[A]As some of the readers of this volume may be interested to compare these values, we reproduce the "Table of Molecular Data" from Professor Clerk Maxwell's lecture on "Molecules," delivered before the British Association at Bradford, and published in "Nature," September 25, 1873.Molecular Magnitudes at Standard Temperature and Pressure, 0° C. and 76 c. m.RANK ACCORDING TO ACCURACY OF KNOWLEDGE.Hydrogen.Oxygen.Carbonic Oxide.Carbonic Dioxide.Rank I.Relative mass1161422Velocity in metres per second1,859465497396Rank II.Mean path in ten billionths (10-10) of a metre965560482379Collisions each second—number of millions17,7507,6469,4899,720Rank III.Diameter in hundred billionths (10-11) of a metre58768393Mass in ten million million million millionths (10-25) of a gramme467366441,012Number of molecules in one cubic centimetre of every gas is nineteen million million million on 19 (1018).Two million hydrogen molecules side by side measure a little over one millimetre.
[A]As some of the readers of this volume may be interested to compare these values, we reproduce the "Table of Molecular Data" from Professor Clerk Maxwell's lecture on "Molecules," delivered before the British Association at Bradford, and published in "Nature," September 25, 1873.
Molecular Magnitudes at Standard Temperature and Pressure, 0° C. and 76 c. m.
RANK ACCORDING TO ACCURACY OF KNOWLEDGE.Hydrogen.Oxygen.Carbonic Oxide.Carbonic Dioxide.Rank I.Relative mass1161422Velocity in metres per second1,859465497396Rank II.Mean path in ten billionths (10-10) of a metre965560482379Collisions each second—number of millions17,7507,6469,4899,720Rank III.Diameter in hundred billionths (10-11) of a metre58768393Mass in ten million million million millionths (10-25) of a gramme467366441,012
Number of molecules in one cubic centimetre of every gas is nineteen million million million on 19 (1018).
Two million hydrogen molecules side by side measure a little over one millimetre.
[B]SeeProfessor Maxwell's lecture,loc. cit.; also, Appletons' "Cyclopædia," article "Molecules."
[B]SeeProfessor Maxwell's lecture,loc. cit.; also, Appletons' "Cyclopædia," article "Molecules."
[C]There is an obvious distinction between the free and the disturbed path of a molecule, and we can not overlook in our calculations the perturbations which the collisions necessarily entail. Such considerations greatly complicate the problem, which is far more difficult than would appear from the superficial view of the subject that can alone be given in a popular lecture.
[C]There is an obvious distinction between the free and the disturbed path of a molecule, and we can not overlook in our calculations the perturbations which the collisions necessarily entail. Such considerations greatly complicate the problem, which is far more difficult than would appear from the superficial view of the subject that can alone be given in a popular lecture.
[D]See notice of these investigations by the author of this article, in "American Journal of Science and Arts," September, 1877 (3), xiv, 231.
[D]See notice of these investigations by the author of this article, in "American Journal of Science and Arts," September, 1877 (3), xiv, 231.
[E]The reader will, of course, distinguish between the differential action on the opposite faces of the vanes of the radiometer and the reaction between the vanes and the glass which are the heater and the cooler of the little engine. Nor will it be necessary to remind any student that a popular view of such a complex subject must be necessarily partial. In the present case we not only meet with the usual difficulties in this respect, but, moreover, the principles of molecular mechanics have not been so fully developed as to preclude important differences of opinion between equally competent authorities in regard to the details of the theory. To avoid misapprehension, we may here add that, in order to obtain in the radiometer a reaction between the heater and the cooler, it is not necessary that the space between them should actually be crossed by the moving molecules. It is only necessary that the momentum should be transferred across the space, and tide may take place along lines consisting of many molecules each. The theory, however, shows that such a transfer can only take place in a highly rarefied medium. In an atmosphere of ordinary density, the accession of heat which the vanes of a radiometer might receive from a radiant source would be diffused through the mass of the inclosed air. This amounts to saying that the momentum would be so diffused, and hence, under such circumstances, the molecular motion would not determine any reaction between the vanes and the glass envelope. Indeed, a dense mass of gas presents to the conduction of heat, which represents momentum, a wall far more impenetrable than the surrounding glass, and the diffusion of heat is almost wholly brought about by convection currents which rise from the heated surfaces. It will thus be seen that the great non-conducting power of air comes into play to prevent not only the transfer of momentum from the vanes to the glass, but also, almost entirely, any direct transfer to the surrounding mass of gas. Hence, as stated above, the heated molecules bound back and forth on the vanes without change of condition, and the mass of the air retains its uniform tension in all parts of the bulb, except in so far as this is slowly altered by the convection currents just referred to. As the atmosphere, however, becomes less dense, the diffusion of heat by convection diminishes, and that by molecular motion (conduction) increases until the last greatly predominates. When, now, the exhaustion reaches so great a degree that the heat, or momentum, is rapidly transferred from the heater to the cooler by an exaggeration, or, possibly, a modification, of the mode of action we call conduction, then we have the reaction on which the motion of the radiometer wheel depends.
[E]The reader will, of course, distinguish between the differential action on the opposite faces of the vanes of the radiometer and the reaction between the vanes and the glass which are the heater and the cooler of the little engine. Nor will it be necessary to remind any student that a popular view of such a complex subject must be necessarily partial. In the present case we not only meet with the usual difficulties in this respect, but, moreover, the principles of molecular mechanics have not been so fully developed as to preclude important differences of opinion between equally competent authorities in regard to the details of the theory. To avoid misapprehension, we may here add that, in order to obtain in the radiometer a reaction between the heater and the cooler, it is not necessary that the space between them should actually be crossed by the moving molecules. It is only necessary that the momentum should be transferred across the space, and tide may take place along lines consisting of many molecules each. The theory, however, shows that such a transfer can only take place in a highly rarefied medium. In an atmosphere of ordinary density, the accession of heat which the vanes of a radiometer might receive from a radiant source would be diffused through the mass of the inclosed air. This amounts to saying that the momentum would be so diffused, and hence, under such circumstances, the molecular motion would not determine any reaction between the vanes and the glass envelope. Indeed, a dense mass of gas presents to the conduction of heat, which represents momentum, a wall far more impenetrable than the surrounding glass, and the diffusion of heat is almost wholly brought about by convection currents which rise from the heated surfaces. It will thus be seen that the great non-conducting power of air comes into play to prevent not only the transfer of momentum from the vanes to the glass, but also, almost entirely, any direct transfer to the surrounding mass of gas. Hence, as stated above, the heated molecules bound back and forth on the vanes without change of condition, and the mass of the air retains its uniform tension in all parts of the bulb, except in so far as this is slowly altered by the convection currents just referred to. As the atmosphere, however, becomes less dense, the diffusion of heat by convection diminishes, and that by molecular motion (conduction) increases until the last greatly predominates. When, now, the exhaustion reaches so great a degree that the heat, or momentum, is rapidly transferred from the heater to the cooler by an exaggeration, or, possibly, a modification, of the mode of action we call conduction, then we have the reaction on which the motion of the radiometer wheel depends.
[F]"Nature," No. 22, March 31, 1870.
[F]"Nature," No. 22, March 31, 1870.
[G]For example, the native crystals of sulphur havea:b:c= 1 : 2·340 : 1·233.Crystals of gypsum havea:b:c= 1 : 0·413 : 0·691.Crystals of tin-stone havea:b:c= 1 : 1 : 0·6724.And crystals of common salt havea:b:c= 1 : 1 : 1.
[G]
[H]The origin of the axes is always taken as the center of the sphere of projection.
[H]The origin of the axes is always taken as the center of the sphere of projection.
[I]"Obituary Notices from the Proceedings of the Royal Society," No. 206, 1880, to which the writer has been indebted for several biographical details.
[I]"Obituary Notices from the Proceedings of the Royal Society," No. 206, 1880, to which the writer has been indebted for several biographical details.
[J]This notice is reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xviii, 1882-'83.
[J]This notice is reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xviii, 1882-'83.
[K]Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xix, 1883-'84.
[K]Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xix, 1883-'84.
[L]A. W. Hofmann, in "Nature," February 6, 1880, to whose admirable and extended biography the writer is indebted for much of the material with which this notice has been prepared.
[L]A. W. Hofmann, in "Nature," February 6, 1880, to whose admirable and extended biography the writer is indebted for much of the material with which this notice has been prepared.
[M]Hofmann,loc. cit.
[M]Hofmann,loc. cit.
[N]Remarks made at the dinner of the Harvard Club of Rhode Island, Newport, August 25, 1883.
[N]Remarks made at the dinner of the Harvard Club of Rhode Island, Newport, August 25, 1883.
[O]This article was written and read to the Faculty of Harvard College shortly after Lord Coleridge's visit to the United States, in the autumn of 1883.
[O]This article was written and read to the Faculty of Harvard College shortly after Lord Coleridge's visit to the United States, in the autumn of 1883.
[P]An address delivered at the opening of the Summer School of Chemistry at Harvard College, July 7, 1884.
[P]An address delivered at the opening of the Summer School of Chemistry at Harvard College, July 7, 1884.
[Q]An Address to College Students at the close of a course of lectures on Egypt and her Monuments. Illustrated by lantern photographs.
[Q]An Address to College Students at the close of a course of lectures on Egypt and her Monuments. Illustrated by lantern photographs.
SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND ESSAYS.Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.By H.Helmholtz, Professor of Physics in the University of Berlin. First Series. Translated by E.Atkinson, Ph. D., F. C. S. With an Introduction by ProfessorTyndall. With 51 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.CONTENTS.—On the Relation of Natural Science to Science in General.—On Goethe's Scientific Researches.—On the Physiological Causes of Harmony in Music.—Ice and Glaciers.—Interaction of the Natural Forces.—The Recent Progress of the Theory of Vision.—The Conservation of Force.—Aim and Progress of Physical Science.Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.By H.Helmholtz. Second Series. 12mo. 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"But in most centers of education," writes Professor Cooke "the old traditions so far survive that the great end of scientific culture is lost in attempting to conform even laboratory instruction to the old academic methods of recitations and examination. To point out this error, and to claim for science-teaching its appropriate methods, was one object of writing these essays."WORKS ON ASTRONOMY.Elements of Astronomy.ByRobert Stowell Ball, LL. D., F. R. S., Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, Royal Astronomer of Ireland. With Illustrations. 16mo. Cloth, $2.25.Elementary Lessons in Astronomy.By J.Norman Lockyer, F. R. S. Richly illustrated, and embracing the Latest Discoveries. American edition. Adapted to the Schools and Academies of the United States. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.Outlines of Astronomy.By Sir J. J. W.Herschel. With Plates and Woodcuts. Eleventh edition. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00.The Sun.By C. A.Young, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Astronomy in the College of New Jersey. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00."Professor Young is an authority on 'The Sun,' and writes from intimate knowledge. He has studied that great luminary all his life, invented and improved instruments for observing it, gone to all quarters of the world in search of the best places and opportunities to watch it, and has contributed important discoveries that have extended our knowledge of it."—Popular Science Monthly.Spectrum Analysis, in its Application to Terrestrial Substances, and the Physical Constitution of the Heavenly Bodies.Familiarly explained by Dr. H.Schellen, Director der Realschule I. O. Cologne. Translated from the second enlarged and revised German edition byJaneandCaroline Lassell. Edited, with Notes, byWilliam Huggins, LL. D. With numerous Woodcuts, Colored Plates, and Portraits; also, Angström's and Kirchhoff's Maps. 8vo. Cloth, $6.00."This admirable work does credit to, or should we say is worthy of, the author, the translators, and the editor. The first part treats on the artificial sources of high degrees of heat and light; the second on Spectrum Analysis in its application to the heavenly bodies. We must approve the method followed in the translation and by the editor. In many translations the views of the author are suppressed, in order that the views of the translator or editor may be expounded; but here Dr. Huggins, however leniently such a fault might have been looked upon with him, has permitted the author's views to remain intact, clearly stating his own and wherein lies the difference."—The Chemical News."Certainly, as regards mere knowledge, the 'Spectrum Analysis' has let us into many secrets of the physical universe which Newton and Laplace would have declared impossible for man's intellect to attain. The science is still in its infancy, but it is prosecuted by some of the ablest, most patient, and most enthusiastic observers, and some of the keenest thinkers, at present existing on our little, insignificant physical globe."—Boston Globe.Studies in Spectrum Analysis.By J.Norman Lockyer, F. R. S., Correspondent of the Institute of France, etc. With Sixty Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50."The study of spectrum analysis is one fraught with a peculiar fascination, and some of the author's experiments are exceedingly picturesque in their results. They are so lucidly described, too, that the reader keeps on, from page to page, never flagging in interest in the matter before him, nor putting down the book until the last page is reached."—New York Evening Express.Origin of the Stars, and the Causes of their Motions and their Light.ByJacob Ennis. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.Astronomy and Geology Compared.By LordOrmathwaite. 18mo. Tinted paper. 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Cloth, $1.75.WORKS ON GEOLOGY, Etc.Principles of Geology; or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants, considered as illustrative of Geology.By SirCharles Lyell, Bart. Illustrated with Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. A new and entirely revised edition. 2 vols. Royal 8vo. Cloth, $8.00.The "Principles of Geology" may be looked upon with pride, not only as a representative of English science, but as without a rival of its kind anywhere. Growing in fullness and accuracy with the growth of experience and observation in every region of the world, the work has incorporated with itself each established discovery, and has been modified by every hypothesis of value which has been brought to bear upon, or been evolved from, the most recent body of facts.Text-Book of Geology, for Schools and Colleges.By H.Alleyne Nicholson, M. D. 12mo. Half roan, $1.30.The Ancient Life-History of the Earth.A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science. By H.Alleyne Nicholson, M. D. With numerous Illustrations. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.Elements of Geology.A Text-Book for Colleges and for the General Reader. ByJoseph Le Conte, LL. D., Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of California. With upward of 900 Illustrations. Revised and enlarged edition. 12mo. Cloth, $4.00.Town Geology.By the Rev.Charles Kingsley, F. L. S., F. G. S., Canon of Chester. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.The Study of Rocks.An Elementary Text-Book in Petrology. With Illustrations. ByFrank Rutley, of the English Geological Survey. 16mo. Cloth, $1.75.Great Ice Age, and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man.ByJames Geikie. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.Volcanoes:What they Are and what they Teach. By J. W.Judd, Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines (London). With 96 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.Climate and Time in their Geological Relations:A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate. ByJames Croll, of H. M. 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CONTENTS.—On the Relation of Natural Science to Science in General.—On Goethe's Scientific Researches.—On the Physiological Causes of Harmony in Music.—Ice and Glaciers.—Interaction of the Natural Forces.—The Recent Progress of the Theory of Vision.—The Conservation of Force.—Aim and Progress of Physical Science.
CONTENTS.—On the Relation of Natural Science to Science in General.—On Goethe's Scientific Researches.—On the Physiological Causes of Harmony in Music.—Ice and Glaciers.—Interaction of the Natural Forces.—The Recent Progress of the Theory of Vision.—The Conservation of Force.—Aim and Progress of Physical Science.
Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.By H.Helmholtz. Second Series. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
CONTENTS.—Gustav Magnus.—In Memoriam.—The Origin and Significance of Geometrical Axioms.—Relation of Optics to Painting.—Origin of the Planetary System.—On Thought in Medicine.—Academic Freedom in German Universities."Professor Helmholtz's second series of 'Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects' forms a volume of singular interest and value. He who anticipates a dry record of facts or a sequence of immature generalization will find himself happily mistaken. In style and method these discourses are models of excellence, and, since they come from a man whose learning and authority are beyond dispute, they may be accepted as presenting the conclusions of the best thought of the times in scientific fields."—Boston Traveler.
CONTENTS.—Gustav Magnus.—In Memoriam.—The Origin and Significance of Geometrical Axioms.—Relation of Optics to Painting.—Origin of the Planetary System.—On Thought in Medicine.—Academic Freedom in German Universities.
"Professor Helmholtz's second series of 'Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects' forms a volume of singular interest and value. He who anticipates a dry record of facts or a sequence of immature generalization will find himself happily mistaken. In style and method these discourses are models of excellence, and, since they come from a man whose learning and authority are beyond dispute, they may be accepted as presenting the conclusions of the best thought of the times in scientific fields."—Boston Traveler.
Science and Culture, and other Essays.By ProfessorT. H. Huxley, F. R. S. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
"Of the essays that have been collected by Professor Huxley in this volume, the first four deal with some aspect of education. Most of the remainder are expositions of the results of biological research, and, at the same time, illustrations of the history of scientific ideas. Some of these are among the most interesting of Professor Huxley's contributions to the literature of science."—London Academy."It is refreshing to be brought into converse with one of the most vigorous and acute thinkers of our time, who has the power of putting his thoughts into language so clear and forcible."—London Spectator.
"Of the essays that have been collected by Professor Huxley in this volume, the first four deal with some aspect of education. Most of the remainder are expositions of the results of biological research, and, at the same time, illustrations of the history of scientific ideas. Some of these are among the most interesting of Professor Huxley's contributions to the literature of science."—London Academy.
"It is refreshing to be brought into converse with one of the most vigorous and acute thinkers of our time, who has the power of putting his thoughts into language so clear and forcible."—London Spectator.
Scientific Culture, and other Essays.ByJosiah Parsons Cooke, Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in Harvard College. 12mo. Cloth, $1.00.
These essays are an outcome of a somewhat large experience in teaching physical science to college students. Cambridge, Massachusetts, early set the example of making the student's own observations in the laboratory or cabinet the basis of all teaching, either in experimental or natural history science; and this example has been generally followed. "But in most centers of education," writes Professor Cooke "the old traditions so far survive that the great end of scientific culture is lost in attempting to conform even laboratory instruction to the old academic methods of recitations and examination. To point out this error, and to claim for science-teaching its appropriate methods, was one object of writing these essays."
These essays are an outcome of a somewhat large experience in teaching physical science to college students. Cambridge, Massachusetts, early set the example of making the student's own observations in the laboratory or cabinet the basis of all teaching, either in experimental or natural history science; and this example has been generally followed. "But in most centers of education," writes Professor Cooke "the old traditions so far survive that the great end of scientific culture is lost in attempting to conform even laboratory instruction to the old academic methods of recitations and examination. To point out this error, and to claim for science-teaching its appropriate methods, was one object of writing these essays."
Elements of Astronomy.ByRobert Stowell Ball, LL. D., F. R. S., Andrews Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, Royal Astronomer of Ireland. With Illustrations. 16mo. Cloth, $2.25.
Elementary Lessons in Astronomy.By J.Norman Lockyer, F. R. S. Richly illustrated, and embracing the Latest Discoveries. American edition. Adapted to the Schools and Academies of the United States. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
Outlines of Astronomy.By Sir J. J. W.Herschel. With Plates and Woodcuts. Eleventh edition. 8vo. Cloth, $4.00.
The Sun.By C. A.Young, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Astronomy in the College of New Jersey. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
"Professor Young is an authority on 'The Sun,' and writes from intimate knowledge. He has studied that great luminary all his life, invented and improved instruments for observing it, gone to all quarters of the world in search of the best places and opportunities to watch it, and has contributed important discoveries that have extended our knowledge of it."—Popular Science Monthly.
"Professor Young is an authority on 'The Sun,' and writes from intimate knowledge. He has studied that great luminary all his life, invented and improved instruments for observing it, gone to all quarters of the world in search of the best places and opportunities to watch it, and has contributed important discoveries that have extended our knowledge of it."—Popular Science Monthly.
Spectrum Analysis, in its Application to Terrestrial Substances, and the Physical Constitution of the Heavenly Bodies.Familiarly explained by Dr. H.Schellen, Director der Realschule I. O. Cologne. Translated from the second enlarged and revised German edition byJaneandCaroline Lassell. Edited, with Notes, byWilliam Huggins, LL. D. With numerous Woodcuts, Colored Plates, and Portraits; also, Angström's and Kirchhoff's Maps. 8vo. Cloth, $6.00.
"This admirable work does credit to, or should we say is worthy of, the author, the translators, and the editor. The first part treats on the artificial sources of high degrees of heat and light; the second on Spectrum Analysis in its application to the heavenly bodies. We must approve the method followed in the translation and by the editor. In many translations the views of the author are suppressed, in order that the views of the translator or editor may be expounded; but here Dr. Huggins, however leniently such a fault might have been looked upon with him, has permitted the author's views to remain intact, clearly stating his own and wherein lies the difference."—The Chemical News."Certainly, as regards mere knowledge, the 'Spectrum Analysis' has let us into many secrets of the physical universe which Newton and Laplace would have declared impossible for man's intellect to attain. The science is still in its infancy, but it is prosecuted by some of the ablest, most patient, and most enthusiastic observers, and some of the keenest thinkers, at present existing on our little, insignificant physical globe."—Boston Globe.
"This admirable work does credit to, or should we say is worthy of, the author, the translators, and the editor. The first part treats on the artificial sources of high degrees of heat and light; the second on Spectrum Analysis in its application to the heavenly bodies. We must approve the method followed in the translation and by the editor. In many translations the views of the author are suppressed, in order that the views of the translator or editor may be expounded; but here Dr. Huggins, however leniently such a fault might have been looked upon with him, has permitted the author's views to remain intact, clearly stating his own and wherein lies the difference."—The Chemical News.
"Certainly, as regards mere knowledge, the 'Spectrum Analysis' has let us into many secrets of the physical universe which Newton and Laplace would have declared impossible for man's intellect to attain. The science is still in its infancy, but it is prosecuted by some of the ablest, most patient, and most enthusiastic observers, and some of the keenest thinkers, at present existing on our little, insignificant physical globe."—Boston Globe.
Studies in Spectrum Analysis.By J.Norman Lockyer, F. R. S., Correspondent of the Institute of France, etc. With Sixty Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.
"The study of spectrum analysis is one fraught with a peculiar fascination, and some of the author's experiments are exceedingly picturesque in their results. They are so lucidly described, too, that the reader keeps on, from page to page, never flagging in interest in the matter before him, nor putting down the book until the last page is reached."—New York Evening Express.
"The study of spectrum analysis is one fraught with a peculiar fascination, and some of the author's experiments are exceedingly picturesque in their results. They are so lucidly described, too, that the reader keeps on, from page to page, never flagging in interest in the matter before him, nor putting down the book until the last page is reached."—New York Evening Express.
Origin of the Stars, and the Causes of their Motions and their Light.ByJacob Ennis. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
Astronomy and Geology Compared.By LordOrmathwaite. 18mo. Tinted paper. Cloth, $1.00.
The Expanse of Heaven.A Series of Essays on the Wonders of the Firmament. By R. A.Proctor. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
"'The Expanse of Heaven' can not fail to be of immense use in forwarding the work of education, even when it is read only for amusement, so forcible is the impression it makes on the mind from the importance of the subjects treated of, while the manner of treatment is so good."—Boston Traveller.
"'The Expanse of Heaven' can not fail to be of immense use in forwarding the work of education, even when it is read only for amusement, so forcible is the impression it makes on the mind from the importance of the subjects treated of, while the manner of treatment is so good."—Boston Traveller.
The Moon:Her Motions, Aspect, Scenery, and Physical Conditions, with Two Lunar Photographs and many Illustrations. By R. A.Proctor. New edition. 12mo. Cloth, $3.50.
Other Worlds than Ours;the Plurality of Worlds, studied under the Light of Recent Scientific Researches. By R. A.Proctor. With Illustrations, some colored. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.
Our Place among Infinities.A Series of Essays contrasting our Little Abode in Space and Time with the Infinities around us. To which are added Essays on the Jewish Sabbath and Astrology. By R. A.Proctor. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
Principles of Geology; or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants, considered as illustrative of Geology.By SirCharles Lyell, Bart. Illustrated with Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. A new and entirely revised edition. 2 vols. Royal 8vo. Cloth, $8.00.
The "Principles of Geology" may be looked upon with pride, not only as a representative of English science, but as without a rival of its kind anywhere. Growing in fullness and accuracy with the growth of experience and observation in every region of the world, the work has incorporated with itself each established discovery, and has been modified by every hypothesis of value which has been brought to bear upon, or been evolved from, the most recent body of facts.
The "Principles of Geology" may be looked upon with pride, not only as a representative of English science, but as without a rival of its kind anywhere. Growing in fullness and accuracy with the growth of experience and observation in every region of the world, the work has incorporated with itself each established discovery, and has been modified by every hypothesis of value which has been brought to bear upon, or been evolved from, the most recent body of facts.
Text-Book of Geology, for Schools and Colleges.By H.Alleyne Nicholson, M. D. 12mo. Half roan, $1.30.
The Ancient Life-History of the Earth.A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science. By H.Alleyne Nicholson, M. D. With numerous Illustrations. Small 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
Elements of Geology.A Text-Book for Colleges and for the General Reader. ByJoseph Le Conte, LL. D., Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of California. With upward of 900 Illustrations. Revised and enlarged edition. 12mo. Cloth, $4.00.
Town Geology.By the Rev.Charles Kingsley, F. L. S., F. G. S., Canon of Chester. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
The Study of Rocks.An Elementary Text-Book in Petrology. With Illustrations. ByFrank Rutley, of the English Geological Survey. 16mo. Cloth, $1.75.
Great Ice Age, and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man.ByJames Geikie. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.
Volcanoes:What they Are and what they Teach. By J. W.Judd, Professor of Geology in the Royal School of Mines (London). With 96 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
Climate and Time in their Geological Relations:A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate. ByJames Croll, of H. M. Geological Survey of Scotland. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.
Geology.By ProfessorArchibald Geikie, F. R. S. ("Science Primers.") 18mo. Flexible cloth, 45 cents.
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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES1. Footnotes have been reindexed and moved from the end of the page to the end of the text.2. The following misprints have been corrected:"1⁄0000" corrected to "1⁄1000" (page 111)"strucure" corrected to "structure" (page 139)"fevric" corrected to "ferric" (page 141)"d'antorité" corrected to "d'autorité" (page 188)"resourses" corrected to "resources" (page 206)3. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, and ligature usage have been retained.
1. Footnotes have been reindexed and moved from the end of the page to the end of the text.
2. The following misprints have been corrected:
"1⁄0000" corrected to "1⁄1000" (page 111)"strucure" corrected to "structure" (page 139)"fevric" corrected to "ferric" (page 141)"d'antorité" corrected to "d'autorité" (page 188)"resourses" corrected to "resources" (page 206)
3. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, and ligature usage have been retained.