The Project Gutenberg eBook ofRowing

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofRowingThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: RowingAuthor: R. C. LehmannContributor: Edwin Gordon BlackmoreW. E. CrumG. L. DavisGuy NickallsC. M. PitmanEditor: Bertram RobinsonRelease date: January 13, 2011 [eBook #34950]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Thisfile was produced from images generously made availableby The Internet Archive)*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROWING ***

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: RowingAuthor: R. C. LehmannContributor: Edwin Gordon BlackmoreW. E. CrumG. L. DavisGuy NickallsC. M. PitmanEditor: Bertram RobinsonRelease date: January 13, 2011 [eBook #34950]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Thisfile was produced from images generously made availableby The Internet Archive)

Title: Rowing

Author: R. C. LehmannContributor: Edwin Gordon BlackmoreW. E. CrumG. L. DavisGuy NickallsC. M. PitmanEditor: Bertram Robinson

Author: R. C. Lehmann

Contributor: Edwin Gordon Blackmore

W. E. Crum

G. L. Davis

Guy Nickalls

C. M. Pitman

Editor: Bertram Robinson

Release date: January 13, 2011 [eBook #34950]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (Thisfile was produced from images generously made availableby The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROWING ***

Transcriber's NotesSequences of plates are grouped together at the end of the relevant chapter or major section.Detailed notes on the text (listing any changes made for correction of typographical errors) are found atthe end of the book.FrontispieceTitle PageCONTENTS.LIST OF PLATES.Publisher's catalogue (advertisements).

Sequences of plates are grouped together at the end of the relevant chapter or major section.

Detailed notes on the text (listing any changes made for correction of typographical errors) are found atthe end of the book.

FrontispieceTitle PageCONTENTS.LIST OF PLATES.Publisher's catalogue (advertisements).

THE ISTHMIAN LIBRARY: A Series of Volumes dealing popularly with the whole range of Field Sports and Athletics.Edited byB. Fletcher Robinson, and Illustrated by numerous Sketches and Instantaneous Photographs. Post 8vo, cloth, 5s.each.Vol. I.Rugby Football.ByB. Fletcher Robinson, with chapters byFrank Mitchell,R. H. Cattell,C. J. N. Fleming,Gregor MacGregor, andH. B. Tristram, and dedicated by permission to Mr.Rowland Hill.Vol. II.The Complete Cyclist.ByA. C. Pemberton, Mrs.Harcourt Williamson, andC. J. Sisley.Vol. IV.Rowing.ByR. C. Lehmann, with chapters byGuy NickallsandC. M. Pitman.Vol. V.Boxing.ByR. Allanson Winn.Other volumes are in preparation, and will be duly announced.

THE ISTHMIAN LIBRARY: A Series of Volumes dealing popularly with the whole range of Field Sports and Athletics.

Edited byB. Fletcher Robinson, and Illustrated by numerous Sketches and Instantaneous Photographs. Post 8vo, cloth, 5s.each.Vol. I.Rugby Football.ByB. Fletcher Robinson, with chapters byFrank Mitchell,R. H. Cattell,C. J. N. Fleming,Gregor MacGregor, andH. B. Tristram, and dedicated by permission to Mr.Rowland Hill.Vol. II.The Complete Cyclist.ByA. C. Pemberton, Mrs.Harcourt Williamson, andC. J. Sisley.Vol. IV.Rowing.ByR. C. Lehmann, with chapters byGuy NickallsandC. M. Pitman.Vol. V.Boxing.ByR. Allanson Winn.

Edited byB. Fletcher Robinson, and Illustrated by numerous Sketches and Instantaneous Photographs. Post 8vo, cloth, 5s.each.

Vol. I.Rugby Football.ByB. Fletcher Robinson, with chapters byFrank Mitchell,R. H. Cattell,C. J. N. Fleming,Gregor MacGregor, andH. B. Tristram, and dedicated by permission to Mr.Rowland Hill.

Vol. II.The Complete Cyclist.ByA. C. Pemberton, Mrs.Harcourt Williamson, andC. J. Sisley.

Vol. IV.Rowing.ByR. C. Lehmann, with chapters byGuy NickallsandC. M. Pitman.

Vol. V.Boxing.ByR. Allanson Winn.

Other volumes are in preparation, and will be duly announced.

THE OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE BOATRACE, 1894.

The Isthmian LibraryEdited by B. Fletcher Robinson

No. 4

ROWING

BYR. C. LEHMANN

WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BYGUY NICKALLS, G. L. DAVIS, C. M. PITMAN,W. E. CRUM,andE. G. BLACKMORE

ILLUSTRATED

LONDONA. D. INNES & COMPANYLIMITED1898

AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF FRIENDSHIPI DEDICATE THIS BOOKTOMR. HERBERT THOMAS STEWARD,CHAIRMAN OF THE AMATEUR ROWING ASSOCIATION;CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT, HENLEY REGATTA;AND PRESIDENT OF THE LEANDER CLUB.

My thanks are due to the proprietors of theDaily Newsand of theEnglish Illustrated Magazinefor permission to include in this book the substance of articles originally contributed to their columns. I have not added to the Appendix any lists of winning crews, as these are to be found very fully and accurately set out in the Rowing Almanack, published every year at the office of theField.

For the rest, I have endeavoured to make the rowing instructions which will be found in this book as concise as was compatible with perfect clearness, assuming at all times that I was addressing myself first of all to the novice. No doubt other oarsmen will differ here and there from my conclusions. Absolute unanimity on every detail of rowing is not to be expected.

All I can do is to assure my readers that nothing has been set down here the truth and accuracy of which I have not proved—at least, to my own satisfaction.

The illustrations are reproduced from photographs by Messrs. Stearn, of Cambridge; Messrs. Gillman, of Oxford; Messrs. Marsh, of Henley-on-Thames; Messrs. Hills and Saunders, of Eton; Messrs. Pach Brothers, of Cambridge (Mass.); and Mr. J. G. Williams, of East Molesey.

R. C. L.

October, 1897.

CHAPTERPAGEI.Introductory1II.First Lessons on Fixed Seats14III.First Lessons on Sliding Seats38IV.Combined Oarsmanship in Eights55V.Combined Oarsmanship in Eights(continued)72VI.Combined Oarsmanship in Eights(continued)89VII.Of Ailments—Of Training and Diet—Of Staleness—Of Discipline—Of Coaching109VIII.Of the Race-day—Of the Race—Of the Necessity of having a Butt—Of Leisure Time—Of Aquatic Axioms128IX.Four-oars and Pair-oars—Swivel Rowlocks144X.Sculling.ByGuy Nickalls157XI.Steering.ByG. L. Davis176XII.College Rowing at Oxford.ByC. M. Pitman194XIII.College Rowing at Cambridge211XIV.Rowing at Eton College.ByW. E. Crum234XV.Australian Rowing.ByE. G. Blackmore255XVI.Rowing in America270XVII.A Recent Controversy: Are Athletes Healthy?—Mr. Sandow's Views on the Training of Oarsmen288Appendix—Henley Regatta Rules; Rules of the A.R.A.; Rules of the C.U.B.C. and O.U.B.C.307

pageThe Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race, 1894Frontispiece.First Henley Regatta ProgrammeTo face6Fixed Seats. Number 120Fixed Seats. Number 222Fixed Seats. Number 324Fixed Seats. Number 426Fixed Seats. Number 530Sliding Seats. Number 138Sliding Seats. Number 240Sliding Seats. Number 341Sliding Seats. Number 442Sliding Seats. Number 544Sliding Seats. Number 645Sliding Seats. Number 747Sliding Seats. Number 848Sliding Seats. Number 950Sliding Seats. Number 1052Sliding Seats. Number 1154Snap-shots—Crew in Motion. Numbers 1 and 256Snap-shots—Crew in Motion. Numbers 3 and 458Snap-shots—Crew in Motion. Numbers 5 and 661Snap-shots—Crew in Motion. Numbers 7 and 864Mr. C. W. Kent78Mr. H. G. Gold81Henley Regatta, 1897130Henley Regatta: A Heat for the Diamonds157A Bump in the Eights194Lent Races In The Plough Reach.200A Start in the Eights202The Goldie Boat-house211A Harvard Eight on the River Hudson, at Poughkeepsie272Coaching on the River Hudson284Rowing Types. Number 1289Rowing Types. Number 2298Rowing Types. Number 3301Rowing Types. Number 4303Rowing Types. Number 5305

My object in the following pages will be not merely to give such hints to the novice as may enable him, so far as book-learning can effect the purpose, to master the rudiments of oarsmanship, but also to commend to him the sport of rowing from the point of view of those enthusiasts who regard it as a noble open-air exercise, fruitful in lessons of strength, courage, discipline, and endurance, and as an art which requires on the part of its votaries a sense of rhythm, a perfect balance and symmetry of bodily effort, and the graceful control and repose which lend an appearance of ease to the application of the highest muscular energy. Much has to be suffered andmany difficulties have to be overcome before the raw tiro, whose fantastic contortions in a tub-pair excite the derision of the spectators, can approach to the power, effectiveness and grace of a Crum or a Gold; but, given a healthy frame and sound organs inured to fatigue by the sports of English boyhood, given also an alert intelligence, there is no reason in the nature of things why oarsmanship should not eventually become both an exercise and a pleasure. And when I speak of oarsmanship, I mean the combined form of it in pairs, in fours, and in eight-oared racing boats.

Of sculling I do not presume to speak, but those who are curious on this point may be referred to the remarks of Mr. Guy Nickalls in a later chapter. But of rowing I can speak, if not with authority, at any rate with experience, for during twenty-three years of my life I have not only rowed in a constant succession of boat-races, amounting now to about two hundred, but I have watched rowing wherever it was to be seen, and have, year after year, been privileged to utter words of instruction to innumerable crews on the Cam, the Isis, and the Thames. If, then, the novice will commit himself for a time to my guidance, I will endeavour toinitiate him into the art and mystery of rowing. If he decides afterwards to join the fraternity of its votaries, I can promise him that his reward will not be small. He may not win fame, and he will certainly not increase his store of wealth, but when his time of action is past and he joins the great army of "have-beens," he will find, as he looks back upon his career, that his hours of leisure have been spent in an exercise which has enlarged his frame and strengthened his limbs, that he has drunk delight of battle with his peers in many a hard-fought race, that he has learnt what it means to be in perfect health and condition, with every sinew strung, and all his manly energies braced for contests of strength and endurance, and that he has bound to himself by the strongest possible ties a body of staunch and loyal friends whose worth has been proved under all sorts of conditions, through many days of united effort.

It has often been objected to rowing, either by those who have never rowed, or by those who having rowed have allowed themselves to sink prematurely into sloth and decay, that the sport in the case of most men can last only for a very few years, and that having warred, not without glory,up to the age of about twenty-five, they must then hang their oars upon the wall and pass the remainder of their lives in an envious contemplation of the exploits of old but unwearied cricketers. Judging merely by my own personal experience, I am entitled to pronounce these lamentations baseless and misleading, for I have been able to row with pleasure even in racing boats during the whole period of nineteen years that has elapsed since I took my degree at Cambridge. But I can refer to higher examples, for I have seen the Grand Challenge Cup and the Stewards' Cup at Henley Regatta either rowed for with credit, or won by men whose age cannot have been far, if at all, short of forty years, and of men who won big races when they were thirty years old the examples are innumerable. But putting actual racing aside, there is in skilled rowing a peculiar pleasure (even though the craft rowed in be merely a fixed seat gig) which, as it seems to me, puts it on a higher plane than most other exercises. The watermanship which enables a party of veterans to steer their boat deftly in and out of a lock, to swing her easily along the reaches, while unskilled youths are toiling and pantingastern, is, after all, no mean accomplishment. And in recent years rowing has taken a leaf out of the book of cricket. Scattered up and down the banks of the Thames are many pleasant houses in which, during the summer, men who can row are favoured guests, either with a view to their forming crews to take part in local regattas, or merely for the purpose of pleasure-rowing in scenes remote from the dust and turmoil of the city. Let no one, therefore, be repelled from oarsmanship because he thinks that the sport will last him through only a few years of his life. If he marries and settles down and becomes a busy man, he will enjoy his holiday on the Thames fully as much as his cricketing brothers enjoy theirs on some country cricket field.

Of the early history of boats and boat-racing it is not necessary to say very much. It is enough to know that the written Cambridge records date back to 1827, though it is certain that racing must have begun some years previously; that Oxford can point to 1822 as one of the earliest years of their College races; that the two Universities raced against one another for the first time in 1829; and that Henley Regatta was establishedin 1839, when the Grand Challenge Cup was won by First Trinity, Cambridge. Opposite is a facsimile copy of the programme of this memorable regatta.

Those who desire to go still further back, have the authority of Virgil for stating that the Trojans under Æneas could organize and carry through what Professor Conington, in his version of the "Æneid," calls "a rivalry of naval speed." The account of this famous regatta is given with a spirit and a richness of detail that put to shame even the most modern historians of aquatic prowess. After reading how Gyas, the captain and coach of theChimæra—

"Huge bulk, a city scarce so large,With Dardan rowers in triple bank,The tiers ascending rank o'er rank"

—how Gyas, as I say, justly indignant at the ineptitude and cowardice of his coxswain, hurled him from the vessel, and himself assumed the helm at a critical point of the race, it is a mere paltering with the emotions to be told, for instance, that "Mr. Pechell, who owes much to the teaching of Goosey Driver, steered a very good course," or that he "began to makethe shoot for Barnes Bridge a trifle too soon." How, too, can the statement that "both crews started simultaneously, Cambridge, if anything, striking the water first," compare with the passage which tells us (I quote again from Professor Conington) how

"at the trumpet's piercing sound,All from their barriers onward bound,Upsoars to heaven the oarsman's shout,The upturned billows froth and spout;In level lines they plough the deep—All ocean yawns as on they sweep."

It may be noted in passing that no one else seems to have felt in the least inclined to yawn, for

"With plaudits loud and clamorous zealEchoes the woodland round;The pent shores roll the thunder peal—The stricken rocks rebound;"

which seems, if the criticism may be permitted, a curious proceeding even for a stricken rock during the progress of a boat-race. Finally, a touch of religious romance is added when we learn that the final result was due, not to the unaided efforts of the straining crew, but to the intervention of Portunus, the Harbour God, who, moved by the prayer of Cloanthus, captain of theScylla, pushed that barque along and carried her triumphantlyfirst into the haven—invidious conduct which does not appear to have caused the least complaint amongst the defeated crews, or to have prevented Cloanthus from being proclaimed the victor of the day. Only on one occasion (in 1859) has Father Thames similarly exerted himself to the advantage of one of the University crews, for during the boat-race of that year he swamped the Cambridge ship beneath his mighty waves, and sped Oxford safely to Mortlake. Lord Justice A. L. Smith, amongst others, still lives, though he was unable to swim, to tell the exciting tale.

Before I take leave of this Virgilian race, I may perhaps, even at this late date, be permitted as a brother coach to commiserate the impulsive but unfortunate Gyas on the difficulties he must have encountered in coaching the crew of a trireme. Not less do I pity his oarsmen, of whom the two lower ranks must have suffered seriously as to their backs from the feet of those placed above them, while the length and weight of the oars used by the top rank must have made good form and accurate time almost impossible. A Cambridge poet, Mr. R. H. Forster, has sung the woes of the Athenian triremists and their instructor—

"Just imagine a crew of a hundred or twoShoved three deep in a kind of a barge,Like a cargo of kegs, with no room for their legs,And oars inconveniently large.Quoth he, 'παντες προσω' and they try to do so.At the sight the poor coach's brains addle;So muttering 'οιμοι,' he shouts out 'ἑτοιμοι,'And whatever the Greek is for 'paddle.'Now do look alive, number ninety and five,You're 'sugaring,' work seems to bore you;You are late, you are late, number twenty and eight,Keep your eyes on the man that's before you."

So much for the trireme. But neither the Greeks nor any other race thought of adapting their boats merely to purposes of racing until the English, with their inveterate passion for open-air exercise, took the matter in hand. African war-canoes have been known to race, but their primary object is still the destruction of rival canoes together with their dusky freight. In Venice the gondoliers are matched annually against one another, but both the gondola and the sandolo remain what they always have been—mere vessels for the conveyance of passengers and goods. The man who would make war in a racing ship would justly be relegated to Hanwell, and to carry passengers, or even one "passenger," in such a boat is generally looked upon as a certain presageof defeat. Consider for a moment. The modern racing ship (eight, four, pair, or single) is a frail, elongated, graceful piece of cabinet work, held together by thin stays, small bolts, and copper nails, and separating you from the water in which it floats by an eighth of an inch of Mexican cedar. The whole weight of the sculling-boat, built by Jack Clasper, in which Harding won the Searle Memorial Cup, was only nineteen pounds,i.e.about 112 pounds lighter than the man it carried. Considering the amount of labour and trained skill that go towards the construction of these beautiful machines, the price cannot be said to be heavy. Most builders will turn you out a sculling-boat for from £12 to £15, a pair for about £20, a four for £33, and an eight for £55. But the development of the racing type to its present perfection has taken many years. Little did the undergraduates who, in 1829, drove their ponderous man-of-war's galleys from Hambledon Lock to Henley Bridge, while the stricken hills of the Thames Valley rebounded to the shouts of the spectators—little did they imagine that their successors, rowing on movable seats and with rowlocks projecting far beyond the sidewould speed in delicate barques, of arrowy shape and almost arrowy swiftness, from Putney to Mortlake—in barques so light and "crank" that, built as they are without a keel, they would overturn in a moment if the balance of the oars were removed. The improvements were very gradual. In 1846 the University race was rowed for the first time in boats with outriggers. That innovation had, however, been creeping in for some years before that. Mr. Hugh Hammersley, who rowed in the Oriel boat which started head of the river at Oxford in 1843, has told me that in that year the University College boat, stroked by the famous Fletcher Menzies, was fitted with outriggers at stroke and bow; and the bump by which University displaced Oriel was generally ascribed to the new invention.

In 1857 the University race was rowed in boats without a keel, and oars with a round loom were used for the first time by both crews. At the Henley Regatta of the preceding year the Royal Chester Rowing Club had entered a crew rowing in this novel style of keelless boat for the Grand Challenge and the Ladies' Cups. Her length was only fifty-four feet, and her builder was Mat Taylor,a name celebrated in the annals of boat-building, for it is to him, in the first instance, that our present type of racing-boat owes its existence. "The Chester men," Mr. W. B. Woodgate tells us in his Badminton book on boating, "could not sit their boat in the least; they flopped their blades along the water on the recovery in a manner which few junior crews at minor regattas would now be guilty of; but they rowed well away from their opponents, who were only College crews." They won, as a matter of fact, both the events for which they entered.

One might have thought that with this invention improvements would have ceased. But in course of time the practical experience of rowing men suggested to them that if they slid on their seats, both the length and power of their stroke through the water would be increased. At first they greased their fixed seats, and slid on those. But it was found that the strain caused by this method exhausted a crew. In 1871 a crew of professionals used a seat that slid on the thwarts, and beat a crew that was generally held to be superior, and from that moment slides, as we now know them, came into general use. In 1873 the Universitycrews rowed on sliding seats for the first time. Since then the length of the slide has been increased from about nine inches to fifteen inches, or even more, a change which has made the task of the boat-builder in providing floating capacity more difficult; but in all essentials the type of boat remains the same. It ought to be added that the Americans, to a large extent, use boats moulded out ofpapier maché, but this variation has never obtained favour in England, though boats built in this manner by the well-known Waters of Troy (U.S.A.) have been seen on English rivers. The Columbia College crew won the Visitors' Cup at Henley in 1878 in a paper boat, and she was afterwards bought by First Trinity, Cambridge, but she never won a race again.

THE FIRST HENLEY REGATTA.[see textual representation of this plate]

[Text representation of the Plate originally facing page 6.]HENLEY REGATTAJune 14th, 1839.[royal crest]Entrances for theGRAND CHALLENGE CUP.OXFORD.—Brasen Nose College,—Blue Cap, with Gold Tassel; Rosette, yellow, purple, and crimson.CAMBRIDGE.—Trinity Boat Club,—Blue stripe Jersey and Trowsers; Rosette, French blue.OXFORD.—Etonian Club,—White Jersey, with pale blue facings; Rosette, sky blue.OXFORD.—Wadham College,—White Jersey, with narrow blue stripes, dark blue cap, with light blue velvet band, and light blue scarf.Entrances for theTOWN CHALLENGE CUP.WAVE.—White Jersey, pale blue facings.DREADNOUGHT.—Blue Striped Shirt, blue CapALBION.—Blue Striped Jersey, crimson scarf.TURN OVER.ORDER OF THE RACES.GRAND CHALLENGE CUP.The first trial heat will commence atFOURo'clock precisely.The second trial heat will follow immediately.The final heat will take place atSEVENo'clock precisely.The Race for theTOWN CUP,Will take place at SIX o'clock precisely.Previous to each Race, a Signal Gun will be fired at the Bridge to clear the course, another when the course is clear, a third at the Island when the Boats start, and a fourth at the Bridge to announce that the race is ended.Lithographic Drawings of the Cups,Two Shillings per pair,And the Henley Guide, Two Shillings,May be had ofHickman & Kinch, Post-Office.Hickman & Kinch, Typ. Henley.

HENLEY REGATTAJune 14th, 1839.[royal crest]Entrances for theGRAND CHALLENGE CUP.

Entrances for theTOWN CHALLENGE CUP.

TURN OVER.

ORDER OF THE RACES.

GRAND CHALLENGE CUP.

The first trial heat will commence atFOURo'clock precisely.The second trial heat will follow immediately.The final heat will take place atSEVENo'clock precisely.

The first trial heat will commence atFOURo'clock precisely.

The second trial heat will follow immediately.

The final heat will take place atSEVENo'clock precisely.

The Race for theTOWN CUP,Will take place at SIX o'clock precisely.

Previous to each Race, a Signal Gun will be fired at the Bridge to clear the course, another when the course is clear, a third at the Island when the Boats start, and a fourth at the Bridge to announce that the race is ended.

Lithographic Drawings of the Cups,Two Shillings per pair,And the Henley Guide, Two Shillings,May be had ofHickman & Kinch, Post-Office.Hickman & Kinch, Typ. Henley.

If the tiro who aspires to be an oarsman has ever seen a really good eight-oared crew in motion on the water, he will probably have been impressed not so much by the power and the pace of it as by the remarkable ease with which the whole complicated series of movements that go to make up a stroke is performed. The eight blades grip the water at the same moment with a perfect precision, making a deep white swirl as they sweep through; the bodies swing back with a free and springy motion; the slides move steadily; and almost before one has realized that a stroke has been begun, the hands have come squarely home to the chest and have been shot out again to the full extent of the arms, the blades leaving the water without a splash. Then with a balanced swing the bodies move forward again, the oar-blades all in a level line on either side, and,presto!another stroke has been started. Nothing in these movements is violent or jerky; there are no contortions—at least the tiro can see none, though the coach may be shouting instructions as to backs and shoulders and elbows—and the boat glides on her way without a pause or check.

What sort of spectacle, on the other hand, is afforded by a thoroughly bad eight? The men composing it have chests and backs together with the usual complement of limbs that make up a human being; they are provided with oars; their ship is built of cedar and fitted with slides and outriggers—in short, as they sit at ease in their boat, they resemble in all outward details the crew we have just been considering. But watch them when they begin to row. Where now are the balance, the rhythm, the level flash of blades on the feather, the crisp beginning, the dashing and almost contemptuous freedom of bodies and hands in motion, the even and unsplashing progress of the ship herself? All these have vanished, and in their place we see a boat rolling like an Atlantic liner, oars dribbling feebly along the water orsoaring wildly above it, each striking for the beginning at the sweet will of the man who wields it, without regard to anybody else; eight bodies, cramped and contorted almost out of the semblance of humanity, shuffling, tumbling, and screwing, while on eight faces a look of agony bears witness to such tortures as few except Englishmen can continue to suffer without mutiny or complaint. It is not a noble or an inspiring sight; but it may be seen at Oxford or at Cambridge, on tidal waters, and even at Henley Regatta.

What, then, is the main cause of the difference between these two crews? It lies in good "style"—style which is present in the one crew and absent from the other. And this style in the rowing sense merely sums up the result, whether to individuals or to a crew, of long and patient teaching founded upon principles the correctness of which has been established ever since rowing became not merely an exercise, but a science in keelless racing ships. And here one comment may be added. It is the habit of every generation of rowing men to imagine that they have invented rowing all over again, and have at last, by their own intelligence and energy, established its principles on a firm foundation.Within my own experience, five at least of these generations believed that for the first time the virtues of leg-work had been revealed to them, four thought they had made out a patent in the matter of body-swing, and six were convinced that they had discovered length of stroke and firmness of beginning. In the eyes of these young gentlemen, the veterans whom they occasionally condescended to invite to their practice were harmless and well-meaning enthusiasts, who might have made a figure in their day, but who were, of course, utterly unable to appreciate the niceties of rowing as developed by their brilliant and skilful successors.[1]Amiable presumption of youth and innocence! The fact is, of course, that the main principles of good rowing are the same now as they have always been, on long slides or on short slides, or even on fixed seats. And, personally, I have always found that the hints I gathered from such men as Dr. Warre, Mr. W. B. Woodgate, Mr. J. C. Tinne, or Sir John Edwards-Moss, whose active rowing days wereover before sliding seats came into use, were invaluable to me in the coaching of crews.

[1]I shall never forget the tone of kindly patronage in which the stroke of my college crew once observed to his coach, a man about fifteen years older than himself: "Ah, I suppose, now, they all used to row in top-hats in your day!"

How is a novice to be taught so that he may some day take his seat with credit in a good crew? I answer that there is no royal road; he must pass through a long period of practice, often so dull that all his patience will be required to carry him through it. His progress will be so slow, that he will sometimes feel he is making no headway at all; but it will be sure none the less, and some day, if he has in him the makings of an oar, he will realize, to his delight, that his joints move freely, that his muscles are supple, that his limbs obey his brain immediately—that, in short, the various movements he has been striving so hard to acquire have become easy and natural to him, and that he can go through them without the painful exercise of deliberate thought at every moment of their recurrence.

Every oarsman must begin on fixed seats. This statement is to an English public school or University oar a mere platitude; but in America, and even in some of our English clubs outside the Universities, its force and necessity have been lost sight of. Here and there may be found aborn oar, whose limbs and body do not require an arduous discipline; but in the case of ordinary average men like the immense majority of us, it is impossible, I believe, to acquire correct body movement without a stage, more or less prolonged, of practice in fixed-seat rowing. For it is on fixed seats alone that a man can learn that free and solid swing which is essential to good oarsmanship on slides.

I will, therefore, ask my novice reader to imagine that he is seated on one of the thwarts of a fixed-seat tub-pair, while I deceive myself into the belief that I am coaching him from its stern. My first duty will be to see that all his implements are sound and true and correct, since it is probable that faults are often due as much to the use of weak or defective materials as to any other cause. I must satisfy myself that his oar is stiff and of a proper length; that when pressed against the thole in a natural position it can grip the water firmly and come through it squarely;[2]that the stretcher is properly set, and that the straps passtightly over the root of the toes. I must also see that he is properly dressed, and not constricted about the waist by impeding buttons. A belt is never permissible. Now for instruction.

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