Footnotes[531]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 459, fig. 968.[532]'Caves of Baja and Bedsa in Western Ghâts;' unpublished.[533]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' quotation from Hiouen Thsang, p. 135, and plates,passim.[534]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 649.[535]'Architecture of Ahmedabad.' 120 photographs, with text. Murray, 1868.[536]Yule, 'Mission to the Court of Ava,' p. 43, pl. ix.[537]'J. A. S. B.,' vii. p. 930.[538]'J. R. A. S.,' new series, iv. p. 88.[539]'Tods Rajastan,' i. p. 224.[540]The information regarding the Khonds is principally derived from a work entitled 'Memorials of Service,' by Major Charteris-Macpherson (Murray, 1865), and his papers in 'J. R. A. S.' xiii. pp. 216et seq.I quote by preference from the latter, as the more generally accessible.[541]For several years past I have officially and privately been exerting all the influence I possess to try and get two bassi relievi that exist in these caves cast or photographed, or at least carefully copied in some form, but hitherto in vain. In 1869 the Government sent an expedition to Cuttack with draftsmen, photographers, &c., but they knew so little what was wanted that they wasted their time and money in casting minarets and sculptures of no beauty or interest, and, having earned their pay, returnedreinfecta. I am not without hopes that something may be done during the present cold season. When representations are obtained, they will throw more light on the history of the Yavanas or Greeks in that remote part of India than anything else that could be done, and would clear up some points in the history of Indian art that are now very obscure.[542]Sterling's account of Cuttack, 'Asiatic Researches,' xv. p. 306.[543]Loc. s. c.p. 315.[544]Tacitus' 'Germania,' 9.[545]H. Walters, 1828, 'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. pp. 499et seq.Colonel Yule, 'Proceedings, Soc. of Antiq. Scot.' i. p. 92. Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 276. Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthropological Institute,' vol. i. Part II.[546]Schlagintweit, in 'Ausland,' No. 23, 1870, pp. 530et seq.[547]'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. p. 502.[548]Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthrop. Institute,' i. p. 127.[549]'Journal Anthrop. Inst.' i. p. 126.[550]'Mémoires sur les Contrées occidentales,' iii. p. 76.[551]Colonel Forbes Leslie, 'Early Races of Scotland,' vol. ii. pls. lviii. lix. lx. They have also been described by Dr. Stevenson, 'J. R. A. S.' v. pp. 192et seq.It would be extremely interesting, in an ethnographic point of view, if some further information could be obtained regarding these stone rows.[552]'Early Races of Scotland,' ii. 459.[553]'J. R. A. S.' xiii. p. 268.[554]I quote from a paper by him, published in the 'Trans. R. Irish Academy,' xxiv. pp. 329et seq.There is an earlier paper by him in the 'J. B. B. R. A. S.' vol. iii. p. 179, but it is superseded by the later publication.[555]'Proceedings, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1868,' p. 152.[556]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 200.[557]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 245.[558]'J. R. A. S.' new series, iii. p. 143.[559]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 257.[560]Published on a reduced scale, 'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. xlvi.[561]The principal sources of information on the subject are the papers of Sir Walter Elliot and Col. Meadows Taylor, so often referred to above. But I am also indebted to Mr. M. J. Walhouse, M.C.S., for a great amount of valuable information on the subject. His private letters to me are replete with details which if he would only consent to arrange and publish would throw a flood of light on the subject.[562]Norwich volume, 'International Prehistoric Congress,' pp. 252et seq.He places the destruction of the Karumbers as early as the seventh century, but the dates are, to say the least, often very doubtful. When, for instance, Hiouen Thsang visited Conjeveran in 640—the Buddhist establishment—they were still flourishing, and no signs apparent of the storm, which did not, I fancy, break out till at least a century after that time. See also 'The Seven Pagodas,' by Capt. Carr, Madras, 1869, p. 127.[563]Second Report by the Rev. W. Taylor, 'Madras Lit. Jour.' vii. p. 311et passim.[564]Caldwell's 'Dravidian Grammar,' pp. 9et seq.'The Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills,' by a German missionary (Madras, 1856)—the Rev. F. Metz, who probably knows more of their language than any one now living. Mr. Walhouse's letters are also strong on this point.[565]See 'Rock-cut Temples,' by the Author, p. 50.[566]Sir Walter Elliot, 'J. R. A. S.' iv. pp. 7et seq.; and new series, i. 250.[567]Sir W. Elliot, 'Journal Ethnological Soc.,' new series, 1869, p. 110.[568]Lieut. Cole, R.E., has brought home a cast of the upper part of this pillar, which is now at the South Kensington Museum.[569]'Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,' vii. p. 629.[570]The crack and bend in the upper part of the pillar are caused by a cannon shot, the dent of which is distinctly visible on the opposite side. I hope it was not fired by the English, but I do not know who else would, or could, have done it.[571]Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 310. Percy's 'Metallurgy: Iron and Steel,' p. 254et seq.All the original authorities will be found referred to in the last-named work.[572]Josephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' v. p. 6.[573]'Journal Madras Lit. Soc.' xiv. pl. 8.[574]'J. A. S. B.' xxxvii. p. 116et seq.[575]An elaborate paper by the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in the 'Archæological Journal,' 108, 1870, shows, I think clearly, that these crosses could not be earlier than 470A.D.—all the crosses he quotes being of the usual Greek form, though possessing one longer limb. Indeed, I do not myself know of any crosses like those at Nirmul earlier than the 10th or 11th century; but, as my knowledge of the subject is not profound, I have allowed the widest possible margin in the text. I cannot prove it, but my impression is, that they belong to the 11th or 12th century.[576]As it is wholly beside the object of this work I have not attempted to go into the history of the Siganfu Tables, nor the records of the early churches in the East. If the reader cares to know more, he will find the subject fully and clearly discussed in Col. Yule's 'Cathay, and the Way Thither,' published by the Hakluyt Society, 1866. It is the last work on the subject, and contains references to all the earlier ones.[577]'J. R. A. S.,' xiii. 164et seq.[578]Wilson's 'Ariana Antiqua,' Introductionpassim. Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' &c.,passim.[579]Hiouen Thsang, 'Vie et Voyages,' p. 77.[580]'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' xiii. pl. 14.[581]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. 82, woodcut 8.[582]'Foe Koué Ki,' p. 335.[583]'J.R.A.S.' xii. p. 233. 'J.B.A.S.' vii. p. 261et seq.[584]Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall,' iv. p. 392, where the original authorities are found.[585]Josephus, 'B. J.,' II. viii. p. 9.[586]"The prestige of such a witness as Buddhaghosa soon dwindles away, and his statements as to kings and councils 800 years before his time are, in truth, worth no more than the stories told of Arthur, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, or the accounts we read in Livy of the early history of Rome"—Chips from a German Workshop, i. p. 198. As a mere linguist, and dependent wholly on books, Max Müller was perfectly justified in making this statement, while his ignorance of everything connected with the archæology or art of India, prevented his perceiving how these wild statements could be verified or controlled. Till he learns that there are other means of investigation than mere words his statements on these subjects are untrustworthy, and, in many cases, absolutely worthless.[587]Turnour's 'Mahawanso,' 12et seq.'J. A. S. B.,' vii.passim.[588]Huc and Gabet, in their 'Travels in Thibet,' give a most amusing account of their bewilderment on observing there these things:—"La crosse, la mitre, la dalmatique, la chape ou pluvial, que les grands Lamas portent en voyage, ou lorsqu'ils font quelque cérémonie hors du temple; l'office des deux chœurs, la psalmodie, les exorcismes, l'encensoir soutenu par cinque chaines, et pouvant s'ouvrir et se fermer à volonté; les bénédictions données par les Lamas, en étendant la main droite sur la tête des fidèles; le chapelet, le célibat ecclesiastique, les retraites spirituelles, le culte des saints, les jeûnes, les processions, les litanies, l'eau bénite: voilà autant des rapports que les Bouddhistes ont avec nous."—Vol. ii. p. 110.[589]'Mahavanso,' p. 26.[590]Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' p. 289et seq.[591]Clemens, i. 194. Oxford, 1715.[592]Clemens, i. 132. Translation by Potter,ut sup.p. 504.[593]The accidental resemblance of the microlithic temples of the Deccan mentioned above (p. 467) can hardly be quoted as an exception. They are said to be dedicated to Vetal, but it is not clear that the stones of the circle do not represent dead, as they certainly do absent persons, and the sacrifice, after all, is offered up to their departed spirits; it being a form of the present day we do not know how much its spirit may not be changed from the ancient rite which it was originally intended to typify.
Footnotes[531]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 459, fig. 968.[532]'Caves of Baja and Bedsa in Western Ghâts;' unpublished.[533]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' quotation from Hiouen Thsang, p. 135, and plates,passim.[534]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 649.[535]'Architecture of Ahmedabad.' 120 photographs, with text. Murray, 1868.[536]Yule, 'Mission to the Court of Ava,' p. 43, pl. ix.[537]'J. A. S. B.,' vii. p. 930.[538]'J. R. A. S.,' new series, iv. p. 88.[539]'Tods Rajastan,' i. p. 224.[540]The information regarding the Khonds is principally derived from a work entitled 'Memorials of Service,' by Major Charteris-Macpherson (Murray, 1865), and his papers in 'J. R. A. S.' xiii. pp. 216et seq.I quote by preference from the latter, as the more generally accessible.[541]For several years past I have officially and privately been exerting all the influence I possess to try and get two bassi relievi that exist in these caves cast or photographed, or at least carefully copied in some form, but hitherto in vain. In 1869 the Government sent an expedition to Cuttack with draftsmen, photographers, &c., but they knew so little what was wanted that they wasted their time and money in casting minarets and sculptures of no beauty or interest, and, having earned their pay, returnedreinfecta. I am not without hopes that something may be done during the present cold season. When representations are obtained, they will throw more light on the history of the Yavanas or Greeks in that remote part of India than anything else that could be done, and would clear up some points in the history of Indian art that are now very obscure.[542]Sterling's account of Cuttack, 'Asiatic Researches,' xv. p. 306.[543]Loc. s. c.p. 315.[544]Tacitus' 'Germania,' 9.[545]H. Walters, 1828, 'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. pp. 499et seq.Colonel Yule, 'Proceedings, Soc. of Antiq. Scot.' i. p. 92. Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 276. Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthropological Institute,' vol. i. Part II.[546]Schlagintweit, in 'Ausland,' No. 23, 1870, pp. 530et seq.[547]'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. p. 502.[548]Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthrop. Institute,' i. p. 127.[549]'Journal Anthrop. Inst.' i. p. 126.[550]'Mémoires sur les Contrées occidentales,' iii. p. 76.[551]Colonel Forbes Leslie, 'Early Races of Scotland,' vol. ii. pls. lviii. lix. lx. They have also been described by Dr. Stevenson, 'J. R. A. S.' v. pp. 192et seq.It would be extremely interesting, in an ethnographic point of view, if some further information could be obtained regarding these stone rows.[552]'Early Races of Scotland,' ii. 459.[553]'J. R. A. S.' xiii. p. 268.[554]I quote from a paper by him, published in the 'Trans. R. Irish Academy,' xxiv. pp. 329et seq.There is an earlier paper by him in the 'J. B. B. R. A. S.' vol. iii. p. 179, but it is superseded by the later publication.[555]'Proceedings, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1868,' p. 152.[556]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 200.[557]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 245.[558]'J. R. A. S.' new series, iii. p. 143.[559]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 257.[560]Published on a reduced scale, 'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. xlvi.[561]The principal sources of information on the subject are the papers of Sir Walter Elliot and Col. Meadows Taylor, so often referred to above. But I am also indebted to Mr. M. J. Walhouse, M.C.S., for a great amount of valuable information on the subject. His private letters to me are replete with details which if he would only consent to arrange and publish would throw a flood of light on the subject.[562]Norwich volume, 'International Prehistoric Congress,' pp. 252et seq.He places the destruction of the Karumbers as early as the seventh century, but the dates are, to say the least, often very doubtful. When, for instance, Hiouen Thsang visited Conjeveran in 640—the Buddhist establishment—they were still flourishing, and no signs apparent of the storm, which did not, I fancy, break out till at least a century after that time. See also 'The Seven Pagodas,' by Capt. Carr, Madras, 1869, p. 127.[563]Second Report by the Rev. W. Taylor, 'Madras Lit. Jour.' vii. p. 311et passim.[564]Caldwell's 'Dravidian Grammar,' pp. 9et seq.'The Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills,' by a German missionary (Madras, 1856)—the Rev. F. Metz, who probably knows more of their language than any one now living. Mr. Walhouse's letters are also strong on this point.[565]See 'Rock-cut Temples,' by the Author, p. 50.[566]Sir Walter Elliot, 'J. R. A. S.' iv. pp. 7et seq.; and new series, i. 250.[567]Sir W. Elliot, 'Journal Ethnological Soc.,' new series, 1869, p. 110.[568]Lieut. Cole, R.E., has brought home a cast of the upper part of this pillar, which is now at the South Kensington Museum.[569]'Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,' vii. p. 629.[570]The crack and bend in the upper part of the pillar are caused by a cannon shot, the dent of which is distinctly visible on the opposite side. I hope it was not fired by the English, but I do not know who else would, or could, have done it.[571]Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 310. Percy's 'Metallurgy: Iron and Steel,' p. 254et seq.All the original authorities will be found referred to in the last-named work.[572]Josephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' v. p. 6.[573]'Journal Madras Lit. Soc.' xiv. pl. 8.[574]'J. A. S. B.' xxxvii. p. 116et seq.[575]An elaborate paper by the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in the 'Archæological Journal,' 108, 1870, shows, I think clearly, that these crosses could not be earlier than 470A.D.—all the crosses he quotes being of the usual Greek form, though possessing one longer limb. Indeed, I do not myself know of any crosses like those at Nirmul earlier than the 10th or 11th century; but, as my knowledge of the subject is not profound, I have allowed the widest possible margin in the text. I cannot prove it, but my impression is, that they belong to the 11th or 12th century.[576]As it is wholly beside the object of this work I have not attempted to go into the history of the Siganfu Tables, nor the records of the early churches in the East. If the reader cares to know more, he will find the subject fully and clearly discussed in Col. Yule's 'Cathay, and the Way Thither,' published by the Hakluyt Society, 1866. It is the last work on the subject, and contains references to all the earlier ones.[577]'J. R. A. S.,' xiii. 164et seq.[578]Wilson's 'Ariana Antiqua,' Introductionpassim. Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' &c.,passim.[579]Hiouen Thsang, 'Vie et Voyages,' p. 77.[580]'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' xiii. pl. 14.[581]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. 82, woodcut 8.[582]'Foe Koué Ki,' p. 335.[583]'J.R.A.S.' xii. p. 233. 'J.B.A.S.' vii. p. 261et seq.[584]Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall,' iv. p. 392, where the original authorities are found.[585]Josephus, 'B. J.,' II. viii. p. 9.[586]"The prestige of such a witness as Buddhaghosa soon dwindles away, and his statements as to kings and councils 800 years before his time are, in truth, worth no more than the stories told of Arthur, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, or the accounts we read in Livy of the early history of Rome"—Chips from a German Workshop, i. p. 198. As a mere linguist, and dependent wholly on books, Max Müller was perfectly justified in making this statement, while his ignorance of everything connected with the archæology or art of India, prevented his perceiving how these wild statements could be verified or controlled. Till he learns that there are other means of investigation than mere words his statements on these subjects are untrustworthy, and, in many cases, absolutely worthless.[587]Turnour's 'Mahawanso,' 12et seq.'J. A. S. B.,' vii.passim.[588]Huc and Gabet, in their 'Travels in Thibet,' give a most amusing account of their bewilderment on observing there these things:—"La crosse, la mitre, la dalmatique, la chape ou pluvial, que les grands Lamas portent en voyage, ou lorsqu'ils font quelque cérémonie hors du temple; l'office des deux chœurs, la psalmodie, les exorcismes, l'encensoir soutenu par cinque chaines, et pouvant s'ouvrir et se fermer à volonté; les bénédictions données par les Lamas, en étendant la main droite sur la tête des fidèles; le chapelet, le célibat ecclesiastique, les retraites spirituelles, le culte des saints, les jeûnes, les processions, les litanies, l'eau bénite: voilà autant des rapports que les Bouddhistes ont avec nous."—Vol. ii. p. 110.[589]'Mahavanso,' p. 26.[590]Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' p. 289et seq.[591]Clemens, i. 194. Oxford, 1715.[592]Clemens, i. 132. Translation by Potter,ut sup.p. 504.[593]The accidental resemblance of the microlithic temples of the Deccan mentioned above (p. 467) can hardly be quoted as an exception. They are said to be dedicated to Vetal, but it is not clear that the stones of the circle do not represent dead, as they certainly do absent persons, and the sacrifice, after all, is offered up to their departed spirits; it being a form of the present day we do not know how much its spirit may not be changed from the ancient rite which it was originally intended to typify.
Footnotes
[531]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 459, fig. 968.
[531]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 459, fig. 968.
[532]'Caves of Baja and Bedsa in Western Ghâts;' unpublished.
[532]'Caves of Baja and Bedsa in Western Ghâts;' unpublished.
[533]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' quotation from Hiouen Thsang, p. 135, and plates,passim.
[533]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' quotation from Hiouen Thsang, p. 135, and plates,passim.
[534]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 649.
[534]'History of Architecture,' by the Author, ii. p. 649.
[535]'Architecture of Ahmedabad.' 120 photographs, with text. Murray, 1868.
[535]'Architecture of Ahmedabad.' 120 photographs, with text. Murray, 1868.
[536]Yule, 'Mission to the Court of Ava,' p. 43, pl. ix.
[536]Yule, 'Mission to the Court of Ava,' p. 43, pl. ix.
[537]'J. A. S. B.,' vii. p. 930.
[537]'J. A. S. B.,' vii. p. 930.
[538]'J. R. A. S.,' new series, iv. p. 88.
[538]'J. R. A. S.,' new series, iv. p. 88.
[539]'Tods Rajastan,' i. p. 224.
[539]'Tods Rajastan,' i. p. 224.
[540]The information regarding the Khonds is principally derived from a work entitled 'Memorials of Service,' by Major Charteris-Macpherson (Murray, 1865), and his papers in 'J. R. A. S.' xiii. pp. 216et seq.I quote by preference from the latter, as the more generally accessible.
[540]The information regarding the Khonds is principally derived from a work entitled 'Memorials of Service,' by Major Charteris-Macpherson (Murray, 1865), and his papers in 'J. R. A. S.' xiii. pp. 216et seq.I quote by preference from the latter, as the more generally accessible.
[541]For several years past I have officially and privately been exerting all the influence I possess to try and get two bassi relievi that exist in these caves cast or photographed, or at least carefully copied in some form, but hitherto in vain. In 1869 the Government sent an expedition to Cuttack with draftsmen, photographers, &c., but they knew so little what was wanted that they wasted their time and money in casting minarets and sculptures of no beauty or interest, and, having earned their pay, returnedreinfecta. I am not without hopes that something may be done during the present cold season. When representations are obtained, they will throw more light on the history of the Yavanas or Greeks in that remote part of India than anything else that could be done, and would clear up some points in the history of Indian art that are now very obscure.
[541]For several years past I have officially and privately been exerting all the influence I possess to try and get two bassi relievi that exist in these caves cast or photographed, or at least carefully copied in some form, but hitherto in vain. In 1869 the Government sent an expedition to Cuttack with draftsmen, photographers, &c., but they knew so little what was wanted that they wasted their time and money in casting minarets and sculptures of no beauty or interest, and, having earned their pay, returnedreinfecta. I am not without hopes that something may be done during the present cold season. When representations are obtained, they will throw more light on the history of the Yavanas or Greeks in that remote part of India than anything else that could be done, and would clear up some points in the history of Indian art that are now very obscure.
[542]Sterling's account of Cuttack, 'Asiatic Researches,' xv. p. 306.
[542]Sterling's account of Cuttack, 'Asiatic Researches,' xv. p. 306.
[543]Loc. s. c.p. 315.
[543]Loc. s. c.p. 315.
[544]Tacitus' 'Germania,' 9.
[544]Tacitus' 'Germania,' 9.
[545]H. Walters, 1828, 'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. pp. 499et seq.Colonel Yule, 'Proceedings, Soc. of Antiq. Scot.' i. p. 92. Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 276. Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthropological Institute,' vol. i. Part II.
[545]H. Walters, 1828, 'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. pp. 499et seq.Colonel Yule, 'Proceedings, Soc. of Antiq. Scot.' i. p. 92. Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 276. Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthropological Institute,' vol. i. Part II.
[546]Schlagintweit, in 'Ausland,' No. 23, 1870, pp. 530et seq.
[546]Schlagintweit, in 'Ausland,' No. 23, 1870, pp. 530et seq.
[547]'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. p. 502.
[547]'Asiatic Researches,' xvii. p. 502.
[548]Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthrop. Institute,' i. p. 127.
[548]Major Godwin Austen, 'Journal Anthrop. Institute,' i. p. 127.
[549]'Journal Anthrop. Inst.' i. p. 126.
[549]'Journal Anthrop. Inst.' i. p. 126.
[550]'Mémoires sur les Contrées occidentales,' iii. p. 76.
[550]'Mémoires sur les Contrées occidentales,' iii. p. 76.
[551]Colonel Forbes Leslie, 'Early Races of Scotland,' vol. ii. pls. lviii. lix. lx. They have also been described by Dr. Stevenson, 'J. R. A. S.' v. pp. 192et seq.It would be extremely interesting, in an ethnographic point of view, if some further information could be obtained regarding these stone rows.
[551]Colonel Forbes Leslie, 'Early Races of Scotland,' vol. ii. pls. lviii. lix. lx. They have also been described by Dr. Stevenson, 'J. R. A. S.' v. pp. 192et seq.It would be extremely interesting, in an ethnographic point of view, if some further information could be obtained regarding these stone rows.
[552]'Early Races of Scotland,' ii. 459.
[552]'Early Races of Scotland,' ii. 459.
[553]'J. R. A. S.' xiii. p. 268.
[553]'J. R. A. S.' xiii. p. 268.
[554]I quote from a paper by him, published in the 'Trans. R. Irish Academy,' xxiv. pp. 329et seq.There is an earlier paper by him in the 'J. B. B. R. A. S.' vol. iii. p. 179, but it is superseded by the later publication.
[554]I quote from a paper by him, published in the 'Trans. R. Irish Academy,' xxiv. pp. 329et seq.There is an earlier paper by him in the 'J. B. B. R. A. S.' vol. iii. p. 179, but it is superseded by the later publication.
[555]'Proceedings, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1868,' p. 152.
[555]'Proceedings, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1868,' p. 152.
[556]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 200.
[556]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 200.
[557]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 245.
[557]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 245.
[558]'J. R. A. S.' new series, iii. p. 143.
[558]'J. R. A. S.' new series, iii. p. 143.
[559]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 257.
[559]'International Prehistoric Congress,' Norwich volume, p. 257.
[560]Published on a reduced scale, 'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. xlvi.
[560]Published on a reduced scale, 'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. xlvi.
[561]The principal sources of information on the subject are the papers of Sir Walter Elliot and Col. Meadows Taylor, so often referred to above. But I am also indebted to Mr. M. J. Walhouse, M.C.S., for a great amount of valuable information on the subject. His private letters to me are replete with details which if he would only consent to arrange and publish would throw a flood of light on the subject.
[561]The principal sources of information on the subject are the papers of Sir Walter Elliot and Col. Meadows Taylor, so often referred to above. But I am also indebted to Mr. M. J. Walhouse, M.C.S., for a great amount of valuable information on the subject. His private letters to me are replete with details which if he would only consent to arrange and publish would throw a flood of light on the subject.
[562]Norwich volume, 'International Prehistoric Congress,' pp. 252et seq.He places the destruction of the Karumbers as early as the seventh century, but the dates are, to say the least, often very doubtful. When, for instance, Hiouen Thsang visited Conjeveran in 640—the Buddhist establishment—they were still flourishing, and no signs apparent of the storm, which did not, I fancy, break out till at least a century after that time. See also 'The Seven Pagodas,' by Capt. Carr, Madras, 1869, p. 127.
[562]Norwich volume, 'International Prehistoric Congress,' pp. 252et seq.He places the destruction of the Karumbers as early as the seventh century, but the dates are, to say the least, often very doubtful. When, for instance, Hiouen Thsang visited Conjeveran in 640—the Buddhist establishment—they were still flourishing, and no signs apparent of the storm, which did not, I fancy, break out till at least a century after that time. See also 'The Seven Pagodas,' by Capt. Carr, Madras, 1869, p. 127.
[563]Second Report by the Rev. W. Taylor, 'Madras Lit. Jour.' vii. p. 311et passim.
[563]Second Report by the Rev. W. Taylor, 'Madras Lit. Jour.' vii. p. 311et passim.
[564]Caldwell's 'Dravidian Grammar,' pp. 9et seq.'The Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills,' by a German missionary (Madras, 1856)—the Rev. F. Metz, who probably knows more of their language than any one now living. Mr. Walhouse's letters are also strong on this point.
[564]Caldwell's 'Dravidian Grammar,' pp. 9et seq.'The Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills,' by a German missionary (Madras, 1856)—the Rev. F. Metz, who probably knows more of their language than any one now living. Mr. Walhouse's letters are also strong on this point.
[565]See 'Rock-cut Temples,' by the Author, p. 50.
[565]See 'Rock-cut Temples,' by the Author, p. 50.
[566]Sir Walter Elliot, 'J. R. A. S.' iv. pp. 7et seq.; and new series, i. 250.
[566]Sir Walter Elliot, 'J. R. A. S.' iv. pp. 7et seq.; and new series, i. 250.
[567]Sir W. Elliot, 'Journal Ethnological Soc.,' new series, 1869, p. 110.
[567]Sir W. Elliot, 'Journal Ethnological Soc.,' new series, 1869, p. 110.
[568]Lieut. Cole, R.E., has brought home a cast of the upper part of this pillar, which is now at the South Kensington Museum.
[568]Lieut. Cole, R.E., has brought home a cast of the upper part of this pillar, which is now at the South Kensington Museum.
[569]'Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,' vii. p. 629.
[569]'Journal Asiatic Soc. Bengal,' vii. p. 629.
[570]The crack and bend in the upper part of the pillar are caused by a cannon shot, the dent of which is distinctly visible on the opposite side. I hope it was not fired by the English, but I do not know who else would, or could, have done it.
[570]The crack and bend in the upper part of the pillar are caused by a cannon shot, the dent of which is distinctly visible on the opposite side. I hope it was not fired by the English, but I do not know who else would, or could, have done it.
[571]Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 310. Percy's 'Metallurgy: Iron and Steel,' p. 254et seq.All the original authorities will be found referred to in the last-named work.
[571]Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals,' ii. p. 310. Percy's 'Metallurgy: Iron and Steel,' p. 254et seq.All the original authorities will be found referred to in the last-named work.
[572]Josephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' v. p. 6.
[572]Josephus, 'Bell. Jud.,' v. p. 6.
[573]'Journal Madras Lit. Soc.' xiv. pl. 8.
[573]'Journal Madras Lit. Soc.' xiv. pl. 8.
[574]'J. A. S. B.' xxxvii. p. 116et seq.
[574]'J. A. S. B.' xxxvii. p. 116et seq.
[575]An elaborate paper by the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in the 'Archæological Journal,' 108, 1870, shows, I think clearly, that these crosses could not be earlier than 470A.D.—all the crosses he quotes being of the usual Greek form, though possessing one longer limb. Indeed, I do not myself know of any crosses like those at Nirmul earlier than the 10th or 11th century; but, as my knowledge of the subject is not profound, I have allowed the widest possible margin in the text. I cannot prove it, but my impression is, that they belong to the 11th or 12th century.
[575]An elaborate paper by the Rev. Mr. Joyce, in the 'Archæological Journal,' 108, 1870, shows, I think clearly, that these crosses could not be earlier than 470A.D.—all the crosses he quotes being of the usual Greek form, though possessing one longer limb. Indeed, I do not myself know of any crosses like those at Nirmul earlier than the 10th or 11th century; but, as my knowledge of the subject is not profound, I have allowed the widest possible margin in the text. I cannot prove it, but my impression is, that they belong to the 11th or 12th century.
[576]As it is wholly beside the object of this work I have not attempted to go into the history of the Siganfu Tables, nor the records of the early churches in the East. If the reader cares to know more, he will find the subject fully and clearly discussed in Col. Yule's 'Cathay, and the Way Thither,' published by the Hakluyt Society, 1866. It is the last work on the subject, and contains references to all the earlier ones.
[576]As it is wholly beside the object of this work I have not attempted to go into the history of the Siganfu Tables, nor the records of the early churches in the East. If the reader cares to know more, he will find the subject fully and clearly discussed in Col. Yule's 'Cathay, and the Way Thither,' published by the Hakluyt Society, 1866. It is the last work on the subject, and contains references to all the earlier ones.
[577]'J. R. A. S.,' xiii. 164et seq.
[577]'J. R. A. S.,' xiii. 164et seq.
[578]Wilson's 'Ariana Antiqua,' Introductionpassim. Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' &c.,passim.
[578]Wilson's 'Ariana Antiqua,' Introductionpassim. Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' &c.,passim.
[579]Hiouen Thsang, 'Vie et Voyages,' p. 77.
[579]Hiouen Thsang, 'Vie et Voyages,' p. 77.
[580]'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' xiii. pl. 14.
[580]'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' xiii. pl. 14.
[581]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. 82, woodcut 8.
[581]'Tree and Serpent Worship,' p. 82, woodcut 8.
[582]'Foe Koué Ki,' p. 335.
[582]'Foe Koué Ki,' p. 335.
[583]'J.R.A.S.' xii. p. 233. 'J.B.A.S.' vii. p. 261et seq.
[583]'J.R.A.S.' xii. p. 233. 'J.B.A.S.' vii. p. 261et seq.
[584]Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall,' iv. p. 392, where the original authorities are found.
[584]Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall,' iv. p. 392, where the original authorities are found.
[585]Josephus, 'B. J.,' II. viii. p. 9.
[585]Josephus, 'B. J.,' II. viii. p. 9.
[586]"The prestige of such a witness as Buddhaghosa soon dwindles away, and his statements as to kings and councils 800 years before his time are, in truth, worth no more than the stories told of Arthur, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, or the accounts we read in Livy of the early history of Rome"—Chips from a German Workshop, i. p. 198. As a mere linguist, and dependent wholly on books, Max Müller was perfectly justified in making this statement, while his ignorance of everything connected with the archæology or art of India, prevented his perceiving how these wild statements could be verified or controlled. Till he learns that there are other means of investigation than mere words his statements on these subjects are untrustworthy, and, in many cases, absolutely worthless.
[586]"The prestige of such a witness as Buddhaghosa soon dwindles away, and his statements as to kings and councils 800 years before his time are, in truth, worth no more than the stories told of Arthur, by Geoffrey of Monmouth, or the accounts we read in Livy of the early history of Rome"—Chips from a German Workshop, i. p. 198. As a mere linguist, and dependent wholly on books, Max Müller was perfectly justified in making this statement, while his ignorance of everything connected with the archæology or art of India, prevented his perceiving how these wild statements could be verified or controlled. Till he learns that there are other means of investigation than mere words his statements on these subjects are untrustworthy, and, in many cases, absolutely worthless.
[587]Turnour's 'Mahawanso,' 12et seq.'J. A. S. B.,' vii.passim.
[587]Turnour's 'Mahawanso,' 12et seq.'J. A. S. B.,' vii.passim.
[588]Huc and Gabet, in their 'Travels in Thibet,' give a most amusing account of their bewilderment on observing there these things:—"La crosse, la mitre, la dalmatique, la chape ou pluvial, que les grands Lamas portent en voyage, ou lorsqu'ils font quelque cérémonie hors du temple; l'office des deux chœurs, la psalmodie, les exorcismes, l'encensoir soutenu par cinque chaines, et pouvant s'ouvrir et se fermer à volonté; les bénédictions données par les Lamas, en étendant la main droite sur la tête des fidèles; le chapelet, le célibat ecclesiastique, les retraites spirituelles, le culte des saints, les jeûnes, les processions, les litanies, l'eau bénite: voilà autant des rapports que les Bouddhistes ont avec nous."—Vol. ii. p. 110.
[588]Huc and Gabet, in their 'Travels in Thibet,' give a most amusing account of their bewilderment on observing there these things:—"La crosse, la mitre, la dalmatique, la chape ou pluvial, que les grands Lamas portent en voyage, ou lorsqu'ils font quelque cérémonie hors du temple; l'office des deux chœurs, la psalmodie, les exorcismes, l'encensoir soutenu par cinque chaines, et pouvant s'ouvrir et se fermer à volonté; les bénédictions données par les Lamas, en étendant la main droite sur la tête des fidèles; le chapelet, le célibat ecclesiastique, les retraites spirituelles, le culte des saints, les jeûnes, les processions, les litanies, l'eau bénite: voilà autant des rapports que les Bouddhistes ont avec nous."—Vol. ii. p. 110.
[589]'Mahavanso,' p. 26.
[589]'Mahavanso,' p. 26.
[590]Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' p. 289et seq.
[590]Cunningham, 'Bhilsa Topes,' p. 289et seq.
[591]Clemens, i. 194. Oxford, 1715.
[591]Clemens, i. 194. Oxford, 1715.
[592]Clemens, i. 132. Translation by Potter,ut sup.p. 504.
[592]Clemens, i. 132. Translation by Potter,ut sup.p. 504.
[593]The accidental resemblance of the microlithic temples of the Deccan mentioned above (p. 467) can hardly be quoted as an exception. They are said to be dedicated to Vetal, but it is not clear that the stones of the circle do not represent dead, as they certainly do absent persons, and the sacrifice, after all, is offered up to their departed spirits; it being a form of the present day we do not know how much its spirit may not be changed from the ancient rite which it was originally intended to typify.
[593]The accidental resemblance of the microlithic temples of the Deccan mentioned above (p. 467) can hardly be quoted as an exception. They are said to be dedicated to Vetal, but it is not clear that the stones of the circle do not represent dead, as they certainly do absent persons, and the sacrifice, after all, is offered up to their departed spirits; it being a form of the present day we do not know how much its spirit may not be changed from the ancient rite which it was originally intended to typify.