[1]Dodwell.
[1]Dodwell.
[2]Barthelemy.
[2]Barthelemy.
[3]Dodwell.
[3]Dodwell.
[4]Barthelemy; Rollin; Dodwell; Clarke.
[4]Barthelemy; Rollin; Dodwell; Clarke.
[5]Knight.
[5]Knight.
[6]Chandler.
[6]Chandler.
[7]Clarke.
[7]Clarke.
[8]Clarke.
[8]Clarke.
[9]Strabo; Pausanias; Rollin; Wheler; Barthelemy; Chandler; Turner; Clarke.
[9]Strabo; Pausanias; Rollin; Wheler; Barthelemy; Chandler; Turner; Clarke.
[10]Gillies.
[10]Gillies.
[11]Acts xx. ver. 13. And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot.14. And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene.15. And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus.16. For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost.17. And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church.18. And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons.
[11]Acts xx. ver. 13. And we went before to ship, and sailed unto Assos, there intending to take in Paul: for so had he appointed, minding himself to go afoot.
14. And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene.
15. And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus.
16. For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, because he would not spend the time in Asia: for he hasted, if it were possible for him, to be at Jerusalem the day of Pentecost.
17. And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church.
18. And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons.
[12]He was the first that accurately calculated eclipses of the sun; he discovered the solstices; he divided the heavens into five zones, and recommended the division of the year into three hundred and sixty-five days.
[12]He was the first that accurately calculated eclipses of the sun; he discovered the solstices; he divided the heavens into five zones, and recommended the division of the year into three hundred and sixty-five days.
[13]The inventor of sun-dials and the gnomon. This philosopher had nevertheless many curious opinions; amongst which may be mentioned, that air was the parent of every created being; and that the sun, moon, and stars, had been made from the earth.
[13]The inventor of sun-dials and the gnomon. This philosopher had nevertheless many curious opinions; amongst which may be mentioned, that air was the parent of every created being; and that the sun, moon, and stars, had been made from the earth.
[14]He taught that men were born of earth and water, mixed together by the heat of the sun.
[14]He taught that men were born of earth and water, mixed together by the heat of the sun.
[15]An historian.
[15]An historian.
[16]A musician.
[16]A musician.
[17]Ionian Antiquities.
[17]Ionian Antiquities.
[18]Herodotus; Strabo; Pausanias; Quintus Curtius; Prideaux; Chandler; Stuart; Barthelemy; Gillies.
[18]Herodotus; Strabo; Pausanias; Quintus Curtius; Prideaux; Chandler; Stuart; Barthelemy; Gillies.
[19]This was written in 1806, and published in 1819.
[19]This was written in 1806, and published in 1819.
[20]Pausanias; Dodwell; La Martine.
[20]Pausanias; Dodwell; La Martine.
[21]Barthelemy; Dodwell; Rees; Brewster.
[21]Barthelemy; Dodwell; Rees; Brewster.
[22]See Herod. i. c. 184; Diodor. Sic. ii.; Pompon. Mela, i. c. 3; Justin. i. c. 1; Val. Max. ix. c. 3.
[22]See Herod. i. c. 184; Diodor. Sic. ii.; Pompon. Mela, i. c. 3; Justin. i. c. 1; Val. Max. ix. c. 3.
[23]The character of Sardanapalus has been treated more gently by a modern poet. “The Sardanapalus of Lord Byron is pretty nearly such a person as the Sardanapalus of history may be supposed to have been,—young, thoughtless, spoiled by flattery and unbounded self-indulgence; but, with a temper naturally amiable, and abilities of a superior order, he affects to undervalue the sanguinary renown of his ancestors, as an excuse for inattention to the most necessary duties of his rank; and flatters himself, while he is indulging his own sloth, that he is making his people happy. Yet, even in his fondness for pleasure, there lurks a love of contradiction. Of the whole picture, selfishness is the prevailing feature;—selfishness admirably drawn, indeed; apologised for by every palliating circumstance of education and habit, and clothed in the brightest colours of which it is susceptible, from youth, talents, and placidity. But it is selfishness still; and we should have been tempted to quarrel with the art which made vice and frivolity thus amiable, if Lord Byron had not, at the same time, pointed out with much skill the bitterness and weariness of spirit which inevitably wait on such a character; and if he had not given a fine contrast to the picture, in the accompanying portraits of Salamenes and Myrrha.â€â€”Heber.
[23]The character of Sardanapalus has been treated more gently by a modern poet. “The Sardanapalus of Lord Byron is pretty nearly such a person as the Sardanapalus of history may be supposed to have been,—young, thoughtless, spoiled by flattery and unbounded self-indulgence; but, with a temper naturally amiable, and abilities of a superior order, he affects to undervalue the sanguinary renown of his ancestors, as an excuse for inattention to the most necessary duties of his rank; and flatters himself, while he is indulging his own sloth, that he is making his people happy. Yet, even in his fondness for pleasure, there lurks a love of contradiction. Of the whole picture, selfishness is the prevailing feature;—selfishness admirably drawn, indeed; apologised for by every palliating circumstance of education and habit, and clothed in the brightest colours of which it is susceptible, from youth, talents, and placidity. But it is selfishness still; and we should have been tempted to quarrel with the art which made vice and frivolity thus amiable, if Lord Byron had not, at the same time, pointed out with much skill the bitterness and weariness of spirit which inevitably wait on such a character; and if he had not given a fine contrast to the picture, in the accompanying portraits of Salamenes and Myrrha.â€â€”Heber.
[24]Atherstone’s “Fall of Nineveh.â€
[24]Atherstone’s “Fall of Nineveh.â€
[25]Ælian calls him Thilgamus.
[25]Ælian calls him Thilgamus.
[26]2 Kings.
[26]2 Kings.
[27]Adrammelech and Sharezer.
[27]Adrammelech and Sharezer.
[28]2 Kings, xix. ver. 37.
[28]2 Kings, xix. ver. 37.
[29]Tobit, xiv. ver. 5, 13
[29]Tobit, xiv. ver. 5, 13
[30]Nahum, chap. iii.
[30]Nahum, chap. iii.
[31]Zephaniah, chap. ii.
[31]Zephaniah, chap. ii.
[32]Soon after the great fire of London, the rector of St. Michael, Queenhithe, preached a sermon before the Lord Mayor and corporation of London, in which he instituted a parallel between the cities of London and Nineveh, to show that unless the inhabitants of the former repented of their many public and private vices, and reformed their lives and manners, as did the Ninevites on the preaching of Jonah, they might justly be expected to become the objects of the signal vengeance of Heaven: putting them in mind of the many dreadful calamities that have, from time to time, befallen the English nation in general, and the great City of London in particular; and of the too great reason there was to apprehend some yet more signal vengeance from the hands of Omnipotence, since former judgments had not proved examples sufficient to warn and amend a very wicked people.
[32]Soon after the great fire of London, the rector of St. Michael, Queenhithe, preached a sermon before the Lord Mayor and corporation of London, in which he instituted a parallel between the cities of London and Nineveh, to show that unless the inhabitants of the former repented of their many public and private vices, and reformed their lives and manners, as did the Ninevites on the preaching of Jonah, they might justly be expected to become the objects of the signal vengeance of Heaven: putting them in mind of the many dreadful calamities that have, from time to time, befallen the English nation in general, and the great City of London in particular; and of the too great reason there was to apprehend some yet more signal vengeance from the hands of Omnipotence, since former judgments had not proved examples sufficient to warn and amend a very wicked people.
[33]Diodorus says, that Nineveh stood on the Euphrates: but this is contrary to all evidence.
[33]Diodorus says, that Nineveh stood on the Euphrates: but this is contrary to all evidence.
[34]One of these is in the British Museum.
[34]One of these is in the British Museum.
[35]Daughter of Sir James Mackintosh, and wife of Mr. Rich.
[35]Daughter of Sir James Mackintosh, and wife of Mr. Rich.
[36]Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus; Ælian; Prideaux; Rollin; Stackhouse; Gibbon; Rees; Brewster; Kinneir; Morier; Rich.
[36]Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus; Ælian; Prideaux; Rollin; Stackhouse; Gibbon; Rees; Brewster; Kinneir; Morier; Rich.
[37]Strabo; Plutarch; Brydone; Swinburne; Jose.
[37]Strabo; Plutarch; Brydone; Swinburne; Jose.
[38]The computation of time by Olympiads, which began about four hundred years after the destruction of Troy, was used until the reign of Theodosius the Great; when a new mode of reckoning, by indictions, or from the victory of Augustus at Actium, was introduced; the Olympic games, in the general assembly, were abolished; and the image, made by Phidias, was removed to Constantinople.—Chandler.
[38]The computation of time by Olympiads, which began about four hundred years after the destruction of Troy, was used until the reign of Theodosius the Great; when a new mode of reckoning, by indictions, or from the victory of Augustus at Actium, was introduced; the Olympic games, in the general assembly, were abolished; and the image, made by Phidias, was removed to Constantinople.—Chandler.
[39]Gen. xxxii. 24.
[39]Gen. xxxii. 24.
[40]Πᾶν κÏάτος.
[40]Πᾶν κÏάτος.
[41]There is a fine specimen in the Townley gallery, at the British Museum.
[41]There is a fine specimen in the Townley gallery, at the British Museum.
[42]Chandler.
[42]Chandler.
[43]Chandler.
[43]Chandler.
[44]Clarke; Pausanias; Plutarch; Rollin; Chandler; Barthelemy; Dodwell.
[44]Clarke; Pausanias; Plutarch; Rollin; Chandler; Barthelemy; Dodwell.
[45]“This name indicates,†says Mr. Swinburne, “that they pursued, or wished to be thought to pursue, a line of conduct in commercial transactions, which it would be happy for mankind, all maritime powers would adopt.â€
[45]“This name indicates,†says Mr. Swinburne, “that they pursued, or wished to be thought to pursue, a line of conduct in commercial transactions, which it would be happy for mankind, all maritime powers would adopt.â€
[46]Pholas dactylus.
[46]Pholas dactylus.
[47]Eustace.
[47]Eustace.
[48]Plin. xxx. c. 3.
[48]Plin. xxx. c. 3.
[49]Pliny; Swinburne; Eustace; Wilkinson.
[49]Pliny; Swinburne; Eustace; Wilkinson.
[50]The persons who visited Palmyra in 1678, found in the neighbourhood “a garden, full of palm-trees;†but when Mr. Wood was there, not a single one remained. “The name of Palmyra,†says Mr. Addison, “is supposed by some to have been derived from the word Palma, indicative of the number of palm-trees that grew here; but that name was given by the Greeks, and, although Palma signifies palm-tree in the Latin, yet in the Greek tongue it has a very different signification. Neither does Tadmor signify palm-tree in the Syrian language, nor in the Arabic; nor does Thadamoura, as the place is called by Josephus, signify palm-tree in the Hebrew. Neither do palms thrive in Syria, as the climate is too severe for them in the winter.â€
[50]The persons who visited Palmyra in 1678, found in the neighbourhood “a garden, full of palm-trees;†but when Mr. Wood was there, not a single one remained. “The name of Palmyra,†says Mr. Addison, “is supposed by some to have been derived from the word Palma, indicative of the number of palm-trees that grew here; but that name was given by the Greeks, and, although Palma signifies palm-tree in the Latin, yet in the Greek tongue it has a very different signification. Neither does Tadmor signify palm-tree in the Syrian language, nor in the Arabic; nor does Thadamoura, as the place is called by Josephus, signify palm-tree in the Hebrew. Neither do palms thrive in Syria, as the climate is too severe for them in the winter.â€
[51]1 Kings, ix. 18. 2 Chron. viii. 4.
[51]1 Kings, ix. 18. 2 Chron. viii. 4.
[52]It is a well known and very true observation, that is made by Ammianus Marcellinus (lib. xiv.), that the Greek and Roman names of places never took among the natives of Syria; which is the reason why most places retain their first and original names at this day.—Whiston.
[52]It is a well known and very true observation, that is made by Ammianus Marcellinus (lib. xiv.), that the Greek and Roman names of places never took among the natives of Syria; which is the reason why most places retain their first and original names at this day.—Whiston.
[53]Wood.
[53]Wood.
[54]Ch. ix. ver. 18.
[54]Ch. ix. ver. 18.
[55]Ch. x. v. 14
[55]Ch. x. v. 14
[56]He was of mean parentage, according to Orosius. Zonaras calls him “a man of Palmyra;†and Agathias speaks of him as a person entirely unknown, till he made his name illustrious by his actions. Sextus Rufus, however, calls him by an epithet implying that he was a senator.
[56]He was of mean parentage, according to Orosius. Zonaras calls him “a man of Palmyra;†and Agathias speaks of him as a person entirely unknown, till he made his name illustrious by his actions. Sextus Rufus, however, calls him by an epithet implying that he was a senator.
[57]Though history nowhere gives the first name of Zenobia, we learn from coins, that it was Septimia.
[57]Though history nowhere gives the first name of Zenobia, we learn from coins, that it was Septimia.
[58]She is thus described:—Her complexion was a dark brown; she had black sparkling eyes, of uncommon fire; her countenance was divinely sprightly; and her person graceful and genteel beyond imagination; her teeth were white as pearls, and her voice clear and strong. If we add to this an uncommon strength, and consider her excessive military fatigues; for she used no carriage, generally rode, and often marched on foot three or four miles with her army; and if we, at the same time, suppose her haranguing her troops, which she used to do in her helmet, and often with her arms bare, it will give us an idea of that severe character of masculine beauty, which puts one more in mind of Minerva than of Venus.
[58]She is thus described:—Her complexion was a dark brown; she had black sparkling eyes, of uncommon fire; her countenance was divinely sprightly; and her person graceful and genteel beyond imagination; her teeth were white as pearls, and her voice clear and strong. If we add to this an uncommon strength, and consider her excessive military fatigues; for she used no carriage, generally rode, and often marched on foot three or four miles with her army; and if we, at the same time, suppose her haranguing her troops, which she used to do in her helmet, and often with her arms bare, it will give us an idea of that severe character of masculine beauty, which puts one more in mind of Minerva than of Venus.
[59]There are several meanings to this word:—Balista implying a cross-bow, a sling, or an engine to shoot darts or stones.
[59]There are several meanings to this word:—Balista implying a cross-bow, a sling, or an engine to shoot darts or stones.
[60]“Her manly understanding,†says Gibbon, “was strengthened and adorned by study. She was not ignorant of the Latin tongue, but possessed, in equal perfection, the Greek, the Syriac, and the Egyptian languages. She had drawn up, for her own use, an epitome of oriental history, and familiarly compared the beauties of Homer and Plato, under the tuition of the sublime Longinus.â€
[60]“Her manly understanding,†says Gibbon, “was strengthened and adorned by study. She was not ignorant of the Latin tongue, but possessed, in equal perfection, the Greek, the Syriac, and the Egyptian languages. She had drawn up, for her own use, an epitome of oriental history, and familiarly compared the beauties of Homer and Plato, under the tuition of the sublime Longinus.â€
[61]Anon.
[61]Anon.
[62]“The emperor afterwards presented Zenobia with an elegant villa at Tibur, or Tivoli, about twenty miles from the capital; where, in happy tranquillity, she fed the greatness of her soul with the noble images of Homer, and the exalted precepts of Plato; supported the adversity of her fortunes with fortitude and resignation; and learned that the anxieties, attendant on ambition, are happily exchanged for the enjoyments of ease, and the comforts of philosophy. The Syrian queen sank into a Roman matron; her daughters married into noble families; and her race was not yet extinct in the fifth century.â€â€”Gibbon.
[62]“The emperor afterwards presented Zenobia with an elegant villa at Tibur, or Tivoli, about twenty miles from the capital; where, in happy tranquillity, she fed the greatness of her soul with the noble images of Homer, and the exalted precepts of Plato; supported the adversity of her fortunes with fortitude and resignation; and learned that the anxieties, attendant on ambition, are happily exchanged for the enjoyments of ease, and the comforts of philosophy. The Syrian queen sank into a Roman matron; her daughters married into noble families; and her race was not yet extinct in the fifth century.â€â€”Gibbon.
[63]Addison.
[63]Addison.
[64]Yet Bruce says:—“Palmyra is nowhere covered with sand or rubbish as in other ruins. The desert that surrounds it is rather gravel than sand, and is, therefore, not easily moved. Her mountains are perfectly bare, and produce nothing.â€
[64]Yet Bruce says:—“Palmyra is nowhere covered with sand or rubbish as in other ruins. The desert that surrounds it is rather gravel than sand, and is, therefore, not easily moved. Her mountains are perfectly bare, and produce nothing.â€
[65]This Emir lived upon rapine; being followed by a considerable number of men, who not only hated labour, but disliked equally to live under any settled government.
[65]This Emir lived upon rapine; being followed by a considerable number of men, who not only hated labour, but disliked equally to live under any settled government.
[66]Philosophical Transactions.
[66]Philosophical Transactions.
[67]This was the custom also in the days of Ezekiel. See ch. xxiii. 40.
[67]This was the custom also in the days of Ezekiel. See ch. xxiii. 40.
[68]In Mr. Wood’s well-known, though exceedingly scarce work, the ruins are represented in fifty-seven copper-plates, sixteen inches by twelve inches, printed on imperial paper; they are finely executed, the drawing is correct and masterly, and the engraving highly finished. The Palmyrene and Greek inscriptions on the funeral monuments, and other buildings, are copied; and besides picturesque views of the ruins, from several points of sight, the plans are generally laid down, and the several parts of the columns, doors, windows, pediments, ceilings and bas-reliefs, are delineated, with a scale by which they may be measured and compared.
[68]In Mr. Wood’s well-known, though exceedingly scarce work, the ruins are represented in fifty-seven copper-plates, sixteen inches by twelve inches, printed on imperial paper; they are finely executed, the drawing is correct and masterly, and the engraving highly finished. The Palmyrene and Greek inscriptions on the funeral monuments, and other buildings, are copied; and besides picturesque views of the ruins, from several points of sight, the plans are generally laid down, and the several parts of the columns, doors, windows, pediments, ceilings and bas-reliefs, are delineated, with a scale by which they may be measured and compared.
[69]“In this plain,†says Mr. Halifax, “you see a large valley of salt, affording great quantities thereof, and lying about an hour’s distance from the city: and this, more probably, is the valley of salt, mentioned in 2 Sam. 8-13, where David smote the Syrians, and slew one hundred and eighty thousand men; than another, which lies but four hours from Aleppo, and has sometimes passed for it.â€
[69]“In this plain,†says Mr. Halifax, “you see a large valley of salt, affording great quantities thereof, and lying about an hour’s distance from the city: and this, more probably, is the valley of salt, mentioned in 2 Sam. 8-13, where David smote the Syrians, and slew one hundred and eighty thousand men; than another, which lies but four hours from Aleppo, and has sometimes passed for it.â€
[70]“Istakar,†says Abulfeda, quoted by Sir William Ouseley, “is one of the most ancient cities in Persia, and was formerly the royal residence: it contains vestiges of buildings so stupendous, that, like Tadmor, and Balbec, they are said to be the work of supernatural beings.â€
[70]“Istakar,†says Abulfeda, quoted by Sir William Ouseley, “is one of the most ancient cities in Persia, and was formerly the royal residence: it contains vestiges of buildings so stupendous, that, like Tadmor, and Balbec, they are said to be the work of supernatural beings.â€
[71]A city in Persia.
[71]A city in Persia.
[72]Buckingham.
[72]Buckingham.
[73]Diodorus; Strabo; Josephus; Appian; Zosimus; Procopius; Benjamin of Tudela; Halifax; Halley; Wood; Prideaux; Rollin; Gibbon; Bruce; Volney; Brewster; Burckhardt; Addison.
[73]Diodorus; Strabo; Josephus; Appian; Zosimus; Procopius; Benjamin of Tudela; Halifax; Halley; Wood; Prideaux; Rollin; Gibbon; Bruce; Volney; Brewster; Burckhardt; Addison.
[74]Chandler.
[74]Chandler.
[75]Hobhouse.
[75]Hobhouse.
[76]Pausanias; Chandler; Rees; Hobhouse; Dodwell; Williams.
[76]Pausanias; Chandler; Rees; Hobhouse; Dodwell; Williams.
[77]Plutarch; Rees; Pouqueville.
[77]Plutarch; Rees; Pouqueville.
[78]This library consisted of two hundred thousand volumes.
[78]This library consisted of two hundred thousand volumes.
[79]Tacitus; Plutarch; Choiseul-Gouffier; Rees; Turner.
[79]Tacitus; Plutarch; Choiseul-Gouffier; Rees; Turner.
[80]Sir John Malcolm has preserved an account of Jemsheed, from Moullab Ackber’s MSS., which may serve to diversify our page. “Jemsheed was the first who discovered wine. He was immoderately fond of grapes, and desired to preserve some; which were placed in a large vessel, and lodged in a vault for future use. When the vessel was opened, the grapes had fermented. Their juice, in this state, was so acid, that the king believed it must be poisonous. He had some vessels filled with it, and poison written upon each: these were placed in his bed-room. It happened that one of his favourite ladies was affected with nervous head-aches. The pain distracted her so much, that she desired death; and observing a vessel with the word poison written upon it, she took it and swallowed its contents. The wine, for such it had become, overpowered the lady, who fell into a sound sleep, and awoke much refreshed. Delighted with the remedy, she repeated the dose so often, that the monarch’s poison was all drunk. He soon discovered this, and forced the lady to confess what she had done. A quantity of wine was made; and Jemsheed, and all his court, drank of the new beverage, which, from the circumstance that led to its discovery, is to this day known in Persia by the name of zeher-e-khoosh, or the delightful poison.â€
[80]Sir John Malcolm has preserved an account of Jemsheed, from Moullab Ackber’s MSS., which may serve to diversify our page. “Jemsheed was the first who discovered wine. He was immoderately fond of grapes, and desired to preserve some; which were placed in a large vessel, and lodged in a vault for future use. When the vessel was opened, the grapes had fermented. Their juice, in this state, was so acid, that the king believed it must be poisonous. He had some vessels filled with it, and poison written upon each: these were placed in his bed-room. It happened that one of his favourite ladies was affected with nervous head-aches. The pain distracted her so much, that she desired death; and observing a vessel with the word poison written upon it, she took it and swallowed its contents. The wine, for such it had become, overpowered the lady, who fell into a sound sleep, and awoke much refreshed. Delighted with the remedy, she repeated the dose so often, that the monarch’s poison was all drunk. He soon discovered this, and forced the lady to confess what she had done. A quantity of wine was made; and Jemsheed, and all his court, drank of the new beverage, which, from the circumstance that led to its discovery, is to this day known in Persia by the name of zeher-e-khoosh, or the delightful poison.â€
[81]It is called Nouroze. Some of the sculptures of the dilapidated palace are supposed to represent the processions at this festival.
[81]It is called Nouroze. Some of the sculptures of the dilapidated palace are supposed to represent the processions at this festival.
[82]Rollin.
[82]Rollin.
[83]Kæmpfer, Hyde, Niebuhr, and St. Croix, regard the ruins as those of a palace:—Della Valle, Chardin, D’Hancarville, and others, as those of a temple. This is a question, however, which many writers regard as being impossible of solution, till an alphabet shall have been discovered of the arrow-headed inscriptions.
[83]Kæmpfer, Hyde, Niebuhr, and St. Croix, regard the ruins as those of a palace:—Della Valle, Chardin, D’Hancarville, and others, as those of a temple. This is a question, however, which many writers regard as being impossible of solution, till an alphabet shall have been discovered of the arrow-headed inscriptions.
[84]At the distance of about five miles is a conspicuous hill, on the top of which, and visible to the eye from Persepolis, are the remains of a fortress. This hill is now called Istakhar, and is quite distinct from Persepolis. Of this hill Le Brun has given a drawing; and the original must strike every traveller the moment he enters the palace of Merdusht; as it has all the appearance of having been much fashioned by the hand of man.—Morier.
[84]At the distance of about five miles is a conspicuous hill, on the top of which, and visible to the eye from Persepolis, are the remains of a fortress. This hill is now called Istakhar, and is quite distinct from Persepolis. Of this hill Le Brun has given a drawing; and the original must strike every traveller the moment he enters the palace of Merdusht; as it has all the appearance of having been much fashioned by the hand of man.—Morier.
[85]Civil Architecture.
[85]Civil Architecture.
[86]Fraser.
[86]Fraser.
[87]In allusion to the horns of Jupiter Ammon.
[87]In allusion to the horns of Jupiter Ammon.
[88]Diodorus; Plutarch; Arrian; Quintus Curtius; Pietro de la Valle; Chardin; Le Brun; Francklin, Encylop. Metropol.; Rees; Brewster; Kinneir; Morier; Porter; Malcolm; Buckingham; Ouseley; Fraser.
[88]Diodorus; Plutarch; Arrian; Quintus Curtius; Pietro de la Valle; Chardin; Le Brun; Francklin, Encylop. Metropol.; Rees; Brewster; Kinneir; Morier; Porter; Malcolm; Buckingham; Ouseley; Fraser.
[89]Chambers.
[89]Chambers.
[90]Periplus of the Red Sea.
[90]Periplus of the Red Sea.
[91]Harmonies of Nature.
[91]Harmonies of Nature.
[92]He is supposed to have been poisoned at Akaba, where he died.
[92]He is supposed to have been poisoned at Akaba, where he died.
[93]See Month. Mag. No. 367.
[93]See Month. Mag. No. 367.
[94]Wady signifies a valley; Wady Mousa is the valley of Moses.
[94]Wady signifies a valley; Wady Mousa is the valley of Moses.
[95]We may here give place to a few pertinent observations, in regard to the infancy and old age of nations, written by M. Claret Fleurien:—“If we are not disposed to challenge all the testimonies of antiquity, we cannot refuse to believe that the Old World has had its infancy and its adolescence: and, observing it in its progressive career, we may consider it as in its maturity, and foresee, in an unlimited time, its decrepitude and its end. The New World, like the Old, must have had its periods. America, at the epoch of its discovery, appears as if little remote from creation, from infancy, if we consider it in regard to the men by whom it was inhabited: the greater part of its people were still at the point where our ancestors and those of all the nations, at this day civilised, were four thousand years ago. Read what travellers and historians have related to us of the inhabitants of the New World; you will there find the man of the Old one in his infancy: among the small scattered nations, you will fancy that you see the first Egyptians; wild and savage men, living at random, ignorant of the conveniences of life, even of the use of fire, and not knowing how to form arms for defending themselves against the attack of beastsa: in the Pesserais of Tierra del Fuego, the savage Greeks, living on the leaves of trees, and, as it were, browsing on grass, before Pelasgus had taught the Arcadians to construct huts, to clothe themselves with the skin of animals, and to eat acornsb: in the greater part of the savages of Canada, the ancient Scythians, cutting off the hair of their vanquished enemies, and drinking their blood out of their skullc: in several of the nations of the north and south, the inhabitant of the East Indies, ignorant of culture, subsisting only on fruits, covered with skins of beasts, and killing the old men and the infirm, who could no longer follow in their excursions the rest of the familyd: in Mexico, you will recognize the Cimbri and the Scythians, burying alive with the dead king the great officers of the crowne: in Peru as well as Mexico, and even among the small nations, you will find Druids, Vates, Eubages, mountebanks, cheating priests and credulous menf: on every part of the Continent and in the neighbouring islands, you will see the Bretons or Britons, the Picts of the Romans, and the Thracians, men and women, painting their body and face, puncturing and making incisions in their skin; and the latter condemning their women to till the ground, to carry heavy burdens, and imposing on them the most laborious employmentsg: in the forests of Canada, in the Brazils, and elsewhere, you will find Cantabri causing their enemies whom they have made prisoners of war to undergo torture, and singing the song of the dead round the stake where the victim is expiring in the most frightful tormentsh: in short, every where, America will present to you the horrible spectacle of those human sacrifices, with which the people of both worlds have polluted the whole surface of the globe; and several nations of the New World, like some of those of the Oldi, will make you shrink with horror at the sight of those execrable festivals, where man feeds with delight on the flesh of his fellow-creature. The picture which the New World exhibited to the men of the Old who discovered it, therefore, offered no feature of which our history does not furnish us with a model in the infancy of our political societies.â€
[95]We may here give place to a few pertinent observations, in regard to the infancy and old age of nations, written by M. Claret Fleurien:—“If we are not disposed to challenge all the testimonies of antiquity, we cannot refuse to believe that the Old World has had its infancy and its adolescence: and, observing it in its progressive career, we may consider it as in its maturity, and foresee, in an unlimited time, its decrepitude and its end. The New World, like the Old, must have had its periods. America, at the epoch of its discovery, appears as if little remote from creation, from infancy, if we consider it in regard to the men by whom it was inhabited: the greater part of its people were still at the point where our ancestors and those of all the nations, at this day civilised, were four thousand years ago. Read what travellers and historians have related to us of the inhabitants of the New World; you will there find the man of the Old one in his infancy: among the small scattered nations, you will fancy that you see the first Egyptians; wild and savage men, living at random, ignorant of the conveniences of life, even of the use of fire, and not knowing how to form arms for defending themselves against the attack of beastsa: in the Pesserais of Tierra del Fuego, the savage Greeks, living on the leaves of trees, and, as it were, browsing on grass, before Pelasgus had taught the Arcadians to construct huts, to clothe themselves with the skin of animals, and to eat acornsb: in the greater part of the savages of Canada, the ancient Scythians, cutting off the hair of their vanquished enemies, and drinking their blood out of their skullc: in several of the nations of the north and south, the inhabitant of the East Indies, ignorant of culture, subsisting only on fruits, covered with skins of beasts, and killing the old men and the infirm, who could no longer follow in their excursions the rest of the familyd: in Mexico, you will recognize the Cimbri and the Scythians, burying alive with the dead king the great officers of the crowne: in Peru as well as Mexico, and even among the small nations, you will find Druids, Vates, Eubages, mountebanks, cheating priests and credulous menf: on every part of the Continent and in the neighbouring islands, you will see the Bretons or Britons, the Picts of the Romans, and the Thracians, men and women, painting their body and face, puncturing and making incisions in their skin; and the latter condemning their women to till the ground, to carry heavy burdens, and imposing on them the most laborious employmentsg: in the forests of Canada, in the Brazils, and elsewhere, you will find Cantabri causing their enemies whom they have made prisoners of war to undergo torture, and singing the song of the dead round the stake where the victim is expiring in the most frightful tormentsh: in short, every where, America will present to you the horrible spectacle of those human sacrifices, with which the people of both worlds have polluted the whole surface of the globe; and several nations of the New World, like some of those of the Oldi, will make you shrink with horror at the sight of those execrable festivals, where man feeds with delight on the flesh of his fellow-creature. The picture which the New World exhibited to the men of the Old who discovered it, therefore, offered no feature of which our history does not furnish us with a model in the infancy of our political societies.â€
[a]Diodor. Book I. Parag. 1. Art. 3.
[a]Diodor. Book I. Parag. 1. Art. 3.
[b]Pausanias. Book VIII. Chap. 1.
[b]Pausanias. Book VIII. Chap. 1.
[c]Herodot. Book IV.
[c]Herodot. Book IV.
[d]Ibid. Book III. and IV.—Val. Max. Book II.
[d]Ibid. Book III. and IV.—Val. Max. Book II.
[e]Ibid. and Strabo.
[e]Ibid. and Strabo.
[f]In the ancient history of Gaul, in that of the British islands, and in all the histories of the ancient times of Europe, of the North, of Asia, &c.
[f]In the ancient history of Gaul, in that of the British islands, and in all the histories of the ancient times of Europe, of the North, of Asia, &c.
[g]Herodot. Book II.
[g]Herodot. Book II.
[h]Strabo. Book II.
[h]Strabo. Book II.
[i]The Irish and the Massagetæ, according to Strabo, Book II.—The Scythians, according to Eusebius, Preparat. Evangel. Book II, Chap. 4, and other people of the Old Continent.
[i]The Irish and the Massagetæ, according to Strabo, Book II.—The Scythians, according to Eusebius, Preparat. Evangel. Book II, Chap. 4, and other people of the Old Continent.
[96]Diodorus; Strabo; Pliny; Vincent; Volney; Seetzen; Burckhardt; Irby and Mangles; Laborde; Chambers; Knight.
[96]Diodorus; Strabo; Pliny; Vincent; Volney; Seetzen; Burckhardt; Irby and Mangles; Laborde; Chambers; Knight.
[97]Chandler; Barthelemy; Rees; Brewster; Gell.
[97]Chandler; Barthelemy; Rees; Brewster; Gell.
[98]Rollin.
[98]Rollin.
[99]Dodwell.
[99]Dodwell.
[100]Herodotus; Rollin; Barthelemy; Rees; Brewster; Clarke; Dodwell; Williams.
[100]Herodotus; Rollin; Barthelemy; Rees; Brewster; Clarke; Dodwell; Williams.
[101]By an accident this article is misplaced, which, it is hoped, the reader will be pleased to excuse.
[101]By an accident this article is misplaced, which, it is hoped, the reader will be pleased to excuse.
[102]“Biferique rosaria Pæsti.â€
[102]“Biferique rosaria Pæsti.â€
[103]Eustace.
[103]Eustace.
[104]Ibid.
[104]Ibid.
[105]Anon.
[105]Anon.
[106]Eustace.
[106]Eustace.
[107]Anon.
[107]Anon.
[108]Clarke.
[108]Clarke.
[109]The Doric order may be thus defined:—a column without a base, terminated by a capital, consisting of a square abacus, with an ovolo and annulets. An entablature, consisting of the parts,—architrave, frieze, and cornice; the architrave plain, the frieze ornamented with triglyphs symmetrically disposed, and a cornice with mutules. These are sufficient to constitute a definition; and are, I believe, all that can be asserted without exception; but some others may be added as necessary to the beauty and perfection of the order; and which, though not universal, are, however, general among the examples of antiquity.—Aikin,on the Doric order.
[109]The Doric order may be thus defined:—a column without a base, terminated by a capital, consisting of a square abacus, with an ovolo and annulets. An entablature, consisting of the parts,—architrave, frieze, and cornice; the architrave plain, the frieze ornamented with triglyphs symmetrically disposed, and a cornice with mutules. These are sufficient to constitute a definition; and are, I believe, all that can be asserted without exception; but some others may be added as necessary to the beauty and perfection of the order; and which, though not universal, are, however, general among the examples of antiquity.—Aikin,on the Doric order.
[110]Swinburne.
[110]Swinburne.
[111]Ibid.
[111]Ibid.
[112]Forsyth.
[112]Forsyth.
[113]Eustace.
[113]Eustace.
[114]Forsyth.
[114]Forsyth.
[115]Ibid.
[115]Ibid.
[116]Eustace.
[116]Eustace.