au XIXesiècle, 1910.—F. Strowski:Histoire de la litt. fr. au XIXesiècle, 1911. Important material bearing on the romantic period will also be found in the critical essays of G. Planche, D. Nisard, Sainte-Beuve, A. Vinet, E. Scherer, Barbey d’Aurevilly, H. Taine, E. Montégut, F. Brunetière, P. Bourget, E. Biré, E. Faguet, J. Lemaître, G. Larroumet, G. Pellissier, R. Doumic, etc. For fuller information see bibliography of myMasters of Mod. Fr. Crit., 395 ff. For tables of contents of the different volumes of these and other critics see Thieme:Guide bibliographique, 499 ff.
History, Critical Studies and Special Topics: Stendhal:Racine et Shakespeare, 1823.—D. Sauvageot:Le Romantisme(t.VIIIdeL’Hist. de la Litt. fr., publiée sous la direction de Petit de Julleville).—T. Gautier:Hist. du Romantisme, 1874.—Fournier:Souvenirs poétiques de l’Ecole Romantique, 1880.—R. Bazin:Victor Pavie, 1886.—T. Pavie:Victor Pavie, sa jeunesse, ses relations littéraires, 1887.—L. Derôme:Les éditions originales des romantiques, 2 vols. 1887.—G. Allais:Quelques vues générales sur le Romantisme fr.1897.—J. Texte:L’influence allemande dans le Romantisme fr., inEtudes de litt. européenne, 1898.—E. Asse:Les petits romantiques, 1900.—E. Dubedout:Le sentiment chrétien dans la poésie romantique, 1901.—Le Roy:L’Aube du théâtre romantique, 1902.—R. Canat:Du sentiment de la solitude morale chez les romantiques et les parnassiens, 1904.—E. Barat:Le style poétique et la révolution romantique, 1904.—H. Lardanchet:Les enfants perdus du romantisme, 1905.—A. Cassagne:La théorie de l’art pour l’art en France, 1906.—E. Kircher:Philosophie der Romantik, 1906.—E. Estève: ✱Byron et le Romantisme fr., 1907.—Lasserre: ✱Le Romantisme fr., 1907. (A very drastic attack on Rousseau and the whole Rousseauistic tendency.)—L. Séché:Le Cénacle de La Muse Fr. (1823-27), 1908.—E. Seillière:Le Mal romantique, essai sur l’impérialisme irrationnel, 1908. (One of about 18 vols. in which S. attacks the underlying postulates of the Rousseauist. Like the other leaders of the crusade against romanticism in France, S. seems to me unsound on the constructive side.)—A. Pavie:Médaillons romantiques, 1909.—W. Küchler:Französische Romantik, 1909.—C. Lecigne:Le Fléau romantique, 1909.—P. Lafond:L’Aube romantique, 1910.—L. Maigron: ✱Le Romantisme et les mœurs, 1910.Le Romantisme et la mode, 1911.—G. Michaut:Sur le Romantisme, une poignée de définitions(extraits duGlobe) inPages de critique et d’hist. litt., 1910.—J. Marsan:La Bataille romantique, 1912.—P. van Tieghem:Le Mouvement romantique, 1912.—G. Pellissier:Le Réalisme du romantisme, 1912.—A. Bisi:L’Italie et le romantisme français, 1914.—C. Maurras:L’Avenir de l’intelligence.2eéd. 1917.—L. Rosenthal:Du Romantisme au réalisme, 1918.
A. Jullien:Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel, 1897.—P. Nebout:Le Drame romantique, 1897.—F. Baldensperger: ✱Goethe en France, 1904.Bibliographie critique de Goethe en France, 1907.—C. Latreille:La Fin du théâtre romantiqueet François Ponsard, 1899.—R. Canat:La renaissance de la Grèce antique (1820-50), 1911.—G. Gendarme de Bévotte:La Légende de Don Juan, 2 vols. 1911.—L. Séché:Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme, 2 vols. 1912.—J. L. Borgerhoff:Le théâtre anglais à Paris sous la Restauration, 1913.—M. Souriau:De la convention dans la tragédie classique et dans le drame romantique, 1885.
Anthologies:Anthologie des poètes fr. du XIXesiècle(Lemerre), 4 vols. 1887-88.—French Lyrics of the Nineteenth Century, ed. by G. N. Henning, 1913. (An excellent selection.)—The Romantic Movement in French Literature, traced by a series of texts selected and edited by H. F. Stewart and A. Tilley, 1910.
The Press:La Muse Française, 1823-24. Reprinted with intro. by J. Marsan, 2 vols. 1907-09.—P. F. Dubois:Fragments litt., articles extraits duGlobe, 2 vols. 1879.—T. Ziessing:“Le Globe” de 1824 à 1830, considéré dans ses rapports avec l’école romantique, 1881.—F. Davis:French Romanticism and the Press, “The Globe”, 1906.—C. M. Desgranges: ✱Le Romantisme et la critique, la presse litt. sous la Restauration, 1907.
B. Constant:Adolphe, 1816; avec préface de Sainte-Beuve, 1867; de P. Bourget, 1888; d’A. France, 1889.—Sainte-Beuve:Portraits litt., 1844.Lundis,XI(surAdolphe);Nouveaux Lundis,I, 1862.—E. Faguet:Politiques et Moralistes, 1re série, 1891.—G. Rudler:La jeunesse de B. Constant (1767-94), 1909.Bibliographie critique des œuvres de B. C., 1908.—J. Ettlinger:B. C., der Roman eines Lebens, 1909.
Madame de Staël, 1766-1817:De la littérature, 1801. Delphine, 1802.Corinne, 1807.De l’Allemagne, 1814.Œuvres complètes, 3 vols. 1836.
Biography: Mme. Necker de Saussure:Notice en tête de l’édition des Œuvres, 1820.—Mme. Lenormant:Mme. de S. et la grande duchesse Louise, 1862.Mme. Récamier, 1872.—A. Stevens:Mme. de S., 2 vols. 1881.—D’Haussonville:Le Salon de Mme. Necker, 1882.—Lady Blennerhassett: ✱Mme. de S. et son temps, traduit de l’allemand p. A. Dietrich, 3 vols. 1890.—A. Sorel:Mme. de S., 1890.—Dejob:Mme. de S. et l’Italie, 1890.—E. Ritter:Notes sur Mme. de S., 1899.—P. Gautier:Mme. de S. et Napoléon, 1903.
Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve:Portraits Littéraires, t.III, 1836.Portraits de Femmes, 1844.Nouveaux Lundis, t.II, 1862.—Vinet:Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de S. et Chateaubriand, 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.—Faguet:Politiques et Moralistes, 1891.—F. Brunetière:Evolution de la Critique, 1892.—U. Mengin:L’Italie des Romantiques, 1902.—Maria-Teresa Porta:Mme. de S. e l’Italia (bibliographia), 1909.—G. Muoni:Ludovico di Breme e le prime polemiche intorno a Mme. de S. ed al Romanticismo in Italia.—E. G. Jaeck:Mme. de S. and the Spread of German Literature, 1915.—P. Kohler:Mme. de S. et la Suisse, 1916.—R. C. Whitford:Mme. de S.’s Reputation in England, 1918.
François René de Chateaubriand, 1768-1848.Essai sur les Révolutions, 1797.—Atala, 1801.Le Génie du Christianisme, 1802.René, 1802.Les Martyrs, 1809.Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, 1849-50; éd. Biré, 6 vols. 1898-1901.œuvres complètes, 12 vols. 1859-61.Correspondance générale, p. par L. Thomas, vols. I-IV, 1912-13.—Rocheblave:Pages choisies de C., 1896.—V. Giraud:Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe: Pages choisies, 1912.
Biography: Vinet:Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de Staël et C., 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.—A. France:Lucile de Chateaubriand, 1879.—A. Bardoux:Mme. de Beaumont, 1884.Mme. de Custine, 1888.Mme.de Duras, 1898.—F. Saulnier:Lucile de Chateaubriand, 1885.—G. Pailhès:Mme. de C., 1887.Mme. de C., lettres inédites à Clausel de Coussergues, 1888.C., sa femme et ses amis, 1896.Du nouveau sur Joubert, C., etc., 1900.—J. Bédier:C. en Amérique, 1899.Etudes critiques, 1903.—E. Biré:Les dernières années de C. (1830-48), 1902.—A. Le Braz:Au pays d’exil de C., 1909.—A. Beaunier:Trois amies de C., 1910.—A. Cassagne:La vie politique de C., 1911.
Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve:Portraits Contemporains, t.I, 1834, 1844.Lundis, ts.I,II, 1850;X, 1854.Nouveaux Lundis, t.III, 1862. ✱C. et son groupe littéraire sous l’Empire, 1848.
Villemain:C., 1853.—Comte de Marcellus:C. et son temps, 1859.—P. Bourget:C., inEtudes et Portraits, 1889.—C. Maurras:Trois idées politiques (C., Michelet, Sainte-Beuve), 1898.—F. Gansen:Le rapport de V. Hugo à C., 1900.—Lady Blennerhassett:Die Romantik und die Restaurationsepoche in Frankreich, C., 1903.—E. Dick:Plagiats de C., 1905.—G. Daub:Der Parallelismus zwischen C. und Lamartine, 1909.—E. Michel:C., interprétation médico-psychologique de son caractère, 1911.—Portiquet:C. et l’hystérie, 1911.—V. Giraud:Nouvelles études sur C., 1912.—J. Lemaître:C., 1912.—G. Chinard: ✱L’Exotisme américain dans l’œuvre de C., 1918. (This volume with its two predecessors:L’Exotisme américain au XVIesiècle(1911), andL’Amérique et le rêve exotique au XVIIeet au XVIIIesiècle(1913) is an important repertory of material for the legend of the “noble savage” and allied topics.)
E. P. de Senancour, 1770-1846:Rêveries, 1798, 1800. Ed. critique, pub. par J. Merlant, vol. I, 1911.Obermann, 1804, 2d edn. with preface by Sainte-Beuve, 1833.—J. Levallois:Un précurseur, Senancour, 1897.—A. S. Tornudd:S., 1898—J. Troubat:Essais critiques, 1902.—J. Merlant:S., poète, penseur religieux et publiciste, 1907.—R. Bouyer:Un contemporain de Beethoven, Obermann précurseur et musicien, 1907.—G. Michaut:S., ses amis et ses ennemis, 1909.
Charles Nodier, 1783-1844:Œuvres, 13 vols. 1832-41 (incomplete).—S. de Lovenjoul:Bibliographie et critique, 1902.Œuvres choisies de N.Notices p. A. Cazes, 1914.—Sainte-Beuve:Portraits littér.,I, 1840.—P. Mérimée:Portraits histor. et littér., 1874.—E. Montégut:Nos morts contemp.,I,II, 1884.—M. Salomon:C. N. et le groupe romantique d’après des documents inédits, 1908.—J. Marsan:Notes sur C. N., documents inédits, lettres, 1912.
Alphonse de Lamartine, 1790-1869:Méditations poétiques, 1820.Nouvelles méditations poétiques, 1823.Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, 1832.Jocelyn, 1836.Œuvres complètes, 41 vols. 1860-66.Œuvres(éd. Lemerre), 12 vols. 1885-87.Correspondance, p. par V. de Lamartine, 6 vols. 1872-75.
Biographical and General Studies: F. Falconnet:A. de L., 1840.—Chapuys-Montlaville:L., 1843.—E. de Mirecourt:L., 1853.—E. Ollivier:L., 1874.—H. de Lacretelle:L. et ses amis, 1878.—P. Bourget:L., inEtudes et Portraits, 1889.—De Pomairols:L., 1889.—Baron de Chamborand de Périssat:L. inconnu, 1891.—F. Reyssié:La jeunesse de L., 1892.—Deschanel:L., 1893.—A. France:L’Elvire de L., 1893.—R. Doumic:Elvire à Aix-les-Bains, inEtudes sur la litt. française, 6esérie, 1909.L., 1912.—Zyromski:L. poète lyrique, 1897.—Larroumet:L., inNouvelles études de litt. et d’art, 1899.—L. Séché:L. de 1816 à 1830, 1905.Le Roman d’Elvire, 1909.Les amitiés de L., 1re série, 1911.—E. Sugier:L., 1910.—P.-M. Masson:L., 1911.—P. de Lacretelle:Les origines et la jeunesse de L., 1911.
Critical Studies: G. Planche:Portraits littéraires, t.I, 1836.Nouveaux Portraits, 1854.—Sainte-Beuve: ✱Lundis, ts.I,IV,X, 1849-54.Portraits contemporains, t.I, 1832-39.—J. Lemaître:Les Contemporains, 6esérie, 1896.—E. Faguet:XIXesiècle, 1897—Brunetière:L’évolution de la poésie lyrique en France au XIXesiècle, 1894.—A. Roux:La question de Jocelyn, 1897.—M. Citoleux:La poésie philosophique au XIXesiècle, L., 1905.—C. Maréchal:Le véritable Voyage en Orient de L., 1908.—P. de Lacretelle:Les origines et la jeunesse de L., 1911.—L. Séché:Les Amitiés de L., 1912.—R. Doumic:L., 1912.—H. R. Whitehouse:The Life of L., 2 vols. 1918.
Alfred de Vigny, 1797-1863:Eloa, 1824.Poèmes antiques et modernes, 1826.Cinq-Mars, 1826.Chatterton, 1835.Les Destinées, 1864.Œuvres(Lemerre), 8 vols. 1883-85.Le Journal d’un poète, p. par L. Ratisbonne, 1867.La Correspondance d’A. de V., 1906 (incomplete).—S. de Lovenjoul:Les Lundis d’un chercheur, 1894.—E. Asse:A. de V. et les éditions originales de ses poésies, 1895.—J. Langlais:Essai de bibliographie de A. de V., 1905.
Biography: L. Séché:A. de V. et son temps[no date].—E. Dupuy:La Jeunesse des Romantiques, 1905.A. de V., ses amitiés, son rôle littéraire, 2 vols. 1912.
Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve:Portraits littéraires, t.III, 1844.Nouveaux Lundis, t.VI, 1863.—Barbey d’Aurevilly:Les Œuvres et les Hommes,III, 1862.—A. France:A. de V., 1868.—P. Bourget:Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—Brunetière:L’évolution de la poésie lyrique, 1894.—Faguet:XIXesiècle, 1897.—Paléologue:A. de V., 1891.—Dorison:A. de V. poète, philosophe, 1891.—J. Lemaître:Contemporains,VII, 1899.—E. Sakellaridès:A. de V., auteur dramatique, 1902.—Marabail:De l’influence de l’esprit militaire sur A. de V., 1905.—H. Schmack:A. de V.’s Stello und Chatterton, 1905.—P.-M. Masson:A. de V., 1908.—P. Buhle:A. de V.’s biblische Gedichte und ihre Quellen, 1909.—E. Lauvrière:A. de V., 1910.—F. Baldensperger:A. de V., 1912.—L. Séché:A. de V., 2 vols. 1914.—A. Desvoyes:A. de V. d’après son œuvre, 1914.—J. Aicard:A. de V.1914.
Victor Hugo, 1802-85:Œuvres complètes, ed.ne varietur d’après les manuscrits originaux, 48 vols. 1880-85.Œuvres inédites, 14 vols. 1886-1902.Correspondence (1815-84), 2 vols. 1896.Lettres à la fiancée (1820-22), 1901.
Biography: Mme. Victor Hugo:V. H. raconté par un témoin de sa vie, 2 vols. 1863.—E. Biré:V. H. avant 1830, 1883.V. H. après 1830, 2 vols. 1891.V. H. après 1852, 1894.—G. Larroumet:La maison de V. H., impressions de Guernsey, 1895.—A. Jullien:Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel, 1897.—A. Barbou:La Vie de V. H., 1902.—G. Simon:L’Enfance de V. H., 1904.—E. Dupuy:La Jeunesse des Romantiques, 1905.—C. Maréchal:Lamennais et V. H., 1906.—L. Séché:Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme.I,V. H. et les Poètes.II,V. H. et les artistes, 1912.—L. Guimbaud:V. H. et Juliette Drouet, 1914.
Critical Studies: G. Planche:Portraits littéraires, ts.I,II, 1836.Nouveaux Portraits littéraires, t.I, 1854.—Barbey d’Aurevilly:Les Misérables de M. Victor Hugo, 1862.—Sainte-Beuve:Portraits litt., t,I(1827); t.II(1840); t.III(1829);Portraits contemporains, t.I(1830-35).—Rémusat:Critiques et études littéraires du passé et du présent, 2eéd., 1857.—E. Zola:Nos auteurs dramatiques, 1881.Documents littéraires, 1881.—A. C. Swinburne:Essay on V. H., 1886.—E. Dupuy:V. H., l’homme et le poète, 1887.—G. Duval:Dictionnaire des métaphores de V. H., 1888.—P. Bourget:V. H., inEtudes et Portraits, 1889.—Nisard:Essais sur l’école Romantique, 1891.—L. Mabilleau:V. H., 1893.—C.Renouvier:V. H., le poète, 1893.V. H., le philosophe, 1900.—A. Ricard:Mgr. de Miollis, évêque de Digne, 1893.—Brunetière:L’évolution de la poésie lyrique, 1894.Les époques du théâtre français, 1892.—A. Blanchard:Le théâtre de V. H. et la parodie, 1894.—Morel Fatio:L’Histoire dans Ruy Blas, inEtudes sur l’Espagne, 1re série, 1895.—A. J. Theys:Métrique de V. H., 1896.—M. Souriau:La préface de Cromwell, 1897.Les idées morales de V. H., 1908.—A. Rochette:L’Alexandrin chez V. H., 1899 and 1911.—F. Ganser:Beiträge zur Beurteilung des Verhältnisses von V. H. zu Chateaubriand, 1900.—E. Rigal:V. H. poète épique, 1900.—P. Stapfer:V. H. et la grande poésie satirique en France, 1901.—T. Gautier:V.H., 1902.—P. and V. Glachant:Essai critique sur le théâtre de V. H., Drames en vers. Drames en prose, 2 vols., 1902 and 1903.—P. Levin:V. H., 1902.—Leçons faites à l’Ecole Normale sous la direction de F. Brunetière, 2 vols. 1902.—F. Gregh:Etude sur V. H., 1902.—H. Peltier:La philosophie de V. H., 1904.—H. Galletti:L’opera di V.H. nella letteratura italiana, 1904.—E. Huguet:La couleur, la lumière et l’ombre dans les métaphores de V. H., 1905.—L. Lucchetti:Les images dans les œuvres de V. H., 1907.—P. Bastier:V. H. und seine Zeit., 1908.—Maria Valente:V. H. e la lirica italiana, 1908.—A. Guiard:La fonction du poète, étude sur V. H., 1910.Virgile et V. H., 1910.—C. Grillet:La Bible dans V. H., 1910.—P. Berret:Le moyen âge européen dans La Légende des Siècles, 1911.—A. Rochette:L’Alexandrin chez V. H., 1911.—P. Dubois:V. H. Ses Idées religieuses de 1802-25, 1913.
H. Berlioz:Correspondance inédite (1819-68), pub. par D. Bernard, 1879.Lettres intimes, pub. par Ch. Gounod, 1882.Berlioz; les années romantiques (1819-42), Correspondance, pub. par J. Tiersot, 1907.—A. Boschot:La Jeunesse d’un romantique, H. Berlioz (1803-31), 1906.Un romantique sous Louis Philippe, Berlioz (1831-42), 1908.Le Crépuscule d’un romantique, Berlioz (1842-69), 1913.
Alexandre Dumas, 1803-70:Henri III et sa cour, 1829.Antony, 1831.Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844.Le Comte de Monte Cristo, 1844-45.
J. Janin:A.D., 1871.—B. Matthews: InFr. Dramatists of the 19th cent., 1881.—B. de Bury:A. D., 1885.—E. Courmeaux:A. D., 1886.—J. J. Weiss:Le théâtre et les mœurs, 3eéd. 1889.—H. Parigot:Le drame d’ A. D., 1898.A. D., 1901.—H. Lecomte:A. D., 1903.—J. Lemaître:Impressions de théâtre, t.III(1890),IV(’95),VIII(’95),IX(’96).—R. Doumic:De Scribe à Ibsen, 1896; also inHommes et idées du XIXeSiècle, 1903.
George Sand, 1804-76:Indiana, 1832.Lélia, 1833.Jacques, 1834.Consuelo, 1842-43.La petite Fadette, 1849.Histoire de ma vie, 4 vols. 1854-55.—Correspondance, 6 vols. 1882-84.Correspondance de G. S. et d’ A. de Musset, p. par F. Decori, 1904.Œuvres complètes(éd. C. Lévy), 105 vols.—S. de Lovenjoul:Etude bibliographique sur les œuvres de G. S., 1868.