CHARTER'SGas Engine.

On receipt of 25 cents we will send by mail, postage paid, a Hack Saw Frame and one Star Blade for cutting iron. This blade will cut off a half inch bar of iron more than one hundred times without sharpening, and at the rate of two cuts per minute.For 15 cents we will send a Keyhole Saw Handle and one Star Blade for cutting wood. These blades are all 9 inches long, and one dozen of either kind will be sent at any time for 70 cents. We warrant these patent saws to be very much better than any other kind in market. They will come into more general use than files when once introduced. Hardware dealers every where will furnish them on request.Millers Falls Co.74 Chambers St., New York

For 15 cents we will send a Keyhole Saw Handle and one Star Blade for cutting wood. These blades are all 9 inches long, and one dozen of either kind will be sent at any time for 70 cents. We warrant these patent saws to be very much better than any other kind in market. They will come into more general use than files when once introduced. Hardware dealers every where will furnish them on request.

Millers Falls Co.

74 Chambers St., New York

CHARTER'SGas Engine.Warranted equal to any in Power and Economy, and superior to all in Simplicity, and Compactness. Gives an Impulse at every Revolution.Chicago Agent:H. H. Latham,115 Monroe Street.NEW YORK AGENT.Zell Engineering Co., 112 Liberty Street.Williams & Orton Mfg. Co.P. O. Box 148. STERLING, ILL.

Warranted equal to any in Power and Economy, and superior to all in Simplicity, and Compactness. Gives an Impulse at every Revolution.

$10.00 to $50.00per night. A light and profitable business.Magic Lanterns and Viewsof popular subjects. Catalogues on application. Part 1 Optical, 2 Mathematical, 3 Meteorological, 4 Magic Lanterns, etc.L. MANASSE, 88 Madison, Street, Chicago, Ill.

ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR. Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout the year at a temperature of from 34° to 36°. Contained inScientific American SupplementNo.116.Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.

Mineral Lands Prospected.Artesian Wells Bored. Superior Stationary Engines, specially adapted to Electric Light purposes. Built by Pa.Diamond DrillCo., Birdsboro, Pa.

Artesian Wells Bored. Superior Stationary Engines, specially adapted to Electric Light purposes. Built by Pa.Diamond DrillCo., Birdsboro, Pa.

WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON. Manufacturers of Patent Wood Working Machinery of every description. Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied by R. Ball & Co., Worcester, Mass. Send for Catalogue.

SEAMLESSBRASS &COPPER TUBES.SHEET BRASS, BRASSWIREFINE TOOLS, TAPSDRILL & VISECHUCKSCHARLES H.BESLY & CO.175-177 LAKE ST.CHICAGO.SEND FOR CATALOGUEMention this paper.

FINE TOOLS, TAPSDRILL & VISECHUCKS

CHARLES H.BESLY & CO.175-177 LAKE ST.CHICAGO.

SEND FOR CATALOGUEMention this paper.

REMINGTONStandard Typewriter.The Remington Typewriter has stood every test,and we are adding every improvement, however costly, that can increase its efficiency. Buy it with the privilege of returning unbroken within 30 days C. O. D., if not absolutely satisfactory in every respect.Full Particulars Upon Application.Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict,339 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

The Remington Typewriter has stood every test,and we are adding every improvement, however costly, that can increase its efficiency. Buy it with the privilege of returning unbroken within 30 days C. O. D., if not absolutely satisfactory in every respect.

Full Particulars Upon Application.

PATENTS.MESSRS. MUNN & CO., in connection with the publication of theScientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.In this line of business they have hadforty-one years' experience, and now haveunequaled facilitiesfor the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on very reasonable terms.A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full information about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.We also send,free of charge, a Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world.MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents,361 Broadway, New York.BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pacific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C.

MESSRS. MUNN & CO., in connection with the publication of theScientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.

In this line of business they have hadforty-one years' experience, and now haveunequaled facilitiesfor the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on very reasonable terms.

A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full information about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.

We also send,free of charge, a Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world.

MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents,361 Broadway, New York.

BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pacific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C.

"THE STANDARD."H.W.JOHNS' ASBESTOSBOILER COVERINGSASBESTOS CEMENT FELTING.AIR-CHAMBER COVERING.LOCOMOTIVE LAGGING.ASBESTOS LINING FELT.Samples and Illustrated Pamphlet Steam Saving and Fire-Proof Materials Free by Mail.H. W. JOHNS MANUFACTURING CO.,SOLE MANUFACTURERS OFH. W. Johns' Fire and Water-Proof Asbestos Roofing, Sheathing, Building Felt, Asbestos Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, Roof Paints, Fire-Proof Paints, etc.VULCABESTON.Moulded Piston-Rod Packing, Rings, Gaskets, Sheet Packing, etc.Established 1858.87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK.CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. LONDON.

ASBESTOS CEMENT FELTING.AIR-CHAMBER COVERING.LOCOMOTIVE LAGGING.ASBESTOS LINING FELT.

Samples and Illustrated Pamphlet Steam Saving and Fire-Proof Materials Free by Mail.H. W. JOHNS MANUFACTURING CO.,SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF

H. W. Johns' Fire and Water-Proof Asbestos Roofing, Sheathing, Building Felt, Asbestos Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, Roof Paints, Fire-Proof Paints, etc.VULCABESTON.Moulded Piston-Rod Packing, Rings, Gaskets, Sheet Packing, etc.

Established 1858.87 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK.CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. LONDON.

SAWSWanted 50,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen to send us their full address for a copy of Emerson'sBook ofSAWS.We are first to introduce Natural Gas for heating and tempering Saws with wonderful effect upon improving their quality and toughness, enabling us to reduce prices. Address EMERSON, SMITH & CO. (Ltd.), Beaver Falls, Pa.

The most successful Lubricator for Loose Pulleys in use.VAN DUZEN'S PATENT LOOSE PULLEY OILER.Highly recommended by those who have used them for the past two years. Prices very reasonable. Every user of machinery should have our "Catalogue No. 55;" sent free.VAN DUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati. O.

PLAY THE PIANO AND ORGANBy using Soper's Instantaneous Guide. Any person can play a tune on either instrument at once without the aid of a teacher. No previous knowledge of music whatever required. Send for book of testimonials free. AddressG. K. HEARNE & CO.,P. O. Box 1487, New York.

By using Soper's Instantaneous Guide. Any person can play a tune on either instrument at once without the aid of a teacher. No previous knowledge of music whatever required. Send for book of testimonials free. AddressG. K. HEARNE & CO.,P. O. Box 1487, New York.

Chandler & Farquhar,177 Washington St.,BOSTON.Agents for Fay's "Yankee" CALIPERSANDBarnes' Foot Power Machinery,AND DEALERS INMachinists' Supplies of Every Kind.Send two stamps for illus. catalogue.

Agents for Fay's "Yankee" CALIPERSANDBarnes' Foot Power Machinery,AND DEALERS INMachinists' Supplies of Every Kind.Send two stamps for illus. catalogue.

Address JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, Manufacturers, Trenton, N. J., or 117 Liberty Street, New York.Wheels and Rope for conveying power long distances. Send for circular.

Address JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, Manufacturers, Trenton, N. J., or 117 Liberty Street, New York.

Wheels and Rope for conveying power long distances. Send for circular.

The Original Unvulcanized PackingCALLED THE STANDARD—As it is the Packing by which all others are compared.Accept no packing as JENKINS PACKING unless stamped with our "Trade Mark."JENKINS BROS.{71 John Street, N. Y.{105 Milk Street, Boston.{13 So. Fourth St., Phila.

CALLED THE STANDARD—As it is the Packing by which all others are compared.

Accept no packing as JENKINS PACKING unless stamped with our "Trade Mark."

JENKINS BROS.

{71 John Street, N. Y.{105 Milk Street, Boston.{13 So. Fourth St., Phila.

GAS ENGINES.Best in principle, workmanship, and materials.An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses.When the motor is not at work, the expense of running it ceases.Simple, Safe, Economical, Durable. No extra insurance.Four sizes: 1 H. P., ½ H. P., 1 man power, and Dental Engine.These Engines are especially suited for Gasoline Gas for country use.Send for Illustrated Catalogue.ECONOMIC MOTOR CO.,Office and Salesrooms 34 Dey St. N. Y.

Best in principle, workmanship, and materials.An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses.When the motor is not at work, the expense of running it ceases.Simple, Safe, Economical, Durable. No extra insurance.Four sizes: 1 H. P., ½ H. P., 1 man power, and Dental Engine.These Engines are especially suited for Gasoline Gas for country use.

Send for Illustrated Catalogue.

ECONOMIC MOTOR CO.,Office and Salesrooms 34 Dey St. N. Y.

PIPE COVERINGSMade entirely of ASBESTOS.Absolutely Fire Proof.BRAIDED PACKING, MILL BOARD, SHEATHING, CEMENT, FIBRE AND SPECIALTIES.CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., FOOT E. 8TH ST., N. Y.

Made entirely of ASBESTOS.Absolutely Fire Proof.BRAIDED PACKING, MILL BOARD, SHEATHING, CEMENT, FIBRE AND SPECIALTIES.CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., FOOT E. 8TH ST., N. Y.

SHIELDS & BROWNManufacturers and Sole Proprietors ofBRADLEY'SINSULATED AIR COVERINGS

Manufacturers and Sole Proprietors of

For BOILERS and STEAM PIPESReduces Condensation of Steam.FOR GAS AND WATER PIPES.Prevents Sweating and Freezing.The Best Non-Conductor of Heat and Cold in the WorldSend for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper.143 Worth Street, New York.78 and 80 Lake Street, Chicago.

VIOLIN OUTFITS.Consisting of Violin Box, Bow, and Teacher, sent to any part of the United States on 1 to 3 days' trial before buying.Violin Outfits at $4, $8, $15 and $25 each. Send Stamp forBeautiful Illustrated 96-page Catalogue of Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Cornets, Flutes, Strings, etc. Lowest prices. Mail orders a specialty.C. W. STORY, 26 Central Street, Boston, Mass.

Consisting of Violin Box, Bow, and Teacher, sent to any part of the United States on 1 to 3 days' trial before buying.

Violin Outfits at $4, $8, $15 and $25 each. Send Stamp forBeautiful Illustrated 96-page Catalogue of Violins, Guitars, Banjos, Cornets, Flutes, Strings, etc. Lowest prices. Mail orders a specialty.C. W. STORY, 26 Central Street, Boston, Mass.

ICE HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.—BY R. G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four engravings. Contained inScientific American Supplement,59.Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.

HARTFORD STEAM BOILERHARTFORD. CONN.INSPECTION AND INSURANCE CO.

OPERA GLASSESMicroscopes, Telescopes, Spectacles, Barometers, Thermometers, Photographic Outfits for Amateurs,W. H. WALMSLEY & CO.successors to R. & J. Beck, Philadelphia. Illus. Price List free to any address.

Bibb's Celebrated OriginalBALTIMOREFIRE-PLACE HEATERS,To warm upper and lower rooms.The handsomest, most economicalCoal Stoves in the world.B.C. BIBB & SONFoundry Office and Salesrooms,39 and 41 Light Street,Baltimore, Md.Marbelized Slate Mantels.Send for Circulars.

THE BOOMER & BOSCHERT PRESSES.Lard Press.Baling PressOil Press.Cider PressBaling Press.We make a great variety of Presses, with powers from 50 to 700 tons, with movement of platens from one inch to six feet or more, to work by hand or power, and at any speed required. Send for catalogue.BOOMER & BOSCHERT PRESS CO.155 WEST WATER STREET, SYRACUSE, N. Y., U. S. A.

We make a great variety of Presses, with powers from 50 to 700 tons, with movement of platens from one inch to six feet or more, to work by hand or power, and at any speed required. Send for catalogue.

THE AMERICAN BELL TELEPHONE CO.95 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS.This Company owns the Letters Patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, 1877, No. 186,787.The transmission of Speech by all known forms of Electric Speaking Telephones infringes the right secured to this Company by the above patents, and renders each individual user of telephones not furnished by it or its licensees responsible for such unlawful use, and all the consequences thereof, and liable to suit therefor.

This Company owns the Letters Patent granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, 1877, No. 186,787.

The transmission of Speech by all known forms of Electric Speaking Telephones infringes the right secured to this Company by the above patents, and renders each individual user of telephones not furnished by it or its licensees responsible for such unlawful use, and all the consequences thereof, and liable to suit therefor.

Gap Lathe, $125.SHEPARD'S NEW $60Screw-Cutting Foot Lathe.Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scroll-saw Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc.Lathes on trial. Lathes on payment.Send for catalogue of Outfits for Amateurs or Artisans.Address H. L. Shepard, Agent, 134 E. 2d St., Cincinnati, O.

Gap Lathe, $125.

Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scroll-saw Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc.

Lathes on trial. Lathes on payment.

Send for catalogue of Outfits for Amateurs or Artisans.

Address H. L. Shepard, Agent, 134 E. 2d St., Cincinnati, O.

PROSPECTUSOF THEScientific AmericanFOR 1887.The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World.Only $3.00 a Year, including Postage. Weekly.52 Numbers a Year.This widely circulatedand splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, Electricity Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.All Classes of Readersfind in theScientific Americana popularresumeof the best scientific information of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates.Terms of Subscription.—One copy of theScientific Americanwill be sent forone year—52 numbers—postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt ofthree dollarsby the publishers; six months, $1.50; three months, $1.00.Clubs.—One extra copyof theScientific Americanwill be supplied gratisfor every club of five subscribersat $3.00 each; additional copies at same proportionate rate.The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable toMUNN & CO.,361 Broadway, New York.THEScientific American Supplement.This is a separate and distinct publication fromThe Scientific American, but is uniform therewith in size, every number containing sixteen large pages.The Scientific American Supplementis published weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geography, Archæology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining, Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole profusely illustrated with engravings.The most important Engineering Works, Mechanisms, and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in theSupplement.Price for theSupplementfor the United States and Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of theScientific Americanand one copy of theSupplement, both mailed for one year for $7.00. Address and remit by postal order, express money order, or check.MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y.,PublishersScientific American.To Foreign Subscribers.—Under the facilities of the Postal Union, theScientific Americanis now sent by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada excepted, $4, gold, forScientific American, one year; $9, gold for bothScientific AmericanandSupplementfor one year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal or express money order, or draft to order ofMUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

FOR 1887.The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World.

Only $3.00 a Year, including Postage. Weekly.52 Numbers a Year.

This widely circulatedand splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, Electricity Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.

All Classes of Readersfind in theScientific Americana popularresumeof the best scientific information of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates.

Terms of Subscription.—One copy of theScientific Americanwill be sent forone year—52 numbers—postage prepaid, to any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt ofthree dollarsby the publishers; six months, $1.50; three months, $1.00.

Clubs.—One extra copyof theScientific Americanwill be supplied gratisfor every club of five subscribersat $3.00 each; additional copies at same proportionate rate.

The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express Money Order. Money carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to

This is a separate and distinct publication fromThe Scientific American, but is uniform therewith in size, every number containing sixteen large pages.The Scientific American Supplementis published weekly, and includes a very wide range of contents. It presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in all the principal departments of Science and the Useful Arts, embracing Biology, Geology, Mineralogy, Natural History, Geography, Archæology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Electricity, Light, Heat, Mechanical Engineering, Steam and Railway Engineering, Mining, Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary Engineering, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amount of fresh and valuable information pertaining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole profusely illustrated with engravings.

The most important Engineering Works, Mechanisms, and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented and described in theSupplement.

Price for theSupplementfor the United States and Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of theScientific Americanand one copy of theSupplement, both mailed for one year for $7.00. Address and remit by postal order, express money order, or check.

PublishersScientific American.

To Foreign Subscribers.—Under the facilities of the Postal Union, theScientific Americanis now sent by post direct from New York, with regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, Canada excepted, $4, gold, forScientific American, one year; $9, gold for bothScientific AmericanandSupplementfor one year. This includes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal or express money order, or draft to order of

MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

PRINTING INKS.THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard Sts., Phila., and 47 Rose St., pop. Duane St., N. Y.

THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard Sts., Phila., and 47 Rose St., pop. Duane St., N. Y.

FOOTNOTES1The Cowles electric smelting process, heretofore described by us, has only produced aluminum alloys as yet, and it is doubtful whether it can be made to do more than this.2SeeScientific American Supplement, Nos. 579 and 580, for fully illustrated article on this subject.

1The Cowles electric smelting process, heretofore described by us, has only produced aluminum alloys as yet, and it is doubtful whether it can be made to do more than this.

2SeeScientific American Supplement, Nos. 579 and 580, for fully illustrated article on this subject.

Transcriber's Note:Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

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