Larva of Platypsyllus Castoris.LARVA OF PLATYPSYLLUS CASTORIS.
In reference to the classificatory value that should be attached to an aberrant type like this, I have already expressed my opinion in a paper on Megathymus, a Lepidopteron that connects in many ways the two great divisions of butterflies and moths, published in the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St.Louis, volume iii., 1876, and will take the liberty of reading a few passages therefrom:
"Between all classificatory divisions, from variety to kingdom, the separating lines we draw get more and more broken in proportion as our knowledge of forms, past and present, increases. Every step in advance toward a true conception of the relations of animals brings the different groups closer together, until at last we perceive an almost continuous chain. Even the older naturalists had an appreciation of this fact. Linnæus' noted dictum, 'Natura saltus non facit' implies it; and Kirby and Spence justly observe that 'it appears to be the opinion of most modern physiologists that the series of affinities in nature is a concatenation or continuous series; and that though an hiatus is here and there observable, this has been caused either by the annihilation of some original group or species, or that the objects required to fill it up are still in existence but have not yet been discovered.'""Modern naturalists find in this more or less gradual blending their strongest arguments in favor of community of descent; and speculation as to the origin, or outcome rather, in the near present or remote past of existing forms is naturally and very generally indulged, even by those who a few years back were more inclined to ridicule than accept Darwinian doctrine. Shall we then say that the old divisions must be discarded because not absolute? As well might we argue for the abolition of the four seasons because they differ with the latitude, or because they gradually blend into each other. Entomologists will always speak of moths and butterflies, howsoever arbitrary the groups may come to be looked upon, or however numerous the intermediate gradations.""Families should, I think, be made as comprehensive as possible, and not unduly multiplied; and in considering aberrant forms, the objects of classification are best subserved by retaining them in whatever division can claim the balance of characters. It is better to widen than to restrict in the higher groups. Le Conte does better service in bringing Platypsylla among the Coleoptera than does Westwood in creating a new order—Achreioptera—for it. Phylloxera, in Homoptera, is much more wisely retained in the Aphididæ than made the type of a new family."
"Between all classificatory divisions, from variety to kingdom, the separating lines we draw get more and more broken in proportion as our knowledge of forms, past and present, increases. Every step in advance toward a true conception of the relations of animals brings the different groups closer together, until at last we perceive an almost continuous chain. Even the older naturalists had an appreciation of this fact. Linnæus' noted dictum, 'Natura saltus non facit' implies it; and Kirby and Spence justly observe that 'it appears to be the opinion of most modern physiologists that the series of affinities in nature is a concatenation or continuous series; and that though an hiatus is here and there observable, this has been caused either by the annihilation of some original group or species, or that the objects required to fill it up are still in existence but have not yet been discovered.'"
"Modern naturalists find in this more or less gradual blending their strongest arguments in favor of community of descent; and speculation as to the origin, or outcome rather, in the near present or remote past of existing forms is naturally and very generally indulged, even by those who a few years back were more inclined to ridicule than accept Darwinian doctrine. Shall we then say that the old divisions must be discarded because not absolute? As well might we argue for the abolition of the four seasons because they differ with the latitude, or because they gradually blend into each other. Entomologists will always speak of moths and butterflies, howsoever arbitrary the groups may come to be looked upon, or however numerous the intermediate gradations."
"Families should, I think, be made as comprehensive as possible, and not unduly multiplied; and in considering aberrant forms, the objects of classification are best subserved by retaining them in whatever division can claim the balance of characters. It is better to widen than to restrict in the higher groups. Le Conte does better service in bringing Platypsylla among the Coleoptera than does Westwood in creating a new order—Achreioptera—for it. Phylloxera, in Homoptera, is much more wisely retained in the Aphididæ than made the type of a new family."
Platypsyllus, therefore, is a good Coleopteron, and in all the characters in which it so strongly approaches the Mallophaga it offers merely an illustration of modification due to food habit and environment. In this particular it is, however, of very great interest as one of the most striking illustrations we have of variation in similar lines through the influence of purely external or dynamical conditions, and where genetic connection and heredity play no part whatever. It is at the same time interesting because of its synthetic characteristics, being evidently an ancient type from which we get a very good idea of the connection in the past of some of the present well-defined orders of insects.
Westwood, though now an octogenarian, may safely be called England's most eminent entomologist by virtue of the character and volume of the work which he has accomplished. Dr. Le Conte was,facile princeps, America's leading coleopterist. I do not know that any greater tribute could be added to the sound judgment and deep knowledge possessed by that late distinguished member of the Academy than the confirmation of his views as opposed to the views of Westwood and other European authorities which the discovery of this larva now gives us.
The author has observed a fact which furnishes a remarkable demonstration of the law of the production of the dark bands which he has detected in the spectrum of oxygen. The phenomena of elective absorption in oxygen gas are manifested in two mutually distinct spectral systems. A first system, formed of fine rays, follows the law of the product of the gaseous system traversed by its density. The second system is formed of bands much less easily resolved, is governed by the law of the product of the thickness by the square of the density. This second law being quite novel in spectral analysis, the author has instituted experiments necessary to prove that this system of obscure bands really belongs to oxygen. These experiments range from pressures of 100 atmospheres down to those of a few units, and with lengths of tubes from 0.42 meter to 60 meters. At the same time prolonged observations have been made upon the atmosphere, brought into connection with the experiments in the tubes. These observations, and especially those made during autumn last on the Pic du Midi, prove that all the bands of the spectrum of oxygen are found in the spectrum of the solar light if it is allowed to traverse a sufficient thickness of the atmospheric medium. Further, on comparing, by the aid of photography, the intensities of the bands of the atmospheric spectrum with those given in the tubes, the author has found that the intensities of these atmospheric bands fulfill the law of the square. It appears fromWiedemann's Annalenthat M. Olszewski, when liquefying oxygen, examined its spectrum and ascertained the existence of the bands in question with a stratum of 7 mm. of liquid oxygen.—J. Jansen.
By Mr.H. Tomlinson, B.A.
Experiments by himself and other observers have shown that the temperatures at which iron and nickel lose their magnetic properties depend on the specimens used and the magnetizing forces employed; but the temperatures at which theybegin to losethese properties are definite—for nickel about 300° C., and iron about 680° C. The author's own experiments on "Recalescence of Iron" show two critical temperatures; and Pinchon has shown by calorimetric measurement that between 660° and 720° C., and between 1,000° and 1,050° C., heat becomes latent. All these facts seem to indicate a molecular rearrangement about these temperatures.
In his proposed theory he assumes that the moleculesof iron (say) contain magnetic atoms capable of motions of translation and of rotation. These tend to form closed magnetic circuits, but at ordinary temperatures are unable to do so on account of the close proximity of their centers. On raising the temperature their centers are further separated, till at about 680° C. their polar extremities rush together, forming complete circuits and exhibiting no external magnetic properties. On cooling down, the centers approach until the gravitation attraction overcomes the magnetic attraction of their poles, when the magnetic properties reappear.
Prof. Ayrton asked whether the author had made experiments on the reappearance of magnetic properties when raised to a white heat, and Prof. Thompson inquired whether cobalt had been tested. Both questions were answered negatively.
The principle in question, ouabaine, forms rectangular plates, very slender, of a nacreous appearance. It is absolutely white, inodorous, and not appreciably bitter. It contains no nitrogen, and does not react with coloring matters. At a boiling heat, in presence of dilute acids, it is split up, yielding a reductive sugar. Its composition is C90H45O12. It is poisonous if introduced into the circulation, but not if swallowed.—M. Arnaud, in Comptes Rendus.
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Transcriber's Amendments
Transcriber's Note: Some illustrations may have been moved. We have rendered consistent on a per-word-pair basis the hyphenation or spacing of such pairs when repeated in the same grammatical context. The table of contents has been moved to the front.
Other changes are listed below. The listed source publication page number also applies in this reproduction except for the table of contents since it has been moved.
Page Change10343 [Fig. 1 redrawn slightly to reduce the reader's confusion.]10345 [Nature.][Heading deleted.]10345 12,600 lb. per square inch [(psi)].[also in following lines.]10346 [First line of heading moved to footnote.]10347 as much as [a] plank of the same size10347 For these upper floors hard-wood[hardwood] plank,10349 asserted pretty generally thoughout[throughout] the country10349 employes[employees] will no longer be known as "gas house10350 reappear in the little glow lamp[glow-lamp][multiple instances]10351 through[though] I doubt whether it is visible10351 due to the vacum[vacuum],10351 and to the atonishment[astonishment] of my fellow10352 the many disagreeable symptons[symptoms],10352 [Part of Care of The Eyes header moved to footnote.]10354 but on miscroscopical[microscopical] examination10354 neigborhood[neighborhood] in which we live.10355 It[Its] parallax, as determined by Sir R. S. Ball,10355 The well known[well-known] double star 61 Cygni10356 [Fig. 3: Illegible text re-composed.]10358 [Advertisements header added.]10358 [Table of contents moved to front of publication.]10358 The One Hundred and Twenty Foot[Ton] Shears {Table of Contents}
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