Abbesses, costume of,57Abbey, infirmary of,61Abbey-church, internal arrangement of,75Abbot, duties of,55;his habit,57Abbot-bishop,5Abbot’s lodgings,55,84Alien Priories,34Ampulla, the Canterbury,171-73Anchorages,132Anchoresses, bequests to,129;Judith the foundress and patroness of the order of,120;sketch of,146Anchorholds,130,134,138Anchorites, bequests to,125-27;rule for,121;their mode of life,121Angel minstrels,286-88Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine the Apostle of the,6Arbalesters, the Genoese famous as,441Archers,438;corps of enrolled as body guards by Edward III. and French kings,412;importance of in battle,440;mounted corps of,ib.;Norman, equipment of at time of Conquest,438;skill of English,440Archery, practice of by commonality of England protected and encouraged by legislation,445,446Armorial bearings, date of invention of,331Armour, details of a suit of thirteenth century,333;differences in suits of mediæval,398,399;little worn in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.,458;many modifications of in fifteenth century,452;of King Henry VIII.’s reign,453;of the fourteenth century,338et seq.;of the fifteenth century,394et seq.;various kinds of early,329,330,335,336Arquebusier,458Artillery, ancient,446;date of first appearance in field disputed,447;first evidence as to the existence of,440,447Augustinians, order of the,18Austin friars, order of,44,94Banker, the mediæval,407Bard, anecdotes concerning the,271-73;the father of the minstrels of mediæval Europe,270Basilican Institution, introduction of into Africa by St. Augustine,4;into France by St. Martin of Tours,ib.;into Ireland by St. Patrick,ib.;into Syria by Hilarion,ib.Battering-ram,385,450,451Bede houses,24Benedictine monks, habit of,1-7;orders,17Benefices, abuses in connection with,200Bonhommes, the,21Brigittines (female Order of Our Saviour),21Britain, exports of when a Roman province,463British Church, early history of the,4coinage, date of fast,463commerce, the beginnings of,461Camaldoli, order of,17Canons, Secular, cathedral establishments of,196;their costume,197,198Canterbury pilgrimage, chief sign of the, its origin and meaning,170et seq.Carmelite friars, order of,43Carthusian order, founded by St. Bruno,15;Charterhouse (Chartreux) principal house of in England,15Carthusians, Cistercians, Clugniacs, and the orders of Camaldoli and Vallambrosa and Grandmont, history of the successive rise of the,10Castle, mode of assaulting a,381;various methods of attacking a,392Castles, counter-mines used by defenders of mediæval,387;Greek fire and stinkpots employed in repelling assailants of,392;mines used for effecting breaches in walls of,385;places of hospitality as well as of trials of arms,358Cells, monastic,89Chantry chapels, bequests to,140priests,136,204,206Chapels, private, curious internal arrangement of,211;establishments of,208-10Chaplains, domestic,208,210,212Christendom, cœnobitical orders of,93Church of England, date of present organization of,195Cinque Ports,480;ships of the, frequently at war with those of other ports of the kingdom,483Cistercian order, founded by Robert de Thierry,16;introduced into EnglandA.D.1128,ib.;St. Bernard of Clairvaux the great saint of the,17Clairvaux, external aspect and internal life of,12;founded by St. Bernard,11Clergy, comparison between mediæval seculars and modern,224,225;extracts from injunctions of John, Archbishop of Canterbury, on robes of the,242,243,250,251;form of degradation for heresy,214,215;friars a popular order of,223;parochial, cause of change in condition of the,193;rivalry between friars and secular,223;secular,214;stories illustrating deference of for squire in olden days,225,226;wills of the,248,249Clerical costume of archbishop,234-236;of bishop,235;of cardinal,234;of minor orders,214,215;of pope,232,233Clericus, meaning of the word,215Clugniac, order of,14Coffin-stones, mediæval, curious symbols on,193Combat, a mediæval,375,376Commerce, checked by the Conquest,468;discovery of sea-passage to India opens up to a career of adventure,485;earliest extant document bearing on Saxon,464;of England greatly increased during reign of Edward the Confessor,467;receives much attention from Government during fourteenth century,470;recovers and surpasses its ancient prosperity in reign of Henry II.,469;the pioneers of,485Compostella pilgrimage, legend in connection with badge of the,169;offerings made by pilgrims on return from,190Convent, the, officials of:abbot,55;almoner,62;artificers and servants,65;cellarer,60;chantor,ib.;chaplains,65;cloister monks,64;hospitaller,61;infirmarer,62;kitchener,63;master of the novices,62;novices,65;porter,62;precentor,58;prior,58;Professed Brethren,65;sacrist,61;seneschal,63;subprior,60;succentor,ib.Council of Hertford,195;differences affecting parochial clergy reconciled at,ib.Council of Lyons, suppression of minor mendicant orders by,44;red hat of cardinal first given by Innocent VI. at,234Counting-board, the,501Cross-bow, not used in war till close of twelfth century,440;various forms of,ib.Croyland, monastery of,87Crusades, objects for which they were organised,159Crutched friars, order of,44Deaconesses, order of,152De Pœnetentia friars, order of,44Dominican friar, Chaucer’s,46friars, order of,40Dunstan, Archbishop, reduces all Saxon monasteries to rule of St. Benedict,7Education, monasteries famous places of,66Edwardian period, armour and arms of the,347Egyptian Desert, hermits of the,148Eremeti Augustini, order of,94,96;their habit,96Eremetical life, curious illustration of,2Fairs, sole power of granting right to hold exercised by king,503;great,506Feudal system, introduction of into England by William the Conqueror,326;points of difference between Continental and English,327Fontevraud, nuns of,21Franciscan friars, order of,40;the several branches of,43nuns, habit of the,43Free towns, mediæval,530;Hull an example of one of the,ib.;manner of laying out,531-38Friars, orders of:Austin,44;Carmelites,43;Crutched,44;de Pœnetentia,44;Dominicans,40;Franciscans,40Chaucer’s type of a certain class of,39;convents of,ib.;pictures of ancient customs and manners of,45;the principle which inspired them,36Gilbertines, founded by Gilbert of Sempringham,21Godrie of Finchale,116Grandmontines, order of,17Greek Church, costume of monks and nuns in the,4;rule of St. Basil followed by all monasteries of,ib.fire,449;used in the Crusades,ib.Grimlac, rule of,120,121Guesten-halls,86,87Guild priests,205;bequests to,206;duties of,ib.Guilds of minstrels,298;laws regulating them,299,300Hampton Court, shipping of time of Henry VIII. illustrated at,484Harper, the mediæval,271et seq.Henry VIII.’s army,455;account of its taking the field,456;description of the king’s camp,458Heresy, form of degradation for,214,215Hermit, a modern,119;form of vow made by mediæval,98;popular idea of a,95;service for habiting and blessing a,99;superstition with regard to a,100;typical pictures of a,117-19Hermitages, localities of,101;descriptions of,111-17Hermit-saints, traditional histories of the early,95n.;their costume,98Hermits, curious history relating to,104Holy Land, early pilgrims to the,158;pilgrim entitled to wear palm on accomplishment of pilgrimage to,167;special sign worn by pilgrims to,ib.“Holy Reliques,” an account of,185-87Horses, equipment of in fifteenth century,404;trappings of at tournaments,433Hospitals of the Middle Ages,23,24;foreign examples of,25Hospitium, contrast between the Cloister and the,87;resorted to by travellers,529Houses, description of, given by mediæval traders to various churches and monasteries,519Impropriation, evil of,199Iona, monastic institution at,6Inventories, clerical,261,262;of church furniture,285“Isles of Tin,”461Jewellery, portable, Saxon goldsmiths famous for,464Jousting,348,349,365,411,415Judicial combats, anecdotes illustrative of,419;various authorities on the subject of,ib.Kelvedon Parsonage,261,263,265Knight, manner of bringing up a,406;Chaucer’s portrait of a,409,410Knight-errant, armour and costume of a royal,349,350;graphic account of incidents in single combat of a,373-75;squire of a,352Knight-errantry, romances of,354et seq.Knighthood, won by deeds of arms in the field and in the lists,409Knight Hospitaller, a,31Knights of Malta,33of St. John of Jerusalem, order of,29-32of the Temple, order of,26,29,159Knights, noblemen and eldest sons of landed gentry made,408;ceremony of making essentially a religious one,409;equipment of reached its strangest form in reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII.452Knights-errant,369et seq.Knights of the Middle Ages, armour, arms, and costume of the,311et seq.;scarcity of authorities for costume and manners of the,329;quaint and poetic phrases in romances of the,367,368Laura, the,3;original arrangement of the hermits in their,107Lindisfarne, monastic institution at,6Long-bow, the national arm of the English,441;attains climax of its reputation during fourteenth century,441London, burgesses of at battle of Hastings,467;date of its becoming chief emporium of Britain,463;importance of its citizens previous to Conquest,467;interesting account of mediæval,469;“mysteries,” or trades of,508;regulations as to dress of merchants, citizens, and burgesses of the city of,525Lord-monks,223Marseilles, as a Greek colony, the chief emporium of the world,462Mediæval dance, a,281,282England, inns of and their signs,540-44;picturesque aspect of,489-92;population of,503;town-halls of,545;town houses of county families of,ib.life and characters, sketches of, from an artist’s point of view,1shops, descriptions of,509,510towns,529;best specimens of to be found in Normandy and Germany,535;Conway a perfect example of one of the,534;gradual growth of,529;houses of,534,535;inhabitants of,533;mode of lodging of population of,ib.;numerous on the Continent from eleventh to fourteenth centuries,530;picturesque views of streets and shops of,537-40;some built for specific purposes,529trade,503et seq.Merchant, mediæval, an account of his occupation and way of life,465,466;curious epitaph on a brass relating to a,525;effigy of a at Northleach,523Merchant guilds,489navy, the,475ships, early,470,471;king at liberty to impress,481,482Merchants, commerce of England, during thirteenth century, carried on by foreign,470;details of dresses worn by mediæval,521;early English,465;law conferring rank on,465;munificence of the mediæval,495;private naval wars carried on between,482,483;provision in charter of King John as to,469;social position of the mediæval,487,488;various classes of distinguished by costume,487Middle Ages, armour of the,329-36;archers of England famous during the,439;combats of the,411;consecrated widows of the,152;costume of tradespeople of the,519;description of the combat between King Arthur and a knight of the,365,366;drill and tactics of the soldiers of the,377-79;engines of war of the,382,383;habitations of secular clergy in the,252-54;harper the most dignified of the minstrel craft throughout the,271;hermits and recluses of the,93et seq.;hospitals of the,23-25;hospitium of a monastery in the,87;houses of the,519,520;itinerant traders of the,513,517;manner of bringing up a youth of good family in the,406;merchant navy of the,475;merchant princes of the,493,494;merchants of the,461et seq.;minstrels part of regular establishment of nobles and gentry of the,275;monks of the,1et seq.;primitive mode of life of rural English population of the,513;ships of the,470-71;sketch of life led by a country parson in the,262,263;sumptuary laws regulating dress of merchants of the,525;system of Pluralities in the,200Military engines,382et seq.exercises and encounters,410et seq.orders:Knights of St. John of Jerusalem,29;Knights of the Temple,26;Our Lady of Mercy,32;Teutonic Knights,ib.;Trinitarians,32-34Minstrels, mediæval, assist in musical part of divine service,285;costume of,304-309;curious anecdotes concerning,294,295;duties of,275et seq.;female,302,303;incorporated in a guild,297;marriage processions attended by,282,283;often men of position and worth,294,295;part of regular establishment of nobles and gentry,275-77;patronised by the clergy,288;singular ordinance relating to,296;tournaments enlivened by the strains of,291,292;welcome guests at the religious houses,289,290“Minstrels unattached,”293,294Miracle-plays, parish clerks took an important part in,220;survival of in Spain,221Minstrelsy, in high repute among the Normans,274;Grostête of Lincoln a great patron of,288;Israelitish compared with music of mediæval England,267Mitre, earliest form of the,236;transition shape of the from twelfth century,ib.Monachism, origin of,