[image not availableJohn Gutenberg.
John Gutenberg.
John Gutenberg.
Gutenberg lost no time in making the acquaintance of Laurence Coster. The kind old gentleman showed him his types, and told him all about his plans; and when he brought out a Latin Grammar which he had just finished, Gutenberg was filled with wonder and delight.
“This is what I have so long hoped for,” he said. “Now knowledge will fly on the wings of truth to the uttermost parts of the earth!”
Many different stories have been told about the way in which Gutenberg set to work to improve the art of printing. One relates that, after havinggained the confidence of Laurence Coster, he stole all his types and tools and carried them to Mayence, where he opened a workshop of his own. Another story is as follows:
After seeing Laurence Coster’s work, he was so impatient to be doing something of the kind himself that he left Haarlem the next morning, and hurried to Strasburg. There he shut himself up in a room which he rented, and set to work to carry out the plans which he had in mind. With a knife and some pieces of wood he made several sets of movable type, and arranging them in words and sentences, strung them together upon pieces of wire. In this way he was able to print more rapidly than by Laurence Coster’s method, where each letter, or at most each word, was printed separately.
He soon set up a shop in an old ruined monastery just outside of the town, and began work as a jeweler. He polished precious stones, and he dealt in mirrors which he mounted in frames of carved wood. He did this partly to earn a livelihood, and partly to conceal the greater projects which he had in hand. In a dark secluded corner of the monastery he fitted up another workshop where he could secretly carry on his experiments in printing. There, behind bolts and bars and a thick oaken door, he spent all of his spare time with his types.
Little by little, Gutenberg made improvements in his art. He invented methods for making letters of metal that were better than any that Laurence Coster had used. He learned how to mix inks of various colors. He made brushes and rollers for inking the types; “forms” for keeping the letters together when arranged for printing; and at last a press for bringing the paper into contact with the inked type.
Whether awake or asleep, John Gutenberg’s mind was always full of his great invention. One night as he sat looking at a sheet that he had printed on his first press, he thought that he heard two voices whispering near him. One of the voices was soft and musical and very pleasant to hear; the other was harsh and gruff and full of discordant tones. The gentle voice spoke first,
“Happy, happy man!” it said, “Go on with your great work, and be not discouraged. In the ages to come, men of all lands will gain knowledge and become wise by means of your great invention. Books will multiply until they are within the reach of all classes of people. Every child will learn to read. And to the end of time, the name of John Gutenberg will be remembered.”
[image not availableGutenberg and his Printing Press.Drawn by Arthur I. Keller.Engraved by E. Heinemann.
Gutenberg and his Printing Press.Drawn by Arthur I. Keller.Engraved by E. Heinemann.
Gutenberg and his Printing Press.
Drawn by Arthur I. Keller.Engraved by E. Heinemann.
Then the harsh voice spoke: “Beware! beware! and think twice of what you are doing. Evil as well as good will come from this invention upon which you have set your heart. Instead of being a blessing to mankind, it will prove to be a curse. Pause and consider before you place in the hands of sinful and erring men another instrument of evil.”
Gutenberg’s mind was filled with distress. He thought of the fearful power which the art of printing would give to wicked men to corrupt and debase their fellow-men. He leaped to his feet, he seized his hammer, and had almost destroyed his types and press when the gentle voice spoke again, and in accents loud enough to cause him to pause.
“Think a moment,” it said. “God’s gifts are all good, and yet which one of them is not abused and sometimes made to serve the purposes of wicked men. What will the art of printing do? It will carry the knowledge of good into all lands; it will promote virtue; it will be a new means of giving utterance to the thoughts of the wise and the good.”
Gutenberg threw down his hammer and set to work to repair the mischief that he had done. But scarcely had he put his printing machine in good order when other troubles arose. He was in debt, and he had difficulties with the town officers. His goods were seized upon; his types were destroyed;and he was at last obliged to return penniless to his old home in Mayence.
In Mayence, Gutenberg had an old friend named John Fust, who was a goldsmith and very rich. With this man he soon formed a partnership, and a printing office much better than the one at Strasburg was set up. Several books, most of them on religious subjects, were printed and sent out, and the business was soon in a flourishing condition.
But Gutenberg’s troubles were not yet ended. There were a great many people who were opposed to his new way of making books. The copyists who made their living by transcribing books were very bitter against it because it would destroy their business. They formed a league to oppose the printers, and before long drove Gutenberg out of Mayence.
After wandering to various places in Germany, he at last gained the friendship of Adolphus, the Elector of Nassau, who took a great interest in his plans. A press was set up at the court of the Elector, and there Gutenberg worked for several years, printing volume after volume with his own hands. But his invention did not bring him wealth. When he died at the age of sixty-nine years, he left no property but a few books which he had printed.
His partner, John Fust, had been much more fortunate. He had set up another press at Mayence, and in spite of the copyists and their friends was printing many books, and reaping great profits from their sale. One summer he printed some Bibles and took them to Paris to sell. They looked very much like the manuscript copies made by the copyists, for it was to the interest of the printers to pass off their books as manuscripts. People were astonished when Fust offered to sell his Bibles at sixty crowns, while the copyists demanded five hundred. They were still more astonished when he produced them as fast as they were wanted, and finally lowered the price. The copyists were very bitter against him.
“He is a magician!” they cried. “No one but a magician could do this.” And so the officers were sent to arrest him and search his rooms. They found a great many Bibles and some red ink.
“There is no doubt about it,” said the officers. “This is blood, and the man is a magician.”
In order to save himself from being burned as a wizard, Fust was obliged to go before the Parliament of Paris and tell all about his new method of making books, and how he used the red ink for embellishing the borders of the pages.
It was thus that the art of printing by movable types first became known to the world.
[image not availableEugene Field.
Eugene Field.
Eugene Field.
Upon a mountain height far from the seaI found a shell,And to my listening ear the lonely thingEver a song of ocean seemed to sing,Ever a tale of ocean seemed to tell.How came the shell upon that mountain height?Ah, who can say?Whether there dropped by some too careless handOr whether there cast when Ocean left the LandEre the Eternal had ordained the Day.Strange, was it not? Far from its native deepOne song it sang,—Sang of the awful mysteries of the tide,Sang of the misty sea, profound and wide,—Ever with echoes of the ocean rang.And, as the shell upon the mountain heightSings of the sea,So do I ever, leagues and leagues away,—So do I ever, wandering where I may—Sing, O my home! sing, O my home, of thee!—Eugene Field.
Upon a mountain height far from the seaI found a shell,And to my listening ear the lonely thingEver a song of ocean seemed to sing,Ever a tale of ocean seemed to tell.How came the shell upon that mountain height?Ah, who can say?Whether there dropped by some too careless handOr whether there cast when Ocean left the LandEre the Eternal had ordained the Day.Strange, was it not? Far from its native deepOne song it sang,—Sang of the awful mysteries of the tide,Sang of the misty sea, profound and wide,—Ever with echoes of the ocean rang.And, as the shell upon the mountain heightSings of the sea,So do I ever, leagues and leagues away,—So do I ever, wandering where I may—Sing, O my home! sing, O my home, of thee!—Eugene Field.
Upon a mountain height far from the seaI found a shell,And to my listening ear the lonely thingEver a song of ocean seemed to sing,Ever a tale of ocean seemed to tell.
How came the shell upon that mountain height?Ah, who can say?Whether there dropped by some too careless handOr whether there cast when Ocean left the LandEre the Eternal had ordained the Day.
Strange, was it not? Far from its native deepOne song it sang,—Sang of the awful mysteries of the tide,Sang of the misty sea, profound and wide,—Ever with echoes of the ocean rang.
And, as the shell upon the mountain heightSings of the sea,So do I ever, leagues and leagues away,—So do I ever, wandering where I may—Sing, O my home! sing, O my home, of thee!—Eugene Field.
[image not availableCardinal Newman.
Cardinal Newman.
Cardinal Newman.
Lead, kindly light, amid the encircling gloom,Lead thou me on!The night is dark, and I am far from home,—Lead thou me on!Keep thou my feet; I do not ask to seeThe distant scene,—one step enough for me.I was not ever thus, nor prayed that thouShouldst lead me on.I loved to choose and see my path, but nowLead thou me on!I loved the garish day, and, spite of fears,Pride ruled my will: remember not past years.So long thy power hath blessed me, sure it stillWill lead me on,O’er moor and fen, o’er crag and torrent, tillThe night is gone;And with the morn those angel faces smileWhich I have loved long since, and lost a while.—John Henry Newman.
Lead, kindly light, amid the encircling gloom,Lead thou me on!The night is dark, and I am far from home,—Lead thou me on!Keep thou my feet; I do not ask to seeThe distant scene,—one step enough for me.I was not ever thus, nor prayed that thouShouldst lead me on.I loved to choose and see my path, but nowLead thou me on!I loved the garish day, and, spite of fears,Pride ruled my will: remember not past years.So long thy power hath blessed me, sure it stillWill lead me on,O’er moor and fen, o’er crag and torrent, tillThe night is gone;And with the morn those angel faces smileWhich I have loved long since, and lost a while.—John Henry Newman.
Lead, kindly light, amid the encircling gloom,Lead thou me on!The night is dark, and I am far from home,—Lead thou me on!Keep thou my feet; I do not ask to seeThe distant scene,—one step enough for me.
I was not ever thus, nor prayed that thouShouldst lead me on.I loved to choose and see my path, but nowLead thou me on!I loved the garish day, and, spite of fears,Pride ruled my will: remember not past years.
So long thy power hath blessed me, sure it stillWill lead me on,O’er moor and fen, o’er crag and torrent, tillThe night is gone;And with the morn those angel faces smileWhich I have loved long since, and lost a while.—John Henry Newman.
Not many generations ago, where you now sit, encircled with all that exalts and embellishes civilized life, the rank thistle nodded in the wind, and the wild fox dug his hole unscared. Here lived and loved another race of beings. Beneath the same sun that rolls over your heads, the Indian hunter pursued the panting deer; gazing on the same moon that smiles for you, the Indian lover wooed his dusky mate.
Here the wigwam blaze beamed on the tender and helpless, the council fire glared on the wise and daring. Now they dipped their noble limbs in your sedgy lakes, and now they paddled the light canoe along your rocky shores. Here they warred; the echoing whoop, the bloody grapple, the defying death song, all were here; and, when the tiger strife was over, here curled the smoke of peace.
Here, too, they worshiped; and from many a dark bosom went up a pure prayer to the Great Spirit. He had not written his laws for them on tables of stone, but he had traced them on the tables of their hearts. The poor child of nature knew not the God of revelation, but the God of the universe he acknowledged in everything around.
He beheld him in the star that sank in beautybehind his lonely dwelling; in the sacred orb that flamed on him from his midday throne; in the flower that snapped in the morning breeze; in the lofty pine, that defied a thousand whirlwinds; in the timid warbler that never left its native grove; in the fearless eagle whose untired pinion was wet in clouds; in the worm that crawled at his foot; and in his own matchless form, glowing with a spark of that light, to whose mysterious Source he bent, in humble, though blind, adoration.
And all this has passed away. Across the ocean came a pilgrim bark, bearing the seeds of life and death. The former were sown for you; the latter sprang up in the path of the simple native. Two hundred years have changed the character of a great continent, and blotted, forever, from its face a whole peculiar people. Art has usurped the bowers of nature, and the anointed children of education have been too powerful for the tribes of the ignorant.
Here and there, a stricken few remain; but how unlike their bold, untamed, untamable progenitors! The Indian of falcon glance and lion bearing, the theme of the touching ballad, the hero of the pathetic tale, is gone! and his degraded offspring crawl upon the soil where he walked in majesty, to remind us how miserable is man, when the foot of the conqueror is on his neck.
As a race, they have withered from the land. Their arrows are broken, their springs are dried up, their cabins are in the dust. Their council fire has long since gone out on the shore, and their war cry is fast dying to the untrodden west. Slowly and sadly they climb the distant mountains. They are shrinking before the mighty tide which is pressing them away; they must soon hear the roar of the last wave, which will settle over them forever.
Ages hence, the inquisitive white man, as he stands by some growing city, will ponder on the structure of their disturbed remains, and wonder to what manner of person they belonged. They will live only in the songs and chronicles of their exterminators. Let these be faithful to their rude virtues as men, and pay due tribute to their unhappy fate as a people.
—Charles Sprague.
Whether there ever was a real King Arthur, or whether he lived only in the imagination of story-tellers and song writers, no one can tell. This much is true, however, that the history of his exploits and those of his Knights of the Round Table has existed in poetry and song for now almost a thousand years.
Long before there were any English books worth speaking of, the story of King Arthur was sung and recited by wandering bards to delighted listeners in the halls and castles of Old England. In the course of time it was written down in poetry and in prose; it was turned into French, and from the French back into English again; other stories were added to it, and it became the most popular romance ever composed. In 1470, a knight whose name was Sir Thomas Malory made a version of it in what was then good English prose, taking it, as he said, “out of a certain book of French.” This version has ever since been the one book to which all who would know the story of King Arthur have turned; it is the mine from which later writers have derived materials for their works. It is written in a style which, although old-fashioned and quaint, is wonderfully simple and beautiful.
One of the most touching passages in the story is that which tells how King Arthur, having fought his last battle, lay wounded upon the ground; and how, being deserted by all the knights except Sir Bedivere, he waited for the coming of fairy messengers to bear him away to the island valley of Avilion. Here is the passage, not in the exact words of Sir Thomas Malory, but repeated, somewhat after his manner, in words of modern usage.
“My hour is near at hand,” said the king to Sir Bedivere. “Therefore, take thou my good sword Excalibur, and go with it to yonder water side; and when thou comest there, I charge thee throw it in that water, and then come and tell me what thou hast seen.”
“My lord,” said Sir Bedivere, “your bidding shall be done, and I will come quickly and bring you word.”
So Sir Bedivere departed, and as he went he looked at that noble sword, and saw that the hilt and guard were covered with precious stones; and then he said to himself, “If I throw this rich sword into the water, no good shall ever come of it, but only harm and loss.”
Then Sir Bedivere hid Excalibur under a tree. And as soon as he might, he came again unto the king, and said he had been at the water side, and had thrown the sword into the water.
“What sawest thou there?” said the king.
“Sir, I saw nothing but waves and winds.”
“Thou speakest not the truth,” said the king. “Therefore, go quickly again and do my bidding; and as thou art dear to me, spare not, but throw the sword in.”
Then Sir Bedivere returned again, and took the sword in his hand. But when he looked at it hethought it a sin and a shame to throw away so noble a sword. And so, after he had hidden it again, he came back and told the king that he had been at the water and had done his bidding.
“What sawest thou there?” said the king.
[image not availableAnd there came an arm and a hand above the water.
And there came an arm and a hand above the water.
And there came an arm and a hand above the water.
“Sir,” he said, “I saw nothing but the waves lapping on the beach, and the water rising and falling among the reeds.”
“Ah, traitor untrue,” said King Arthur, “now thou hast betrayed me twice. Who would have thought that thou, who hast been so near and dear to me and art called a noble knight, would betrayme for the riches of the sword? But now go again quickly, for I am chilled with cold, and my life is in danger through thy long delay. And if thou dost not do my bidding, and I ever see thee again, I will slay thee with my own hands; for thou, for the sake of my rich sword, would see me dead.”
Then Sir Bedivere departed; and he quickly took the sword and went to the water side. Then he wrapped the belt about the hilt, and threw the sword as far into the water as he could. And there came an arm and a hand above the water, and caught the sword, and shook it thrice and brandished it. Then the hand, with the sword, vanished in the water. So Sir Bedivere came again to the king and told him what he had seen.
“Alas,” said the king, “help me from this place; for I fear that I have tarried too long.”
Then Sir Bedivere took the king upon his back, and carried him to the water side. And when they came to the water, a little barge was seen floating close by the bank; and in the barge were many fair ladies, and among them was a queen. All these wept and cried out when they saw King Arthur.
“Now put me into the barge,” said the king; and this Sir Bedivere did, with tenderness and care.
And three of the fair ladies received him with great mourning. Then that one who was the queensaid: “Ah, dear brother, why have you staid so long? Alas, I fear lest this wound on your head has been chilled over much with the cold!”
Then they rowed from the land, and Sir Bedivere watched them. And he cried: “Ah, my lord Arthur! What shall become of me, now you go away and leave me here alone among my enemies?”
“Comfort thyself,” said the king, “and do the best thou canst, for I can no longer give thee help. For I go now into the vale of Avilion, to heal me of my grievous wound. If thou never hear more of me, pray for my soul.”
But the ladies and the queen wept and cried in a way that was piteous to hear. And when Sir Bedivere lost sight of the barge, he wept bitterly; and, weeping, he went into the forest, where he wandered all that long night.
“Some men yet say,” continues Sir Thomas Malory, “that King Arthur is not dead, but taken by the will of our Lord into another place. And men say that he shall come again and shall win the holy cross. I will not say it shall be so, but rather I will say that in this world he changed his life. But many men say that there is written upon his tomb a verse in Latin, which when turned into English, is this: ‘Here lieth Arthur, that was and is to be King.’ ”
George Bancroft:An American historian. Born at Worcester, Massachusetts, 1800; died, 1891. Wrote “History of the United States from the Discovery of the Continent” (10 vols.).
Daniel Boone:The pioneer of Kentucky. Born in Pennsylvania, 1735; died in Missouri, 1820.
William Cullen Bryant:An eminent American poet. Born in Massachusetts, 1794; died, 1878. Wrote “Thanatopsis” and many other short poems. Was one of the editors of the “Evening Post” (New York) for more than fifty years.
John C. Calhoun:An eminent American statesman and orator. Born in South Carolina, 1782; died, 1850.
Richard Henry Dana, Jr.:An American lawyer and author. Born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1815; died, 1868.
Charles Dickens:An English novelist. Born at Landport, England, 1812; died, 1870. His best novel is generally conceded to be “David Copperfield.”
William Dimond:An English poet, remembered only for his “Mariner’s Dream.” Died, about 1837.
Eugene Field:An American author. Born in St. Louis, 1850; died in Chicago, 1895. Wrote “A Little Book of Western Verse,” “A Little Book of Profitable Tales,” etc.
Robert Fulton:An American inventor. Born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1765; died, 1815.
Charles E. A. Gayarré:An American historian. Born in Louisiana, 1805; died, 1895. Wrote a “History of Louisiana,” and several other works.
Sir Archibald Geikie:A Scottish geologist. Born in Edinburgh, 1835. Has written “The Story of a Boulder,” “AClass Book of Physical Geography,” and many other popular and scientific works on geological subjects.
Thomas Grimke:An American lawyer and philanthropist. Born in South Carolina, 1786; died, 1834.
Nathaniel Hawthorne:A distinguished American author. Born at Salem, Massachusetts, 1804; died, 1864. Wrote “The Scarlet Letter,” “The Marble Faun,” “The House of the Seven Gables,” “The Wonder Book,” “Tanglewood Tales,” etc. His style has been said to possess “almost every excellence—elegance, simplicity, grace, clearness, and force.”
Homer:The reputed author of the two great poems, the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey.” Supposed to have been born at Smyrna, or Chios, about one thousand years before Christ. The “Iliad” has been called “the beginning of all literature.”
Washington Irving:An American author and humorist. Born in New York, 1783; died, 1859. Wrote “The Sketch Book,” “History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker,” “Tales of a Traveler,” “The Alhambra,” “Columbus and his Companions,” “Mahomet and his Successors,” and many other works.
Charles Kingsley:An English clergyman and writer. Born in Devonshire, 1819; died, 1875. Wrote “Hypatia,” “Westward Ho!” “The Heroes,” “The Water Babies,” “Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet,” “Madame How and Lady Why,” several poems, and a volume of sermons.
Sir Edwin Landseer:The most famous of modern painters of animals. Born in London, 1802; died, 1873. His pictures of dogs and horses have seldom, if ever, been surpassed.
Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton:A British novelist and poet. Born in Norfolk, England, 1803; died, 1873. Wrote “The Last Days of Pompeii,” “The Caxtons,” “My Novel,” and many other novels; also, several volumes of poems, and two dramas, “The Lady of Lyons” and “Richelieu.”
Sir Thomas Malory:A Welsh or English Knight, rememberedfor his noble prose epic, “Morte d’Arthur,” which he translated from the French. Born, about 1430.
John Henry Newman:An eminent English theologian. Born in London, 1801; died, 1890. Wrote many religious and controversial works, and a few beautiful hymns. In 1879 he was made cardinal-deacon in the Roman Catholic Church.
John Ruskin:A distinguished English author and art critic. Born in London, 1819; died, 1900. Wrote “The Stones of Venice,” “Sesame and Lilies,” “Ethics of the Dust,” “The Queen of the Air,” “Modern Painters,” and many other works, chiefly on subjects connected with art.
Sir Walter Scott:A celebrated novelist and poet. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1771; died, 1832. Wrote the “Waverley Novels,” “The Lay of the Last Minstrel,” “The Lady of the Lake,” “Tales of a Grandfather,” and many other works.
Charles Sprague:An American poet. Born in Boston, 1791; died 1875. Wrote several short poems, most of which are now forgotten.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson:Poet laureate of England. Born in Lincolnshire, 1809; died, 1892. Wrote “Idylls of the King,” “In Memoriam,” “The Princess,” and many shorter poems; also the dramas “Queen Mary,” “Harold,” and “Becket.”
Daniel Webster:American statesman and orator. Born in New Hampshire, 1782; died, 1852. His most famous orations are those on Bunker Hill, Adams and Jefferson, and his “Reply to Hayne.”
John Greenleaf Whittier:A distinguished American poet. Born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, 1807; died, 1892. Wrote many volumes of poetry, including “In War Time,” “Snow-Bound,” “Mabel Martin,” “The King’s Missive,” and others.
Samuel Woodworth:An American journalist and poet. Born in Massachusetts, 1785; died, 1842. He is remembered chiefly for his little poem “The Old Oaken Bucket.”
THE MOST DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE PRECEDING LESSONS PRONOUNCED AND DEFINED.
KEY TO THE MARKS OF PRONUNCIATION.
ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, long;ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆, short;câre,ärm,ȧsk,ạll;fĕrn;fôrm,sȯn;rṳde,fṳll,ûrn;fōōd, bŏŏk;çinder;ġentle;chasm;thin;them;iṉk.
a băn´don. To give up; relinquish.ăb´bot. The ruler of an abbey.a brĭdged´. Shortened.a by̆ss´. A bottomless gulf.ac çĕl´erated. Quickened; hastened.ăc´ çi dent. A sudden and unexpected event.a chiēved´. Done; accomplished.acknowl´edged (ăk nŏl´ĕjd). Assented to; owned as a fact.ăd mi rā´tion. Wonder and delight.ăf fĕct´ed. Moved; influenced.ăġ i tā´tion. Emotion; excitement.a lōōf´. Away from.a māze´ment. Wonder; astonishment.ăm´ber. Yellowish.ăm´bling. Going at an easy gait.ăm mu nĭ´tion. Articles used in charging firearms.ăm´ple. Sufficient. “Ample prospects” = wide or extended views.a nŏn´. “Ever and anon” = frequently; often.ăn´ti quāt ed. Old-fashioned.an tique´ (ăn tēēk´). Old; ancient.ăn´tlered. Having horns like a deer.ăp pạll´ing. Terrible; fearful.ăp pâr´ent ly. Clearly; seemingly.ăp pa rĭ´tion. A wonderful appearance; a ghost.ăp pli cā´tion (of the rod). The act of laying on.ăp point´ed. Set apart; named; established.ăp prĕn´tĭçe ship. Service under legal agreement for the purpose of learning a trade or art.ăs çer tāined´. Learned; found out.ăsp´ens. Poplar trees of a certain kind, the leaves of which are moved by the slightest breeze.ăs sạult´ed. Attacked; set upon with violence.ȧ stẽrn´. At the stern or hinder part.at most = at the greatest estimate.ăt´om. The smallest particle of matter.ạu´di ble. That can be heard.ạu´dience. An assembly of hearers.ȧ vĕnġe´. To inflict punishment upon evil doers for an injury to one’s self or friends.bạl´dric. A broad belt worn over one shoulder and under the opposite arm.bär. The legal profession. “Admitted to the bar” = authorized to practice law in the courts.bā´sĭs. Foundation; groundwork.bȧsk´ing. Lying in a warm place.bāy. “Leaves of bay” = leaves of the laurel tree.be dīght´. Dressed.bĕl lĭġ´er ent. Warlike.be stōwed´. Placed; used; imparted.be wĭl´dered. Greatly perplexed.be wĭtched´. Charmed; entranced.bĭck´er. To move quickly.bĭlġe wạter. Water in the hold of a ship.bĩrch (of jŭs tice). A tough, slender twig, used in school for punishment.biv´ouac (bĭv´wăk). An encampment for the night without tents or covering.blā´zoned. Displayed in bright colors; published far and wide.blŭb´ber. The fat of whales and other large sea animals, from which oil is obtained.blŭsh´ing gŏb´let. A goblet or glass full of red wine.boat´swain (bō´s’n). An officer who has charge of the boats of a ship.bŏnds´man. A slave.bow´er. A lady’s private apartment; a shady recess.brāke. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs.brăm´bly. Full of briers.brăn´dished. Shook or flourished.broạd´sīde. A discharge at the same time of all the guns on one side of a ship.bŭc cȧ nēērs´. Robbers upon the sea.bṳl´lion. Gold or silver in the mass.bûrgh´er. Townsman; villager.bûr´nished. Polished.bûrnt ŏf´fer ing. Something offered and burnt on an altar as an atonement for sin.bŭx´om. Stout and rosy.cāne´brākes. Thickets of canes.ca prĭ´çious. Changeable; freakish.cär nĭv´or ous. Flesh-eating.cāse´ment. A window sash opening on hinges.căt´a răct. A waterfall.çĕl´lu lar. Containing cells.chasms (kăzmz). Deep openings in the earth.chŏp´fạll en. Dejected; downcast.chrŏn´i cles. Historical account of facts arranged in regular order.chûrls. Countrymen; laborers.çĩr cŭm´fer ençe. The distance around.çĭr´cum stan çes. Facts; events.clēave. Separate; divide.clōse hạuled. Moving as nearly as possible toward the wind.clūe. A thread; means of guidance.coin´aġe. The act of making pieces of money from metal.cŏm bŭs´ti ble. That can be burned.cŏm mŏd´i ties. Things bought and sold.cŏm´mon wĕalth. A state; the public.cŏm mūned´. Talked together.cŏm mū ni cā´tion. Intercourse; news.cŏm pen sā´tion. Payment; reward.cŏm´pli cat ed. Complex; combined in an intricate manner.cŏm pound´ed. Put together; mixed.cŏn çēd´ed. Gave up; yielded.cŏn çĕp´tions. Ideas; notions.cŏn fẽrred´. Gave; bestowed.cŏn frȯnts´. Meets face to face.con spĭc´u ous. Plain; distinct.con stĭt´u ents. Component parts.cŏn´tra band. Prohibited; forbidden.cōōt. A bird resembling a duck.cŏp´y ist. One who copies.cor rŭpt´. To change from good to bad; depraved.coun´te nançe. Face; appearance.crā´ni um. The skull.crā´ter. The opening or mouth of a volcano.cre dū´li ty. Readiness of belief.crŏpped. Grazed. “Hair cropped close” = hair cut short.crouched. Stooped low, as an animal when waiting for prey.cûr´dled. Coagulated; thickened. “Curdling awe” = awe that thickens the blood in the veins.cŭs tō´di an. A keeper; guardian.de clĕn´sion. A falling. “Declension of spirits” = loss of cheerfulness.dĕm´on strāte. To explain; point out.de nounçe´. To accuse; threaten.de prĕss´ing. Pressing down; humbling.de scrīed´. Saw; beheld.de serts´ (de zẽrts´). “According to his deserts” = as he deserves.de spīte´ful ly. Maliciously.des pŏt´ic (power). The power of a master; tyranny.de vŏlved´. Passed from one person to another.dī´a grăms. Drawings; plans.dĭc tāt´ed. Said; declared.dĭf fūsed´. Spread; circulated.dĭg´ni ty. Loftiness and grace.dĭl´i ġent. Busy; earnest.di mĕn´sions. Extent; measure.dis côrd´ant. Unmusical; jarring.dis coun´te nançed. Discouraged; abashed.dis guīsed´. Hidden.dĭsk. The face of a heavenly body.dis sĕv´ered. Separated.dŏg´ged. Sullen; obstinate.doŭb lōōn´. A Spanish coin worth about $15.00.drăm´a tīzed. Represented in a play.drŭdg´er y. Hard, mean labor.dūe. “A stranger’s due” = that which custom requires to be given to a stranger.dŭsk. “Breezes dusk and shiver” = darken and cause to quiver.ĕc´sta sy. Extreme delight.eight-bells. On shipboard, the striking of a bell eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o’clock.ēked. Increased.ĕl´e ment. One of several parts of something.em bĕl´lish ing. Illustrating; beautifying.ĕm´blem. Sign.ĕm´i nençe. High place or station.e mĭt´ting. Sending out.en çĩr´cled. Surrounded.en coun´tered. Met face to face.ĕn´sīgn. A banner; one who carries a banner.ĕn´ter prī sing. Resolute; active.en thrōned´. Put on a throne.en trēat´. To beg off.e rŭp´tion. A breaking out.ē´ther. The air; a light, volatile liquid.ĕv er-vā´ry ing. Ever-changing.ĕv´i dence. Proof.ex alt´ed (ĕgz ạlt´ed). Raised on high.ex çēēd´ing. More than usual.ex çĕss´ive. Overmuch.ex clū´sive. Shutting out all others.ex e cūt´ed. Performed.ex haust´ing (ĕgz ạst´ing). Using up: tiring out.ex pĕr´i ments. Trials; tests.ex pōrt´ed. Carried out.ex pŏs tu lā´tions. Remonstrances.ex prĕss´ly. Particularly.ex´quis ite (ĕx´kwĭ zĭt). Very excellent; nice.ex´tant. Still existing.ex ult’ed (ĕgz ŭlt´ed). Rejoiced.făl´low. Land left unplowed.fan tăs´tic. Fanciful; unreal.făth´om. Six feet.fa tig´u ing (fa tēg´ing). Tiring; wearying.fe rŏç´i ty. Fierceness.fer´ule (fĕr´rĭl). A short stick or ruler.feuds. Quarrels; disputes.flĭm´sy. Weak; limp.fo rāy´. An attack; a raid.fore´cas tle (fōr´kăs’l). The forward part of a ship.fōre´land. A cape; headland.for sweâr´. To declare or deny on oath.fō´rum. A court; tribunal.foul. Shameful; disgraceful.frăg´men tā ry. In pieces.fra tẽr´nal. Brotherly.frŏn´tiēr. Border land.fûr´bish ing. Scouring: cleaning.gâr´ish. Showy.gär´nished. Decorated.gaunt (gänt). Thin; lean.ġĕm´my. Full of gems.gĩrth. Band fastening a saddle on a horse’s back.gla´cier (glā´shẽr). Field of ice.glū´ey. Full of glue; sticky.gnarled (närld). Knotty; twisted.gŏb´lin. A mischievous spirit; phantom.gŏŏd´man. A tenant.gŏs´sip. To tattle; talk.grăn´deur. Vastness; nobility.grăph´ic. Vivid; impressive.grāy´ling. A kind of fish.grēaves. Armor for the leg below the knee.griēv´ous. Causing sorrow.guärd. Protection. “Mounting guard” = keeping watch.gŭt´tur al. A sound made in the throat.hăp´less. Unfortunate.hăp´ly. Fortunately.här pōōn´. A barbed spear, used in catching whales and other sea animals.häunts. Places of resort.hēav´ing. Hoisting; straining.hĕr´ald ed. Proclaimed; made known.hĕr´e sy. Opinion contrary to established belief.hẽrn. A wading bird.hĭg´gle dy-pĭggle dy. Topsy-turvy.hōōves. Feet of horses or cattle.hôrse´man ship. The riding of horses.hōve. Hoisted; came to a stop.hu māne´. Kind; gentle.hŭs´band man. Farmer.hus´tled (hŭs´l’d). Pushed; crowded.il lū´mi nā tors. Illustrators; embellishers.il lŭs´tri ous. Noble; grand.im bĕd´ded. Covered over.im pẽarled´. Made look as though ornamented with pearls.im pĕn´e tra ble. Not to be entered.im per fĕc´tions. Shortcomings; failings.ĭm´po tence. Weakness; infirmity; having no power.im prẽs´sion. Mark made by pressure.ĭn´çi dents. Happenings.in cli nā´tion. Desire.in clīned´. Leaned toward; placed against.in con vēn´ience. Disadvantage; awkwardness.in crĕd´i ble. Not to be believed.in cre dū´li ty. Showing disbelief.in crĕd´u lous. Unbelieving.in den tā´tion. Notch; dent.in di cā´tions. Signs; symptoms.in dĭf´fer ençe. Carelessness; heedlessness.in ex prĕss´i ble. Not to be described.ĭn´no cençe. Harmlessness.in no vā´tions. Things not customary.in nū´mer a ble. Without number.in quī´ry. Research; an inquiring.in sĕp´a ra ble. Not to be divided.ĭn´so lent ly. Rudely.in sti tū´tion. Something established.in sure´ (-shṳre). To make sure.in tel lĕc´tu al. Belonging to the mind; mental.in tĕl´li gençe. News.intĕns´est. Strictest; extreme in degree.in ter çĕpt´ed. Cut off; stopped on the way.in ter fēred´. Meddled; interposed.in ter mĭn´gling. Mixing together.in un dā´tion. A flood.in vĕn´tion. Discovery; finding out.in ves ti gā´tion. A looking into.ir rĕs´o lute ly. In an undecided manner.ī tĭn´er ant. Wandering; not settled.kēēl. The bottom part of a boat.knĕll. A funeral bell.knīght-ĕr´rant. A knight who traveled in search of adventures.knōll. A little round hill.lâird. A Scottish landholder.lär´board. Left-hand side of a ship.’lăr´ums. Abbreviation of alarums = alarms.lăt´er al. Sideways.läunch´ing. Setting afloat.lạu´rel. An evergreen shrub; a symbol of honor.lä´vȧ. Melted rock from a volcano.lēague. About three miles; a treaty of friendship.lēē´ward. The part toward which the wind blows.lĕġ is lā´tion. Lawmaking.lĕp´rous. Affected with a disease called leprosy.lĭt´er al ly. Word for word.lŏck´er. A chest on shipboard.lū´mi nous. Shining; bright.lŭs´ti ly. Vigorously; with strength.lŭst´y. Stout; robust.lŭx ū´ri ous. Dainty; expensive; pleasing to the appetite.lȳre (līr). A stringed musical instrument.ma gi´cian (-jĭsh´un). One skilled in magic.māin. The sea; the mainland; principal.ma jĕs´tic. Stately; grand.mal for mā´tion. Irregular formation.măl´low. A kind of plant.măn´i fest. Plain; clear.măn´ū script. Something written by hand.mĕd´i tā tive. Thoughtful.mĕt´tle. Spirit; temper.mi li´tia (mĭ lĭsh´ȧ). A body of citizen soldiers.mĭnt. A place where money is coined.mĭs chȧnçe´. Ill luck.mĭs´sĭle. Something thrown.mis trēat´ing. Abusing.mol es tā´tion. Troubling; annoyance.mōōd. Temper; humor; manner.môr ti fi cā´tion. Vexation; shame.mō´tive. Moving; causing to move; reason.mûrk´iness. Obscurity; darkness.mỹr´tle. A shrubby plant.my̆s tē´rious. Strange; unknown; unaccountable.năr´ra tive. Story; tale.nạu´tic al. Belonging to the sea.nĕc´tar. A delicious drink.nĕth´er. Lower.no bĭ´li ty. The being noble;those of high rank.noŭr´ish er. One who supports or feeds.nŏv´el. A fictitious narrative.ob li gā´tions. Debts owing for a favor or kindness.ob ser vā´tion. View; notice; comment.ŏb´vi āt ed. Avoided.of fi´cious (ŏf fĭsh´us). Meddlesome.ŏm´i nous. Foreboding evil.ŏp por tū´ni ty. Chance; fit time.ŏp´u lent. Rich.ordāined´. Set apart; appointed.păd´. An easy-paced horse.pāġe. A boy employed to attend a person of high rank.pȧ rāde´. Display; show.pärch´ment. Skin of a sheep prepared for writing on.pās´try cŏŏks. Cooks who make pies, tarts, etc.pa thĕt´ic. Full of tender pity.pa trōl´ling. Traversing; guarding.pe cūl´iar. Uncommon; particular.pĕd´a gŏgue. A schoolmaster.pĕn´sive. Thoughtful.pē´o ny. A big red flower.pẽr çĕp´ti ble. That can be seen.pẽr pĕt´u al. All the time.pẽr se cūt´ed. Punished on account of one´s belief; harassed.pẽr´son a ble. Well-formed; presentable.pẽr´ti nent. Well adapted to the purpose in view.per vẽrse´. Contrary.pē´wee. A small bird.pew´ter (pū´tẽr). An alloy of tin and lead.phe nŏm´e non. A remarkable thing or appearance.pic tur ĕsque´ly. Vividly; in a pleasing manner.pĭl´lion. Cushion behind a saddle.pī´lot. One who steers a vessel; a guide.pīned. Drooped; languished.pĭn´ions. Wings.pĭn´nacles. Lofty points or peaks.pī o nēēr´. One who goes before and prepares the way for others.pĭt´e ous. Exciting pity.pĭt´i able. Deserving pity.plăsh´y. Watery; splashy.poi´son ous. Full of poison.pol i ti´cian (-tĭsh´an). Statesman; office seeker.pol lūt´ed. Made impure.pom´mel (pŭm´mel). Knob of a saddle or of a sword.pŏn´der ous. Weighty.pōr´ti coes. Covered spaces before buildings.pŏs si bĭl´i ties. Things possible.pōs´tern. Back entrance.pō´tent. Powerful.prĕçious ness. Great value.prĕ´ma ture ly. Before the right time.prī´mal. First; original.prŏd´i gal dyes. Brilliant colors.prŏj´ects. Plans.pro mōt´ed. Assisted; raised.pro pĕll´ing. Driving.proph´e cy (prŏf´e sy̆). A foretelling.pro prī´e ta ry. Pertaining to an owner.prow. Fore part of a vessel.pŭb´li cans. Collectors of taxes; keepers of inns.pum´ice (pŭm´ĭs). A light volcanic stone.pûr´pos es. Aims; intentions.quăg´mīre. A marsh; soft, wet land.quạr´ter-dĕck. That part of the upper-deck behind the main-mast.quạr´tern. A quarter of a pint; a fourth part.queued (kūd). Hair put up into a pigtail.quĭv´er. Case for carrying arrows.răck´et ing. Frolicking; playing.răl´lied. Ridiculed pleasantly.rămp´ant. Leaping; frolicking.rānġed. Roved over; wandered.re çĕp´ta cle. Place to receive things.rĕc ol lĕc´tion. Remembrance.rĕc on noi´ter. To look around.re flĕc´tion. Consideration; meditation; musing; the return of rays, sound, etc., from a surface.re lŭc´tance. Unwillingness.rĕm´nants. Pieces remaining.re nowned´. Celebrated; famous.re quīt´ed. Returned evil for evil.re sôrt´. To go; a place to which one is in the habit of going.res´pite (rĕs´pĭt). A putting off; reprieve.rĕv´er ençe. To treat with respect and fear.rĭv´en. Split apart.ro măn´tic. Unreal; picturesque.roȳs´ter ing. Blustering.săc´ris tan. Sexton; church officer.săl´ly. A rushing out; to go out.sā´mite. A kind of silk stuff interwoven with gold.sap´phire (săf´īr). A blue precious stone.sea´soned. Dried and hardened.sē clūd´ed. Shut up apart from others.sē crēt´ed. Concealed.sĕn´ti ment. Thought; opinion.shăl´lop. A boat.shăm´bled. Shuffled along.shēathed. Put into a case.shĭṉ´gly bars. Gravelly shallows.shrouds of a ship. The set of ropes that stay the masts.si ĕs´ta. A midday nap.sĭm´mer. To boil gently.sim plĭç´i ty. Plainness; truthfulness.sin´ew y. Vigorous; firm.sit u ā´tion. Location; place.sĭx´pençe. A silver coin worth about 12 cents.skĕtch´es. Short essays or stories.skĭm´ming. Flying with a gentle motion.slăp´jăcks. Griddle cakes.slŭg´gish. Slow; lazy.smĭth´y. A blacksmith’s shop.snīpe. A small bird having a long, straight beak. “Snipe nose” = a nose like a snipe’s beak.sō çia bĭl´i ty. Readiness to converse.sō joŭrned´. Remained awhile.sōle´ly. Alone; only.spē´cies (-shëz). Kind; variety.spĕc´ter. Ghost; phantom.spĕc u lā´tion. Notion; theory.stātes´men. Men eminent for their political abilities.steer´age. Part of a vessel below decks.stĕm and stẽrn. The fore part and the hind part of a vessel.stŏck āde´. A strong inclosure; or wall.stŭb´ble fields. Fields from which grain has recently been cut.stŭl´ti fy. To make a fool of.stū pĕn´dous. Wonderful; amazing.suf fūsed´. Overspread.sŭmp´tu ous. Costly; luxurious.sŭn´dry. Several; various.su per năt´u ral. Miraculous.sup po sĭ´tion. Something supposed.sur vey´ing (-vāĭng). Viewing; mapping out.swāins. Young rustics.swạrd. Turf; grassy surface of the land.swạrth´y. Dusky; tawny.sy̆mp´tom. Sign; token.tăṉk´ards. Large drinking vessels.tăn´ta līz ing. Teasing.thătch. Straw covering the roof of a building.thēmes. Topics on which one writes or speaks.thôrps. Small villages.thrŏt´tling. Choking; strangling.thyme (tīm). A garden plant.tĭlt. A tournament.tĭr´rȧ lĭr´rȧ. An imitation of a musical sound.tŏl er ā´tion. Freedom.tŏp´sail hăl´yards. Ropes for hoisting the topsail on a mast.tŏp´sy-tûr´vy. Upside down.tour´na ment (tōōr´nȧ mĕnt). A mock fight between horsemen.tōw clŏth. Cloth made of coarse flax.trāiled. Drawn; dragged.trȧnçe. An unconscious condition or state of being.trăn scrīb´ing. Copying.trăns pōrt´. To carry; to carry away with joy.trăns´port. Conveyance; rapture.trĕach´er ous. Not to be trusted.tre mĕn´dous. Dreadful; awful.trĕm´u lous. Trembling.trim the yards. Arrange the vessel for sailing.trōōp´er. Horseman; cavalryman.tu mŭl´tu ous. Disorderly.u biq´ui tous (ū bĭk´wĭ tŭs). In many places at the same time.ŭm´braġe. Resentment.ū na nĭm´i ty. Agreement.un bī´ased. Not prejudiced.un couth´ (ŭn kōōth´). Awkward.ŭn in tĕl´li ġi ble. Can not be understood.ū ni vẽr´sal. General.u´ni vẽrse. All created things.ŭn sûr păssed´. Having no superior.u surp´ (u zûrp´). To seize by force; without right.ŭt´ter most. Greatest; farthest limit.ū´til īzed. Made useful.vā´grants. Wanderers; beggars.vāl´iant. Brave.văp´id. Having lost life and spirit.vĕn´i son. Flesh of the deer.vĕr´sion. A translation; a description from a particular point of view.vĭ çĭn´i ty. Neighborhood.vi´cious ness (vĭsh´ŭs nĕss). Wickedness.vict´uals (vĭt´’lz). Food; provisions.vĭg´or ous. Strong; healthy.vine´yards (vĭn´yẽrdz). Places where grapevines grow.vĩr´tues. Good qualities.vĭ´sion a ry. Imaginary.vŏl cā´noes. Burning mountains.wạrd´er. A guard.wāy´ward ness. Willfulness.whey (whā). The watery part of milk, separated from the curd in cheese making.whole´some (hōl´sŭm). Healthful.wĭck´er. A twig or withe, used in making baskets.wĭl´der ness. A wild tract of country; desert.wĭnd´lass. Machine for raising weights by turning a crank.wĭtch´crăft. The art of witches. “Witching time of night” = time favorable for witchery.wīthes. Long, flexible twigs.wĭz´ard. Magician; enchanter.wōe´ful. Wretched; sad.wōld. A wood; a plain.wŏŏd´bīne. A climbing plant.wŏŏd´crăft. Skill in anything connected with the woods.wres´tling (rĕs´lĭng). Struggling.yärds (of a ship). The long, slender pieces which support the sails.yẽarned. Desired very much.yeō´man. A freeholder; a farmer.yōre. Long ago.
Æneas (ē nē´as).Æson (ē´son).Æsculapius (ĕs kū lā´pĭ ŭs).André (ăn´dra).Arnpryor (ärn´prī or).Aubrey de Montdidier (ō bra dŭ mōṉt dē dĭā´).Avernus (a vẽr´nus).Avilion (avĭl´yon).Ballengiech (bạl´en gēk).Bedivere (bĕd´ĭ vēr).Bondy (bŏn´dē).Braehead (brā´hĕd).Buchanan (bŭk ăn´an).Burgundian (bẽr gŭn´dyan).Burgundy (bẽr´gŭn dĭ).Cæneus (sē´nūs).Camelot (kăm´e lŏt).Cherokees (chĕr o kēz´).Chiron (kī´ron).Coster (kŏs´ter).Cramond (krā´mond).Cyclops (sī´klŏps).Dana (dā´nȧ).Dimond (dī´mond).Dragon (drăg´on).Edinburgh (ĕd´ĭn bŭr ro).Elaine (ē lān´).Excalibur (eks kăl´ĭ bŭr).Finley (fĭn´la).Floyd (floid).Fust (fōōst).Genoa (jĕn´o ȧ).Glaucus (glạ´kŭs).Grimke (grĭm´ke).Gutenberg (gōō´ten bẽrg).Haarlem (här´lem).Hercules (hẽr´kū lēz).Herculaneum (hẽr´kū lā´nē ŭm).Holyrood (hŏl´ī rōōd).Howieson (hou´ĭ sȯn).Ichabod (ĭk´ȧ bŏd).Iliad (ĭl´ĭ ad).Iolcus (ĭ ŏl´kŭs).Ione (ī´o ne).Ithaca (ĭth´ȧ kȧ).Jaonssen (jaŏn´sen).Jason (jā´son).Jerusalem (je rōō´sa lem).Jupiter (jōō´pĭ tẽr).Katrina (kăt rē´nȧ).Kentucky (kĕn tŭk´y̆).Kippen (kĭp´pĕn).Lancelot (lăn´se lŏt).Lytton (lĭt´on).Macaire (ma câr´).Malory (măl´ō rĭ).Mayence (mä yŏṉs´).Missouri (mĭs ōō´rī).Monte Somma (mŏn´te sŏm´mȧ).Montargis (mōṉ tär zhē´).Naples (nā´p’lz).Narsac (när săk´).Nassau (năs´sạ).Neptune (nĕp´tūn).Nydia (nĭd´ĭȧ).Odysseus (ō dĭs´ūs).Odyssey (ŏd´ĭs sy̆).Paris (păr ĭs).Pelias (pe lī´as).Pelion (pē´lĭ ŏn).Phlegethon (flĕg´e thŏn).Pliny (plĭn´y).Polyphemus (pŏl y fē´mŭs).Pompeii (pŏm pā´yē).Portugal (pōr´tu gal).Provence (pro vŏṉs´).Roman (rō´măn).Russia (rŭsh´ȧ).Saint Bavon (sānt ba vōṉ´).Shalott (sha lŏt´).Sieur de Narsac (syẽr dŭ när săk´).Solon (sō´lŏn).Spitzbergen (spĭts bẽrg´en).Stabiæ (stăb´ ĭ ē).Strasburg (străz´bẽrg).Syria (sĭr´ĭ ȧ).Thames (tĕmz).Thessaly (thĕs´a lĭ).Ulysses (u lĭs´sẽz).Van Tassel (văn tăs´’l).Venetian (ve nē´shan).Venice (vĕn´ĭs).Vesuvius (ve sū´vĭ ŭs).Wallace (wŏl´as).Westminster (wĕst´mĭn ster).Yadkin (yăd´kĭn).