Sugar of Milk may be purchased at your local druggist's.
Gruel is prepared by cooking one level tablespoon of any good barley flour in a pint of water with a pinch of salt. When partly cooled add to the milk.
Table for NursingTable for Nursing
Table for Nursing
Period: 1st and 2d day
Nursing in 24 hours: 4
Interval by day: 6 hrs.
Night nursings 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.: 1
Period: 3 days to 4 weeks
Nursing in 24 hours: 10
Interval by day: 2 hrs.
Night nursings 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.: 1
Period: 4 weeks to 2 mo.
Nursing in 24 hours: 8
Interval by day: 2-1/2 hrs.
Night nursings 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.: 1
Period: 2 to 5 mo.
Nursing in 24 hours: 7
Interval by day: 3 hrs.
Night nursings 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.: 1
Period: 5 to 12 mo.
Nursing in 24 hours: 6
Interval by day: 3 hrs.
Night nursings 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.: 0
Tables for Feeding During the First YearTables for Feeding During the First Year
Tables for Feeding During the First Year
Age: 2d to 7th day
Interval between meals by day: 2 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 1
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 10
Quantity for one feeding: 1 to 1-1/2 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 10 to 15 ounces
Age: 2d and 3d week
Interval between meals by day: 2 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 1
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 10
Quantity for one feeding: 1-1/2 to 3 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 15 to 30 ounces
Age: 4th and 5th weeks
Interval between meals by day: 2-1/2 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 1
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 8
Quantity for one feeding: 2-1/2 to 4 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 20 to 32 ounces
Age: 6th to 9th week
Interval between meals by day: 2-1/2 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 1
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 8
Quantity for one feeding: 3 to 5 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 24 to 40 ounces
Age: 9th week to 5th mo.
Interval between meals by day: 3 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 1
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 7
Quantity for one feeding: 4 to 6 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 28 to 42 ounces
Age: 5th to 9th month
Interval between meals by day: 3 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 0
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 6
Quantity for one feeding: 5 to 7-1/2 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 30 to 45 ounces
Age: 9th to 12th month
Interval between meals by day: 4 hours
Night feedings 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.: 0
No. of feedings in 24 hours: 5
Quantity for one feeding: 7 to 9 ounces
Quantity in 24 hours: 35 to 45 ounces
Baby in a BathA delicate child should never be put into the bath but bathed on the lap and kept warmly covered.
A delicate child should never be put into the bath but bathed on the lap and kept warmly covered.
1. The mother's milk is the natural food, and nothing can fully take its place.
2. The infant's stomach does not readily accommodate itself to changes in diet; therefore, regularity in quality, quantity and temperature is extremely necessary.
3. Not until a child is a year old should it be allowed any food except that of milk, and possibly a little cracker or bread, thoroughly soaked and softened.
4. Meat should never be given to very young children. The best artificial food is cream, reduced and sweetened with sugar and milk. No rule can be given for its reduction. Observation and experience must teach that, because every child's stomach is governed by a rule of its own.
5. A child can be safely weaned at one year of age, and sometimes less. It depends entirely upon the season, and upon the health of the child.
6. A child should never be weaned during the warm weather, in June, July or August.
7. When a child is weaned it may be given, in connection with the milk diet, some such nourishment as broth, gruel, egg, or some prepared food.
8. A child should never be allowed to come to the table until two years of age.
9. A child should never eat much starchy food until four years old.
10. A child should have all the water it desires to drink, but it is decidedly the best to boil the water first, and allow it to cool. All the impurities and disease germs are thereby destroyed. This one thing alone will add greatly to the health and vigor of the child.
11. Where there is a tendency to bowel disorder, a little gum arabic, rice, or barley may be boiled with the drinking water.
12. If the child uses a bottle it should be kept absolutely clean. It is best to have two or three bottles, so that one will always be perfectly clean and fresh.
13. The nipple should be of black or pure rubber, and not of the white or vulcanized rubber; it should fit over the top of the bottle. No tubes should ever be used; it is impossible to keep them clean.
14. When the rubber becomes coated, a little coarse salt will clean it.
15. Babies should be fed at regular times. They should also be put to sleep at regular hours. Regularity is one of the best safeguards to health.
16. Milk for babies and children should be from healthy cows. Milk from different cows varies, and it is always better for a child to have milk from the same cow. A farrow cow's milk is preferable, especially if the child is not very strong.
17. Many of the prepared foods advertised for children are of little benefit. A few may be good, but what is good for one child may not be for another. So it must be simply a matter of experiment if any of the advertised foods are used.
18. It is a physiological fact that an infant is always healthier and better to sleep alone. It gets better air and is not liable to suffocation.
19. A healthy child should never be fed in less than two hours from the last time they finished before, gradually lengthening the time as it grows older. At 4 months 3-1/2 or 4 hours; at 5 months a healthy child will be better if given nothing in the night except, perhaps, a little water.
20. Give an infant a little water several times a day.
21. A delicate child the first year should be oiled after each bath. The oiling may often take the place of the bath, in case of a cold.
22. In oiling a babe, use pure olive oil, and wipe off thoroughly after each application. For nourishing a weak child use also olive oil.
23. For colds, coughs, croup, etc., use goose oil externally and give a teaspoonful at bed-time.
FOUND UPON THE DOORSTEP
FOUND UPON THE DOORSTEP
BATHING.
1. Bathe infants daily in tepid water and even twice a day in hot weather.
If delicate they should be sponged instead of immersing them in water, but cleanliness is absolutely necessary for the health of infants.
CLOTHING.
2. Put no bands in their clothing, but make all garments to hang loosely from the shoulders, and have all their clothingscrupulously clean; even the diaper should not be re-used without rinsing.
SLEEP ALONE.
3. The child should in all cases sleep by itself on a cot or in a crib and retire at a regular hour. A childalwaysearly taught to go to sleep without rocking or nursing is the healthier and happier for it. Beginat birthand this will be easily accomplished.
CORDIALS AND SOOTHING SYRUPS.
4. Never give cordials, soothing syrups, sleeping drops etc., without the advice of a physician. A child that frets and does not sleep is either hungry or ill.If ill it needs a physician.Never give candy or cake to quiet a small child, they are sure to produce disorders of the stomach, diarrhoea or some other trouble.
FRESH AIR.
5. Children should have plenty of fresh air summer as well as winter. Avoid the severe hot sun and the heated kitchen for infants in summer. Heat is the great destroyer of infants.
CLEAN HOUSES.
6. Keep your house clean and cool and well aired night and day. Your cellars cleared of all rubbish and white-washed every spring, your drains cleaned with strong solution of copperas or chloride of lime, poured down them once a week. Keep your gutters and yards clean and insist upon your neighbors doing the same.
EVACUATIONS OF A CHILD.
The healthy motion varies from light orange yellow to greenish yellow, in number, two to four times daily. Smell should never be offensive. Slimy mucous-like jelly passages indicate worms. Pale green, offensive, acrid motions indicate disordered stomach. Dark green indicate acid secretions and a more serious trouble.
Fetid dark brown stools are present in chronic diarrhoea Putty-like pasty passages are due to aridity curdling the milk or to torpid liver.
Line Drawing of an Infant
Line Drawing of an Infant
BREAST MILK.
7. Breast milk is the only proper food for infants until after the second summer. If the supply is small keep what you have and feed the child in connection with it, for if the babe is ill this breast milk may be all that will save its life.
STERILIZED MILK.
8. Milk is the best food. Goat's milk best, cows milk next. If the child thrives on thisnothing elseshould be given during the hot weather, until the front teeth are cut. Get fresh cow's milk twice a day if the child requires food in the night, pour it into a glass fruit jar with one-third pure water for a child under three months old, afterwards the proportion of water may be less and less, also a trifle of sugar may be added.
Then place the jar in a kettle or pan of cold water, like the bottom of an oatmeal kettle. Leave the cover of the jar loose. Place it on the stove and let the water come to a boil and boil ten minutes, screw down the cover tight and boil ten minutes more, then remove from the fire, and allow it to cool in the water slowly so as not to break the jar. When partly cool put on the ice or in a cool place, and keep tightly covered except when the milk is poured out for use. The glass jar must be kept perfectly clean and washed and scalded carefully before use. A tablespoonful of lime water to a bottle of milk will aid indigestion. Discard the bottle as soon as possible and use a cup which you know is clean, whereas a bottle must be kept in water constantly when not in use, or the sour milk will make the child sick. Use no tube for it is exceedingly hard to keep it clean, and if pure milk cannot be had, condensed milk is admirable and does not need to be sterilized as the above.
Line Drawing of a Mother Holding an Infant
DIET.
9. Never give babies under two years old such food if grown persons eat. Their chief diet should be milk, wheat bread and milk, oatmeal, possibly a little rare boiled egg, but always and chiefly milk. Germ wheat is also excellent.
EXERCISE.
10. Children should have exercise in the house as well as outdoors, but should not be jolted and jumped and jarred in rough play, not rudely rocked in the cradle, nor carelessly trundled over bumps in their carriages. They should not be held too much in the arms, but allowed to crawl and kick upon the floor and develop their limbs and muscles. A child should not be lifted by its arms nor dragged along by one hand after it learns to take a few feeble steps, but when they do learn to walk steadily it is the best of all exercise, especially in the open air.
Let the children as they grow older romp and play in the open air all they wish, girls as well as boys. Give the girls an even chance for health, while they are young at least, and don't mind about their complexion.
Line Drawing of Upper and Lower Adult Teeth
Line Drawing of Upper and Lower Adult Teeth
1.Remarkable Instances.—There are instances where babies have been born with teeth, and, on the other hand, there are cases of persons who have never had any teeth at all; and others that had double teeth all around in both upper and lower jaws, but these are rare instances, and may be termed as a sort of freaks of nature.
2.Infant Teething.—The first teeth generally make their appearance after the third month, and during the period of teething the child is fretful and restless, causing sometimes constitutional disturbances, such as diarrhoea, indigestion, etc. Usually, however, no serious results follow, and no unnecessary anxiety need be felt, unless the weather is extremely warm, then there is some danger of summer complaint setting in and seriously complicating matters.
3.The Number of Teeth.—Teeth are generally cut in pairs and make their appearance first in the front and going backwards until all are complete. It generally takes about two years for a temporary set of children's teeth. A child two or three years old should have twenty teeth. After the age of seven they generally begin to loosen and fall out and permanent teeth take their place.
4.Lancing the Gums.—This is very rarely necessary. There are extreme cases when the condition of the mouth and health of the child demand a physician's lance, but this should not he resorted to, unless it is absolutely necessary. When the gums are very much swollen and the tooth is nearly through, the pains may be relieved by the mother taking a thimble and pressing it down upon the tooth, the sharp edges of the tooth will cut through the swollen flesh, and instant relief will follow. A child in a few hours or a day will be perfectly happy after a very severe and trying time of sickness.
5.Permanent Teeth.—The teeth are firmly inserted in sockets of the upper and lower jaw. The permanent teeth which follow the temporary teeth, when complete, are sixteen in each jaw, or thirty-two in all.
6.Names of Teeth.—There are four incisors (front teeth), four cuspids (eye teeth), four bicuspids (grinders), and four molars (large grinders), in each jaw. Each tooth is divided into the crown, body, and root. The crown is the grinding surface; the body—the part projecting from the jaw—is the seat of sensation and nutrition; the root is that portion of the tooth which is inserted in the alveolus. The teeth are composed of dentine (ivory) and enamel. The ivory forms the greater portion of the body and root, while the enamel covers the exposed surface. The small white cords communicating with the teeth are the nerves.
Line Drawing of Human Upper JawboneJawbone
Line Drawing of Human Upper JawboneJawbone
Line Drawing of Infant on a PillowHOME TREATMENT FOR THE DISEASES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Line Drawing of Infant on a PillowHOME TREATMENT FOR THE DISEASES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN
1. Out of every 1000 persons that died during the year of 1912, 175 did not reach one year of age, and 244 died under five years of age.
What a fearful responsibility therefore rests upon the parents who permit these hundreds of thousands of children to die annually. This terrible mortality among children is undoubtedly largely the result of ignorance as regarding to the proper care and treatment of sick children.
2. For very small children it is always best to use homoeopathic remedies.
COLIC.
COLIC.
1. Babies often suffer severely with colic. It is not considered dangerous, but causes considerable suffering.
2. Severe colic is usually the result of derangement of the liver in the mother, or of her insufficient or improper nourishment, and it occurs more frequently when the child is from two to five months old.
3. Let the mother eat chiefly barley, wheat and bread, rolled wheat, graham bread, fish, milk, eggs and fruit. The latter may be freely eaten, avoiding that which is very sour.
4. A rubber bag or bottle filled with hot water put into a crib, will keep the child, once quieted, asleep for hours. If a child is suffering from colic, it should be thoroughly warmed and kept warm.
5. Avoid giving opiates of any kind, such as cordials, Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, "Mother's Friend," and various other patent medicines. They injure the stomach and health of the child, instead of benefiting it.
6. REMEDIES.—A few tablespoonfuls of hot water will often allay a severe attack of the colic. Catnip tea is also a good remedy.
A drop of essence of peppermint in 6 or 7 teaspoonfuls of hot water will give relief.
If the stools are green and the child is very restless, give chamomilla.
If the child is suffering from constipation, and undigested curds of milk appear in its faeces, and the child starts suddenly in its sleep, give nux vomica.
An injection of a few spoonfuls of hot water into the rectum with a little asafoetida is an effective remedy, and will be good for an adult.
CONSTIPATION.
CONSTIPATION.
1. This is a very frequent ailment of infants. The first thing necessary is for the mother to regulate her diet.
2. If the child is nursed regularly and held out at the same time of each day, it will seldom be troubled with this complaint. Give plenty ofwater. Regularity of habit is the remedy. If this method fails, use a soap suppository. Make it by paring a piece of white castile soap round. It should be made about the size of a lead pencil, pointed at the end.
3. Avoid giving a baby drugs. Let the physician administer them if necessary.
DIARRHOEA.
DIARRHOEA.
Great care should be exercised by parents in checking the diarrhoea of children. Many times serious diseases are brought on by parents being too hasty in checking this disorder of the bowels. It is an infant's first method of removing obstructions and overcoming derangements of the system.
SUMMER COMPLAINT.
SUMMER COMPLAINT.
1. Summer complaint is an irritation and inflammation of the lining membranes of the intestines. This may often be caused by teething, eating indigestible food, etc.
2. If the discharges are only frequent and yellow and not accompanied with pain, there is no cause for anxiety; but if the discharges are green, soon becoming gray, brown and sometimes frothy, having a mixture of phlegm, and sometimes containing food undigested, a physician had better be summoned.
3. For mild attacks the following treatment may be given:
1) Keep the child perfectly quiet and keep the room well aired.
2) Put a drop of tincture of camphor on a teaspoonful of sugar, mix thoroughly; then add 6 teaspoonfuls of hot water and give a teaspoonful of the mixture every ten minutes. This is indicated where the discharges are watery, and where there is vomiting and coldness of the feet and hands. Chamomilla is also an excellent remedy. Ipecac and nux vomica may also be given.
In giving homoeopathic remedies, give 5 or 6 pellets every 2 or 3 hours.
3) The diet should be wholesome and nourishing.
FOR TEETHING.
FOR TEETHING.
If a child is suffering with swollen gums, is feverish, restless, and starts in its sleep, give nux vomica.
WORMS.
WORMS.
PIN WORMS.
PIN WORMS.
Pin worms and round worms are the most common in children. They are generally found in the lower bowels.
SYMPTOMS.—Restlessness, itching about the anus in the fore part of the evening, and worms in the faeces.
TREATMENT.—Give with a syringe an injection of a tablespoonful of linseed oil. Cleanliness is also very necessary.
ROUND WORMS.
ROUND WORMS.
A round worm is from six to sixteen inches in length, resembling the common earth worm. It inhabits generally the small intestines, but it sometimes enters the stomach and is thrown up by vomiting.
SYMPTOMS.—Distress, indigestion, swelling of the abdomen, grinding of the teeth, restlessness, and sometimes convulsions.
TREATMENT.—One teaspoonful of powdered wormseed mixed with a sufficient quantity of molasses, or spread on bread and butter.
Or, one grain of santonine every four hours for two or three days, followed by a brisk cathartic. Wormwood tea is also highly recommended.
SWAIM'S VERMIFUGE.2 ounces wormseed,1-1/2 ounces valerian,1-1/2 ounces rhubarb,1-1/2 ounces pink-root,1-1/2 ounces white agaric.
SWAIM'S VERMIFUGE.2 ounces wormseed,1-1/2 ounces valerian,1-1/2 ounces rhubarb,1-1/2 ounces pink-root,1-1/2 ounces white agaric.
SWAIM'S VERMIFUGE.
2 ounces wormseed,
1-1/2 ounces valerian,
1-1/2 ounces rhubarb,
1-1/2 ounces pink-root,
1-1/2 ounces white agaric.
Boil in sufficient water to yield 3 quarts of decoction, and add to it 30 drops of oil of tansy and 45 drops of oil of cloves, dissolved in a quart of rectified spirits. Dose, 1 teaspoonful at night.
ANOTHER EXCELLENT VERMIFUGE.Oil of wormseed, 1 ounce,Oil of anise, 1 ounce,Castor oil, 1 ounce,Tinct. of myrrh, 2 drops,Oil of turpentine, 10 drops.
ANOTHER EXCELLENT VERMIFUGE.Oil of wormseed, 1 ounce,Oil of anise, 1 ounce,Castor oil, 1 ounce,Tinct. of myrrh, 2 drops,Oil of turpentine, 10 drops.
ANOTHER EXCELLENT VERMIFUGE.
Oil of wormseed, 1 ounce,
Oil of anise, 1 ounce,
Castor oil, 1 ounce,
Tinct. of myrrh, 2 drops,
Oil of turpentine, 10 drops.
Mix thoroughly.
Always shake well before using.
Give 10 to 15 drops in cold coffee, once or twice a day.
Line Drawing of Woman Holding a BabyHOW TO TREAT CROUPSPASMODIC AND TRUE.
Line Drawing of Woman Holding a BabyHOW TO TREAT CROUPSPASMODIC AND TRUE.
SPASMODIC CROUP.
SPASMODIC CROUP.
DEFINITION.—A spasmodic closure of the glottis which interferes with respiration. Comes on suddenly and usually at night, without much warning. It is a purely nervous disease and may be caused by reflex nervous irritation from undigested food in the stomach or bowels, irritation of the gums in dentition, or from brain disorders.
SYMPTOMS.—Child awakens suddenly at night with suspended respiration or very difficult breathing. After a few respirations it cries out and then falls asleep quietly, or the attack may last an hour or so, when the face will become pale, veins in the neck become turgid and feet and hands contract spasmodically. In mild cases the attacks will only occur once during the night, but may recur on the following night.
HOME TREATMENT.—During the paroxysm dashing cold water in the face is a common remedy. To terminate the spasm and prevent its return give teaspoonful doses of powdered alum. The syrup of squills is an old and tried remedy; give in 15 to 30 drop doses and repeat every 10 minutes till vomiting occurs. Seek out the cause if possible and remove it. It commonly lies in some derangement of the digestive organs.
TRUE CROUP.
TRUE CROUP.
DEFINITION.—This disease consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the upper air passages, particularly of the larynx with the formation of a false membrane that obstructs the breathing. The disease is most common in children between the ages of two and seven years, but it may occur at any age.
SYMPTOMS.—Usually there are symptoms of a cold for three or four days previous to the attack. Marked hoarseness is observed in the evening with a ringing metallic cough and some difficulty in breathing, which increases and becomes somewhat paroxysmal till the face which was at first flushed becomes pallid and ashy in hue. The efforts at breathing become very great, and unless the child gets speedy relief it will die of suffocation.
HOME TREATMENT.—Patient should be kept in a moist warm atmosphere, and cold water applied to the neck early in the attack. As soon as the breathing seems difficult give a half to one teaspoonful of powdered alum in honey to produce vomiting and apply the remedies suggested in the treatment of diphtheria, as the two diseases are thought by many to be identical. When the breathing becomes labored and face becomes pallid, the condition is very serious and a physician should be called without delay.
SCARLET FEVER.
SCARLET FEVER.
DEFINITION.—An eruptive contagious disease, brought about by direct exposure to those having the disease, or by contact with clothing, dishes, or other articles, used about the sick room.
The clothing may be disinfected by heating to a temperature of 230 [degrees] Fahrenheit or by dipping in boiling water before washing.
Dogs and cats will also carry the disease and should be kept from the house, and particularly from the sick room.
SYMPTOMS.—Chilly sensations or a decided chill, fever, headache, furred tongue, vomiting, sore throat, rapid pulse, hot dry skin and more or less stupor. In from 6 to 18 hours a fine red rash appears about the ears, neck and shoulders, which rapidly spreads to the entire surface of the body. After a few days, a scurf or branny scales will begin to form on the skin. These scales are the principal source of contagion.
Home Treatment.
Home Treatment.
1. Isolate the patient from other members of the family to prevent the spread of the disease.
2. Keep the patient in bed and give a fluid diet of milk gruel, beef tea, etc., with plenty of cold water to drink.
3. Control the fever by sponging the body with tepid water, and relieve the pain in the throat by cold compresses, applied externally.
4. As soon as the skin shows a tendency to become scaly, apply goose grease or clean lard with a little boracic acid powder dusted in it, or better, perhaps, carbolized vaseline to relieve the itching and prevent the scales from being scattered about, and subjecting others to the contagion.
REGULAR TREATMENT.—A few drops of aconite every three hours to regulate the pulse, and if the skin be pale and circulation feeble, with tardy eruption, administer one to ten drops of tincture of belladonna, according to the age of the patient. At the end of third week, if eyes look puffy and feet swell, there is danger of Acute Bright's disease, and a physician should be consulted. If the case does not progress well under the home remedies suggested, a physician should be called at once.
WHOOPING COUGH.
WHOOPING COUGH.
DEFINITION.—This is a contagious disease which is known by a peculiar whooping sound in the cough. Considerable mucus is thrown off after each attack of spasmodic coughing.
SYMPTOMS.—It usually commences with the symptoms of a common cold in the head, some chilliness, feverishness, restlessness, headache, a feeling of tightness across the chest, violent paroxysms of coughing, sometimes almost threatening suffocation, and accompanied with vomiting.
HOME TREATMENT.—Patient should eat plain food and avoid cold drafts and damp air, but keep in the open air as much as possible. A strong tea made of the tops of red clover is highly recommended. A strong tea made of chestnut leaves, sweetened with sugar, is also very good.
1 teaspoonful of powdered alum,1 teaspoonful of syrup.
1 teaspoonful of powdered alum,1 teaspoonful of syrup.
1 teaspoonful of powdered alum,
1 teaspoonful of syrup.
Mix in a tumbler of water, and give the child one teaspoonful every two or three hours. A kerosene lamp kept burning in the bed chamber at night is said to lessen the cough and shorten the course of the disease.
MUMPS.
MUMPS.
DEFINITION.—This is a contagious disease causing the inflammation of the salivary glands, and is generally a disease of childhood and youth.
SYMPTOMS.—A slight fever, stiffness of the neck and lower jaw, swelling and soreness of the gland. It usually develops in four or five days and then begins to disappear.
HOME TREATMENT.—Apply to the swelling a hot poultice of cornmeal and bread and milk. A hop poultice is also excellent. Take a good dose of physic and rest carefully. A warm general bath, or mustard foot bath, is very good. Avoid exposure or cold drafts. If a bad cold is taken, serious results may follow.
MEASLES.
MEASLES.
DEFINITION.—It is an eruptive, contagious disease, preceded by cough and other catarrhal symptoms for about four or five days. The eruption comes rapidly in small red spots, which are slightly raised.
SYMPTOMS.—A feeling of weakness, loss of appetite, some fever, cold in the head, frequent sneezing, watery eyes, dry cough and a hot skin. The disease takes effect nine or ten days after exposure.