Footnotes[379]'Revue archéologique,' August, 1864, 148et seq.[380]Livy, v. chap. 34.[381]Walcknaer, 'Géographie des Gaules.' The earlier chapters and Map V.[382]'Revue archéologique,' new series, vii. 228.[383]Ibid.[384]'De Bello Gall.' i. 1.[385]Strabo, vi. 176, 189.[386]'Archæological Journal,' 1870, cviii. p. 225et seq.[387]Lartet, Christy, and 'Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.' London, 1865et seq.[388]'Monuments mégalithiques du Vivarais,' p. Oll. de Marchand; Montpellier, 1870.[389]'Époques antéhistoriques du Poitou,' P. A. Brouillet; Poitiers, 1865.[390]This list must be taken as only tentative. All I have done was to take the Atlas Joanne, and count the number of names as well as I could. I feel far from confident that I have counted all; and, besides, the scale of the maps is too small to feel sure that all, or nearly all, are there. It is, however, sufficient for present purposes of comparison. If it is thought worth while to pursue the investigation farther, it must be done on the 80,000 scale map of France, which would be work of great labour.[391]Delpon, 'Statistique du Département du Lot,' i. p. 383.[392]In the Ordnance Maps, 1-inch scale, the terminationacoccurs at least 38 times in this corner, though in these maps always spelt with an additionalk, as Botallack, Carnidjack; although this is by no means the usual or ancient spelling of the district.[393]The whole of these churches are described in more or less detail by Félix de Verneilh in his 'Architecture byzantine en France,' 4to. Paris, 1851. Several of them are also illustrated in my 'History of Architecture,' i. 418-441.[394]The argument, which it is not necessary to enter on here, has been well summed up by Dr. Schmitz, in Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,'subvoceCimbri.[395]The existence of this line of dolmens and of a separate people, all the way from Brittany to Narbonne, may serve, perhaps, to explain the mode in which the tin of Britain found its way across France to the Mediterranean Sea. That the Veneti traded from the Côtes-du-Nord and the Morbihan to Cornwall and the Cassiterides, no one, probably, will dispute. Their vessels, according to Cæsar's account, were fully equal to carrying to France all the metal this country could produce. The road by which it reached Marseilles across France was always the difficulty. In later times, the Celtic trade-route across France was apparently up the Rhone, but on its left bank, and down the Seine, or on its right bank; passing then through Celtica, but round the Aquitania of Augustus, and reaching Britain through the country of the Morini, which was the route Cæsar followed. This does not, however, appear to have been the line which was taken by the trade in tin. It followed, so far as we know, the central line of the dolmen country; and the fact of one people and one language prevailing throughout the whole of that region takes away any improbability, and removes all the difficulties that have hitherto impeded the adoption of that hypothesis.[396]My intention was to have spent last autumn in travelling through the southern departments of France with this intent; but the war rendered the position of an exploring and sketching foreigner so undesirable that I was forced to desist. Had this book been a "statisque" of the subject, as it was originally intended, I should have been obliged to defer its publication till I had accomplished this journey, or till the monuments had been illustrated. As, however, it has now assumed more the form of an "argument," this is of comparatively little consequence.[397]In a paper on the 'Monuments mégalithiques de l'Auvergne,' by M. Cartheilhac, in the Norwich volume of the Prehistoric Congress, he gives drawings of ten as types. Five of these, or one-half, are dolmens on tumuli, which is, however, probably more than a fair proportion. One has already been given,woodcut No. 8.[398]'Statistique monumentale de la Charente,' 141. Richard, 'France monumentale,' p. 677. 'Mém. de la Société royale des Antiquaires de France,' vii. 26.[399]The woodcuts are copied from Michon, 'Statistique de la Charente.' In describing it, he quotes the Edict of the Council at Nantes with regard to the destruction of these "venerated stones." He (p. 141) gives the date of this council asA.D.1262, which would almost make it appear that this was one of the stones against which the decree was fulminated. This date, however, appears to be a mistake. The true date I believe to be 658, as given above, p. 24.[400]'Rev. archéologique,' ix. 400.[401]'Essai sur les Dolmens,' p. 38.[402]Paper read by S. Ferguson, Q.C., before the R. I. A. 14th Dec. 1863. See also pamphlet by René Galles (Vannes, 1863), describing the exploration.[403]'Congrès préhistorique,' vol. de Paris, 1868, 42.[404]All these are represented in Gailhabaud's 'Architecture ancienne et moderne,' ii. plates 7 and 8.[405]The woodcut is from a publication privately printed by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds.[406]Gailhabaud, 'Arch. anc. et mod.' i.[407]Renouvier, 'Monuments de Bas-Languedoc.' No numbers to plates.[408]See one published by Sir R. Colt Hoare, 'Modern Wiltshire,' iv. p. 57.[409]'Kilkenny Journal,' third series, vol. i. p. 40et seq.[410]I have not seen the monument myself, nor do I know any one who has, but I cannot believe it to be a pure invention. Too much stress must not, however, be laid upon it.[411]There is a woodcut in Bonstetten's work (p. 25) which, being taken endways, explains more clearly how, the cap-stone resting on two points only, it can be understood to oscillate. It is, however, much less correct as a representation.133. Pierre Martine. From Bonstetten[412]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. p. 388.[413]'Ptolemæi Geo.' Amstel. 1605, p. 47.[414]The only survey of this monument which has been published, and can be depended upon, is that made by Mr. Vicars, a surveyor of Exeter, for the Rev. Dr. Bathurst Deane. It was published by him on a reduced scale in vol. xxv. of the 'Archæologia,' and re-engraved, with the principal parts on the original scale, by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds, in the work before alluded to, but unfortunately never published. The original map, on a scale of 440 feet to 1 inch, is still in Dr. Deane's possession, at Bath, and is so valuable a record of what the monument was thirty-two years ago that it is hoped it may be preserved by some public body. Sir Henry Dryden and the Rev. Mr. Lukis have been employed for some years past exploring and surveying in that neighbourhood, and have brought back perfect plans, on a large scale, of all the principal monuments; and if these were published, they would leave little to be desired in that respect. Meanwhile nothing can exceed Sir Henry's kindness and liberality in allowing access to his treasures, and the use of them by any one who desires it; and I am indebted to him for a great deal of the information in this chapter. The general plans here published are from Messrs. Blair and Ronalds' work, which is quite sufficiently correct for my scale or my present purpose.[415]The form of this enclosure, as will be seen from the plan, is not an exact square, and some of the angle-stones being removed, it is difficult now to ascertain its exact form. Sir Henry Dryden makes it curvilinear. Messrs. Blair and Ronalds make the east side quite straight; the south and west were slightly curvilinear, but the whole figure is quadrangular; which is my own impression of its form.[416]Sir Henry Dryden counts ten rows. Mr. Vicars' survey, from which the woodcut is copied, makes only eight. Their irregularity makes it difficult to feel certain on such a point.[417]'Journal of Archæological Association,' vol. xxiv. pp. 40et seq.[418]Ante, pp. 163et seq.[419]It is so difficult to realise these similarities, except by representation, that I give here a woodcut of that at Rodmarton. Allowing for the difference of drawing and engraving, the openings are identical, and it is so peculiar in form that the likeness cannot be accidental. If it does not occur anywhere else, or at any other time, it proves, as far as anything can prove, that the French and English long barrows were erected under the same inspiration. If one is post-Roman, so, certainly, is the other; or if one can be proved to be prehistoric, the other must follow.140. Entrance to Cell, Rodmarton.[420]These were exhibited in the inn in the village when I was there. Where they are now, I do not know.[421]'Revue archéologique,' xii. p. 17.[422]'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' vol. viii. 1864, p. 298et seq.[423]'Revue archéologique,' vol. x. 1864, pl. iv.[424]Woodcuts No. 145 and 146 are copied from Mr. Ferguson's paper in the 'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' viii. 398et seq.[425]These dimensions are from Richard; other authorities make it 18 feet by 12 feet.[426]The existence of the plume is doubted by Sir Henry Dryden, and he is so accurate that he probably is right; but as others say they have seen it, and nothing depends upon it, I have allowed it to remain.[427]It was in a very ruinous state when I saw it five years ago; and there is an ominous silence regarding it among subsequent tourists. The measurements here quoted are from Richard, 'France monumentale.'[428]The plan here given is reduced from one by Sir Henry Dryden, and may be perfectly depended upon as far as the smallness of the scale will allow.[429]Sir Henry drew all these sculptures first on the spot, and afterwards corrected his drawings from the casts at St.-Germain. They are the only drawings existing which can thoroughly be depended upon.[430]A plan of the first-named alignment was published by Freminville, 'Finistère,' part ii. pl. i., but the above particulars and the woodcut are taken from a diagram by Sir Henry Dryden in the last number of the 'Journal of the Anthrop. Inst.' He has perfect plans of the whole.[431]'Revue archéologique,' new series, ix. pp. 81et seq.I may mention that almost every other name in their neighbourhood ends inac. See 'Joanne Atlas,' dép. Ille-et-Vilaine.[432]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. 384.[433]"C'est en 465 que Vannes reçut pour premier évêque l'Armoricain St. Patern, qui mourut peu d'années après chez les Francs, où les Goths l'avoient forcé de se réfugier. Modestus en 511 mit tout en œuvre pour repandre le Christianisme parmi les Pagani de son diocèse, mais son zèle ne fut pas recompensé, car plus de trente ans après la mort de Patern les habitans de la Vénétie étoient encore presque tous païens. 'Erant enim tunc temporis Venetenses pene omnes Gentiles.'—Ap.Boll.'Vita St. Melan.' vi. Jan. p. 311."—Courzon, 'Chartulaire de l'Abbaye de Redon,' cxliii.[434]The authority for these events will be found at length in Gibbon, chap. xviii., and are too familiar to need quoting here.[435]Daru's 'Histoire de la Bretagne,' vol. i. p. 58.[436]Ibid.p. 112.[437]Dom. Bouquet, 'Recueil des Hist. des Gaules,' i. p. 629. "Exuperantius anno circa 416 Armoricos qui a Romanis defecerunt ad officium reducere tentavit."[438]Daru, i. p. 112.[439]"Gradlonus gratia dei rex Britonum necnon ex parte Francorum."—Chartulairede Landevenec; quoted by P. Lobineau, ii. 17. And further: "'Pervenit Sancti (Wingaboei) fama ad Grallonum regem Occiduorum Cornubiensium, gloriosum ultorem Normannorum qui post devictas gentes inimicas sibi duces subduxerat.'—Gurdestan,Moine de Landevenec, 'Vie de St.-Wingabois.'"—Daru, i. p. 69.[440]The information in this table must be received with great limitation. In the first place, What is a dolmen? Do the alignments at Carnac count as two, as seven, or as 700? Many also are mere estimates of local antiquaries. It is, for instance, very doubtful if Finistère contains more monuments than the Morbihan; and subsequent information may introduce great modifications into many of the numbers.The value of theacdistinction does not come out clearly: first, because of the imperfect mode in which it has been obtained, but more because it does not make it clear that there are in France twenty-nine departments in which there are no dolmens, and noac-terminations; in fact, the negative evidence which does not appear here is stronger than the positive.
Footnotes[379]'Revue archéologique,' August, 1864, 148et seq.[380]Livy, v. chap. 34.[381]Walcknaer, 'Géographie des Gaules.' The earlier chapters and Map V.[382]'Revue archéologique,' new series, vii. 228.[383]Ibid.[384]'De Bello Gall.' i. 1.[385]Strabo, vi. 176, 189.[386]'Archæological Journal,' 1870, cviii. p. 225et seq.[387]Lartet, Christy, and 'Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.' London, 1865et seq.[388]'Monuments mégalithiques du Vivarais,' p. Oll. de Marchand; Montpellier, 1870.[389]'Époques antéhistoriques du Poitou,' P. A. Brouillet; Poitiers, 1865.[390]This list must be taken as only tentative. All I have done was to take the Atlas Joanne, and count the number of names as well as I could. I feel far from confident that I have counted all; and, besides, the scale of the maps is too small to feel sure that all, or nearly all, are there. It is, however, sufficient for present purposes of comparison. If it is thought worth while to pursue the investigation farther, it must be done on the 80,000 scale map of France, which would be work of great labour.[391]Delpon, 'Statistique du Département du Lot,' i. p. 383.[392]In the Ordnance Maps, 1-inch scale, the terminationacoccurs at least 38 times in this corner, though in these maps always spelt with an additionalk, as Botallack, Carnidjack; although this is by no means the usual or ancient spelling of the district.[393]The whole of these churches are described in more or less detail by Félix de Verneilh in his 'Architecture byzantine en France,' 4to. Paris, 1851. Several of them are also illustrated in my 'History of Architecture,' i. 418-441.[394]The argument, which it is not necessary to enter on here, has been well summed up by Dr. Schmitz, in Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,'subvoceCimbri.[395]The existence of this line of dolmens and of a separate people, all the way from Brittany to Narbonne, may serve, perhaps, to explain the mode in which the tin of Britain found its way across France to the Mediterranean Sea. That the Veneti traded from the Côtes-du-Nord and the Morbihan to Cornwall and the Cassiterides, no one, probably, will dispute. Their vessels, according to Cæsar's account, were fully equal to carrying to France all the metal this country could produce. The road by which it reached Marseilles across France was always the difficulty. In later times, the Celtic trade-route across France was apparently up the Rhone, but on its left bank, and down the Seine, or on its right bank; passing then through Celtica, but round the Aquitania of Augustus, and reaching Britain through the country of the Morini, which was the route Cæsar followed. This does not, however, appear to have been the line which was taken by the trade in tin. It followed, so far as we know, the central line of the dolmen country; and the fact of one people and one language prevailing throughout the whole of that region takes away any improbability, and removes all the difficulties that have hitherto impeded the adoption of that hypothesis.[396]My intention was to have spent last autumn in travelling through the southern departments of France with this intent; but the war rendered the position of an exploring and sketching foreigner so undesirable that I was forced to desist. Had this book been a "statisque" of the subject, as it was originally intended, I should have been obliged to defer its publication till I had accomplished this journey, or till the monuments had been illustrated. As, however, it has now assumed more the form of an "argument," this is of comparatively little consequence.[397]In a paper on the 'Monuments mégalithiques de l'Auvergne,' by M. Cartheilhac, in the Norwich volume of the Prehistoric Congress, he gives drawings of ten as types. Five of these, or one-half, are dolmens on tumuli, which is, however, probably more than a fair proportion. One has already been given,woodcut No. 8.[398]'Statistique monumentale de la Charente,' 141. Richard, 'France monumentale,' p. 677. 'Mém. de la Société royale des Antiquaires de France,' vii. 26.[399]The woodcuts are copied from Michon, 'Statistique de la Charente.' In describing it, he quotes the Edict of the Council at Nantes with regard to the destruction of these "venerated stones." He (p. 141) gives the date of this council asA.D.1262, which would almost make it appear that this was one of the stones against which the decree was fulminated. This date, however, appears to be a mistake. The true date I believe to be 658, as given above, p. 24.[400]'Rev. archéologique,' ix. 400.[401]'Essai sur les Dolmens,' p. 38.[402]Paper read by S. Ferguson, Q.C., before the R. I. A. 14th Dec. 1863. See also pamphlet by René Galles (Vannes, 1863), describing the exploration.[403]'Congrès préhistorique,' vol. de Paris, 1868, 42.[404]All these are represented in Gailhabaud's 'Architecture ancienne et moderne,' ii. plates 7 and 8.[405]The woodcut is from a publication privately printed by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds.[406]Gailhabaud, 'Arch. anc. et mod.' i.[407]Renouvier, 'Monuments de Bas-Languedoc.' No numbers to plates.[408]See one published by Sir R. Colt Hoare, 'Modern Wiltshire,' iv. p. 57.[409]'Kilkenny Journal,' third series, vol. i. p. 40et seq.[410]I have not seen the monument myself, nor do I know any one who has, but I cannot believe it to be a pure invention. Too much stress must not, however, be laid upon it.[411]There is a woodcut in Bonstetten's work (p. 25) which, being taken endways, explains more clearly how, the cap-stone resting on two points only, it can be understood to oscillate. It is, however, much less correct as a representation.133. Pierre Martine. From Bonstetten[412]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. p. 388.[413]'Ptolemæi Geo.' Amstel. 1605, p. 47.[414]The only survey of this monument which has been published, and can be depended upon, is that made by Mr. Vicars, a surveyor of Exeter, for the Rev. Dr. Bathurst Deane. It was published by him on a reduced scale in vol. xxv. of the 'Archæologia,' and re-engraved, with the principal parts on the original scale, by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds, in the work before alluded to, but unfortunately never published. The original map, on a scale of 440 feet to 1 inch, is still in Dr. Deane's possession, at Bath, and is so valuable a record of what the monument was thirty-two years ago that it is hoped it may be preserved by some public body. Sir Henry Dryden and the Rev. Mr. Lukis have been employed for some years past exploring and surveying in that neighbourhood, and have brought back perfect plans, on a large scale, of all the principal monuments; and if these were published, they would leave little to be desired in that respect. Meanwhile nothing can exceed Sir Henry's kindness and liberality in allowing access to his treasures, and the use of them by any one who desires it; and I am indebted to him for a great deal of the information in this chapter. The general plans here published are from Messrs. Blair and Ronalds' work, which is quite sufficiently correct for my scale or my present purpose.[415]The form of this enclosure, as will be seen from the plan, is not an exact square, and some of the angle-stones being removed, it is difficult now to ascertain its exact form. Sir Henry Dryden makes it curvilinear. Messrs. Blair and Ronalds make the east side quite straight; the south and west were slightly curvilinear, but the whole figure is quadrangular; which is my own impression of its form.[416]Sir Henry Dryden counts ten rows. Mr. Vicars' survey, from which the woodcut is copied, makes only eight. Their irregularity makes it difficult to feel certain on such a point.[417]'Journal of Archæological Association,' vol. xxiv. pp. 40et seq.[418]Ante, pp. 163et seq.[419]It is so difficult to realise these similarities, except by representation, that I give here a woodcut of that at Rodmarton. Allowing for the difference of drawing and engraving, the openings are identical, and it is so peculiar in form that the likeness cannot be accidental. If it does not occur anywhere else, or at any other time, it proves, as far as anything can prove, that the French and English long barrows were erected under the same inspiration. If one is post-Roman, so, certainly, is the other; or if one can be proved to be prehistoric, the other must follow.140. Entrance to Cell, Rodmarton.[420]These were exhibited in the inn in the village when I was there. Where they are now, I do not know.[421]'Revue archéologique,' xii. p. 17.[422]'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' vol. viii. 1864, p. 298et seq.[423]'Revue archéologique,' vol. x. 1864, pl. iv.[424]Woodcuts No. 145 and 146 are copied from Mr. Ferguson's paper in the 'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' viii. 398et seq.[425]These dimensions are from Richard; other authorities make it 18 feet by 12 feet.[426]The existence of the plume is doubted by Sir Henry Dryden, and he is so accurate that he probably is right; but as others say they have seen it, and nothing depends upon it, I have allowed it to remain.[427]It was in a very ruinous state when I saw it five years ago; and there is an ominous silence regarding it among subsequent tourists. The measurements here quoted are from Richard, 'France monumentale.'[428]The plan here given is reduced from one by Sir Henry Dryden, and may be perfectly depended upon as far as the smallness of the scale will allow.[429]Sir Henry drew all these sculptures first on the spot, and afterwards corrected his drawings from the casts at St.-Germain. They are the only drawings existing which can thoroughly be depended upon.[430]A plan of the first-named alignment was published by Freminville, 'Finistère,' part ii. pl. i., but the above particulars and the woodcut are taken from a diagram by Sir Henry Dryden in the last number of the 'Journal of the Anthrop. Inst.' He has perfect plans of the whole.[431]'Revue archéologique,' new series, ix. pp. 81et seq.I may mention that almost every other name in their neighbourhood ends inac. See 'Joanne Atlas,' dép. Ille-et-Vilaine.[432]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. 384.[433]"C'est en 465 que Vannes reçut pour premier évêque l'Armoricain St. Patern, qui mourut peu d'années après chez les Francs, où les Goths l'avoient forcé de se réfugier. Modestus en 511 mit tout en œuvre pour repandre le Christianisme parmi les Pagani de son diocèse, mais son zèle ne fut pas recompensé, car plus de trente ans après la mort de Patern les habitans de la Vénétie étoient encore presque tous païens. 'Erant enim tunc temporis Venetenses pene omnes Gentiles.'—Ap.Boll.'Vita St. Melan.' vi. Jan. p. 311."—Courzon, 'Chartulaire de l'Abbaye de Redon,' cxliii.[434]The authority for these events will be found at length in Gibbon, chap. xviii., and are too familiar to need quoting here.[435]Daru's 'Histoire de la Bretagne,' vol. i. p. 58.[436]Ibid.p. 112.[437]Dom. Bouquet, 'Recueil des Hist. des Gaules,' i. p. 629. "Exuperantius anno circa 416 Armoricos qui a Romanis defecerunt ad officium reducere tentavit."[438]Daru, i. p. 112.[439]"Gradlonus gratia dei rex Britonum necnon ex parte Francorum."—Chartulairede Landevenec; quoted by P. Lobineau, ii. 17. And further: "'Pervenit Sancti (Wingaboei) fama ad Grallonum regem Occiduorum Cornubiensium, gloriosum ultorem Normannorum qui post devictas gentes inimicas sibi duces subduxerat.'—Gurdestan,Moine de Landevenec, 'Vie de St.-Wingabois.'"—Daru, i. p. 69.[440]The information in this table must be received with great limitation. In the first place, What is a dolmen? Do the alignments at Carnac count as two, as seven, or as 700? Many also are mere estimates of local antiquaries. It is, for instance, very doubtful if Finistère contains more monuments than the Morbihan; and subsequent information may introduce great modifications into many of the numbers.The value of theacdistinction does not come out clearly: first, because of the imperfect mode in which it has been obtained, but more because it does not make it clear that there are in France twenty-nine departments in which there are no dolmens, and noac-terminations; in fact, the negative evidence which does not appear here is stronger than the positive.
Footnotes
[379]'Revue archéologique,' August, 1864, 148et seq.
[379]'Revue archéologique,' August, 1864, 148et seq.
[380]Livy, v. chap. 34.
[380]Livy, v. chap. 34.
[381]Walcknaer, 'Géographie des Gaules.' The earlier chapters and Map V.
[381]Walcknaer, 'Géographie des Gaules.' The earlier chapters and Map V.
[382]'Revue archéologique,' new series, vii. 228.
[382]'Revue archéologique,' new series, vii. 228.
[383]Ibid.
[383]Ibid.
[384]'De Bello Gall.' i. 1.
[384]'De Bello Gall.' i. 1.
[385]Strabo, vi. 176, 189.
[385]Strabo, vi. 176, 189.
[386]'Archæological Journal,' 1870, cviii. p. 225et seq.
[386]'Archæological Journal,' 1870, cviii. p. 225et seq.
[387]Lartet, Christy, and 'Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.' London, 1865et seq.
[387]Lartet, Christy, and 'Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.' London, 1865et seq.
[388]'Monuments mégalithiques du Vivarais,' p. Oll. de Marchand; Montpellier, 1870.
[388]'Monuments mégalithiques du Vivarais,' p. Oll. de Marchand; Montpellier, 1870.
[389]'Époques antéhistoriques du Poitou,' P. A. Brouillet; Poitiers, 1865.
[389]'Époques antéhistoriques du Poitou,' P. A. Brouillet; Poitiers, 1865.
[390]This list must be taken as only tentative. All I have done was to take the Atlas Joanne, and count the number of names as well as I could. I feel far from confident that I have counted all; and, besides, the scale of the maps is too small to feel sure that all, or nearly all, are there. It is, however, sufficient for present purposes of comparison. If it is thought worth while to pursue the investigation farther, it must be done on the 80,000 scale map of France, which would be work of great labour.
[390]This list must be taken as only tentative. All I have done was to take the Atlas Joanne, and count the number of names as well as I could. I feel far from confident that I have counted all; and, besides, the scale of the maps is too small to feel sure that all, or nearly all, are there. It is, however, sufficient for present purposes of comparison. If it is thought worth while to pursue the investigation farther, it must be done on the 80,000 scale map of France, which would be work of great labour.
[391]Delpon, 'Statistique du Département du Lot,' i. p. 383.
[391]Delpon, 'Statistique du Département du Lot,' i. p. 383.
[392]In the Ordnance Maps, 1-inch scale, the terminationacoccurs at least 38 times in this corner, though in these maps always spelt with an additionalk, as Botallack, Carnidjack; although this is by no means the usual or ancient spelling of the district.
[392]In the Ordnance Maps, 1-inch scale, the terminationacoccurs at least 38 times in this corner, though in these maps always spelt with an additionalk, as Botallack, Carnidjack; although this is by no means the usual or ancient spelling of the district.
[393]The whole of these churches are described in more or less detail by Félix de Verneilh in his 'Architecture byzantine en France,' 4to. Paris, 1851. Several of them are also illustrated in my 'History of Architecture,' i. 418-441.
[393]The whole of these churches are described in more or less detail by Félix de Verneilh in his 'Architecture byzantine en France,' 4to. Paris, 1851. Several of them are also illustrated in my 'History of Architecture,' i. 418-441.
[394]The argument, which it is not necessary to enter on here, has been well summed up by Dr. Schmitz, in Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,'subvoceCimbri.
[394]The argument, which it is not necessary to enter on here, has been well summed up by Dr. Schmitz, in Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,'subvoceCimbri.
[395]The existence of this line of dolmens and of a separate people, all the way from Brittany to Narbonne, may serve, perhaps, to explain the mode in which the tin of Britain found its way across France to the Mediterranean Sea. That the Veneti traded from the Côtes-du-Nord and the Morbihan to Cornwall and the Cassiterides, no one, probably, will dispute. Their vessels, according to Cæsar's account, were fully equal to carrying to France all the metal this country could produce. The road by which it reached Marseilles across France was always the difficulty. In later times, the Celtic trade-route across France was apparently up the Rhone, but on its left bank, and down the Seine, or on its right bank; passing then through Celtica, but round the Aquitania of Augustus, and reaching Britain through the country of the Morini, which was the route Cæsar followed. This does not, however, appear to have been the line which was taken by the trade in tin. It followed, so far as we know, the central line of the dolmen country; and the fact of one people and one language prevailing throughout the whole of that region takes away any improbability, and removes all the difficulties that have hitherto impeded the adoption of that hypothesis.
[395]The existence of this line of dolmens and of a separate people, all the way from Brittany to Narbonne, may serve, perhaps, to explain the mode in which the tin of Britain found its way across France to the Mediterranean Sea. That the Veneti traded from the Côtes-du-Nord and the Morbihan to Cornwall and the Cassiterides, no one, probably, will dispute. Their vessels, according to Cæsar's account, were fully equal to carrying to France all the metal this country could produce. The road by which it reached Marseilles across France was always the difficulty. In later times, the Celtic trade-route across France was apparently up the Rhone, but on its left bank, and down the Seine, or on its right bank; passing then through Celtica, but round the Aquitania of Augustus, and reaching Britain through the country of the Morini, which was the route Cæsar followed. This does not, however, appear to have been the line which was taken by the trade in tin. It followed, so far as we know, the central line of the dolmen country; and the fact of one people and one language prevailing throughout the whole of that region takes away any improbability, and removes all the difficulties that have hitherto impeded the adoption of that hypothesis.
[396]My intention was to have spent last autumn in travelling through the southern departments of France with this intent; but the war rendered the position of an exploring and sketching foreigner so undesirable that I was forced to desist. Had this book been a "statisque" of the subject, as it was originally intended, I should have been obliged to defer its publication till I had accomplished this journey, or till the monuments had been illustrated. As, however, it has now assumed more the form of an "argument," this is of comparatively little consequence.
[396]My intention was to have spent last autumn in travelling through the southern departments of France with this intent; but the war rendered the position of an exploring and sketching foreigner so undesirable that I was forced to desist. Had this book been a "statisque" of the subject, as it was originally intended, I should have been obliged to defer its publication till I had accomplished this journey, or till the monuments had been illustrated. As, however, it has now assumed more the form of an "argument," this is of comparatively little consequence.
[397]In a paper on the 'Monuments mégalithiques de l'Auvergne,' by M. Cartheilhac, in the Norwich volume of the Prehistoric Congress, he gives drawings of ten as types. Five of these, or one-half, are dolmens on tumuli, which is, however, probably more than a fair proportion. One has already been given,woodcut No. 8.
[397]In a paper on the 'Monuments mégalithiques de l'Auvergne,' by M. Cartheilhac, in the Norwich volume of the Prehistoric Congress, he gives drawings of ten as types. Five of these, or one-half, are dolmens on tumuli, which is, however, probably more than a fair proportion. One has already been given,woodcut No. 8.
[398]'Statistique monumentale de la Charente,' 141. Richard, 'France monumentale,' p. 677. 'Mém. de la Société royale des Antiquaires de France,' vii. 26.
[398]'Statistique monumentale de la Charente,' 141. Richard, 'France monumentale,' p. 677. 'Mém. de la Société royale des Antiquaires de France,' vii. 26.
[399]The woodcuts are copied from Michon, 'Statistique de la Charente.' In describing it, he quotes the Edict of the Council at Nantes with regard to the destruction of these "venerated stones." He (p. 141) gives the date of this council asA.D.1262, which would almost make it appear that this was one of the stones against which the decree was fulminated. This date, however, appears to be a mistake. The true date I believe to be 658, as given above, p. 24.
[399]The woodcuts are copied from Michon, 'Statistique de la Charente.' In describing it, he quotes the Edict of the Council at Nantes with regard to the destruction of these "venerated stones." He (p. 141) gives the date of this council asA.D.1262, which would almost make it appear that this was one of the stones against which the decree was fulminated. This date, however, appears to be a mistake. The true date I believe to be 658, as given above, p. 24.
[400]'Rev. archéologique,' ix. 400.
[400]'Rev. archéologique,' ix. 400.
[401]'Essai sur les Dolmens,' p. 38.
[401]'Essai sur les Dolmens,' p. 38.
[402]Paper read by S. Ferguson, Q.C., before the R. I. A. 14th Dec. 1863. See also pamphlet by René Galles (Vannes, 1863), describing the exploration.
[402]Paper read by S. Ferguson, Q.C., before the R. I. A. 14th Dec. 1863. See also pamphlet by René Galles (Vannes, 1863), describing the exploration.
[403]'Congrès préhistorique,' vol. de Paris, 1868, 42.
[403]'Congrès préhistorique,' vol. de Paris, 1868, 42.
[404]All these are represented in Gailhabaud's 'Architecture ancienne et moderne,' ii. plates 7 and 8.
[404]All these are represented in Gailhabaud's 'Architecture ancienne et moderne,' ii. plates 7 and 8.
[405]The woodcut is from a publication privately printed by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds.
[405]The woodcut is from a publication privately printed by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds.
[406]Gailhabaud, 'Arch. anc. et mod.' i.
[406]Gailhabaud, 'Arch. anc. et mod.' i.
[407]Renouvier, 'Monuments de Bas-Languedoc.' No numbers to plates.
[407]Renouvier, 'Monuments de Bas-Languedoc.' No numbers to plates.
[408]See one published by Sir R. Colt Hoare, 'Modern Wiltshire,' iv. p. 57.
[408]See one published by Sir R. Colt Hoare, 'Modern Wiltshire,' iv. p. 57.
[409]'Kilkenny Journal,' third series, vol. i. p. 40et seq.
[409]'Kilkenny Journal,' third series, vol. i. p. 40et seq.
[410]I have not seen the monument myself, nor do I know any one who has, but I cannot believe it to be a pure invention. Too much stress must not, however, be laid upon it.
[410]I have not seen the monument myself, nor do I know any one who has, but I cannot believe it to be a pure invention. Too much stress must not, however, be laid upon it.
[411]There is a woodcut in Bonstetten's work (p. 25) which, being taken endways, explains more clearly how, the cap-stone resting on two points only, it can be understood to oscillate. It is, however, much less correct as a representation.
[411]There is a woodcut in Bonstetten's work (p. 25) which, being taken endways, explains more clearly how, the cap-stone resting on two points only, it can be understood to oscillate. It is, however, much less correct as a representation.
133. Pierre Martine. From Bonstetten
133. Pierre Martine. From Bonstetten
[412]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. p. 388.
[412]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. p. 388.
[413]'Ptolemæi Geo.' Amstel. 1605, p. 47.
[413]'Ptolemæi Geo.' Amstel. 1605, p. 47.
[414]The only survey of this monument which has been published, and can be depended upon, is that made by Mr. Vicars, a surveyor of Exeter, for the Rev. Dr. Bathurst Deane. It was published by him on a reduced scale in vol. xxv. of the 'Archæologia,' and re-engraved, with the principal parts on the original scale, by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds, in the work before alluded to, but unfortunately never published. The original map, on a scale of 440 feet to 1 inch, is still in Dr. Deane's possession, at Bath, and is so valuable a record of what the monument was thirty-two years ago that it is hoped it may be preserved by some public body. Sir Henry Dryden and the Rev. Mr. Lukis have been employed for some years past exploring and surveying in that neighbourhood, and have brought back perfect plans, on a large scale, of all the principal monuments; and if these were published, they would leave little to be desired in that respect. Meanwhile nothing can exceed Sir Henry's kindness and liberality in allowing access to his treasures, and the use of them by any one who desires it; and I am indebted to him for a great deal of the information in this chapter. The general plans here published are from Messrs. Blair and Ronalds' work, which is quite sufficiently correct for my scale or my present purpose.
[414]The only survey of this monument which has been published, and can be depended upon, is that made by Mr. Vicars, a surveyor of Exeter, for the Rev. Dr. Bathurst Deane. It was published by him on a reduced scale in vol. xxv. of the 'Archæologia,' and re-engraved, with the principal parts on the original scale, by Dr. Blair and Mr. Ronalds, in the work before alluded to, but unfortunately never published. The original map, on a scale of 440 feet to 1 inch, is still in Dr. Deane's possession, at Bath, and is so valuable a record of what the monument was thirty-two years ago that it is hoped it may be preserved by some public body. Sir Henry Dryden and the Rev. Mr. Lukis have been employed for some years past exploring and surveying in that neighbourhood, and have brought back perfect plans, on a large scale, of all the principal monuments; and if these were published, they would leave little to be desired in that respect. Meanwhile nothing can exceed Sir Henry's kindness and liberality in allowing access to his treasures, and the use of them by any one who desires it; and I am indebted to him for a great deal of the information in this chapter. The general plans here published are from Messrs. Blair and Ronalds' work, which is quite sufficiently correct for my scale or my present purpose.
[415]The form of this enclosure, as will be seen from the plan, is not an exact square, and some of the angle-stones being removed, it is difficult now to ascertain its exact form. Sir Henry Dryden makes it curvilinear. Messrs. Blair and Ronalds make the east side quite straight; the south and west were slightly curvilinear, but the whole figure is quadrangular; which is my own impression of its form.
[415]The form of this enclosure, as will be seen from the plan, is not an exact square, and some of the angle-stones being removed, it is difficult now to ascertain its exact form. Sir Henry Dryden makes it curvilinear. Messrs. Blair and Ronalds make the east side quite straight; the south and west were slightly curvilinear, but the whole figure is quadrangular; which is my own impression of its form.
[416]Sir Henry Dryden counts ten rows. Mr. Vicars' survey, from which the woodcut is copied, makes only eight. Their irregularity makes it difficult to feel certain on such a point.
[416]Sir Henry Dryden counts ten rows. Mr. Vicars' survey, from which the woodcut is copied, makes only eight. Their irregularity makes it difficult to feel certain on such a point.
[417]'Journal of Archæological Association,' vol. xxiv. pp. 40et seq.
[417]'Journal of Archæological Association,' vol. xxiv. pp. 40et seq.
[418]Ante, pp. 163et seq.
[418]Ante, pp. 163et seq.
[419]It is so difficult to realise these similarities, except by representation, that I give here a woodcut of that at Rodmarton. Allowing for the difference of drawing and engraving, the openings are identical, and it is so peculiar in form that the likeness cannot be accidental. If it does not occur anywhere else, or at any other time, it proves, as far as anything can prove, that the French and English long barrows were erected under the same inspiration. If one is post-Roman, so, certainly, is the other; or if one can be proved to be prehistoric, the other must follow.140. Entrance to Cell, Rodmarton.
[419]It is so difficult to realise these similarities, except by representation, that I give here a woodcut of that at Rodmarton. Allowing for the difference of drawing and engraving, the openings are identical, and it is so peculiar in form that the likeness cannot be accidental. If it does not occur anywhere else, or at any other time, it proves, as far as anything can prove, that the French and English long barrows were erected under the same inspiration. If one is post-Roman, so, certainly, is the other; or if one can be proved to be prehistoric, the other must follow.
140. Entrance to Cell, Rodmarton.
140. Entrance to Cell, Rodmarton.
[420]These were exhibited in the inn in the village when I was there. Where they are now, I do not know.
[420]These were exhibited in the inn in the village when I was there. Where they are now, I do not know.
[421]'Revue archéologique,' xii. p. 17.
[421]'Revue archéologique,' xii. p. 17.
[422]'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' vol. viii. 1864, p. 298et seq.
[422]'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' vol. viii. 1864, p. 298et seq.
[423]'Revue archéologique,' vol. x. 1864, pl. iv.
[423]'Revue archéologique,' vol. x. 1864, pl. iv.
[424]Woodcuts No. 145 and 146 are copied from Mr. Ferguson's paper in the 'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' viii. 398et seq.
[424]Woodcuts No. 145 and 146 are copied from Mr. Ferguson's paper in the 'Proceedings of Royal Irish Academy,' viii. 398et seq.
[425]These dimensions are from Richard; other authorities make it 18 feet by 12 feet.
[425]These dimensions are from Richard; other authorities make it 18 feet by 12 feet.
[426]The existence of the plume is doubted by Sir Henry Dryden, and he is so accurate that he probably is right; but as others say they have seen it, and nothing depends upon it, I have allowed it to remain.
[426]The existence of the plume is doubted by Sir Henry Dryden, and he is so accurate that he probably is right; but as others say they have seen it, and nothing depends upon it, I have allowed it to remain.
[427]It was in a very ruinous state when I saw it five years ago; and there is an ominous silence regarding it among subsequent tourists. The measurements here quoted are from Richard, 'France monumentale.'
[427]It was in a very ruinous state when I saw it five years ago; and there is an ominous silence regarding it among subsequent tourists. The measurements here quoted are from Richard, 'France monumentale.'
[428]The plan here given is reduced from one by Sir Henry Dryden, and may be perfectly depended upon as far as the smallness of the scale will allow.
[428]The plan here given is reduced from one by Sir Henry Dryden, and may be perfectly depended upon as far as the smallness of the scale will allow.
[429]Sir Henry drew all these sculptures first on the spot, and afterwards corrected his drawings from the casts at St.-Germain. They are the only drawings existing which can thoroughly be depended upon.
[429]Sir Henry drew all these sculptures first on the spot, and afterwards corrected his drawings from the casts at St.-Germain. They are the only drawings existing which can thoroughly be depended upon.
[430]A plan of the first-named alignment was published by Freminville, 'Finistère,' part ii. pl. i., but the above particulars and the woodcut are taken from a diagram by Sir Henry Dryden in the last number of the 'Journal of the Anthrop. Inst.' He has perfect plans of the whole.
[430]A plan of the first-named alignment was published by Freminville, 'Finistère,' part ii. pl. i., but the above particulars and the woodcut are taken from a diagram by Sir Henry Dryden in the last number of the 'Journal of the Anthrop. Inst.' He has perfect plans of the whole.
[431]'Revue archéologique,' new series, ix. pp. 81et seq.I may mention that almost every other name in their neighbourhood ends inac. See 'Joanne Atlas,' dép. Ille-et-Vilaine.
[431]'Revue archéologique,' new series, ix. pp. 81et seq.I may mention that almost every other name in their neighbourhood ends inac. See 'Joanne Atlas,' dép. Ille-et-Vilaine.
[432]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. 384.
[432]Delpon, 'Statistique du Dép. du Lot,' i. 384.
[433]"C'est en 465 que Vannes reçut pour premier évêque l'Armoricain St. Patern, qui mourut peu d'années après chez les Francs, où les Goths l'avoient forcé de se réfugier. Modestus en 511 mit tout en œuvre pour repandre le Christianisme parmi les Pagani de son diocèse, mais son zèle ne fut pas recompensé, car plus de trente ans après la mort de Patern les habitans de la Vénétie étoient encore presque tous païens. 'Erant enim tunc temporis Venetenses pene omnes Gentiles.'—Ap.Boll.'Vita St. Melan.' vi. Jan. p. 311."—Courzon, 'Chartulaire de l'Abbaye de Redon,' cxliii.
[433]"C'est en 465 que Vannes reçut pour premier évêque l'Armoricain St. Patern, qui mourut peu d'années après chez les Francs, où les Goths l'avoient forcé de se réfugier. Modestus en 511 mit tout en œuvre pour repandre le Christianisme parmi les Pagani de son diocèse, mais son zèle ne fut pas recompensé, car plus de trente ans après la mort de Patern les habitans de la Vénétie étoient encore presque tous païens. 'Erant enim tunc temporis Venetenses pene omnes Gentiles.'—Ap.Boll.'Vita St. Melan.' vi. Jan. p. 311."—Courzon, 'Chartulaire de l'Abbaye de Redon,' cxliii.
[434]The authority for these events will be found at length in Gibbon, chap. xviii., and are too familiar to need quoting here.
[434]The authority for these events will be found at length in Gibbon, chap. xviii., and are too familiar to need quoting here.
[435]Daru's 'Histoire de la Bretagne,' vol. i. p. 58.
[435]Daru's 'Histoire de la Bretagne,' vol. i. p. 58.
[436]Ibid.p. 112.
[436]Ibid.p. 112.
[437]Dom. Bouquet, 'Recueil des Hist. des Gaules,' i. p. 629. "Exuperantius anno circa 416 Armoricos qui a Romanis defecerunt ad officium reducere tentavit."
[437]Dom. Bouquet, 'Recueil des Hist. des Gaules,' i. p. 629. "Exuperantius anno circa 416 Armoricos qui a Romanis defecerunt ad officium reducere tentavit."
[438]Daru, i. p. 112.
[438]Daru, i. p. 112.
[439]"Gradlonus gratia dei rex Britonum necnon ex parte Francorum."—Chartulairede Landevenec; quoted by P. Lobineau, ii. 17. And further: "'Pervenit Sancti (Wingaboei) fama ad Grallonum regem Occiduorum Cornubiensium, gloriosum ultorem Normannorum qui post devictas gentes inimicas sibi duces subduxerat.'—Gurdestan,Moine de Landevenec, 'Vie de St.-Wingabois.'"—Daru, i. p. 69.
[439]"Gradlonus gratia dei rex Britonum necnon ex parte Francorum."—Chartulairede Landevenec; quoted by P. Lobineau, ii. 17. And further: "'Pervenit Sancti (Wingaboei) fama ad Grallonum regem Occiduorum Cornubiensium, gloriosum ultorem Normannorum qui post devictas gentes inimicas sibi duces subduxerat.'—Gurdestan,Moine de Landevenec, 'Vie de St.-Wingabois.'"—Daru, i. p. 69.
[440]The information in this table must be received with great limitation. In the first place, What is a dolmen? Do the alignments at Carnac count as two, as seven, or as 700? Many also are mere estimates of local antiquaries. It is, for instance, very doubtful if Finistère contains more monuments than the Morbihan; and subsequent information may introduce great modifications into many of the numbers.The value of theacdistinction does not come out clearly: first, because of the imperfect mode in which it has been obtained, but more because it does not make it clear that there are in France twenty-nine departments in which there are no dolmens, and noac-terminations; in fact, the negative evidence which does not appear here is stronger than the positive.
[440]The information in this table must be received with great limitation. In the first place, What is a dolmen? Do the alignments at Carnac count as two, as seven, or as 700? Many also are mere estimates of local antiquaries. It is, for instance, very doubtful if Finistère contains more monuments than the Morbihan; and subsequent information may introduce great modifications into many of the numbers.
The value of theacdistinction does not come out clearly: first, because of the imperfect mode in which it has been obtained, but more because it does not make it clear that there are in France twenty-nine departments in which there are no dolmens, and noac-terminations; in fact, the negative evidence which does not appear here is stronger than the positive.