IV. CHARTER OF HENRY THE SECOND

IV. CHARTER OF HENRY THE SECONDManuscript:Harleian Charter 111 B. 49, British Museum. The upper half contains a version in Latin, excepting the passage ‘sacha . . . frimþa,’ which is in English; the names of six witnesses are appended. On the lower half is the present text; on the back, ‘carta reḡ. H. ii de sacha & socne.’ The document is in a French record hand, and the writer was evidently little versed in the insular script. He uses both þ and th, ƿ and w.Facsimile:Keller, plate xiii.Editions:Hickes, G., Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus, i. p. xvi; Dugdale, W., Monasticon, i. 111; Birch, W. de Gray, Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, New Series, xi. 312; Stratmann, F. H., Anglia, vii. 220; Earle, J., A Handbook to the Land Charters, 346 (with the Latin); Kluge, F., Mittelenglisches Lesebuch, 5.Phonology:The language is not contemporary, for the drafter, who was not the scribe, used as a model a charter (H2) in the same terms, granted to William of Corbeil (see 6/28) and the monks of Christ Church by Henry the First in 1123A.D., a copy of which exists in Campbell Charter, xxi. 6, B.M., reproduced in Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters in the British Museum, i. no. 6, and printed in Lye’s Dictionary, ii. appendix. H2differs from our text in its dialect, which is mainly Southern, with some Kentish forms, in greater regularity of grammar, in details of names and relationships, but in little else. It was derived from a charter (H1) granted to S. Anselm and Christ Church by Henry the First,c.1107A.D., extant in Campbell Charter, xxix. 5, and Cotton Charter, vii. 1, printed in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association,xxix. 242, also imperfectly in Hickes and in Dugdale, i. 109, 111. It also shows traces of its Kentish origin. But it was ultimately based on the Charter (E) granted by Edward the Confessor to Archbishop Stigand,c.1052A.D., Campbell Charter, xxi. 5, reproduced in Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, part iv, no. 38, and printed in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, i., New Series; and the chain extended back to the first extant example of the formula, the charter (C) of Cnut to Æthelnoth,A.D.1020, preserved by a copy in a Canterbury book, the MacDurnan Gospels (now at Lambeth), and printed in Earle, 232.There is another copy of the present document, but fragmentary and decayed, in the muniment room of Canterbury Cathedral.H1, H2, and the Harley Charter (H3) here printed, have been accepted by Dölle in his book, Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer (Morsbach’s Studien, xxxii), as specimens of the English of the London Chancellery. As the editors of the Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters point out, H1, H2are in a book hand, not that of an official court scribe; they are without witnesses or place of execution. Their seals do not prove them to be the original grant, for both H1and its duplicate Cotton Charter, vii. 1, have seals, and a note on the back of the latter appears to indicate that it is one of four copies. The duplicate of H3also has its seal, attached, like the others, in an unusual way to the left side of the document, as if to show that both documents and seals are replicas of the original. They are, in fact, copies, and the natural assumption is that they were made at Canterbury to provide against risk of loss or damage to the actual grant.H3is on a different footing: it is properly attested, its place of origin is given, and its seal is attached in the usual way at the foot. But it is not in a charter hand, and its language shows that it was prepared by a Canterbury scribe to be placed before the king for his acceptance.It should be noted that the English words from saca to frimtha also appear in the Latin version with the following variants: Sacha, Wude, felde, tolnes, grithbreches, thiofes, flemene.The charter is then a patchwork of old and new; its phonological position may be defined by an attempt at a version in Late West-Saxon. Ic Henric · þurh Godes gife Englalandes cyng · grēte ealle mīne bisceopas ⁊ ealle mīne scīrgerēfan ⁊ ealle mīne þegnas frencisce ⁊ englisce · on þām scīrum þe Þeobald ærcebisceop ⁊ se hīrēd æt xpīstes cyrican on Cantwarabyrig habbað land innefrēondlice· ⁊ ic cȳðe ēow þæt ic hæbbe heom geunnen ꝥ hi bēon ǣlc þāra landa wurðe þe hi hæfdon in Ēadweardescynges dæge · ⁊ on Willhelmes cynges mīnes furðor ealdefæder · ⁊ on Henrices cynges mīnes ealdefæder · ⁊ sace ⁊ sōcne · on strande ⁊ on streame · on wudum ⁊ on feldum · tolles ⁊ tēames · griðbryces · ⁊ hāmsōcne · ⁊ fōrstealles · ⁊ infangeneþēofes · ⁊ flȳmena fyrmðe · ofer heora āgene menn · binnan burgum ⁊butan· swā ful ⁊ swā forð swā mīne āgene wīcneras hit sēcan sceoldon · ⁊ ofer swā fela þegnas swā ic heom tolǣten hæbbe · And ic nelle ꝥ ǣnig mann ǣnig þing þǣrof tēo · butan hī ⁊ heora wīcneras þām þe hi hit betǣcan willað · ne frencisce ne englisce · for þām þingum þe ic hæbbe Crīste þās gerihta forgifen minre sāwle to ēcere ālȳsednesse · ⁊ ic nelle geþafian ꝥ ǣnig mann þis ābrece be mīnum fullan frēondscipe. God ēow gehealde.It will be seen that the OE. phonetic position is largely maintained; noteworthy divergences are:æasein hebbe, ercebisceop; asain habbe (occasionally in OE.), ealdefader; asea(=e) in eafdon,æ+gin deȝe. ænglelandes (also in H1, H2) shows a survival of primitiveæ, characteristic of the south-east. en 12/6 foronis due to loss of stress; Layamon 8059 has æn;e+giseiin þeinas.yisein grithbreces of the Latin text and H1, H2(but grithbrices is OE.griðbrice);iin Cantuarabirȝ.ǣisein bitechan, enig, eni, echere, toleten, þer;ȳ,ein keþe.eabeforel+ cons. isain forstalles; frimtha is descended fromfiermðwith metathesis ofr: the others have fermþe and H1also feormþe, forms without umlaut:giefuappears as ȝefu, butgiefan, forgifan.heorais heara (early Kentish hiara) beside heore; scolden answers to a non-diphthonged OE. form.flīemagives flemene in the Latin text (so E, H1, H2, the latter also flæmene) and fleamene: alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse), the others have alysednesse.ēoisein frenscipan:ioin thiofes of the Lat. text,iain thiafes;ā+wisauin saule;ēo+wappears as geau (ȝeu, Poema Morale, Digby MS.) with ȝ borrowed from thenom., helped, no doubt, by the general tendency exemplified in gearfoþe, ungeaþe of the MK. gospels.wis writtenuin Cantuarabirȝ; an inorganicnis inserted in alisendnesse;fisuin geþauian, scirereuan. The dentals are confused:þfort,tforþ,tford,dforþappear in theames, theo, teobalt, hiret, habbad, ford;dis omitted in frenscipan, as in stan, halen, &c., of the MK. gospels;čis writtenchin chyrchen, bitechan, echere, ich, grithbriches; the scribe apparently useschfor [k] in Sacha of the Latin text;his omitted in eafdon;chtforhtin gerichtan is an attempt to indicate the guttural sound.The inflections of OE. are largely preserved, but levelling ofatoeis shown in fele, fleamene, fullen, heore, lande (pl. g.), þare, Wicneres, whileais written for olderein frimtha, saca, wurþa, andoforein geunnon. OE.umisanin burgan, feldan, minan, sciran, þingan, wudan;þāmappears as þan. Weak forms are gerichtan, frenscipan; ȝefu is nom. form for accusative.Dialect:The levelling ofy,ȳ,æ,ǣtoe;eaasa, the old Kentishio,iain thiofes, thiafes, heara point to Kent. The absence ofv,zforf,sinitial, the retention ofain lande, strande, and ofnfinal either mark an early stage in the dialect, or show the conservative influence of the older documents.Introduction:King Henry the Second grants, or rather confirms, to Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the monks of Christ Church their lands and privileges of jurisdiction. The date is February, 1155 (Eyton, Itinerary of Henry II. 5) and the place York. For alisendnessee 12/15, read alisendnesse.1.gret . . . mine, verb of the third person, pronoun of the first: so CE; it is formal, and not a scribe’s error as Stratmann thinks; H1, H2have grete.bissceopas, &c.: in Latin, ‘Episcopis · Comitibus· Baronibus· Justiciariis· Vicecomitibus· Ceterisquesuis fidelibus.’3.þe . . . inne, in which; see1/3 note. E has þær . . . inne.4.Cantuarabirȝ; see 1/14.5.ꝥ= þet.ælc, each of them: the archbishop and the monks severally, as well as jointly; so H1, H2; E omits.6.kinges: see15/87 note.7.sacaand the other genitives are, like lande, dependent on wurþa. Each of these words has a threefold aspect: (1) the simple meaning of the word itself; (2) the right to adjudicate in connection with that; (3) the right to profit by fee or fine arising out of such jurisdiction.Sacuandsōcnare glossed,litis, contestatioandquaestio, inquisitiorespectively.Sōcnis the leading word andsacuwas added to round off the phrase; together they express a single idea, inquisition into a disputed matter (sometimes the area of jurisdiction); then the right to adjudicate privately within one’s own jurisdiction on certain cases which arise within it, and the right in consequence to appropriate the proceeds in fines, &c.Toll, tax on merchandise, sometimes exemption from such, the right to collect it, the profit arising therefrom. Sometimes merely the right to tallage one’s villeins.Tēam, vouching to warranty, right to adjudicate in cases which involved the production of a guarantor (getēama), right to forfeitures, &c., arising out of such processes (see B-T.s.v.).Griðbryce, breach of a special peace, that is, a protection accorded specially to a person, place, or period of time by the king, the right to try such cases and fine.Hāmsōcn, in Domesday hāmfare (OE.hāmfaru), attack on a man’s house, trial for the offence and fine.Fōrsteall, assault on the king’s highway; in Norman law, ‘assultus excogitatus de veteri odio’ (PM. ii. 453).Infangeneþēof, thief caught red-handed in a privileged area, the right to judge and hang him. In = within,adverb: fangene =fangenne,s. acc.of the participle agreeing with þēof: as the phrase was almost alwaysacc.after a verb of granting, these formed a compound regarded as thenom.as well, but anom.by form is sometimes found asacc., ‘infangenðeóf,’ Kemble, iv. 226. The dat. ‘mid infangenumþeofe’ occurs, id. 227, but usually ‘mid infangeneðéf,’ id. 190;gen.‘infangeneðeófes,’ id. 193. C, E, H1, H2all have both words inflectedgen.as here: I have not found the double inflection elsewhere.Ūtfangeneþēofwas the right to hang one’s own thief wherever caught, if he were found in possession of the stolen property: it appears to have been rarely granted.Flȳmena fyrmð, the harbouring or supporting of a wrongdoer or fugitive from justice. (Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen; Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law.)10.binnan Burgan, &c.: a phrase for everywhere. Comp. ‘on ǽlce styde, be lande and be strande,’ Earle, 344/11; ‘be wætere and be lande,’ id. 344/21; ‘inne tíd and út of tíd, binnen burh and búten burh, on stráte and of stráte,’ id. 340/21.11.swa ful ⁊ swa ford: ‘in tantum et tam pleniter,’ as fully and extensively as my own officers are in duty bound to exact: comp. ‘swá wel and swá freolíce swá ic hit meseolf betst habbe,’ Earle, 343/16.12.habben: read habbe as in H1, H2; C, E have hæbbe. Fortoleten, granted, E, H1, H2have to gelæten. The Latin has ‘super tot theines;quot eis concessit Rex Willelmus proauus meus,’ which is probably the correct version.13.þeron theo: ‘þær on teo,’ C, E; ‘þær on tyo,’ H1; ‘þer on tyo,’ H2. The Latin ‘se intromittat,’ meddle (also in H1, H2), is not an equivalent, but rather ‘subtrahere,’ ‘exigere,’ ‘ad se trahere’ of similar documents. The meaning is, take any thing from these lands and rights: forþer on, comp. ‘ne teó se hláford ná máre on his ǽhte butan his rihtan heregeate,’ Schmid, Gesetze, 308. Fuller expressions are ‘ænig þæra sócna him to hánda drægen,’ Kemble, iv. 222: ‘fram honde téo,’ id. 212, 196: ‘of handa átéo,’ id. 226.þe, to whom: see 46/292.14.for þan þingan, for the reason that, because: see the examples of the phrase in B-T., p. 1060. C has for þā; H1for þam þingan; E, H2, as in the text.15.to echere alisendnesse, for the eternal salvation of my soul;comp. ‘to ecere alysednysse,’ Ælfric, Lives, 258/320, ii. 154/178. Keller prints eche, treating the curl attached to the finaleas a mere flourish, but the scribe’s model, H2, had æcere: see 23/161.16.bi, as concerning, having regard to, i.e. on pain of losing. Comp. ‘unrihtwisan deman þe heora domas awendað æfre be þam sceattum,’ Ælfric, Lives, 430/233; ‘bebead eallum his folce, be heora life, þæt hí sceoldon feallan adune,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 18/23; ‘þat ælc mon bi his liue;comen to him swiðe, | bi heore liue & bi heore leme,’ L 19434.The charter is then a patchwork ... land inne frēondliceprinted as shown: expected form “frēondlīce”binnan burgum ⁊ butan ... butan hī ⁊ heoraprinted as shown: expected form “būtan”... alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse)initial ā in both words corrected by author from “a”ā+wisauin sauleācorrected by author froma7. ...Ūtfangeneþēofwas the right to hang one’s own thief wherever caughtUtfangeneþēof

Manuscript:Harleian Charter 111 B. 49, British Museum. The upper half contains a version in Latin, excepting the passage ‘sacha . . . frimþa,’ which is in English; the names of six witnesses are appended. On the lower half is the present text; on the back, ‘carta reḡ. H. ii de sacha & socne.’ The document is in a French record hand, and the writer was evidently little versed in the insular script. He uses both þ and th, ƿ and w.Facsimile:Keller, plate xiii.Editions:Hickes, G., Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus, i. p. xvi; Dugdale, W., Monasticon, i. 111; Birch, W. de Gray, Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, New Series, xi. 312; Stratmann, F. H., Anglia, vii. 220; Earle, J., A Handbook to the Land Charters, 346 (with the Latin); Kluge, F., Mittelenglisches Lesebuch, 5.Phonology:The language is not contemporary, for the drafter, who was not the scribe, used as a model a charter (H2) in the same terms, granted to William of Corbeil (see 6/28) and the monks of Christ Church by Henry the First in 1123A.D., a copy of which exists in Campbell Charter, xxi. 6, B.M., reproduced in Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters in the British Museum, i. no. 6, and printed in Lye’s Dictionary, ii. appendix. H2differs from our text in its dialect, which is mainly Southern, with some Kentish forms, in greater regularity of grammar, in details of names and relationships, but in little else. It was derived from a charter (H1) granted to S. Anselm and Christ Church by Henry the First,c.1107A.D., extant in Campbell Charter, xxix. 5, and Cotton Charter, vii. 1, printed in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association,xxix. 242, also imperfectly in Hickes and in Dugdale, i. 109, 111. It also shows traces of its Kentish origin. But it was ultimately based on the Charter (E) granted by Edward the Confessor to Archbishop Stigand,c.1052A.D., Campbell Charter, xxi. 5, reproduced in Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, part iv, no. 38, and printed in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, i., New Series; and the chain extended back to the first extant example of the formula, the charter (C) of Cnut to Æthelnoth,A.D.1020, preserved by a copy in a Canterbury book, the MacDurnan Gospels (now at Lambeth), and printed in Earle, 232.There is another copy of the present document, but fragmentary and decayed, in the muniment room of Canterbury Cathedral.H1, H2, and the Harley Charter (H3) here printed, have been accepted by Dölle in his book, Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer (Morsbach’s Studien, xxxii), as specimens of the English of the London Chancellery. As the editors of the Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters point out, H1, H2are in a book hand, not that of an official court scribe; they are without witnesses or place of execution. Their seals do not prove them to be the original grant, for both H1and its duplicate Cotton Charter, vii. 1, have seals, and a note on the back of the latter appears to indicate that it is one of four copies. The duplicate of H3also has its seal, attached, like the others, in an unusual way to the left side of the document, as if to show that both documents and seals are replicas of the original. They are, in fact, copies, and the natural assumption is that they were made at Canterbury to provide against risk of loss or damage to the actual grant.H3is on a different footing: it is properly attested, its place of origin is given, and its seal is attached in the usual way at the foot. But it is not in a charter hand, and its language shows that it was prepared by a Canterbury scribe to be placed before the king for his acceptance.It should be noted that the English words from saca to frimtha also appear in the Latin version with the following variants: Sacha, Wude, felde, tolnes, grithbreches, thiofes, flemene.The charter is then a patchwork of old and new; its phonological position may be defined by an attempt at a version in Late West-Saxon. Ic Henric · þurh Godes gife Englalandes cyng · grēte ealle mīne bisceopas ⁊ ealle mīne scīrgerēfan ⁊ ealle mīne þegnas frencisce ⁊ englisce · on þām scīrum þe Þeobald ærcebisceop ⁊ se hīrēd æt xpīstes cyrican on Cantwarabyrig habbað land innefrēondlice· ⁊ ic cȳðe ēow þæt ic hæbbe heom geunnen ꝥ hi bēon ǣlc þāra landa wurðe þe hi hæfdon in Ēadweardescynges dæge · ⁊ on Willhelmes cynges mīnes furðor ealdefæder · ⁊ on Henrices cynges mīnes ealdefæder · ⁊ sace ⁊ sōcne · on strande ⁊ on streame · on wudum ⁊ on feldum · tolles ⁊ tēames · griðbryces · ⁊ hāmsōcne · ⁊ fōrstealles · ⁊ infangeneþēofes · ⁊ flȳmena fyrmðe · ofer heora āgene menn · binnan burgum ⁊butan· swā ful ⁊ swā forð swā mīne āgene wīcneras hit sēcan sceoldon · ⁊ ofer swā fela þegnas swā ic heom tolǣten hæbbe · And ic nelle ꝥ ǣnig mann ǣnig þing þǣrof tēo · butan hī ⁊ heora wīcneras þām þe hi hit betǣcan willað · ne frencisce ne englisce · for þām þingum þe ic hæbbe Crīste þās gerihta forgifen minre sāwle to ēcere ālȳsednesse · ⁊ ic nelle geþafian ꝥ ǣnig mann þis ābrece be mīnum fullan frēondscipe. God ēow gehealde.It will be seen that the OE. phonetic position is largely maintained; noteworthy divergences are:æasein hebbe, ercebisceop; asain habbe (occasionally in OE.), ealdefader; asea(=e) in eafdon,æ+gin deȝe. ænglelandes (also in H1, H2) shows a survival of primitiveæ, characteristic of the south-east. en 12/6 foronis due to loss of stress; Layamon 8059 has æn;e+giseiin þeinas.yisein grithbreces of the Latin text and H1, H2(but grithbrices is OE.griðbrice);iin Cantuarabirȝ.ǣisein bitechan, enig, eni, echere, toleten, þer;ȳ,ein keþe.eabeforel+ cons. isain forstalles; frimtha is descended fromfiermðwith metathesis ofr: the others have fermþe and H1also feormþe, forms without umlaut:giefuappears as ȝefu, butgiefan, forgifan.heorais heara (early Kentish hiara) beside heore; scolden answers to a non-diphthonged OE. form.flīemagives flemene in the Latin text (so E, H1, H2, the latter also flæmene) and fleamene: alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse), the others have alysednesse.ēoisein frenscipan:ioin thiofes of the Lat. text,iain thiafes;ā+wisauin saule;ēo+wappears as geau (ȝeu, Poema Morale, Digby MS.) with ȝ borrowed from thenom., helped, no doubt, by the general tendency exemplified in gearfoþe, ungeaþe of the MK. gospels.wis writtenuin Cantuarabirȝ; an inorganicnis inserted in alisendnesse;fisuin geþauian, scirereuan. The dentals are confused:þfort,tforþ,tford,dforþappear in theames, theo, teobalt, hiret, habbad, ford;dis omitted in frenscipan, as in stan, halen, &c., of the MK. gospels;čis writtenchin chyrchen, bitechan, echere, ich, grithbriches; the scribe apparently useschfor [k] in Sacha of the Latin text;his omitted in eafdon;chtforhtin gerichtan is an attempt to indicate the guttural sound.The inflections of OE. are largely preserved, but levelling ofatoeis shown in fele, fleamene, fullen, heore, lande (pl. g.), þare, Wicneres, whileais written for olderein frimtha, saca, wurþa, andoforein geunnon. OE.umisanin burgan, feldan, minan, sciran, þingan, wudan;þāmappears as þan. Weak forms are gerichtan, frenscipan; ȝefu is nom. form for accusative.Dialect:The levelling ofy,ȳ,æ,ǣtoe;eaasa, the old Kentishio,iain thiofes, thiafes, heara point to Kent. The absence ofv,zforf,sinitial, the retention ofain lande, strande, and ofnfinal either mark an early stage in the dialect, or show the conservative influence of the older documents.Introduction:King Henry the Second grants, or rather confirms, to Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the monks of Christ Church their lands and privileges of jurisdiction. The date is February, 1155 (Eyton, Itinerary of Henry II. 5) and the place York. For alisendnessee 12/15, read alisendnesse.

Manuscript:Harleian Charter 111 B. 49, British Museum. The upper half contains a version in Latin, excepting the passage ‘sacha . . . frimþa,’ which is in English; the names of six witnesses are appended. On the lower half is the present text; on the back, ‘carta reḡ. H. ii de sacha & socne.’ The document is in a French record hand, and the writer was evidently little versed in the insular script. He uses both þ and th, ƿ and w.

Facsimile:Keller, plate xiii.

Editions:Hickes, G., Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus, i. p. xvi; Dugdale, W., Monasticon, i. 111; Birch, W. de Gray, Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, New Series, xi. 312; Stratmann, F. H., Anglia, vii. 220; Earle, J., A Handbook to the Land Charters, 346 (with the Latin); Kluge, F., Mittelenglisches Lesebuch, 5.

Phonology:The language is not contemporary, for the drafter, who was not the scribe, used as a model a charter (H2) in the same terms, granted to William of Corbeil (see 6/28) and the monks of Christ Church by Henry the First in 1123A.D., a copy of which exists in Campbell Charter, xxi. 6, B.M., reproduced in Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters in the British Museum, i. no. 6, and printed in Lye’s Dictionary, ii. appendix. H2differs from our text in its dialect, which is mainly Southern, with some Kentish forms, in greater regularity of grammar, in details of names and relationships, but in little else. It was derived from a charter (H1) granted to S. Anselm and Christ Church by Henry the First,c.1107A.D., extant in Campbell Charter, xxix. 5, and Cotton Charter, vii. 1, printed in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association,xxix. 242, also imperfectly in Hickes and in Dugdale, i. 109, 111. It also shows traces of its Kentish origin. But it was ultimately based on the Charter (E) granted by Edward the Confessor to Archbishop Stigand,c.1052A.D., Campbell Charter, xxi. 5, reproduced in Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, part iv, no. 38, and printed in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, i., New Series; and the chain extended back to the first extant example of the formula, the charter (C) of Cnut to Æthelnoth,A.D.1020, preserved by a copy in a Canterbury book, the MacDurnan Gospels (now at Lambeth), and printed in Earle, 232.

There is another copy of the present document, but fragmentary and decayed, in the muniment room of Canterbury Cathedral.

H1, H2, and the Harley Charter (H3) here printed, have been accepted by Dölle in his book, Zur Sprache Londons vor Chaucer (Morsbach’s Studien, xxxii), as specimens of the English of the London Chancellery. As the editors of the Facsimiles of Royal and other Charters point out, H1, H2are in a book hand, not that of an official court scribe; they are without witnesses or place of execution. Their seals do not prove them to be the original grant, for both H1and its duplicate Cotton Charter, vii. 1, have seals, and a note on the back of the latter appears to indicate that it is one of four copies. The duplicate of H3also has its seal, attached, like the others, in an unusual way to the left side of the document, as if to show that both documents and seals are replicas of the original. They are, in fact, copies, and the natural assumption is that they were made at Canterbury to provide against risk of loss or damage to the actual grant.

H3is on a different footing: it is properly attested, its place of origin is given, and its seal is attached in the usual way at the foot. But it is not in a charter hand, and its language shows that it was prepared by a Canterbury scribe to be placed before the king for his acceptance.

It should be noted that the English words from saca to frimtha also appear in the Latin version with the following variants: Sacha, Wude, felde, tolnes, grithbreches, thiofes, flemene.

The charter is then a patchwork of old and new; its phonological position may be defined by an attempt at a version in Late West-Saxon. Ic Henric · þurh Godes gife Englalandes cyng · grēte ealle mīne bisceopas ⁊ ealle mīne scīrgerēfan ⁊ ealle mīne þegnas frencisce ⁊ englisce · on þām scīrum þe Þeobald ærcebisceop ⁊ se hīrēd æt xpīstes cyrican on Cantwarabyrig habbað land innefrēondlice· ⁊ ic cȳðe ēow þæt ic hæbbe heom geunnen ꝥ hi bēon ǣlc þāra landa wurðe þe hi hæfdon in Ēadweardescynges dæge · ⁊ on Willhelmes cynges mīnes furðor ealdefæder · ⁊ on Henrices cynges mīnes ealdefæder · ⁊ sace ⁊ sōcne · on strande ⁊ on streame · on wudum ⁊ on feldum · tolles ⁊ tēames · griðbryces · ⁊ hāmsōcne · ⁊ fōrstealles · ⁊ infangeneþēofes · ⁊ flȳmena fyrmðe · ofer heora āgene menn · binnan burgum ⁊butan· swā ful ⁊ swā forð swā mīne āgene wīcneras hit sēcan sceoldon · ⁊ ofer swā fela þegnas swā ic heom tolǣten hæbbe · And ic nelle ꝥ ǣnig mann ǣnig þing þǣrof tēo · butan hī ⁊ heora wīcneras þām þe hi hit betǣcan willað · ne frencisce ne englisce · for þām þingum þe ic hæbbe Crīste þās gerihta forgifen minre sāwle to ēcere ālȳsednesse · ⁊ ic nelle geþafian ꝥ ǣnig mann þis ābrece be mīnum fullan frēondscipe. God ēow gehealde.

It will be seen that the OE. phonetic position is largely maintained; noteworthy divergences are:æasein hebbe, ercebisceop; asain habbe (occasionally in OE.), ealdefader; asea(=e) in eafdon,æ+gin deȝe. ænglelandes (also in H1, H2) shows a survival of primitiveæ, characteristic of the south-east. en 12/6 foronis due to loss of stress; Layamon 8059 has æn;e+giseiin þeinas.yisein grithbreces of the Latin text and H1, H2(but grithbrices is OE.griðbrice);iin Cantuarabirȝ.ǣisein bitechan, enig, eni, echere, toleten, þer;ȳ,ein keþe.eabeforel+ cons. isain forstalles; frimtha is descended fromfiermðwith metathesis ofr: the others have fermþe and H1also feormþe, forms without umlaut:giefuappears as ȝefu, butgiefan, forgifan.heorais heara (early Kentish hiara) beside heore; scolden answers to a non-diphthonged OE. form.flīemagives flemene in the Latin text (so E, H1, H2, the latter also flæmene) and fleamene: alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse), the others have alysednesse.ēoisein frenscipan:ioin thiofes of the Lat. text,iain thiafes;ā+wisauin saule;ēo+wappears as geau (ȝeu, Poema Morale, Digby MS.) with ȝ borrowed from thenom., helped, no doubt, by the general tendency exemplified in gearfoþe, ungeaþe of the MK. gospels.

wis writtenuin Cantuarabirȝ; an inorganicnis inserted in alisendnesse;fisuin geþauian, scirereuan. The dentals are confused:þfort,tforþ,tford,dforþappear in theames, theo, teobalt, hiret, habbad, ford;dis omitted in frenscipan, as in stan, halen, &c., of the MK. gospels;čis writtenchin chyrchen, bitechan, echere, ich, grithbriches; the scribe apparently useschfor [k] in Sacha of the Latin text;his omitted in eafdon;chtforhtin gerichtan is an attempt to indicate the guttural sound.

The inflections of OE. are largely preserved, but levelling ofatoeis shown in fele, fleamene, fullen, heore, lande (pl. g.), þare, Wicneres, whileais written for olderein frimtha, saca, wurþa, andoforein geunnon. OE.umisanin burgan, feldan, minan, sciran, þingan, wudan;þāmappears as þan. Weak forms are gerichtan, frenscipan; ȝefu is nom. form for accusative.

Dialect:The levelling ofy,ȳ,æ,ǣtoe;eaasa, the old Kentishio,iain thiofes, thiafes, heara point to Kent. The absence ofv,zforf,sinitial, the retention ofain lande, strande, and ofnfinal either mark an early stage in the dialect, or show the conservative influence of the older documents.

Introduction:King Henry the Second grants, or rather confirms, to Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the monks of Christ Church their lands and privileges of jurisdiction. The date is February, 1155 (Eyton, Itinerary of Henry II. 5) and the place York. For alisendnessee 12/15, read alisendnesse.

1.gret . . . mine, verb of the third person, pronoun of the first: so CE; it is formal, and not a scribe’s error as Stratmann thinks; H1, H2have grete.bissceopas, &c.: in Latin, ‘Episcopis · Comitibus· Baronibus· Justiciariis· Vicecomitibus· Ceterisquesuis fidelibus.’

3.þe . . . inne, in which; see1/3 note. E has þær . . . inne.

4.Cantuarabirȝ; see 1/14.

5.ꝥ= þet.ælc, each of them: the archbishop and the monks severally, as well as jointly; so H1, H2; E omits.

6.kinges: see15/87 note.

7.sacaand the other genitives are, like lande, dependent on wurþa. Each of these words has a threefold aspect: (1) the simple meaning of the word itself; (2) the right to adjudicate in connection with that; (3) the right to profit by fee or fine arising out of such jurisdiction.Sacuandsōcnare glossed,litis, contestatioandquaestio, inquisitiorespectively.Sōcnis the leading word andsacuwas added to round off the phrase; together they express a single idea, inquisition into a disputed matter (sometimes the area of jurisdiction); then the right to adjudicate privately within one’s own jurisdiction on certain cases which arise within it, and the right in consequence to appropriate the proceeds in fines, &c.Toll, tax on merchandise, sometimes exemption from such, the right to collect it, the profit arising therefrom. Sometimes merely the right to tallage one’s villeins.Tēam, vouching to warranty, right to adjudicate in cases which involved the production of a guarantor (getēama), right to forfeitures, &c., arising out of such processes (see B-T.s.v.).Griðbryce, breach of a special peace, that is, a protection accorded specially to a person, place, or period of time by the king, the right to try such cases and fine.Hāmsōcn, in Domesday hāmfare (OE.hāmfaru), attack on a man’s house, trial for the offence and fine.Fōrsteall, assault on the king’s highway; in Norman law, ‘assultus excogitatus de veteri odio’ (PM. ii. 453).Infangeneþēof, thief caught red-handed in a privileged area, the right to judge and hang him. In = within,adverb: fangene =fangenne,s. acc.of the participle agreeing with þēof: as the phrase was almost alwaysacc.after a verb of granting, these formed a compound regarded as thenom.as well, but anom.by form is sometimes found asacc., ‘infangenðeóf,’ Kemble, iv. 226. The dat. ‘mid infangenumþeofe’ occurs, id. 227, but usually ‘mid infangeneðéf,’ id. 190;gen.‘infangeneðeófes,’ id. 193. C, E, H1, H2all have both words inflectedgen.as here: I have not found the double inflection elsewhere.Ūtfangeneþēofwas the right to hang one’s own thief wherever caught, if he were found in possession of the stolen property: it appears to have been rarely granted.Flȳmena fyrmð, the harbouring or supporting of a wrongdoer or fugitive from justice. (Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen; Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law.)

10.binnan Burgan, &c.: a phrase for everywhere. Comp. ‘on ǽlce styde, be lande and be strande,’ Earle, 344/11; ‘be wætere and be lande,’ id. 344/21; ‘inne tíd and út of tíd, binnen burh and búten burh, on stráte and of stráte,’ id. 340/21.

11.swa ful ⁊ swa ford: ‘in tantum et tam pleniter,’ as fully and extensively as my own officers are in duty bound to exact: comp. ‘swá wel and swá freolíce swá ic hit meseolf betst habbe,’ Earle, 343/16.

12.habben: read habbe as in H1, H2; C, E have hæbbe. Fortoleten, granted, E, H1, H2have to gelæten. The Latin has ‘super tot theines;quot eis concessit Rex Willelmus proauus meus,’ which is probably the correct version.

13.þeron theo: ‘þær on teo,’ C, E; ‘þær on tyo,’ H1; ‘þer on tyo,’ H2. The Latin ‘se intromittat,’ meddle (also in H1, H2), is not an equivalent, but rather ‘subtrahere,’ ‘exigere,’ ‘ad se trahere’ of similar documents. The meaning is, take any thing from these lands and rights: forþer on, comp. ‘ne teó se hláford ná máre on his ǽhte butan his rihtan heregeate,’ Schmid, Gesetze, 308. Fuller expressions are ‘ænig þæra sócna him to hánda drægen,’ Kemble, iv. 222: ‘fram honde téo,’ id. 212, 196: ‘of handa átéo,’ id. 226.þe, to whom: see 46/292.

14.for þan þingan, for the reason that, because: see the examples of the phrase in B-T., p. 1060. C has for þā; H1for þam þingan; E, H2, as in the text.

15.to echere alisendnesse, for the eternal salvation of my soul;comp. ‘to ecere alysednysse,’ Ælfric, Lives, 258/320, ii. 154/178. Keller prints eche, treating the curl attached to the finaleas a mere flourish, but the scribe’s model, H2, had æcere: see 23/161.

16.bi, as concerning, having regard to, i.e. on pain of losing. Comp. ‘unrihtwisan deman þe heora domas awendað æfre be þam sceattum,’ Ælfric, Lives, 430/233; ‘bebead eallum his folce, be heora life, þæt hí sceoldon feallan adune,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 18/23; ‘þat ælc mon bi his liue;comen to him swiðe, | bi heore liue & bi heore leme,’ L 19434.

The charter is then a patchwork ... land inne frēondliceprinted as shown: expected form “frēondlīce”binnan burgum ⁊ butan ... butan hī ⁊ heoraprinted as shown: expected form “būtan”... alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse)initial ā in both words corrected by author from “a”ā+wisauin sauleācorrected by author froma7. ...Ūtfangeneþēofwas the right to hang one’s own thief wherever caughtUtfangeneþēof

The charter is then a patchwork ... land inne frēondliceprinted as shown: expected form “frēondlīce”

binnan burgum ⁊ butan ... butan hī ⁊ heoraprinted as shown: expected form “būtan”

... alisendnesse is OE.ālīesednesse(but onceālȝsendnesse)initial ā in both words corrected by author from “a”

ā+wisauin sauleācorrected by author froma

7. ...Ūtfangeneþēofwas the right to hang one’s own thief wherever caughtUtfangeneþēof

V. A PARABLEManuscript:Cotton Vespasian A 22, British Museum. It is composite; a second MS., 224 × 153 mm. in two columns, begins at f. 54 with the pieces printed in OEH i. 217-45. It is written in a small and crabbed hand unlike that of a professed scribe. The use of the contraction marks is unsystematic and the readings are sometimes uncertain. The other articles bound up with this MS. before and after are historical and largely connected with Rochester Monastery.Editions:Morris, R., Old English Homilies, i, pp. 231-41 (with translation), and Specimens of Early English.Literature:Vollhardt, W., Einfluss der lateinischen geistlichen Litteratur auf einige kleinere Schöpfungen der englischen Übergangsperiode, Leipzig, 1888; Lauchert, F., Englische Studien, xiii. 83; Heuser, W., Anglia, xvii. 82.Phonology:aisa, fram 38, maniȝe 54, lange 83, sandon 30, butoin longe 155, sonden 161.æwavers betweene(28 times), feder 42, hwet 17, stef creft 89, þes 72, &c., wes 1, 94, 96, anda(16), fader 40, hwat 49, þas 43, was 19, 27, water 46.eis regularlye, engel 41, menn 31, butæin ængles 166 (ængel), mæn 22, 78, næmmie 112, andain anglene 139, angles 146, man,pl.23, 76.iisi, for whichyis written in cyldren 42, cyrce 108, scyft 117: it isein ȝeðe (= iþe) 165, þeser 74, þeses 113, repen 169 (=ripon), swepen 13;uin swupen 132.oiso, but a, an 4, &c. (= on), þann 120, þáleð 123 (comp. the dialectic taal, Dan.taale, EDD).uisu, butoin come 7, icome 115, sonne 46, all associated withmorn.yis regularlye, berie 7, ded 73, drench 46, euel 41, ferst 167, gelty 153, senne 91, 95, 151, butiin þrimsettles 36, (dier)chin 45;yincyme87 (?cime);oin formest 50, 72.mycelis represented by mucele 129, 137, moche 90: king 1, drihte 52 havei, as often.āis mostlya, fa 25, na 55, þa 106; butoin anon 12, cofe 27, cofer 17, gefo 22, go 22, more 97, 120, non 38, soriȝe 104, to 147, þo 140. clone 15,an isolated form, representsclāne.ǣ1is mostlye, arerde 80, clene 103, elc 112 (3), er 117, geð 157, helendes 87 (4), þer 139 (4); the traditionalæappears in ælc 91, 152, ær 18, 99, æer 21, ærst 69, ærndraches 16, 69; but it isain halende 93, lat 124, stanene 81, þar 19 (7), unwraste 23;eain unwreaste 79, 100, 104, 130, andeoonce in leorde 109 (lǣrde) betweenlandr.ǣ2is uniformlye, adredeð 147, letes 129.ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð).īisi; writtenyin tyme 77: gescung 54 is apparentlygītsung.ōisowithout exception.ūisu; but uncoðe 22.ȳis normallye, ceðen 16, 70, 113, fer 46, 143, 155, scred 42; but litl 160, leoðre 169.eabeforer+ cons. isain arme 51, barn 60, middenard 39 (5), widerwardnesse 24;eain bearn 50, 159, ȝearceon 6, ȝearnede 27;æa, gæarced 156;æin ærfeð 3, andein merchestowe 124.eabeforel+ cons. is regularlya, alle 4 (21), manifald 79; but manifeald 46, 90. Thei-umlaut ofeais represented by weregede 131 (wiergod).eobeforer+ cons. iseoin eorðe 36 (4), heorte 72, leorninchnihtes 106;ein sterren 47;æin ærlen 20. In thewurgroup,wuris written in wurð 143, otherwisewr=wur, derewrlice 10, wrð 77, 123, wrðeð 108, wrhmint 65, 93. Thei-umlaut is represented by birne 154, abernð 143, sterfeð 163, werpð 45 (wierpð), werpeð 142, ?stiarne 13 (stierne).eobeforel+ cons. is seen in self 61 (7), sielfe 48.eo,u-umlaut ofeisein heuene 107, 163, hefenen 36, but heofene 171;å-umlaut is seen in fele 83;eo, umlaut ofi, isein clepeien 49, ȝeclepien 6, lefede 102, 155, lefie 155, seþe 51, 76, 170;eoin neowelnesse 36;iin silure 92 (silofr);uafterwin cwuce 162, wude 47. Here also belong tolie 44,teolianand hare 85, 172, hares 56 fromheorathroughheara, both with shifted accent.eaafter palatals isain gat 13, 117;ein scel 135;eoin sceol 147,eain ȝesceafte 93,iain ȝiaf 97; scandlice 151 issceandlice, before nasal, ȝescepe 56 isgesceapen.ieaftergisiin gife 86, ȝife 88, 109;iein gief 98, ȝief 119, ȝiefe 11, forȝiet 60, underȝeite 4;ein forȝeten 59, 61, bigeten 55;scieppendgives sceappend 65, 93, sceppend 40, 41. The conj.gifis gief 12 (EWS.gief), ȝief 60, gif 63, ȝef 9.eoaftergis seen in iunglenges 107 (geongling);eoafterscin sceolde 7, 25, 87, sceolden 12, 160;heomis ham 18, 55, heom 5;eomis am 162, ham 63.ēaiseain bread 162 (4), lean 135, deade 115, deaþe 123 (4), abreað 83;ain admoded 104, brad 29 (4), ȝecas 81, grate 6, hafed 51, hafedmen 108;ein eðelice 124;æin ære 166. niatt 45 representsnēat, ȝie 49,gēa. Thei-umlaut ofēais represented by unhersamnesse 84.ēomedial iseoin beoð 108, &c., ibeoð 70, beon 69, bitweone 9, underþeod 6, 66, underþeoden 3, 17, leoem 45 written for leome(lēoma);ein betwenen 169, befel 3, 4, ȝede 95, fend 5 (8), frend 5 (9), frenden 28, 157, lefe 96, prestes 111;iein bieð 54, 65, bienn 135, to bienne 43, diefles 95, dierchin 45, frienden 21, lief 59, underþiede 137;ioin þiode 91. Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55(4),si 50 (6), þri 99, 101, andie, besie 14 (besēon). Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in dierewurð 20, istriened 96, þiestre 53, þiesternesse 14; but derewrþe 138, derewrlice 10, fendes 133, aþestreð 144, þesternesse 27.īegivesiein giet 53, ȝeiet 56, ȝie 24, 26.ēofromōaftersciseo, ȝesceod 8, toȝesceodeð 117, ȝesceop 33, 39; but ȝescod 74, ȝescop 54.a+g,h, isag, lage 71, &c.; muȝe 49 hasuby imitation of other pret. presents.æ+gisei, deie 126, 137, meide 139, meiden 141, meidenes 166, neiles 146, seið 158, seieð 153;eȝin deȝe 108, isegd 27, seȝð 163;eiȝinseigd34;ein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon), ȝesed 114, mede 94 (=mæden);aiin mai 152, maie 148. The peculiar spellings dȝeie 68, dȝeies 52, dȝei 134 show the development of aysound, but deȝie 7, 8, 116, maȝie 59, maȝi 34 appear to be for deiȝe, maiȝe, maiȝ.e+gisei, þeinen 21, rien 47, written for rein: þenið 142, þeninge 46 go back toþēnian,þēnung:ongegnis represented by aȝen 101, aȝenes 24. Aysound has developed in ȝeie 43, 142 (ege); aȝeie 64 seems to have been influenced by OWScand.agi.igis preserved in niȝen 138;ihin dihte 39, 41: exceptional is forðteh 42 (forðtihþ).o+gis seen in abroden 134, 156, abruden 27; heretoche 80;u+gin ȝebugon 25;y+hin drihte 52.ā+g,hgive oge 59, ogen 60, oȝeð 64, aȝen 88, ah 43, fa 5.ǣ1+h, echte 55, tehten 110:ō+h, brochte 101, ibrocht 146, innoh 152:ū+h, þuhte 11.ea+h,htiseain leahtrum 79,ain wax 81; miht, niht have uniformlyi.eo+htisiin cnihten 20: thei-umlaut is represented in isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (=siehð), ȝesecðe 134, 156 (gesiehð).ēa+g,hisag,ah, hagefaderen 140, hahes 171, þah 112, þahhweðer 60.ēo+hisein wex 168;ihin rihtwisnesse 40, richtwise 147, 148, brictnesse 145, withctforht: lichte 50, 53; loht 45 islēohtwith shifted accent:īe+hgives nixtan 73.ā+w, daw 47, ȝesawen 165, sawe 44, sawle 42 &c., but feawe 96, scewie 22: ahte 122, nahte 33, ahct 49 come fromāht,nāht.ǣ1+woccurs in ȝecnowe 71:ēa+win unþeawes 132:ēo+win ableow 42, bleowu 168, treowe 92, fierðe 105 (fēowerða), ȝeu 24, 113, ȝehw 119, ȝiu 117, ȝiure 52.The vowels of the inflections are generally levelled toe, but a few remain from the scribe’s original;inf.wunian 159;pr. s.blissið 50,pr. pl.þenið 142; cwaciað 147;pt. pl.arerdon 85;pl.dunan 37, lagan 70, sandon 30;s. d.nixtan 73;pl. d.leahtrum 79; buton 38, 72, 95, bufon 149. Among vowels of minor stress are noteworthyiein laðienge 6(laðung), ȝelaðieres 82 (*laðere);afore, þina 37;æfore, anæ 6, ȝæarced 156;eforæ, rigtleceden 86, 103;efori, iunglenges 107;eforo, hefenen 36, 107, sicernesse 128;ifore, adiligde 79, 84;eoforie, ȝearceon 6;eifori, clepeien 49. ableow 42 possibly representsonblēow.eis lost in ærndraches 16 (4), witȝin 89, and added in seneȝeden 153: seneȝden 154 is for senȝeden. The prefixge, once written ge, gelest 2, is largely retained, but it is reduced toiinpp.ibroht, icome 115, idon, imaced, isent, istriened;inf.ibite, isi; ibruce 25, ibeoð 70, isecgð 148, iseȝð 150, innoh 152, uniredlice 131, iwiss 37; noteworthy is unitald 47.wis lost in sa 54, se 86, alse 115; it representswuin thewurgroup, wrð 77, wrhmint 65, derewrlice 10 &c., and similarly wlcne 145:uis written for it in uin 160,wuin bleowu 168, hwu 99.lis lost in swice 75, wic 142: finallloften becomesl, befel 3, bispel 31, ful 102.mmis simplified in wiman 59. The loss of finalnin inflections is characteristic: it occurs also in bine 90 (binnan), bitweone 9, bute 17, morȝe 119, to fore 138, to for 22, upe 132:nis assimilated tomin næmmie 112, it is added in hesne 98, doubled in bienn 135, sennenn 132, þann 120 &c.onis weakened to a 126 (an 153).bbis simplified tobin habe 161; it isuin sweueð 53, perhaps influenced by Scand.svefja. Forfthe scribe writes þ in sielþe 48, selþ 61, 149, which perhaps represents an individual pronunciation. The voiced sound between vowels is represented byf, notu. The addedtin mistlice is found in OE., that afternin berient, melstanent 170 is local, as sarment, suddent, varmint in the SE. modern dialects:tis doubled in fett 14;tsissin milsi 59,cin milce 102. In an 130dis lost (and 145), as in hlafor 21: it is written for þ in dierewurd 20, had 152, hafd 56, sede 170. Forþ,fis written in of 11, 15, 108,ftin oft 134, 136;tin to 36 (?), 147 after ⁊ = ant:æt þǣreis eter 13, 117: it is lost afterhin forðteh 42, and intrudes beforehin awiðhst 37.scis [š] in biscopes 111, sceolde 7, scandlice 151;ssis written for it in wasse 10, 123.cis palatalized in cheðen 70 (ceðen 16), dierchin 45 (fiscynn 46), ærndraches 16, machede 41 (macede 91).cis doubled in accenned 94.gis lost in witien 140 and final in almihti 32, ȝegen 156, leornin (ch[n]ihtes) 106: it ischin heretoche 80,cin strencþe 97. The scribe generally uses ȝ forġ: exceptions are gelest 2, gife 86, gief 98, gif 63, bigeten 55, iunglenges 107. The development of aysound is seen in ȝeðe (=iþe), ȝeie 43; ȝ in ȝeu 24, ȝiu 117, ȝehw 119 has been adopted from the nom.ȝe. Initialhbefore a vowel is often omitted, abben 160, afeð 150, alste 36, is 28 &c., us 167; before consonants, laford 12, 61, wa 4, wat 24 (hwet 17), wic 142, wile 82: it is added in her 160, his 128 &c., hofne 170, hur 65, hure 44, hus 43, and hwe 69, which helps to the understanding of ȝehw 119. Forht,chtis written in echte 55, ibrocht 146, lichte 50, richtwise 147: ahct 49 is for acht (=āht);ctin brictnesse 145.Accidence:Strong decl. ofm.andneut.nouns.Sing. n.halende 93, helende 109, 163, sceppende 41 with participial terminations (sceppend 40), endedeie 118, gate 117 have addede: tacne 145 istacen; drihte 52 has lostn.Gen.-es.Dat.-e: exceptions, anginn 115, bearn 50, barn 60, fer 155, gat 13 (gate 117), ȝegen 156, innoð 60, godspel 161 (godspelle 165), hlaford 65, licht 53 (lichte 50), mancyn 99, sceappend 65 (sceappende 93), þing 53.Acc.asnom.: accennende 103, a participle used as noun, fultume 47 with addede.Plur. n. m.-es: deade 115 has adj. term., wude 47 (wuda);neut.wlcne 145.Dat.-en, as apostlen 139, bearnen 159, bredene 81, cnihten 20, aldren 20, esten 158, kingen 32, martiren 140, melstanent 170, þeinen 21: exceptions, had 139 (=hādum), leahtrum 79, meiden 141, neiles 146, write 85, and ME. repples 13. The accent on hlafordé 32 may be a contraction mark.Acc. m.-es:neut.folc 68, niatt 45, þing 33, 101, 109; þrimsettles 36 has masc. form. Weak are anglene 139,pl. g., esten 159pl. n., hefenen 36s. g.comp. hefene 163. Strong decl. offem.nouns: blisse 125, eorðe 45, lare 90, mihte 38, þiode 91, underþiede 137 (treated as compound ofþēod), witnisse 149 have addedein thenom. sing.: ȝefered 138 has losten; itsdat.is ȝeferede 20. The other cases sing. and pl. which occur end ine, as merche (stowe) 124, rode 145,s. g.; echte 55 (possiblypl.), gife 86, 88, 109,s. d.; hesne 98, laðienge 6, lage 80,s. a.; senne 80, 91, 151,pl. d.; ahte 122,pl. a.Exceptions are wrldes 77, a masc. form, berient 170 (=byrgenne), ȝescung 54, gief 98 (possibly for gife), hand 37, nicht 53,s. d.; wrhmint 65 (wrhminte 93),s. a.; ceðen 16, 70, 113, underþeoden 17,pl. d.; hand 14,pl. a.underþeod, 6 is adj. used as noun. Weak forms are dunan 37,pl. a., lagan 70,pl. n., sennenn 132,pl. a., underþeoden,pl. n.3.Weak declension:Sing. nom.halege 126, mone 47, sonne 46, tyme 77, witiȝe 35:d.ære 166, heorte 72, heretoche 80, time 84, witie 57, uuantruce 122,acc.deme 148, lichame 41, 126: leoem 45 is probably for leome.Plur. nom.ȝeferen 15, sterren 47, 144;dat.swepen 13, swupen 132, witȝin 89, witien 140;acc.witiȝe 85, ȝefo 22. ærndraces 69,pl. n., 16,pl. a.have adopted a strong inflection: nixtan 73,s. d.is adj. used as noun.Minor declensions: burh 166, berie 7,s. d.; fader 40, 44, feder 42,s. n., feder 48,s. d., hagefaderen 140,pl. d.; fett 14,pl. a.; frienden 21, 28, 157,pl. d.; mannes 72, 118,s. g.; man 76,s. d.,41,s. a.; menn 31, hafedmen 108, man 23, 76,pl. n.; mannen 153,pl. d., 159,pl. g.; mæn 22, mænn 78,pl. a.Adjectives: Remnants of the strong decl. linger in ecer 128,s. d. f., soðe 65, grate 6,s. a. f.; and perhaps hage(faderen) 140 (=hēagum); of the weak decl. in fulle 127, gode 121,s. n. m., lefe 96,s. n. f., mucele 137,s. d. m., 129,s. d. f., richtwise 148, soriȝe 104,s. a. m., unwreaste 104,s. a. neut.hahes 171 is a strong form for weak; haliȝe 102 a strong fem. qualifying lif,neut.Thepl.inflection in all cases is-e, so ȝeredie 131, stanene 81. Longer words are often uninflected, as manifald 79, 90, dierewurd 20 (derewrþe 138), wrldlic 55; also ful 54, gelty 153, hali 122, 140. Adjectives used as nouns are senfulle 147,s. n.; fa 25, fo 156, latst 8, 69, nixtan 73,s. d.; innoh 152,s. a.; richtwise 147,pl. n.Pronouns:Noteworthy are hwe 69, ȝie 24, 26 (ȝe 116); ȝeu 24, 113, ȝiu 117, 160, ȝehw 119. The pronoun of the third person is,Sing. n.he,m.hi 50, 51, 59, 60,f.; hit,neut.;d.him,m.;a.hine 10 &c., him 14,m.hit,n.Plur. n.hi, i in combinations icome 17, ibeoð 70, mihti 55;d.heom 5, ham 18, 55, 147;a. m.hi 117. From *seof.are his 81s. a. f.(= is) and his 117,pl. a. m.(= is), es in letes 129,pl. a. n., for which forms see Anglia, Beiblatt vii. 331, xi. 302. The dat.s. pl.with self uninflected occurs as definitive adj. 61, 81, 149;s.andpl.with selfe as reflexive, 55, 91, 151, 152; us sielfe 48. Possessives are mine 64, mi 63,s. n. m., mine 25, 156,s. d. m., mire 24 (with riceneut.) 26, 154, mine in other cases; þina 37,s. d. f.; ure, hure, ur, hur 65, with ures 87, 106,s. g. m.; is, his, hire; ȝiure 52, ȝeur 153; hare 85, 172, hares 56,s. g. m.his 21, 29,pl. d.is used as noun, his men. The def. article is,Sing. n. m.se, once seo 66;f.si, withneut.tacne 145, but rode isfem., gate 117;neut.þat 143:g. m.þes, with wrldes 77, ses 87, by analogy fromse;neut.þes:d. m.þa, þe, (to) ðe 22;f.þare 93, withneut.gate 129, þar 19, þer 139, (i)þer 123, withm.141, withneut.13, 117;neut.þam, þan 118, 158, þe 50, 145, (i)þe 161, ȝeðe 165, þa 110, probably for þan:a. m.þann 120;f.þa 54 &c.,neut.þat 168.Pl. n. m.þa, þe, (⁊) to 147;d. m.þa, þo:a. m.þe 85. Used pronominally si 83,s. n. f.; þat 97,s. n. neut.; þa 26,pl. n. m.; þan 141,pl. d. m.The compound demonstrative is,Sing. n. m.þes;f.þes;neut.þis:d. m.þese 48;f.þisser, þesser, þeser;neut.þese 118, 163:a. f.þas 80;neut.þis.Pl. n.þes, þas:g.þeses:d.þesen:a.þes. Exceptional is þas 43,s. n. neut.(OE. occasionalþæs). The relative is þe 26, 32, 97; wam 48, 96,s. d.; introducing dep. questions, wa 4, 66, hwa 67: interrogatives, hwat, hwet, wat 24, wic 142: indefinites aren. m.an 1;d. m.ane 68,neut.ane 164, ene 7, an 53;a. m.ænne 7,f.anæ 6,neut.a 57;n. m. f.ælc, elc;g. m.elces 118;a. m.elce 116; swice,pl. n. m.; nahte 33,s. d. n.Sum 17,s. n.has oblique cases ine56, 82, but sum 92,pl.: fele 83, maniȝe 54, 109 are plurals: oðre (once oðere) is constant:eallissing. n.all, al;d. f.alle 66,neut.4, 24 (rice is regarded asfem.);a. f.alle 96,neut.all, al 47. The plural is alle; but all 15, al 141.The infinitive of verbs ends mostly ine, fandie 130: noteworthy are besie 14, isi 55: ȝief 119 has lostebefore him. wunian 159 is a survival; others innare ȝearceon 6, ȝeclepien 6, clepeien 49, don 88, finden 173, forȝeten 59, abben 160.Dat. inf.with inflection, bienne 43, donne 152; without inflection abiden 11, bigeten 55, don 51, fulforðie 98, ȝelaðie 17, 78, isi 137, sawe 44, tolie 44.Pres. s.1.forȝete 61, lefie 155, nell(ic) 60; 2. awiðhst 37, belocest 37, halst 36; 3. blisseð 52 and 8 others, but contracted forms predominate, abernð 143, belimpð 128, cumþ 114, 121, 129, ett 163, fett 42, fet 171, ȝemet 133,ȝestrenð112 (gestrengeþ), isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (siehð), lat 124 (lǣdeþ), sit 138 and 9 others. Exceptional are blissið 50, had 152 (hæfð), scred 42 (scrȳt), scyft 117, forðteh 42 (tyhð).Subjunctive pr. s.forȝiet[e] 60, habbe 74, letes 129 (lete + es), milsi 59, underfo 126.Pres. pl.1. habbeþ 48, siggeð 114, wene (we) 49; 3. adredeð 147, aþestreð 144 &c.; but cwaciað 147, þenið 142 (Archiv lxxxix, 160-6).Subj. pr. pl.næmmie 112, scewie 22.Imp. pl.understandeð 31, 99, witeð 155, wite (ȝe) 125. Past of Strong Verbs:Sing.I a. cweð 21, et 28, ȝiaf 97; I b. com 19, nam 5; I c. dranc 28, ȝelamp 1; II. astah 162, wratẹ 81 (wrāt); III. abreað 83, ȝecas 81; IV. ȝesceop 33;V.ableow 42, bleowu 168, befel 3, wex 168.Pl.I a. cweðe 18, 1.pl.; I b. come 9; I c. sturfe 28; II. repen 169; III. ȝebugon 25.Subjunctivesare I b. come 12, 20; V. ȝewold[e] 55.Pp.I b. icome 115; I c. abruden 27, abroden 134, 156; II. begripe 95; III. belocen 16; IV. ȝescepe 56, understande 116; V. beswapen 151, ȝesawen 165, ȝewasse, uniwasse 123.Pastof Weak Verbs ends in-de,-ede, arerde 80, clensede 103 &c.: diht 41, gelest 2, send 78, sett 72 have dropped finale.Pl.-den; once arerdon 85: sede 117, 119, lefede 155, acolede 90, ȝearnede 27 have lostn. Thepp.ends in-ed,-d,-t; once acende 101, beside accenned 94: unwemmede 94, weregede 131 are inflected. Minor groups: wat 54,pr. s.; ah 43,pr. s., oȝeð 64 (āgon),1pr. pl.; scel 135, sceol 147,pr. s., scule 26 &c.,pr. pl., once sculen 161, sceolde 87,pt. s., sceolde 7, sceolden 12, 160,pt. pl.; mai 152,pr. s., but maȝi 34, maie 148, maȝie 59,pr. s.are subjunctive in form; muȝe (we) 49,1pr. pl., mihtí (mihte hi) 55, mihten 86,pt. pl.; am 162, ham 63, 1pr. s., his 33 &c., is 36,pr. s., beoð 70, 108, 146, bieð 54, 65,pr. pl., beon 69, bienn 135,pr. pl. subj., was 19, wes 1 &c.,pt. s., were 99 &c., wer 69, 75,pt. pl., were 5, 10 &c.,pt. s. subj., 8, 15, 16 &c.,pt. pl. subj., ibi 135 (*gebion),pp.; don 72, 73,pr. s. subj.but plural in form, ded[ė] 73,pt. s.; to gað 145,pr. pl., go 22, 1pr. pl. subj.Accents are used extensively, but on no consistent principle, so láge 79,lage 80; arerde 80, arérdon 85; áȝenes 34, aȝénes 24. They are mostly placed over long vowels, but they are used to indicate separate pronunciation of the vowels in méé 158, bethléem 167, besíé 14. Similarly they show that a vowel is not to be slurred in belocést 37, clénséde 103, macéde 91, ?Æér 21; thatiis to have its full vowel value (noty) in ȝeclepíen 6, ȝelaðíe 17, halíe 85, 107, halíȝe 140, maníȝe 54, 109, witíe 57, 62, witíge 85; and that finaleis to be pronounced in forté 137, mihté 38. Sometimes the accent has been exchanged with a contraction mark, as hlafordé 32, acénde 101. It is only a diacritic, answering to the printed dot, in íunglenges 107, ímaced 164, þenínge 46 &c., and overywritten foriin scýft 117, cýme 87, týme 77. In diphthongs it marks the stressed element, séo 66, unterþéod 6, líef 59, níatt 45; in leóem 45 it shows shifted accent (as in loht 45), so feáwe 96, ?bleówu 168, ?leórde 109: sónne 46, féce 7 are hard to understand. In unwēmmed 139, the contraction mark has been kept, althoughmhas been added; hīne 133 is curious.Dialect:There is a considerable survival of older spellings from the West-Saxon original. The scribe’s language is South-Eastern strongly affected by Kentish, a mixed dialect such as might be current on the south-eastern border of Kent, or used by a southern man, not of Kentish extraction, but resident in the county, possibly at Rochester.Introduction:This piece, like its predecessor in the MS., which is a transcription of Ælfric’s De Initio Creaturae, is, at least in part, an adaptation of an older, probably pre-Conquest homily, as is shown by the occurrence of archaic inflections and constructions (comp. to 8, hungre 28, hatrede 24, &c.; the extensive use of the subj. mood), and by its OE. vocabulary (þrimsettles 36, hagefaderen 140 &c.) almost free from any foreign element. Vollhardt suggested as its source the 46th chapter of the Liber de S. Anselmi Similitudinibus, a collection of parables and sayings of S. Anselm recorded by his biographer Eadmer, probably after the death of his master in 1109A.D.This is printed in Anselmi Opera, ed. Gerberon, App. 161; Migne, P. L. clix., 625 and Vollhardt, 25. That the two versions are related cannot be doubted, but a consideration of dates compels the conclusion that they have a common source, or that the Latin is not S. Anselm’s.The parable and its application is in the Latin brief and direct, in marked contrast to the vivacity, fullness of detail, and diffuseness (comp. 3. 19, 136) of the English. The latter has also expanded the application of the parable by much extraneous matter: i. The Creation Theme, 31-66; ii. The Five Ages of the World; iii. The Doomsday Theme, 136-156; iv. The Living Bread, 160-173, all of which is wanting in the Latin.For filii 58 read filio, and for descendit 162, descendi.There is no title in the MS.: Rex Suos Judicans is from Anselm’s title.2.gelest, extended; probably the earliest example of the word in this sense. OE.gelǣstan, to accomplish, follow, last. Withwide ⁊ side, spacious, extensive, comp. ‘Ðu leof cyningc leod-scipas ðine wide and side þu hætst,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 496/145; ‘⁊ ta wass Romess kinedom | Full wid ⁊ sid onn eorþe,’ Orm 9173.3.ærfeðtelle, difficult to number; comp. ‘earueðhealde,’ 48/311; ‘Earfoðfynde,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 492/82; ‘arueðwinne,’ OEH ii. 49/14. OE.earfoðe,ēaðe,unēaðeare usually followed by thedat.of the infinitive, ‘earfoðe is ænegum men to witanne,’ Cura Past. 51/5, to which corresponds, ‘Hit is arfeð to understonden,’ OEH ii. 205/14; but they are also associated with a kind of verbal noun having adat.termination ine, in imitation of the Latin supine inu, as earfoðlǣre, ēaþlǣre, unēaþlǣce, and the two words come to be treated as a compound adjective. For theacc.inf. comp. ‘Ac þe ben swo fele ꝥ hie ben arfeð tellen,’ OEH ii. 201/30.4.ꝥ—befell, lit. that it occurred to him in purpose, that he formed a resolution: comp. ‘Ich wilnie a mine þonke;to walden al Rome,’ L 25091; ‘þat him wes on þonke,’ id. 13258.5.nam him to rede, lit. took to himself for counsel, adopted the plan: comp. 110/298; ‘nam him to ræde,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 64/230; ‘let him to ræde,’ id. 506/319; ‘hwæt him to ræde þuhte,’ id. 244/113; ‘him to ræde fand,’ BH 201/25. See Minot vi, 68 note. For omission of subject after ꝥ, see6/18 note.7.beriewas meant to supersedecurt, but the scribe forgot to put dots under the latter. He uses berie regularly afterwards. With ꝥ comp. ‘& swa he nom enne dai;þat come heore drihtlice folc,’ L 2550.8.be þe latst, at the latest; so 14/69.to, at: comp. 14/68; ‘to þan dæie heo comen,’ L 13187.9.mistlice, variant of mislice (Bülbring § 535). It means, diversely, of different sorts, friends and foes. But note fastlice, 16/114.10.derewrlice, so as to confer honour on him.11.formemete, first meat, breakfast, the ‘morȝemete’ of 16/125; ‘mixtum cibi,’ Ans. Withto lang, comp. 4/38.12.none, after formemete is probably for nonemete, midday meal, dinner: thoughtomight meanat, as at l. 8. See 206/323.13.stiarne swepen: ‘strong whips,’ Morris: ‘stiff (strong) whips,’ Specimens: comp. 16/132. But the adj. is rarely applied to a thing: perhaps stearce or smerte would suit better.14.besie, look to, provide for, handle: comp. underfangeð 16/131;‘Euele thai gonnen him bisen,’ Seuyn Sages, 507 (said of a whipping); bisen, 202/195 is similar, look after.15.abide,inf.depends onhe sceoldeunderstood from sceolden 12.clone, without exception, entirely: comp. ‘Ne dude hit noht þe king ane;ah duden we alle clæne,’ L 8825; ‘mare ich habbe ane;þane þa oðere al clæne,’ id. 13059, 13264.17.hwet bute icome, lit. What but they came? i.e. What did they but come? they came of course. Comp. ‘nis þer bute þonken God.’ AR 382/26 with ‘Hwæt magon we secgean buton ꝥ hi scotedon swiðe,’ AS. Chron. E 1083. Similar in effect but exclamatory is ‘Hwæt þá se casere cwæð him tó andsware,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 46/358; OEH i. 229/26.18.bi ham, with reference to them, in their case: comp. ‘gif þu witan wille hwæt be Criste gedón wæs on Iudea lande,’ BH 177/1.23.wente he hin, ‘then turned he,’ Morris, as though for hine. Buthinis rather for in.24.lacede: Morris altered to makede, but the text means, of what did you feel the want?25.ȝewinne, with the rare meaning of contend; usually, to conquer. It takeswiðin OE., but comp. ‘wunnen aȝean,’ AR 238/17.ȝebugon, not ‘bow to, be obedient to,’ Morris, but, turned aside from me and to my foes; L.declinare: comp. ‘hi alle to rede gebuȝon,’ OEH i. 219/27.Swa ibruce&c., As surely as I possess my kingdom:brūcanusually takes a genitive; here with dative or accusative.26.mete ibite: comp. ‘ne moste he nauere biten mete,’ L 15340; KHMS.L 1131 note.28.þe: conj. =þætconsecutive, with the result that: see50/334note.sturfe hungre: contrast 7/75: the construction, like that of thedat.‘hatrede ⁊ widerwardnesse’ 24, is OE., ‘menn . . . lætað cwelan hungre Cristes ðearfan,’ Cura Past. 326/5. Morris translates nam hit him, betook himself: for the correction in the text comp. 17/157, 213/539 note.30.sandon, courses: comp. 207/349; ‘þas beorn þa sunde;from kuchene to þan kinge,’ L 24601. For the meaning ofvii.comp. ‘Id enim frequens & usitatum est in sacris Litteris, ut septenarius numerus interpretetur dona illa, quae perfecta sunt, & quae desursum sunt,’ Gilbert of Hoyland in S. Bernardi Opera, ii. col. 120.31-39. A parallel passage is ‘He is ealra cyninga Cyning, and ealra hlaforda Hlaford. He hylt mid his mihte heofonas and eorðan, and ealle gesceafta butan geswince, and he besceawað þa niwelnyssa þe under þyssere eorðan sind. He awecð ealle duna mid anre handa, and ne mæg nan þing his willan wiðstandan,’ Ælf., Hom. Cath. i. 8: comp. OEH i. 219,1-3 for a modernization of the first half togeswince. Our writer was acquainted with the De Initio Creaturae, but he has translated ‘Qui celorum,’ l. 35, independently. The ultimate source is the antiphons, &c., at vespers in October and November. ‘Benedictus dominus qui creavit celum et terram,’ York Breviary i. 597; ‘Domine rex omnipotens in ditione tua cuncta sunt posita: et non est qui possit resistere voluntati tue,’ id. 599; ‘Qui celorum contines thronos et abyssos intueris, domine rex regum, montes ponderas, terram palmo concludis,’ id. 610.34.wiðstandehas double construction (1) withaȝenes, (2) withhim: for the former comp. ‘Ic wiðstande ongen eow,’ ‘Ponam faciem meam contra vos,’ Levit. xxvi. 17; for the latter the quotation from Ælfric in the preceding note.him seigd: this use of the dative pronoun, mostly in the third person, with intransitive verbs to reinforce the subject, is seen in ‘warschipe hire easkeð,’ 119/75; ‘Affrican hire feader wundrede him swiðe,’ 141/62; ‘ȝe schulen . . . sinken . . . ow,’ 146/111; ‘He is him ripe,’ 159/167; 197/16; ‘ꝥ word him herde Androgeus,’ L 8525; ‘þer him cumeþ iudas,’ OEM 42/174, 38/31; ‘men sullen . . . hem þar bidden,’ OEH ii. 23/21; KH 137 note: with acc. exceptionally, ‘And gon hyne to abidde,’ OEM 41/156. See also 54/27, 81/90, 215/25.35.witiȝe: the antiphon is drawn from Isaiah xl. 12, Daniel iii. 55; see 14/57.36.to: Morris altered to tho without necessity, if it is the art. (see 17/47); but it is probably a preposition, see124/249 note.37.· iii ·prou.: Morris read in pon. The reference is to the Third Book of the Proverbs (the division into books, as in Bede’s commentary, preceded that into chapters), and probably to ch. xxx. 4.38.for þan þeis the usual expression: for þat þe may be right.42.sawle ableow: comp. ‘God þa geworhte ænne mannan of láme, and him on ableow gast,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i, 12/28; ‘him on bleow gast’, OEH i. 221/17; ‘him anbleow sawle,’ id. 223/9; ‘And his licham of erðe he nam, | And blew ðor-in a liues blast,’ GE 200; ‘dû bliese im dînen geist în,’ MSD i. 81/7.fett&c.: comp. ‘he scryt me wel and fett,’ Wright’s Vocabularies, i. 93/27.43.þas: Morris read [velas].44.hisas a correction is not inevitable, but it improves the rhetorical effect.45.werpð, lit. casts, i.e. sends forth: comp. 151/45.leoem ⁊ lif: comp. ‘to lif ⁊ to leomen,’ SK 1046.48.of wam: from ‘In ipso enim vivimus et movemur et sumus,’ Acts xvii. 28.49.acht,acc.used asadv., in any wise, at all: comp. ‘Ne mihte he neuere findenmon;þe him oht wolde fulsten,’ L 6601.moder: comp. ‘Sed et tu, Jesu, bone Domine, nonne et tu mater? Annon es mater qui tanquam gallina congregat sub alas pullos suos?’ Anselmi Opera, 300.50.chereð. The MS. reading cheteð is explained, console, cheer, as possibly from OWScand. kǣta, but this is rejected by Björkman, 260. There is no other instance of the word.be= mid, l. 52, with.52. All this doth your lord.53. Comp. ‘Est autem noctis umbra mortalibus ad requiem corporis data, ne operis avida continuato labore deficeret ac periret humanitas,’ Bedae Opera, ed. Giles, vi. 158.55.ȝewold, for omission of subject see6/18 note.56.hares unþances, see10/167 note.57.word: Morris reads worden, in wonderful words, which may be right: the same scribe writes wordon once, wordum twice elsewhere.Numquid&c. The Vulgate has ‘Numquid oblivisci potest mulier . . . ut non misereatur filio?’ Isaiah xlix. 15.59.la lief, O beloved: comp. ‘Eala men þa leofoston,’ BH 165/32; ‘La leof ic bidde eow,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 522/580; ‘Eala, leof hlaford’ = O mi domine, Thorpe, Analecta, 19.his: OE.wīmmanis masculine.61.be — is, as regards his being father.62. In the Vulgate, ‘Si ergo Pater ego sum ubi . . . et si Dominus ego sum’ &c., Malachi i. 6.63.manscipe, the first occurrence of the word in the sense of homage. In OE. it means humanity, courtesy.64.G. m., Gode men.70.fif lagan: the five laws correspond to five ages of the world. The division here is unusual. The English writers mostly follow S. Augustine, who gives six, so Bede, Alcuin, Ælfric, de vetere Testamento; but Wulfstan has seven, Anselm and Herbert de Losinga eight. In another place Ælfric has five, but different from those of our writer; see Hom. Cath. ii. 74.71.ȝecnowe, revealed.74.ȝescod, discretion, reason: see 122/176.77.nas tid&c. Comp. ‘he fram frymðe middaneardes oð his geendunge ne ablinð to asendenne bydelas and láreowas to lǽrenne his folc,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 74/10, which is probably from ‘a mundi huius initio usque in finem ad erudiendam plebem fidelium praedicatores congregare non destitit,’ S. Greg. Hom. i. xix.79.adiligde, was destroyed: passive use, OE.ādīlegian, to destroy.unwreaste leahtrum: see118/30 note.81.wrate&c. Comp. ‘God awrát ða ealdan ǽ mid his fingre on ðam stǽnenum weax-bredum,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 204/1.his, the law.82.ȝelaðieres: comp. ‘sende hire his sondesmen biforen, þet weren þe patriarkes ⁊ þe prophetes of the Olde Testament,’ AR 388/14.83.fele; see 132/9.84.wat, until: comp. 217/102: often withal, 215/26; ‘al hwat hie hine fordemden,’ VV 51/12 and frequently:watis relative conj. substituted for þat, with same meaning; see 72/179, 108/245: so þen exchanges with hwanne, þer with hwær.þe, when, so þa 93.85.arerdon, set up, established: comp. ‘þæt is þonne ǽrest þæt ic wylle þæt man rihte laga upp arǽre,’ Schmid, Gesetze, 270.87.hlafordes . . . helendes . . . cristes: this appositional construction is OE.; comp. ‘on drihtnes naman ures hælendes cristes,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 366/46: it is fairly common in early ME.; comp. 8/106, 9/121, 9/137, 12/6, 7.89.stef creft: OE.stæf cræft, the art of letters, and hence, book learning.90.Eft bine fece ⁊: with this superfluous and connecting a phrase to the main sentence, comp. ‘Him þa gyt sprecendum ⁊ soþlice þa beorhtwolcn hig oferscean,’ S. Matt. xvii. 5. (= ‘Adhuc eo loquente, ecce nubes lucida obumbravit eos.’)acolede, cooled, lost its vigour: comp. ‘⁊ forþam þe unryhtwisnys rixað manegra lufu acolaþ,’ S. Matt. xxiv. 12 (= ‘refrigescet charitas multorum’). See 159/161.91.hur ⁊ hur, especially: a doubling for emphasis of OE.hūru, at least: comp. 149/11.92.awente&c.: ‘Qui commutaverunt veritatem Dei in mendacium: et coluerunt et servierunt creaturae potius quam Creatori,’ Romans i. 25.95.begripe, seized, in the grip of: comp. ‘seo sawul bið micele atelicor, gif heo mid mislicum leahtrum begripen bið,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 122/23.diefles muðe: comp. 17/150. Mediaeval art gave a very literal rendering of ‘infernus . . . aperuit os suum absque ullo termino: et descendent fortes eius, et populus eius, et sublimes, gloriosique eius ad eum,’ Isaiah v. 14; see Wright, History of Caricature, 69-71.97.sette, ordained, established: comp. ‘þis synd þa . . . laga þe drihten gesette betwyx him and Israhela folc,’ Levit. xxvi. 46.99-104. Comp. ‘Triplici morbo laborat genus humanum: principio, medio et fine, id est nativitate, vita et morte. Nativitas immunda, vita perversa, mors periculosa. Venit Christus, et contra triplicem hunc morbum attulit triplex remedium. Natus est enim, vixit, mortuus est:atque eius nativitas purgavit nostram, mors illius destruxit nostram, et vita eius instruxit nostram,’ S. Bernardi Op. ii. 776. The Liber Sententiarum, from which this passage comes, is placed by Mabillon among the doubtful works. There can be little doubt that it is the source of the English passage.100.ful: comp. 29/33.grislic: inspiring terror and shrinking: see 120/94.101.þer aȝen, to remedy these blemishes of our nature: L.remedium.102.efer þurh, ever through, throughout, perpetually.milce, not the active mercy, compassion, but meekness, patience.103.acennende, the being born, birth: present participle with the same meaning as the new verbal noun acenneng, 100. The OE. noun isācennednesorācennes.104.admoded, submissive: ‘Humiliavit semetipsum factus obediens usque ad mortem,’ Philippians ii. 8. The contrast is between man’s shrinking from death and His voluntary acceptance of it.105.ȝelice: read grislice as suggested by W. H. Brown, Mod. Lang. Notes, vii. 226.106. Omitþer, put full stop afteriunglenges, and understand from the previous sentencewere ærndraces.110.þamay be dat. sing of the article as at 14/57, but more probably it = þan, then.folce to freme, for benefit to the folk; see176/24 note.bedeles, heralds: comp. ‘Þa halgan apostolas, þe ðam hælende folgodon, wæron þa getreowan þeowan ⁊ ða fyrmestan bydelas, þe godes lare geond þas land toseowon,’ AS. Hom. ed. Assmann, 56/141; ‘wearð se halga iohannes ætforan him asend swa swa heofonlic bydel,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 342/94; Orm 19/633.112. They are all one in God’s purpose. Foroncomp. ‘Alle hie bieð forsakene ongodes awene muðe,’ VV 3/2.114.fastlice, in steady flow, or, corresponding to ‘þicce þringeð,’ 116, crowding. It sometimes means vigorously, as in ‘hi fengon togadre fæstlice mid wæpnum,’ Ælf. Lives, ii. 98/489; sometimes firmly, ‘þing ðe godd fastliche ðe forbett,’ VV 37/23. See 12/9.117.his, them.scyft, separates, is a mere synonym of ‘to ȝesceodeð.’ Perhaps scryft =scrifeþ, fixes their destiny.119.morȝe mete, the ‘forme mete’ of 12/11.120.more mete, the ‘fulle mete’ of 16/127; ‘none,’ 12/12; ‘vii sandon,’ 13/29.121.witetliceof the MS. may represent OE.witodlīce, assuredly.122.uuantruce, failure; as being compounded ofwan, wanting, andthe noun oftrucian, to fail, it should mean absence of failure.hað: for omission of nom. see 6/18.123. For the pain of dying as penance, comp. ‘Quidam autem electi in fine suo purgantur a levibus quibusdam peccatis,’ Isidore vi. 361; ‘Nullus tui Ordinis peribit, si Ordinem amaverit; aut in morte purgabitur, aut in brevi post mortem,’ Arnulf of Boheries in S. Bern. Opera, ii. 802.124.eðelice lette, easy hindrance, i.e. slight delay.merchestowe: Morris suggests ‘merthestowe, a place of mirth,’ or alternatively translates the MS. reading, place marked out, place of separation. The word is not found elsewhere; it is probably a special coinage for the intermediate state, the place of the soul waiting for the body, the place of the ‘morȝemete,’ the limited joy of which the soul is capable in its severed state (‘requies ei, sed in anima sola, interim datur,’ Anselm, in Eadmer, 161 col. 2 B); the banquet of perfect felicity, ‘se fulle mete,’ follows when soul and body meet again at the resurrection, 17/157 (‘in anima simul & corpore laetabuntur,’ Ans.). Comp.March, ‘myddys be-twyn ij cuntreys,’ Prompt. Parv. ed. Mayhew, 282.128.belimpð hit: a superfluous nominative, as if, what is it that happens?129.letesin Specimens is resolved into lete + his, the latter beinggen.of hit, governed by fandie, and so like ‘ȝif we his abiriȝdon,’ OEH i. 223/22. But support is lacking for enclitic es = his: it seems better to take letes as lete + es,pl. acc., them, or even ass. a. f.used incorrectly asneuter.131.anuis taken by Morris as for anum, but neither his ‘at once,’ Specimens, nor ‘only,’ OEH, is satisfactory. Probably the original had anūge (=ānunge) gerǣde, entirely, quite ready, very keen.132.hade, a past among the presents, is probably a mistake for habesubj. pres.of indefinite comparison, Howsoever many vices he has on him, just so many fiends he there encounters: fele has dropped out after swa 133.135. In Specimens [habbeþ] is inserted afterhi, with the translation, ‘and they shall have for their reward the home that long shall last.’ The text given means, they shall be thrust from his sight and into their reward which must last long for them. Forhin= in, comp. 13/23, and forabroden into, 13/27. But the original may have had, ⁊ higien him to hire lēan þe lange sceal gelǣstan.136.a þa mucele deie: comp. ‘on þam miclan dæge,’ Christ 1049, and often; ‘in iudicium magni diei,’ S. Jude, 6. See Deering, W., The Anglo-Saxon Poets on the Judgment Day, 8.138.niȝen anglene had: ‘Novem esse distinctiones, vel ordines angelorumsacrae scripturae testantur: id est, Angelos, Archangelos, Thronos, Dominationes, Virtutes, Principatus, Potestates, Cherubim et Seraphim,’ Isidore, vi. 137.141.þer midenarde . . . werpeð abec. The article iss. d. fem., the nouns. d. masc.The phrase might mean, with all those who for his love turn backwards to the world, but not, ‘put aside the world,’ Morris. It seems to be without parallel: such expressions as, ‘projecerunt legem tuam post terga sua,’ ii Esdras ix. 26, suggest theacc.þes midenard here.142-146. The ultimate source is Ephraem Syrus, ‘Quomodo sustinebimus, Fratres, quum videbimus igneum fluvium . . . comburentem omnem terram et quae in ea sunt opera? Tunc, dilecti, ab illo igne flumina deficient et fontes evanescent, stellae cadent, sol extinguetur, luna abibit, coelum plicabitur ut volumen, sicut scriptum est . . . Quomodo sustinebimus tunc, Christo dilecti, quum videbimus terribilem thronum praeparatum et signum crucis apparens, in quo affixus est Christus voluntarie pro nobis,’ ed. Lamy, ii. 192. Comp. with the present passage BH 91.144. Withaþestreðcomp. 123/230.145.to gað, should ordinarily mean, parts in sunder, but in view of plicabitur in the quotation above (‘et complicabuntur sicut liber caeli,’ Isaiah xxxiv. 4), it may mean here, is rolled up. Comp. ‘& on þæm dæge heofon biþ befealden swa swa boc,’ BH 91/25.si hali rode tacneusually means, the sign of the cross, 130/65; BH 237/21; AR 106/9; here and OEH i. 121/9 it is the cross itself as a sign. Comp. ‘et tunc parebit signum Filii hominis in caelo,’ S. Matt. xxiv. 30, ‘and seo hea ród | Ryht aræred rices to beacne,’ Christ 1063. See also Deering, 42.147.cwaciað: comp. 34/94; ‘oðe dom of Domesdai, þer þe engles schulen cwakien,’ AR 116/19.senfulle: comp. ‘þer þe crysmechild for sunnes sore schal drede,’ OEM 90/11. The passage bears considerable resemblance to ‘hinc erunt accusantia peccata, inde terrens justitia: subtus patens horridum chaos inferni, desuper iratus judex: intus urens conscientia, foris ardens mundus. Justus vix salvabitur; peccator sic deprehensus in quam partem se premet?’ S. Anselmi Op. 208.148.becheceis translated in Specimens, ‘gainsay’ and connected withcigan, which is difficult both as to form and sense: probably it is written for beceche, deceive.beswice, get the better of.151.beswapen, clothed: ‘et induit maledictionem sicut vestimentum,’ Ps. cviii. 18; ‘Qui oderunt te, induentur confusione,’ Job viii. 22.152.an himselfe, concerning himself: comp. ‘Eft ne mot nan mann . . . secgan on hine sylfne,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 274/177.153.ecenesseis strangely said of man’s earthly existence. Perhaps recelesnesse.158.esten, dainties: comp. 50/359; metaphorically, it means delight, at 159.Delicie&c.: Prov. viii. 31;suntis not in the Vulgate.160.litl her, a little time ago.161.Ego&c.: S. John vi. 51; in Vulgate,descendi.162.astah: OE.astīganis a neutral word the direction of which is indicated by an adverb. When alone, it is generally used of rising; but comp. ‘Ah crist . . . asteh of heuene riche,’ OEH i. 17/25; ‘he (Christ) asteh to þisse liue,’ id. 19/7.164.alswa se, not, ‘as he also,’ Morris, but, just as, even as, 17/173: so alswa alse, 17/169; alse, 13/42, alswa, 17/170 = as.165.⁊ c.: ‘cadens in terram mortuum fuerit, ipsum solum manet,’ S. John xii. 24.was ȝesawen, at the Annunciation. The fanciful comparison is common in mediaeval writers: comp. ‘Elegit autem sibi quasi granum tritici Deus corpus de Spiritu sancto in utero virginali conceptum . . . in cruce illa [grana] moluit, in resurrectione cribravit,’ Petri Cellensis Sermones (Migne, P. L. ccii), 808.167.com, sprang up; a common use in mod. dialects.ꝥ cweð us of breadeis translated in Specimens, ‘which speaketh to us by bread.’ It means, of course, that is called house of bread: comp. ‘Bethleem is gereht “Hlaf-hús,” and on hire wæs Crist, se soða hlaf, acenned, þe be him sylfum cwæð, “Ic eom se liflica hláf,”’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 34/14; ‘In coelis erat panis angelorum, set in bethleem factus est panis hominum. Merito igitur locus iste domus dicebatur panis, unde angelorum et hominum carnaliter fuerat oriundus panis,’ H. de Losinga, ii. 12; Orm 121/3528-35.170.melstanent: ‘Pastor farinam moluit in cruce tanquam in molendino,’ P. Cellensis, 807.berient: the tomb as the oven is original. Comp: ‘Iste est ille, qui seipsum coxit in clibano passionis,’ Bede, vii. 369 (Cologne ed.); ‘Et sicut panis igne coquitur, ita Christus in camino passionis assatur,’ Elucidarium Honorii Augustodun., 1129; Adam. Praemonstr. 178 (Migne, P. L. cxcviii); Petrus Blesensis, iv. 33.173.Ego sum&c.: S. John xv. 1.Phonology:...yin cyme 87 (?cime)cyme,....ǣ2is uniformlyeæ2ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð)text unchanged: error for “dēð”?... Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55 (4), si 50 (6)(4) si 50...æ+g...eiȝin seigd 34seigðein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon)corrected by author fromsædonǣ1+hæ1Minor declensions: ... feder 48,s. d.d. s.... man 76,s. d., 41,s. a.41.The infinitive of verbs ...Pres. s.1. forȝete 611:ȝestrenð 112 (gestrengeþ)ȝestrendV. ableow 42, bleowu 168V ableowoȝeð 64 (āgon), 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.muȝe (we) 49, 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.26. ... KH MS. L 1131 note.Ms.28. ... see 50/334 note.final . missing37.· iii · prou.anomalous spacing unchanged

Manuscript:Cotton Vespasian A 22, British Museum. It is composite; a second MS., 224 × 153 mm. in two columns, begins at f. 54 with the pieces printed in OEH i. 217-45. It is written in a small and crabbed hand unlike that of a professed scribe. The use of the contraction marks is unsystematic and the readings are sometimes uncertain. The other articles bound up with this MS. before and after are historical and largely connected with Rochester Monastery.Editions:Morris, R., Old English Homilies, i, pp. 231-41 (with translation), and Specimens of Early English.Literature:Vollhardt, W., Einfluss der lateinischen geistlichen Litteratur auf einige kleinere Schöpfungen der englischen Übergangsperiode, Leipzig, 1888; Lauchert, F., Englische Studien, xiii. 83; Heuser, W., Anglia, xvii. 82.Phonology:aisa, fram 38, maniȝe 54, lange 83, sandon 30, butoin longe 155, sonden 161.æwavers betweene(28 times), feder 42, hwet 17, stef creft 89, þes 72, &c., wes 1, 94, 96, anda(16), fader 40, hwat 49, þas 43, was 19, 27, water 46.eis regularlye, engel 41, menn 31, butæin ængles 166 (ængel), mæn 22, 78, næmmie 112, andain anglene 139, angles 146, man,pl.23, 76.iisi, for whichyis written in cyldren 42, cyrce 108, scyft 117: it isein ȝeðe (= iþe) 165, þeser 74, þeses 113, repen 169 (=ripon), swepen 13;uin swupen 132.oiso, but a, an 4, &c. (= on), þann 120, þáleð 123 (comp. the dialectic taal, Dan.taale, EDD).uisu, butoin come 7, icome 115, sonne 46, all associated withmorn.yis regularlye, berie 7, ded 73, drench 46, euel 41, ferst 167, gelty 153, senne 91, 95, 151, butiin þrimsettles 36, (dier)chin 45;yincyme87 (?cime);oin formest 50, 72.mycelis represented by mucele 129, 137, moche 90: king 1, drihte 52 havei, as often.āis mostlya, fa 25, na 55, þa 106; butoin anon 12, cofe 27, cofer 17, gefo 22, go 22, more 97, 120, non 38, soriȝe 104, to 147, þo 140. clone 15,an isolated form, representsclāne.ǣ1is mostlye, arerde 80, clene 103, elc 112 (3), er 117, geð 157, helendes 87 (4), þer 139 (4); the traditionalæappears in ælc 91, 152, ær 18, 99, æer 21, ærst 69, ærndraches 16, 69; but it isain halende 93, lat 124, stanene 81, þar 19 (7), unwraste 23;eain unwreaste 79, 100, 104, 130, andeoonce in leorde 109 (lǣrde) betweenlandr.ǣ2is uniformlye, adredeð 147, letes 129.ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð).īisi; writtenyin tyme 77: gescung 54 is apparentlygītsung.ōisowithout exception.ūisu; but uncoðe 22.ȳis normallye, ceðen 16, 70, 113, fer 46, 143, 155, scred 42; but litl 160, leoðre 169.eabeforer+ cons. isain arme 51, barn 60, middenard 39 (5), widerwardnesse 24;eain bearn 50, 159, ȝearceon 6, ȝearnede 27;æa, gæarced 156;æin ærfeð 3, andein merchestowe 124.eabeforel+ cons. is regularlya, alle 4 (21), manifald 79; but manifeald 46, 90. Thei-umlaut ofeais represented by weregede 131 (wiergod).eobeforer+ cons. iseoin eorðe 36 (4), heorte 72, leorninchnihtes 106;ein sterren 47;æin ærlen 20. In thewurgroup,wuris written in wurð 143, otherwisewr=wur, derewrlice 10, wrð 77, 123, wrðeð 108, wrhmint 65, 93. Thei-umlaut is represented by birne 154, abernð 143, sterfeð 163, werpð 45 (wierpð), werpeð 142, ?stiarne 13 (stierne).eobeforel+ cons. is seen in self 61 (7), sielfe 48.eo,u-umlaut ofeisein heuene 107, 163, hefenen 36, but heofene 171;å-umlaut is seen in fele 83;eo, umlaut ofi, isein clepeien 49, ȝeclepien 6, lefede 102, 155, lefie 155, seþe 51, 76, 170;eoin neowelnesse 36;iin silure 92 (silofr);uafterwin cwuce 162, wude 47. Here also belong tolie 44,teolianand hare 85, 172, hares 56 fromheorathroughheara, both with shifted accent.eaafter palatals isain gat 13, 117;ein scel 135;eoin sceol 147,eain ȝesceafte 93,iain ȝiaf 97; scandlice 151 issceandlice, before nasal, ȝescepe 56 isgesceapen.ieaftergisiin gife 86, ȝife 88, 109;iein gief 98, ȝief 119, ȝiefe 11, forȝiet 60, underȝeite 4;ein forȝeten 59, 61, bigeten 55;scieppendgives sceappend 65, 93, sceppend 40, 41. The conj.gifis gief 12 (EWS.gief), ȝief 60, gif 63, ȝef 9.eoaftergis seen in iunglenges 107 (geongling);eoafterscin sceolde 7, 25, 87, sceolden 12, 160;heomis ham 18, 55, heom 5;eomis am 162, ham 63.ēaiseain bread 162 (4), lean 135, deade 115, deaþe 123 (4), abreað 83;ain admoded 104, brad 29 (4), ȝecas 81, grate 6, hafed 51, hafedmen 108;ein eðelice 124;æin ære 166. niatt 45 representsnēat, ȝie 49,gēa. Thei-umlaut ofēais represented by unhersamnesse 84.ēomedial iseoin beoð 108, &c., ibeoð 70, beon 69, bitweone 9, underþeod 6, 66, underþeoden 3, 17, leoem 45 written for leome(lēoma);ein betwenen 169, befel 3, 4, ȝede 95, fend 5 (8), frend 5 (9), frenden 28, 157, lefe 96, prestes 111;iein bieð 54, 65, bienn 135, to bienne 43, diefles 95, dierchin 45, frienden 21, lief 59, underþiede 137;ioin þiode 91. Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55(4),si 50 (6), þri 99, 101, andie, besie 14 (besēon). Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in dierewurð 20, istriened 96, þiestre 53, þiesternesse 14; but derewrþe 138, derewrlice 10, fendes 133, aþestreð 144, þesternesse 27.īegivesiein giet 53, ȝeiet 56, ȝie 24, 26.ēofromōaftersciseo, ȝesceod 8, toȝesceodeð 117, ȝesceop 33, 39; but ȝescod 74, ȝescop 54.a+g,h, isag, lage 71, &c.; muȝe 49 hasuby imitation of other pret. presents.æ+gisei, deie 126, 137, meide 139, meiden 141, meidenes 166, neiles 146, seið 158, seieð 153;eȝin deȝe 108, isegd 27, seȝð 163;eiȝinseigd34;ein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon), ȝesed 114, mede 94 (=mæden);aiin mai 152, maie 148. The peculiar spellings dȝeie 68, dȝeies 52, dȝei 134 show the development of aysound, but deȝie 7, 8, 116, maȝie 59, maȝi 34 appear to be for deiȝe, maiȝe, maiȝ.e+gisei, þeinen 21, rien 47, written for rein: þenið 142, þeninge 46 go back toþēnian,þēnung:ongegnis represented by aȝen 101, aȝenes 24. Aysound has developed in ȝeie 43, 142 (ege); aȝeie 64 seems to have been influenced by OWScand.agi.igis preserved in niȝen 138;ihin dihte 39, 41: exceptional is forðteh 42 (forðtihþ).o+gis seen in abroden 134, 156, abruden 27; heretoche 80;u+gin ȝebugon 25;y+hin drihte 52.ā+g,hgive oge 59, ogen 60, oȝeð 64, aȝen 88, ah 43, fa 5.ǣ1+h, echte 55, tehten 110:ō+h, brochte 101, ibrocht 146, innoh 152:ū+h, þuhte 11.ea+h,htiseain leahtrum 79,ain wax 81; miht, niht have uniformlyi.eo+htisiin cnihten 20: thei-umlaut is represented in isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (=siehð), ȝesecðe 134, 156 (gesiehð).ēa+g,hisag,ah, hagefaderen 140, hahes 171, þah 112, þahhweðer 60.ēo+hisein wex 168;ihin rihtwisnesse 40, richtwise 147, 148, brictnesse 145, withctforht: lichte 50, 53; loht 45 islēohtwith shifted accent:īe+hgives nixtan 73.ā+w, daw 47, ȝesawen 165, sawe 44, sawle 42 &c., but feawe 96, scewie 22: ahte 122, nahte 33, ahct 49 come fromāht,nāht.ǣ1+woccurs in ȝecnowe 71:ēa+win unþeawes 132:ēo+win ableow 42, bleowu 168, treowe 92, fierðe 105 (fēowerða), ȝeu 24, 113, ȝehw 119, ȝiu 117, ȝiure 52.The vowels of the inflections are generally levelled toe, but a few remain from the scribe’s original;inf.wunian 159;pr. s.blissið 50,pr. pl.þenið 142; cwaciað 147;pt. pl.arerdon 85;pl.dunan 37, lagan 70, sandon 30;s. d.nixtan 73;pl. d.leahtrum 79; buton 38, 72, 95, bufon 149. Among vowels of minor stress are noteworthyiein laðienge 6(laðung), ȝelaðieres 82 (*laðere);afore, þina 37;æfore, anæ 6, ȝæarced 156;eforæ, rigtleceden 86, 103;efori, iunglenges 107;eforo, hefenen 36, 107, sicernesse 128;ifore, adiligde 79, 84;eoforie, ȝearceon 6;eifori, clepeien 49. ableow 42 possibly representsonblēow.eis lost in ærndraches 16 (4), witȝin 89, and added in seneȝeden 153: seneȝden 154 is for senȝeden. The prefixge, once written ge, gelest 2, is largely retained, but it is reduced toiinpp.ibroht, icome 115, idon, imaced, isent, istriened;inf.ibite, isi; ibruce 25, ibeoð 70, isecgð 148, iseȝð 150, innoh 152, uniredlice 131, iwiss 37; noteworthy is unitald 47.wis lost in sa 54, se 86, alse 115; it representswuin thewurgroup, wrð 77, wrhmint 65, derewrlice 10 &c., and similarly wlcne 145:uis written for it in uin 160,wuin bleowu 168, hwu 99.lis lost in swice 75, wic 142: finallloften becomesl, befel 3, bispel 31, ful 102.mmis simplified in wiman 59. The loss of finalnin inflections is characteristic: it occurs also in bine 90 (binnan), bitweone 9, bute 17, morȝe 119, to fore 138, to for 22, upe 132:nis assimilated tomin næmmie 112, it is added in hesne 98, doubled in bienn 135, sennenn 132, þann 120 &c.onis weakened to a 126 (an 153).bbis simplified tobin habe 161; it isuin sweueð 53, perhaps influenced by Scand.svefja. Forfthe scribe writes þ in sielþe 48, selþ 61, 149, which perhaps represents an individual pronunciation. The voiced sound between vowels is represented byf, notu. The addedtin mistlice is found in OE., that afternin berient, melstanent 170 is local, as sarment, suddent, varmint in the SE. modern dialects:tis doubled in fett 14;tsissin milsi 59,cin milce 102. In an 130dis lost (and 145), as in hlafor 21: it is written for þ in dierewurd 20, had 152, hafd 56, sede 170. Forþ,fis written in of 11, 15, 108,ftin oft 134, 136;tin to 36 (?), 147 after ⁊ = ant:æt þǣreis eter 13, 117: it is lost afterhin forðteh 42, and intrudes beforehin awiðhst 37.scis [š] in biscopes 111, sceolde 7, scandlice 151;ssis written for it in wasse 10, 123.cis palatalized in cheðen 70 (ceðen 16), dierchin 45 (fiscynn 46), ærndraches 16, machede 41 (macede 91).cis doubled in accenned 94.gis lost in witien 140 and final in almihti 32, ȝegen 156, leornin (ch[n]ihtes) 106: it ischin heretoche 80,cin strencþe 97. The scribe generally uses ȝ forġ: exceptions are gelest 2, gife 86, gief 98, gif 63, bigeten 55, iunglenges 107. The development of aysound is seen in ȝeðe (=iþe), ȝeie 43; ȝ in ȝeu 24, ȝiu 117, ȝehw 119 has been adopted from the nom.ȝe. Initialhbefore a vowel is often omitted, abben 160, afeð 150, alste 36, is 28 &c., us 167; before consonants, laford 12, 61, wa 4, wat 24 (hwet 17), wic 142, wile 82: it is added in her 160, his 128 &c., hofne 170, hur 65, hure 44, hus 43, and hwe 69, which helps to the understanding of ȝehw 119. Forht,chtis written in echte 55, ibrocht 146, lichte 50, richtwise 147: ahct 49 is for acht (=āht);ctin brictnesse 145.Accidence:Strong decl. ofm.andneut.nouns.Sing. n.halende 93, helende 109, 163, sceppende 41 with participial terminations (sceppend 40), endedeie 118, gate 117 have addede: tacne 145 istacen; drihte 52 has lostn.Gen.-es.Dat.-e: exceptions, anginn 115, bearn 50, barn 60, fer 155, gat 13 (gate 117), ȝegen 156, innoð 60, godspel 161 (godspelle 165), hlaford 65, licht 53 (lichte 50), mancyn 99, sceappend 65 (sceappende 93), þing 53.Acc.asnom.: accennende 103, a participle used as noun, fultume 47 with addede.Plur. n. m.-es: deade 115 has adj. term., wude 47 (wuda);neut.wlcne 145.Dat.-en, as apostlen 139, bearnen 159, bredene 81, cnihten 20, aldren 20, esten 158, kingen 32, martiren 140, melstanent 170, þeinen 21: exceptions, had 139 (=hādum), leahtrum 79, meiden 141, neiles 146, write 85, and ME. repples 13. The accent on hlafordé 32 may be a contraction mark.Acc. m.-es:neut.folc 68, niatt 45, þing 33, 101, 109; þrimsettles 36 has masc. form. Weak are anglene 139,pl. g., esten 159pl. n., hefenen 36s. g.comp. hefene 163. Strong decl. offem.nouns: blisse 125, eorðe 45, lare 90, mihte 38, þiode 91, underþiede 137 (treated as compound ofþēod), witnisse 149 have addedein thenom. sing.: ȝefered 138 has losten; itsdat.is ȝeferede 20. The other cases sing. and pl. which occur end ine, as merche (stowe) 124, rode 145,s. g.; echte 55 (possiblypl.), gife 86, 88, 109,s. d.; hesne 98, laðienge 6, lage 80,s. a.; senne 80, 91, 151,pl. d.; ahte 122,pl. a.Exceptions are wrldes 77, a masc. form, berient 170 (=byrgenne), ȝescung 54, gief 98 (possibly for gife), hand 37, nicht 53,s. d.; wrhmint 65 (wrhminte 93),s. a.; ceðen 16, 70, 113, underþeoden 17,pl. d.; hand 14,pl. a.underþeod, 6 is adj. used as noun. Weak forms are dunan 37,pl. a., lagan 70,pl. n., sennenn 132,pl. a., underþeoden,pl. n.3.Weak declension:Sing. nom.halege 126, mone 47, sonne 46, tyme 77, witiȝe 35:d.ære 166, heorte 72, heretoche 80, time 84, witie 57, uuantruce 122,acc.deme 148, lichame 41, 126: leoem 45 is probably for leome.Plur. nom.ȝeferen 15, sterren 47, 144;dat.swepen 13, swupen 132, witȝin 89, witien 140;acc.witiȝe 85, ȝefo 22. ærndraces 69,pl. n., 16,pl. a.have adopted a strong inflection: nixtan 73,s. d.is adj. used as noun.Minor declensions: burh 166, berie 7,s. d.; fader 40, 44, feder 42,s. n., feder 48,s. d., hagefaderen 140,pl. d.; fett 14,pl. a.; frienden 21, 28, 157,pl. d.; mannes 72, 118,s. g.; man 76,s. d.,41,s. a.; menn 31, hafedmen 108, man 23, 76,pl. n.; mannen 153,pl. d., 159,pl. g.; mæn 22, mænn 78,pl. a.Adjectives: Remnants of the strong decl. linger in ecer 128,s. d. f., soðe 65, grate 6,s. a. f.; and perhaps hage(faderen) 140 (=hēagum); of the weak decl. in fulle 127, gode 121,s. n. m., lefe 96,s. n. f., mucele 137,s. d. m., 129,s. d. f., richtwise 148, soriȝe 104,s. a. m., unwreaste 104,s. a. neut.hahes 171 is a strong form for weak; haliȝe 102 a strong fem. qualifying lif,neut.Thepl.inflection in all cases is-e, so ȝeredie 131, stanene 81. Longer words are often uninflected, as manifald 79, 90, dierewurd 20 (derewrþe 138), wrldlic 55; also ful 54, gelty 153, hali 122, 140. Adjectives used as nouns are senfulle 147,s. n.; fa 25, fo 156, latst 8, 69, nixtan 73,s. d.; innoh 152,s. a.; richtwise 147,pl. n.Pronouns:Noteworthy are hwe 69, ȝie 24, 26 (ȝe 116); ȝeu 24, 113, ȝiu 117, 160, ȝehw 119. The pronoun of the third person is,Sing. n.he,m.hi 50, 51, 59, 60,f.; hit,neut.;d.him,m.;a.hine 10 &c., him 14,m.hit,n.Plur. n.hi, i in combinations icome 17, ibeoð 70, mihti 55;d.heom 5, ham 18, 55, 147;a. m.hi 117. From *seof.are his 81s. a. f.(= is) and his 117,pl. a. m.(= is), es in letes 129,pl. a. n., for which forms see Anglia, Beiblatt vii. 331, xi. 302. The dat.s. pl.with self uninflected occurs as definitive adj. 61, 81, 149;s.andpl.with selfe as reflexive, 55, 91, 151, 152; us sielfe 48. Possessives are mine 64, mi 63,s. n. m., mine 25, 156,s. d. m., mire 24 (with riceneut.) 26, 154, mine in other cases; þina 37,s. d. f.; ure, hure, ur, hur 65, with ures 87, 106,s. g. m.; is, his, hire; ȝiure 52, ȝeur 153; hare 85, 172, hares 56,s. g. m.his 21, 29,pl. d.is used as noun, his men. The def. article is,Sing. n. m.se, once seo 66;f.si, withneut.tacne 145, but rode isfem., gate 117;neut.þat 143:g. m.þes, with wrldes 77, ses 87, by analogy fromse;neut.þes:d. m.þa, þe, (to) ðe 22;f.þare 93, withneut.gate 129, þar 19, þer 139, (i)þer 123, withm.141, withneut.13, 117;neut.þam, þan 118, 158, þe 50, 145, (i)þe 161, ȝeðe 165, þa 110, probably for þan:a. m.þann 120;f.þa 54 &c.,neut.þat 168.Pl. n. m.þa, þe, (⁊) to 147;d. m.þa, þo:a. m.þe 85. Used pronominally si 83,s. n. f.; þat 97,s. n. neut.; þa 26,pl. n. m.; þan 141,pl. d. m.The compound demonstrative is,Sing. n. m.þes;f.þes;neut.þis:d. m.þese 48;f.þisser, þesser, þeser;neut.þese 118, 163:a. f.þas 80;neut.þis.Pl. n.þes, þas:g.þeses:d.þesen:a.þes. Exceptional is þas 43,s. n. neut.(OE. occasionalþæs). The relative is þe 26, 32, 97; wam 48, 96,s. d.; introducing dep. questions, wa 4, 66, hwa 67: interrogatives, hwat, hwet, wat 24, wic 142: indefinites aren. m.an 1;d. m.ane 68,neut.ane 164, ene 7, an 53;a. m.ænne 7,f.anæ 6,neut.a 57;n. m. f.ælc, elc;g. m.elces 118;a. m.elce 116; swice,pl. n. m.; nahte 33,s. d. n.Sum 17,s. n.has oblique cases ine56, 82, but sum 92,pl.: fele 83, maniȝe 54, 109 are plurals: oðre (once oðere) is constant:eallissing. n.all, al;d. f.alle 66,neut.4, 24 (rice is regarded asfem.);a. f.alle 96,neut.all, al 47. The plural is alle; but all 15, al 141.The infinitive of verbs ends mostly ine, fandie 130: noteworthy are besie 14, isi 55: ȝief 119 has lostebefore him. wunian 159 is a survival; others innare ȝearceon 6, ȝeclepien 6, clepeien 49, don 88, finden 173, forȝeten 59, abben 160.Dat. inf.with inflection, bienne 43, donne 152; without inflection abiden 11, bigeten 55, don 51, fulforðie 98, ȝelaðie 17, 78, isi 137, sawe 44, tolie 44.Pres. s.1.forȝete 61, lefie 155, nell(ic) 60; 2. awiðhst 37, belocest 37, halst 36; 3. blisseð 52 and 8 others, but contracted forms predominate, abernð 143, belimpð 128, cumþ 114, 121, 129, ett 163, fett 42, fet 171, ȝemet 133,ȝestrenð112 (gestrengeþ), isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (siehð), lat 124 (lǣdeþ), sit 138 and 9 others. Exceptional are blissið 50, had 152 (hæfð), scred 42 (scrȳt), scyft 117, forðteh 42 (tyhð).Subjunctive pr. s.forȝiet[e] 60, habbe 74, letes 129 (lete + es), milsi 59, underfo 126.Pres. pl.1. habbeþ 48, siggeð 114, wene (we) 49; 3. adredeð 147, aþestreð 144 &c.; but cwaciað 147, þenið 142 (Archiv lxxxix, 160-6).Subj. pr. pl.næmmie 112, scewie 22.Imp. pl.understandeð 31, 99, witeð 155, wite (ȝe) 125. Past of Strong Verbs:Sing.I a. cweð 21, et 28, ȝiaf 97; I b. com 19, nam 5; I c. dranc 28, ȝelamp 1; II. astah 162, wratẹ 81 (wrāt); III. abreað 83, ȝecas 81; IV. ȝesceop 33;V.ableow 42, bleowu 168, befel 3, wex 168.Pl.I a. cweðe 18, 1.pl.; I b. come 9; I c. sturfe 28; II. repen 169; III. ȝebugon 25.Subjunctivesare I b. come 12, 20; V. ȝewold[e] 55.Pp.I b. icome 115; I c. abruden 27, abroden 134, 156; II. begripe 95; III. belocen 16; IV. ȝescepe 56, understande 116; V. beswapen 151, ȝesawen 165, ȝewasse, uniwasse 123.Pastof Weak Verbs ends in-de,-ede, arerde 80, clensede 103 &c.: diht 41, gelest 2, send 78, sett 72 have dropped finale.Pl.-den; once arerdon 85: sede 117, 119, lefede 155, acolede 90, ȝearnede 27 have lostn. Thepp.ends in-ed,-d,-t; once acende 101, beside accenned 94: unwemmede 94, weregede 131 are inflected. Minor groups: wat 54,pr. s.; ah 43,pr. s., oȝeð 64 (āgon),1pr. pl.; scel 135, sceol 147,pr. s., scule 26 &c.,pr. pl., once sculen 161, sceolde 87,pt. s., sceolde 7, sceolden 12, 160,pt. pl.; mai 152,pr. s., but maȝi 34, maie 148, maȝie 59,pr. s.are subjunctive in form; muȝe (we) 49,1pr. pl., mihtí (mihte hi) 55, mihten 86,pt. pl.; am 162, ham 63, 1pr. s., his 33 &c., is 36,pr. s., beoð 70, 108, 146, bieð 54, 65,pr. pl., beon 69, bienn 135,pr. pl. subj., was 19, wes 1 &c.,pt. s., were 99 &c., wer 69, 75,pt. pl., were 5, 10 &c.,pt. s. subj., 8, 15, 16 &c.,pt. pl. subj., ibi 135 (*gebion),pp.; don 72, 73,pr. s. subj.but plural in form, ded[ė] 73,pt. s.; to gað 145,pr. pl., go 22, 1pr. pl. subj.Accents are used extensively, but on no consistent principle, so láge 79,lage 80; arerde 80, arérdon 85; áȝenes 34, aȝénes 24. They are mostly placed over long vowels, but they are used to indicate separate pronunciation of the vowels in méé 158, bethléem 167, besíé 14. Similarly they show that a vowel is not to be slurred in belocést 37, clénséde 103, macéde 91, ?Æér 21; thatiis to have its full vowel value (noty) in ȝeclepíen 6, ȝelaðíe 17, halíe 85, 107, halíȝe 140, maníȝe 54, 109, witíe 57, 62, witíge 85; and that finaleis to be pronounced in forté 137, mihté 38. Sometimes the accent has been exchanged with a contraction mark, as hlafordé 32, acénde 101. It is only a diacritic, answering to the printed dot, in íunglenges 107, ímaced 164, þenínge 46 &c., and overywritten foriin scýft 117, cýme 87, týme 77. In diphthongs it marks the stressed element, séo 66, unterþéod 6, líef 59, níatt 45; in leóem 45 it shows shifted accent (as in loht 45), so feáwe 96, ?bleówu 168, ?leórde 109: sónne 46, féce 7 are hard to understand. In unwēmmed 139, the contraction mark has been kept, althoughmhas been added; hīne 133 is curious.Dialect:There is a considerable survival of older spellings from the West-Saxon original. The scribe’s language is South-Eastern strongly affected by Kentish, a mixed dialect such as might be current on the south-eastern border of Kent, or used by a southern man, not of Kentish extraction, but resident in the county, possibly at Rochester.Introduction:This piece, like its predecessor in the MS., which is a transcription of Ælfric’s De Initio Creaturae, is, at least in part, an adaptation of an older, probably pre-Conquest homily, as is shown by the occurrence of archaic inflections and constructions (comp. to 8, hungre 28, hatrede 24, &c.; the extensive use of the subj. mood), and by its OE. vocabulary (þrimsettles 36, hagefaderen 140 &c.) almost free from any foreign element. Vollhardt suggested as its source the 46th chapter of the Liber de S. Anselmi Similitudinibus, a collection of parables and sayings of S. Anselm recorded by his biographer Eadmer, probably after the death of his master in 1109A.D.This is printed in Anselmi Opera, ed. Gerberon, App. 161; Migne, P. L. clix., 625 and Vollhardt, 25. That the two versions are related cannot be doubted, but a consideration of dates compels the conclusion that they have a common source, or that the Latin is not S. Anselm’s.The parable and its application is in the Latin brief and direct, in marked contrast to the vivacity, fullness of detail, and diffuseness (comp. 3. 19, 136) of the English. The latter has also expanded the application of the parable by much extraneous matter: i. The Creation Theme, 31-66; ii. The Five Ages of the World; iii. The Doomsday Theme, 136-156; iv. The Living Bread, 160-173, all of which is wanting in the Latin.For filii 58 read filio, and for descendit 162, descendi.There is no title in the MS.: Rex Suos Judicans is from Anselm’s title.

Manuscript:Cotton Vespasian A 22, British Museum. It is composite; a second MS., 224 × 153 mm. in two columns, begins at f. 54 with the pieces printed in OEH i. 217-45. It is written in a small and crabbed hand unlike that of a professed scribe. The use of the contraction marks is unsystematic and the readings are sometimes uncertain. The other articles bound up with this MS. before and after are historical and largely connected with Rochester Monastery.

Editions:Morris, R., Old English Homilies, i, pp. 231-41 (with translation), and Specimens of Early English.

Literature:Vollhardt, W., Einfluss der lateinischen geistlichen Litteratur auf einige kleinere Schöpfungen der englischen Übergangsperiode, Leipzig, 1888; Lauchert, F., Englische Studien, xiii. 83; Heuser, W., Anglia, xvii. 82.

Phonology:aisa, fram 38, maniȝe 54, lange 83, sandon 30, butoin longe 155, sonden 161.æwavers betweene(28 times), feder 42, hwet 17, stef creft 89, þes 72, &c., wes 1, 94, 96, anda(16), fader 40, hwat 49, þas 43, was 19, 27, water 46.eis regularlye, engel 41, menn 31, butæin ængles 166 (ængel), mæn 22, 78, næmmie 112, andain anglene 139, angles 146, man,pl.23, 76.iisi, for whichyis written in cyldren 42, cyrce 108, scyft 117: it isein ȝeðe (= iþe) 165, þeser 74, þeses 113, repen 169 (=ripon), swepen 13;uin swupen 132.oiso, but a, an 4, &c. (= on), þann 120, þáleð 123 (comp. the dialectic taal, Dan.taale, EDD).uisu, butoin come 7, icome 115, sonne 46, all associated withmorn.yis regularlye, berie 7, ded 73, drench 46, euel 41, ferst 167, gelty 153, senne 91, 95, 151, butiin þrimsettles 36, (dier)chin 45;yincyme87 (?cime);oin formest 50, 72.mycelis represented by mucele 129, 137, moche 90: king 1, drihte 52 havei, as often.

āis mostlya, fa 25, na 55, þa 106; butoin anon 12, cofe 27, cofer 17, gefo 22, go 22, more 97, 120, non 38, soriȝe 104, to 147, þo 140. clone 15,an isolated form, representsclāne.ǣ1is mostlye, arerde 80, clene 103, elc 112 (3), er 117, geð 157, helendes 87 (4), þer 139 (4); the traditionalæappears in ælc 91, 152, ær 18, 99, æer 21, ærst 69, ærndraches 16, 69; but it isain halende 93, lat 124, stanene 81, þar 19 (7), unwraste 23;eain unwreaste 79, 100, 104, 130, andeoonce in leorde 109 (lǣrde) betweenlandr.ǣ2is uniformlye, adredeð 147, letes 129.ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð).īisi; writtenyin tyme 77: gescung 54 is apparentlygītsung.ōisowithout exception.ūisu; but uncoðe 22.ȳis normallye, ceðen 16, 70, 113, fer 46, 143, 155, scred 42; but litl 160, leoðre 169.

eabeforer+ cons. isain arme 51, barn 60, middenard 39 (5), widerwardnesse 24;eain bearn 50, 159, ȝearceon 6, ȝearnede 27;æa, gæarced 156;æin ærfeð 3, andein merchestowe 124.eabeforel+ cons. is regularlya, alle 4 (21), manifald 79; but manifeald 46, 90. Thei-umlaut ofeais represented by weregede 131 (wiergod).eobeforer+ cons. iseoin eorðe 36 (4), heorte 72, leorninchnihtes 106;ein sterren 47;æin ærlen 20. In thewurgroup,wuris written in wurð 143, otherwisewr=wur, derewrlice 10, wrð 77, 123, wrðeð 108, wrhmint 65, 93. Thei-umlaut is represented by birne 154, abernð 143, sterfeð 163, werpð 45 (wierpð), werpeð 142, ?stiarne 13 (stierne).eobeforel+ cons. is seen in self 61 (7), sielfe 48.eo,u-umlaut ofeisein heuene 107, 163, hefenen 36, but heofene 171;å-umlaut is seen in fele 83;eo, umlaut ofi, isein clepeien 49, ȝeclepien 6, lefede 102, 155, lefie 155, seþe 51, 76, 170;eoin neowelnesse 36;iin silure 92 (silofr);uafterwin cwuce 162, wude 47. Here also belong tolie 44,teolianand hare 85, 172, hares 56 fromheorathroughheara, both with shifted accent.eaafter palatals isain gat 13, 117;ein scel 135;eoin sceol 147,eain ȝesceafte 93,iain ȝiaf 97; scandlice 151 issceandlice, before nasal, ȝescepe 56 isgesceapen.ieaftergisiin gife 86, ȝife 88, 109;iein gief 98, ȝief 119, ȝiefe 11, forȝiet 60, underȝeite 4;ein forȝeten 59, 61, bigeten 55;scieppendgives sceappend 65, 93, sceppend 40, 41. The conj.gifis gief 12 (EWS.gief), ȝief 60, gif 63, ȝef 9.eoaftergis seen in iunglenges 107 (geongling);eoafterscin sceolde 7, 25, 87, sceolden 12, 160;heomis ham 18, 55, heom 5;eomis am 162, ham 63.

ēaiseain bread 162 (4), lean 135, deade 115, deaþe 123 (4), abreað 83;ain admoded 104, brad 29 (4), ȝecas 81, grate 6, hafed 51, hafedmen 108;ein eðelice 124;æin ære 166. niatt 45 representsnēat, ȝie 49,gēa. Thei-umlaut ofēais represented by unhersamnesse 84.ēomedial iseoin beoð 108, &c., ibeoð 70, beon 69, bitweone 9, underþeod 6, 66, underþeoden 3, 17, leoem 45 written for leome(lēoma);ein betwenen 169, befel 3, 4, ȝede 95, fend 5 (8), frend 5 (9), frenden 28, 157, lefe 96, prestes 111;iein bieð 54, 65, bienn 135, to bienne 43, diefles 95, dierchin 45, frienden 21, lief 59, underþiede 137;ioin þiode 91. Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55(4),si 50 (6), þri 99, 101, andie, besie 14 (besēon). Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in dierewurð 20, istriened 96, þiestre 53, þiesternesse 14; but derewrþe 138, derewrlice 10, fendes 133, aþestreð 144, þesternesse 27.īegivesiein giet 53, ȝeiet 56, ȝie 24, 26.ēofromōaftersciseo, ȝesceod 8, toȝesceodeð 117, ȝesceop 33, 39; but ȝescod 74, ȝescop 54.

a+g,h, isag, lage 71, &c.; muȝe 49 hasuby imitation of other pret. presents.æ+gisei, deie 126, 137, meide 139, meiden 141, meidenes 166, neiles 146, seið 158, seieð 153;eȝin deȝe 108, isegd 27, seȝð 163;eiȝinseigd34;ein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon), ȝesed 114, mede 94 (=mæden);aiin mai 152, maie 148. The peculiar spellings dȝeie 68, dȝeies 52, dȝei 134 show the development of aysound, but deȝie 7, 8, 116, maȝie 59, maȝi 34 appear to be for deiȝe, maiȝe, maiȝ.e+gisei, þeinen 21, rien 47, written for rein: þenið 142, þeninge 46 go back toþēnian,þēnung:ongegnis represented by aȝen 101, aȝenes 24. Aysound has developed in ȝeie 43, 142 (ege); aȝeie 64 seems to have been influenced by OWScand.agi.igis preserved in niȝen 138;ihin dihte 39, 41: exceptional is forðteh 42 (forðtihþ).o+gis seen in abroden 134, 156, abruden 27; heretoche 80;u+gin ȝebugon 25;y+hin drihte 52.ā+g,hgive oge 59, ogen 60, oȝeð 64, aȝen 88, ah 43, fa 5.ǣ1+h, echte 55, tehten 110:ō+h, brochte 101, ibrocht 146, innoh 152:ū+h, þuhte 11.

ea+h,htiseain leahtrum 79,ain wax 81; miht, niht have uniformlyi.eo+htisiin cnihten 20: thei-umlaut is represented in isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (=siehð), ȝesecðe 134, 156 (gesiehð).ēa+g,hisag,ah, hagefaderen 140, hahes 171, þah 112, þahhweðer 60.ēo+hisein wex 168;ihin rihtwisnesse 40, richtwise 147, 148, brictnesse 145, withctforht: lichte 50, 53; loht 45 islēohtwith shifted accent:īe+hgives nixtan 73.ā+w, daw 47, ȝesawen 165, sawe 44, sawle 42 &c., but feawe 96, scewie 22: ahte 122, nahte 33, ahct 49 come fromāht,nāht.ǣ1+woccurs in ȝecnowe 71:ēa+win unþeawes 132:ēo+win ableow 42, bleowu 168, treowe 92, fierðe 105 (fēowerða), ȝeu 24, 113, ȝehw 119, ȝiu 117, ȝiure 52.

The vowels of the inflections are generally levelled toe, but a few remain from the scribe’s original;inf.wunian 159;pr. s.blissið 50,pr. pl.þenið 142; cwaciað 147;pt. pl.arerdon 85;pl.dunan 37, lagan 70, sandon 30;s. d.nixtan 73;pl. d.leahtrum 79; buton 38, 72, 95, bufon 149. Among vowels of minor stress are noteworthyiein laðienge 6(laðung), ȝelaðieres 82 (*laðere);afore, þina 37;æfore, anæ 6, ȝæarced 156;eforæ, rigtleceden 86, 103;efori, iunglenges 107;eforo, hefenen 36, 107, sicernesse 128;ifore, adiligde 79, 84;eoforie, ȝearceon 6;eifori, clepeien 49. ableow 42 possibly representsonblēow.eis lost in ærndraches 16 (4), witȝin 89, and added in seneȝeden 153: seneȝden 154 is for senȝeden. The prefixge, once written ge, gelest 2, is largely retained, but it is reduced toiinpp.ibroht, icome 115, idon, imaced, isent, istriened;inf.ibite, isi; ibruce 25, ibeoð 70, isecgð 148, iseȝð 150, innoh 152, uniredlice 131, iwiss 37; noteworthy is unitald 47.

wis lost in sa 54, se 86, alse 115; it representswuin thewurgroup, wrð 77, wrhmint 65, derewrlice 10 &c., and similarly wlcne 145:uis written for it in uin 160,wuin bleowu 168, hwu 99.lis lost in swice 75, wic 142: finallloften becomesl, befel 3, bispel 31, ful 102.mmis simplified in wiman 59. The loss of finalnin inflections is characteristic: it occurs also in bine 90 (binnan), bitweone 9, bute 17, morȝe 119, to fore 138, to for 22, upe 132:nis assimilated tomin næmmie 112, it is added in hesne 98, doubled in bienn 135, sennenn 132, þann 120 &c.onis weakened to a 126 (an 153).bbis simplified tobin habe 161; it isuin sweueð 53, perhaps influenced by Scand.svefja. Forfthe scribe writes þ in sielþe 48, selþ 61, 149, which perhaps represents an individual pronunciation. The voiced sound between vowels is represented byf, notu. The addedtin mistlice is found in OE., that afternin berient, melstanent 170 is local, as sarment, suddent, varmint in the SE. modern dialects:tis doubled in fett 14;tsissin milsi 59,cin milce 102. In an 130dis lost (and 145), as in hlafor 21: it is written for þ in dierewurd 20, had 152, hafd 56, sede 170. Forþ,fis written in of 11, 15, 108,ftin oft 134, 136;tin to 36 (?), 147 after ⁊ = ant:æt þǣreis eter 13, 117: it is lost afterhin forðteh 42, and intrudes beforehin awiðhst 37.scis [š] in biscopes 111, sceolde 7, scandlice 151;ssis written for it in wasse 10, 123.cis palatalized in cheðen 70 (ceðen 16), dierchin 45 (fiscynn 46), ærndraches 16, machede 41 (macede 91).cis doubled in accenned 94.gis lost in witien 140 and final in almihti 32, ȝegen 156, leornin (ch[n]ihtes) 106: it ischin heretoche 80,cin strencþe 97. The scribe generally uses ȝ forġ: exceptions are gelest 2, gife 86, gief 98, gif 63, bigeten 55, iunglenges 107. The development of aysound is seen in ȝeðe (=iþe), ȝeie 43; ȝ in ȝeu 24, ȝiu 117, ȝehw 119 has been adopted from the nom.ȝe. Initialhbefore a vowel is often omitted, abben 160, afeð 150, alste 36, is 28 &c., us 167; before consonants, laford 12, 61, wa 4, wat 24 (hwet 17), wic 142, wile 82: it is added in her 160, his 128 &c., hofne 170, hur 65, hure 44, hus 43, and hwe 69, which helps to the understanding of ȝehw 119. Forht,chtis written in echte 55, ibrocht 146, lichte 50, richtwise 147: ahct 49 is for acht (=āht);ctin brictnesse 145.

Accidence:Strong decl. ofm.andneut.nouns.Sing. n.halende 93, helende 109, 163, sceppende 41 with participial terminations (sceppend 40), endedeie 118, gate 117 have addede: tacne 145 istacen; drihte 52 has lostn.Gen.-es.Dat.-e: exceptions, anginn 115, bearn 50, barn 60, fer 155, gat 13 (gate 117), ȝegen 156, innoð 60, godspel 161 (godspelle 165), hlaford 65, licht 53 (lichte 50), mancyn 99, sceappend 65 (sceappende 93), þing 53.Acc.asnom.: accennende 103, a participle used as noun, fultume 47 with addede.Plur. n. m.-es: deade 115 has adj. term., wude 47 (wuda);neut.wlcne 145.Dat.-en, as apostlen 139, bearnen 159, bredene 81, cnihten 20, aldren 20, esten 158, kingen 32, martiren 140, melstanent 170, þeinen 21: exceptions, had 139 (=hādum), leahtrum 79, meiden 141, neiles 146, write 85, and ME. repples 13. The accent on hlafordé 32 may be a contraction mark.Acc. m.-es:neut.folc 68, niatt 45, þing 33, 101, 109; þrimsettles 36 has masc. form. Weak are anglene 139,pl. g., esten 159pl. n., hefenen 36s. g.comp. hefene 163. Strong decl. offem.nouns: blisse 125, eorðe 45, lare 90, mihte 38, þiode 91, underþiede 137 (treated as compound ofþēod), witnisse 149 have addedein thenom. sing.: ȝefered 138 has losten; itsdat.is ȝeferede 20. The other cases sing. and pl. which occur end ine, as merche (stowe) 124, rode 145,s. g.; echte 55 (possiblypl.), gife 86, 88, 109,s. d.; hesne 98, laðienge 6, lage 80,s. a.; senne 80, 91, 151,pl. d.; ahte 122,pl. a.Exceptions are wrldes 77, a masc. form, berient 170 (=byrgenne), ȝescung 54, gief 98 (possibly for gife), hand 37, nicht 53,s. d.; wrhmint 65 (wrhminte 93),s. a.; ceðen 16, 70, 113, underþeoden 17,pl. d.; hand 14,pl. a.underþeod, 6 is adj. used as noun. Weak forms are dunan 37,pl. a., lagan 70,pl. n., sennenn 132,pl. a., underþeoden,pl. n.3.

Weak declension:Sing. nom.halege 126, mone 47, sonne 46, tyme 77, witiȝe 35:d.ære 166, heorte 72, heretoche 80, time 84, witie 57, uuantruce 122,acc.deme 148, lichame 41, 126: leoem 45 is probably for leome.Plur. nom.ȝeferen 15, sterren 47, 144;dat.swepen 13, swupen 132, witȝin 89, witien 140;acc.witiȝe 85, ȝefo 22. ærndraces 69,pl. n., 16,pl. a.have adopted a strong inflection: nixtan 73,s. d.is adj. used as noun.

Minor declensions: burh 166, berie 7,s. d.; fader 40, 44, feder 42,s. n., feder 48,s. d., hagefaderen 140,pl. d.; fett 14,pl. a.; frienden 21, 28, 157,pl. d.; mannes 72, 118,s. g.; man 76,s. d.,41,s. a.; menn 31, hafedmen 108, man 23, 76,pl. n.; mannen 153,pl. d., 159,pl. g.; mæn 22, mænn 78,pl. a.

Adjectives: Remnants of the strong decl. linger in ecer 128,s. d. f., soðe 65, grate 6,s. a. f.; and perhaps hage(faderen) 140 (=hēagum); of the weak decl. in fulle 127, gode 121,s. n. m., lefe 96,s. n. f., mucele 137,s. d. m., 129,s. d. f., richtwise 148, soriȝe 104,s. a. m., unwreaste 104,s. a. neut.hahes 171 is a strong form for weak; haliȝe 102 a strong fem. qualifying lif,neut.Thepl.inflection in all cases is-e, so ȝeredie 131, stanene 81. Longer words are often uninflected, as manifald 79, 90, dierewurd 20 (derewrþe 138), wrldlic 55; also ful 54, gelty 153, hali 122, 140. Adjectives used as nouns are senfulle 147,s. n.; fa 25, fo 156, latst 8, 69, nixtan 73,s. d.; innoh 152,s. a.; richtwise 147,pl. n.

Pronouns:Noteworthy are hwe 69, ȝie 24, 26 (ȝe 116); ȝeu 24, 113, ȝiu 117, 160, ȝehw 119. The pronoun of the third person is,Sing. n.he,m.hi 50, 51, 59, 60,f.; hit,neut.;d.him,m.;a.hine 10 &c., him 14,m.hit,n.Plur. n.hi, i in combinations icome 17, ibeoð 70, mihti 55;d.heom 5, ham 18, 55, 147;a. m.hi 117. From *seof.are his 81s. a. f.(= is) and his 117,pl. a. m.(= is), es in letes 129,pl. a. n., for which forms see Anglia, Beiblatt vii. 331, xi. 302. The dat.s. pl.with self uninflected occurs as definitive adj. 61, 81, 149;s.andpl.with selfe as reflexive, 55, 91, 151, 152; us sielfe 48. Possessives are mine 64, mi 63,s. n. m., mine 25, 156,s. d. m., mire 24 (with riceneut.) 26, 154, mine in other cases; þina 37,s. d. f.; ure, hure, ur, hur 65, with ures 87, 106,s. g. m.; is, his, hire; ȝiure 52, ȝeur 153; hare 85, 172, hares 56,s. g. m.his 21, 29,pl. d.is used as noun, his men. The def. article is,Sing. n. m.se, once seo 66;f.si, withneut.tacne 145, but rode isfem., gate 117;neut.þat 143:g. m.þes, with wrldes 77, ses 87, by analogy fromse;neut.þes:d. m.þa, þe, (to) ðe 22;f.þare 93, withneut.gate 129, þar 19, þer 139, (i)þer 123, withm.141, withneut.13, 117;neut.þam, þan 118, 158, þe 50, 145, (i)þe 161, ȝeðe 165, þa 110, probably for þan:a. m.þann 120;f.þa 54 &c.,neut.þat 168.Pl. n. m.þa, þe, (⁊) to 147;d. m.þa, þo:a. m.þe 85. Used pronominally si 83,s. n. f.; þat 97,s. n. neut.; þa 26,pl. n. m.; þan 141,pl. d. m.The compound demonstrative is,Sing. n. m.þes;f.þes;neut.þis:d. m.þese 48;f.þisser, þesser, þeser;neut.þese 118, 163:a. f.þas 80;neut.þis.Pl. n.þes, þas:g.þeses:d.þesen:a.þes. Exceptional is þas 43,s. n. neut.(OE. occasionalþæs). The relative is þe 26, 32, 97; wam 48, 96,s. d.; introducing dep. questions, wa 4, 66, hwa 67: interrogatives, hwat, hwet, wat 24, wic 142: indefinites aren. m.an 1;d. m.ane 68,neut.ane 164, ene 7, an 53;a. m.ænne 7,f.anæ 6,neut.a 57;n. m. f.ælc, elc;g. m.elces 118;a. m.elce 116; swice,pl. n. m.; nahte 33,s. d. n.Sum 17,s. n.has oblique cases ine56, 82, but sum 92,pl.: fele 83, maniȝe 54, 109 are plurals: oðre (once oðere) is constant:eallissing. n.all, al;d. f.alle 66,neut.4, 24 (rice is regarded asfem.);a. f.alle 96,neut.all, al 47. The plural is alle; but all 15, al 141.

The infinitive of verbs ends mostly ine, fandie 130: noteworthy are besie 14, isi 55: ȝief 119 has lostebefore him. wunian 159 is a survival; others innare ȝearceon 6, ȝeclepien 6, clepeien 49, don 88, finden 173, forȝeten 59, abben 160.Dat. inf.with inflection, bienne 43, donne 152; without inflection abiden 11, bigeten 55, don 51, fulforðie 98, ȝelaðie 17, 78, isi 137, sawe 44, tolie 44.Pres. s.1.forȝete 61, lefie 155, nell(ic) 60; 2. awiðhst 37, belocest 37, halst 36; 3. blisseð 52 and 8 others, but contracted forms predominate, abernð 143, belimpð 128, cumþ 114, 121, 129, ett 163, fett 42, fet 171, ȝemet 133,ȝestrenð112 (gestrengeþ), isecgð 148, iseȝð 150 (siehð), lat 124 (lǣdeþ), sit 138 and 9 others. Exceptional are blissið 50, had 152 (hæfð), scred 42 (scrȳt), scyft 117, forðteh 42 (tyhð).Subjunctive pr. s.forȝiet[e] 60, habbe 74, letes 129 (lete + es), milsi 59, underfo 126.Pres. pl.1. habbeþ 48, siggeð 114, wene (we) 49; 3. adredeð 147, aþestreð 144 &c.; but cwaciað 147, þenið 142 (Archiv lxxxix, 160-6).Subj. pr. pl.næmmie 112, scewie 22.Imp. pl.understandeð 31, 99, witeð 155, wite (ȝe) 125. Past of Strong Verbs:Sing.I a. cweð 21, et 28, ȝiaf 97; I b. com 19, nam 5; I c. dranc 28, ȝelamp 1; II. astah 162, wratẹ 81 (wrāt); III. abreað 83, ȝecas 81; IV. ȝesceop 33;V.ableow 42, bleowu 168, befel 3, wex 168.Pl.I a. cweðe 18, 1.pl.; I b. come 9; I c. sturfe 28; II. repen 169; III. ȝebugon 25.Subjunctivesare I b. come 12, 20; V. ȝewold[e] 55.Pp.I b. icome 115; I c. abruden 27, abroden 134, 156; II. begripe 95; III. belocen 16; IV. ȝescepe 56, understande 116; V. beswapen 151, ȝesawen 165, ȝewasse, uniwasse 123.Pastof Weak Verbs ends in-de,-ede, arerde 80, clensede 103 &c.: diht 41, gelest 2, send 78, sett 72 have dropped finale.Pl.-den; once arerdon 85: sede 117, 119, lefede 155, acolede 90, ȝearnede 27 have lostn. Thepp.ends in-ed,-d,-t; once acende 101, beside accenned 94: unwemmede 94, weregede 131 are inflected. Minor groups: wat 54,pr. s.; ah 43,pr. s., oȝeð 64 (āgon),1pr. pl.; scel 135, sceol 147,pr. s., scule 26 &c.,pr. pl., once sculen 161, sceolde 87,pt. s., sceolde 7, sceolden 12, 160,pt. pl.; mai 152,pr. s., but maȝi 34, maie 148, maȝie 59,pr. s.are subjunctive in form; muȝe (we) 49,1pr. pl., mihtí (mihte hi) 55, mihten 86,pt. pl.; am 162, ham 63, 1pr. s., his 33 &c., is 36,pr. s., beoð 70, 108, 146, bieð 54, 65,pr. pl., beon 69, bienn 135,pr. pl. subj., was 19, wes 1 &c.,pt. s., were 99 &c., wer 69, 75,pt. pl., were 5, 10 &c.,pt. s. subj., 8, 15, 16 &c.,pt. pl. subj., ibi 135 (*gebion),pp.; don 72, 73,pr. s. subj.but plural in form, ded[ė] 73,pt. s.; to gað 145,pr. pl., go 22, 1pr. pl. subj.

Accents are used extensively, but on no consistent principle, so láge 79,lage 80; arerde 80, arérdon 85; áȝenes 34, aȝénes 24. They are mostly placed over long vowels, but they are used to indicate separate pronunciation of the vowels in méé 158, bethléem 167, besíé 14. Similarly they show that a vowel is not to be slurred in belocést 37, clénséde 103, macéde 91, ?Æér 21; thatiis to have its full vowel value (noty) in ȝeclepíen 6, ȝelaðíe 17, halíe 85, 107, halíȝe 140, maníȝe 54, 109, witíe 57, 62, witíge 85; and that finaleis to be pronounced in forté 137, mihté 38. Sometimes the accent has been exchanged with a contraction mark, as hlafordé 32, acénde 101. It is only a diacritic, answering to the printed dot, in íunglenges 107, ímaced 164, þenínge 46 &c., and overywritten foriin scýft 117, cýme 87, týme 77. In diphthongs it marks the stressed element, séo 66, unterþéod 6, líef 59, níatt 45; in leóem 45 it shows shifted accent (as in loht 45), so feáwe 96, ?bleówu 168, ?leórde 109: sónne 46, féce 7 are hard to understand. In unwēmmed 139, the contraction mark has been kept, althoughmhas been added; hīne 133 is curious.

Dialect:There is a considerable survival of older spellings from the West-Saxon original. The scribe’s language is South-Eastern strongly affected by Kentish, a mixed dialect such as might be current on the south-eastern border of Kent, or used by a southern man, not of Kentish extraction, but resident in the county, possibly at Rochester.

Introduction:This piece, like its predecessor in the MS., which is a transcription of Ælfric’s De Initio Creaturae, is, at least in part, an adaptation of an older, probably pre-Conquest homily, as is shown by the occurrence of archaic inflections and constructions (comp. to 8, hungre 28, hatrede 24, &c.; the extensive use of the subj. mood), and by its OE. vocabulary (þrimsettles 36, hagefaderen 140 &c.) almost free from any foreign element. Vollhardt suggested as its source the 46th chapter of the Liber de S. Anselmi Similitudinibus, a collection of parables and sayings of S. Anselm recorded by his biographer Eadmer, probably after the death of his master in 1109A.D.This is printed in Anselmi Opera, ed. Gerberon, App. 161; Migne, P. L. clix., 625 and Vollhardt, 25. That the two versions are related cannot be doubted, but a consideration of dates compels the conclusion that they have a common source, or that the Latin is not S. Anselm’s.

The parable and its application is in the Latin brief and direct, in marked contrast to the vivacity, fullness of detail, and diffuseness (comp. 3. 19, 136) of the English. The latter has also expanded the application of the parable by much extraneous matter: i. The Creation Theme, 31-66; ii. The Five Ages of the World; iii. The Doomsday Theme, 136-156; iv. The Living Bread, 160-173, all of which is wanting in the Latin.

For filii 58 read filio, and for descendit 162, descendi.

There is no title in the MS.: Rex Suos Judicans is from Anselm’s title.

2.gelest, extended; probably the earliest example of the word in this sense. OE.gelǣstan, to accomplish, follow, last. Withwide ⁊ side, spacious, extensive, comp. ‘Ðu leof cyningc leod-scipas ðine wide and side þu hætst,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 496/145; ‘⁊ ta wass Romess kinedom | Full wid ⁊ sid onn eorþe,’ Orm 9173.

3.ærfeðtelle, difficult to number; comp. ‘earueðhealde,’ 48/311; ‘Earfoðfynde,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 492/82; ‘arueðwinne,’ OEH ii. 49/14. OE.earfoðe,ēaðe,unēaðeare usually followed by thedat.of the infinitive, ‘earfoðe is ænegum men to witanne,’ Cura Past. 51/5, to which corresponds, ‘Hit is arfeð to understonden,’ OEH ii. 205/14; but they are also associated with a kind of verbal noun having adat.termination ine, in imitation of the Latin supine inu, as earfoðlǣre, ēaþlǣre, unēaþlǣce, and the two words come to be treated as a compound adjective. For theacc.inf. comp. ‘Ac þe ben swo fele ꝥ hie ben arfeð tellen,’ OEH ii. 201/30.

4.ꝥ—befell, lit. that it occurred to him in purpose, that he formed a resolution: comp. ‘Ich wilnie a mine þonke;to walden al Rome,’ L 25091; ‘þat him wes on þonke,’ id. 13258.

5.nam him to rede, lit. took to himself for counsel, adopted the plan: comp. 110/298; ‘nam him to ræde,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 64/230; ‘let him to ræde,’ id. 506/319; ‘hwæt him to ræde þuhte,’ id. 244/113; ‘him to ræde fand,’ BH 201/25. See Minot vi, 68 note. For omission of subject after ꝥ, see6/18 note.

7.beriewas meant to supersedecurt, but the scribe forgot to put dots under the latter. He uses berie regularly afterwards. With ꝥ comp. ‘& swa he nom enne dai;þat come heore drihtlice folc,’ L 2550.

8.be þe latst, at the latest; so 14/69.to, at: comp. 14/68; ‘to þan dæie heo comen,’ L 13187.

9.mistlice, variant of mislice (Bülbring § 535). It means, diversely, of different sorts, friends and foes. But note fastlice, 16/114.

10.derewrlice, so as to confer honour on him.

11.formemete, first meat, breakfast, the ‘morȝemete’ of 16/125; ‘mixtum cibi,’ Ans. Withto lang, comp. 4/38.

12.none, after formemete is probably for nonemete, midday meal, dinner: thoughtomight meanat, as at l. 8. See 206/323.

13.stiarne swepen: ‘strong whips,’ Morris: ‘stiff (strong) whips,’ Specimens: comp. 16/132. But the adj. is rarely applied to a thing: perhaps stearce or smerte would suit better.

14.besie, look to, provide for, handle: comp. underfangeð 16/131;‘Euele thai gonnen him bisen,’ Seuyn Sages, 507 (said of a whipping); bisen, 202/195 is similar, look after.

15.abide,inf.depends onhe sceoldeunderstood from sceolden 12.clone, without exception, entirely: comp. ‘Ne dude hit noht þe king ane;ah duden we alle clæne,’ L 8825; ‘mare ich habbe ane;þane þa oðere al clæne,’ id. 13059, 13264.

17.hwet bute icome, lit. What but they came? i.e. What did they but come? they came of course. Comp. ‘nis þer bute þonken God.’ AR 382/26 with ‘Hwæt magon we secgean buton ꝥ hi scotedon swiðe,’ AS. Chron. E 1083. Similar in effect but exclamatory is ‘Hwæt þá se casere cwæð him tó andsware,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 46/358; OEH i. 229/26.

18.bi ham, with reference to them, in their case: comp. ‘gif þu witan wille hwæt be Criste gedón wæs on Iudea lande,’ BH 177/1.

23.wente he hin, ‘then turned he,’ Morris, as though for hine. Buthinis rather for in.

24.lacede: Morris altered to makede, but the text means, of what did you feel the want?

25.ȝewinne, with the rare meaning of contend; usually, to conquer. It takeswiðin OE., but comp. ‘wunnen aȝean,’ AR 238/17.ȝebugon, not ‘bow to, be obedient to,’ Morris, but, turned aside from me and to my foes; L.declinare: comp. ‘hi alle to rede gebuȝon,’ OEH i. 219/27.Swa ibruce&c., As surely as I possess my kingdom:brūcanusually takes a genitive; here with dative or accusative.

26.mete ibite: comp. ‘ne moste he nauere biten mete,’ L 15340; KHMS.L 1131 note.

28.þe: conj. =þætconsecutive, with the result that: see50/334note.sturfe hungre: contrast 7/75: the construction, like that of thedat.‘hatrede ⁊ widerwardnesse’ 24, is OE., ‘menn . . . lætað cwelan hungre Cristes ðearfan,’ Cura Past. 326/5. Morris translates nam hit him, betook himself: for the correction in the text comp. 17/157, 213/539 note.

30.sandon, courses: comp. 207/349; ‘þas beorn þa sunde;from kuchene to þan kinge,’ L 24601. For the meaning ofvii.comp. ‘Id enim frequens & usitatum est in sacris Litteris, ut septenarius numerus interpretetur dona illa, quae perfecta sunt, & quae desursum sunt,’ Gilbert of Hoyland in S. Bernardi Opera, ii. col. 120.

31-39. A parallel passage is ‘He is ealra cyninga Cyning, and ealra hlaforda Hlaford. He hylt mid his mihte heofonas and eorðan, and ealle gesceafta butan geswince, and he besceawað þa niwelnyssa þe under þyssere eorðan sind. He awecð ealle duna mid anre handa, and ne mæg nan þing his willan wiðstandan,’ Ælf., Hom. Cath. i. 8: comp. OEH i. 219,1-3 for a modernization of the first half togeswince. Our writer was acquainted with the De Initio Creaturae, but he has translated ‘Qui celorum,’ l. 35, independently. The ultimate source is the antiphons, &c., at vespers in October and November. ‘Benedictus dominus qui creavit celum et terram,’ York Breviary i. 597; ‘Domine rex omnipotens in ditione tua cuncta sunt posita: et non est qui possit resistere voluntati tue,’ id. 599; ‘Qui celorum contines thronos et abyssos intueris, domine rex regum, montes ponderas, terram palmo concludis,’ id. 610.

34.wiðstandehas double construction (1) withaȝenes, (2) withhim: for the former comp. ‘Ic wiðstande ongen eow,’ ‘Ponam faciem meam contra vos,’ Levit. xxvi. 17; for the latter the quotation from Ælfric in the preceding note.him seigd: this use of the dative pronoun, mostly in the third person, with intransitive verbs to reinforce the subject, is seen in ‘warschipe hire easkeð,’ 119/75; ‘Affrican hire feader wundrede him swiðe,’ 141/62; ‘ȝe schulen . . . sinken . . . ow,’ 146/111; ‘He is him ripe,’ 159/167; 197/16; ‘ꝥ word him herde Androgeus,’ L 8525; ‘þer him cumeþ iudas,’ OEM 42/174, 38/31; ‘men sullen . . . hem þar bidden,’ OEH ii. 23/21; KH 137 note: with acc. exceptionally, ‘And gon hyne to abidde,’ OEM 41/156. See also 54/27, 81/90, 215/25.

35.witiȝe: the antiphon is drawn from Isaiah xl. 12, Daniel iii. 55; see 14/57.

36.to: Morris altered to tho without necessity, if it is the art. (see 17/47); but it is probably a preposition, see124/249 note.

37.· iii ·prou.: Morris read in pon. The reference is to the Third Book of the Proverbs (the division into books, as in Bede’s commentary, preceded that into chapters), and probably to ch. xxx. 4.

38.for þan þeis the usual expression: for þat þe may be right.

42.sawle ableow: comp. ‘God þa geworhte ænne mannan of láme, and him on ableow gast,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i, 12/28; ‘him on bleow gast’, OEH i. 221/17; ‘him anbleow sawle,’ id. 223/9; ‘And his licham of erðe he nam, | And blew ðor-in a liues blast,’ GE 200; ‘dû bliese im dînen geist în,’ MSD i. 81/7.fett&c.: comp. ‘he scryt me wel and fett,’ Wright’s Vocabularies, i. 93/27.

43.þas: Morris read [velas].

44.hisas a correction is not inevitable, but it improves the rhetorical effect.

45.werpð, lit. casts, i.e. sends forth: comp. 151/45.leoem ⁊ lif: comp. ‘to lif ⁊ to leomen,’ SK 1046.

48.of wam: from ‘In ipso enim vivimus et movemur et sumus,’ Acts xvii. 28.

49.acht,acc.used asadv., in any wise, at all: comp. ‘Ne mihte he neuere findenmon;þe him oht wolde fulsten,’ L 6601.moder: comp. ‘Sed et tu, Jesu, bone Domine, nonne et tu mater? Annon es mater qui tanquam gallina congregat sub alas pullos suos?’ Anselmi Opera, 300.

50.chereð. The MS. reading cheteð is explained, console, cheer, as possibly from OWScand. kǣta, but this is rejected by Björkman, 260. There is no other instance of the word.be= mid, l. 52, with.

52. All this doth your lord.

53. Comp. ‘Est autem noctis umbra mortalibus ad requiem corporis data, ne operis avida continuato labore deficeret ac periret humanitas,’ Bedae Opera, ed. Giles, vi. 158.

55.ȝewold, for omission of subject see6/18 note.

56.hares unþances, see10/167 note.

57.word: Morris reads worden, in wonderful words, which may be right: the same scribe writes wordon once, wordum twice elsewhere.Numquid&c. The Vulgate has ‘Numquid oblivisci potest mulier . . . ut non misereatur filio?’ Isaiah xlix. 15.

59.la lief, O beloved: comp. ‘Eala men þa leofoston,’ BH 165/32; ‘La leof ic bidde eow,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 522/580; ‘Eala, leof hlaford’ = O mi domine, Thorpe, Analecta, 19.his: OE.wīmmanis masculine.

61.be — is, as regards his being father.

62. In the Vulgate, ‘Si ergo Pater ego sum ubi . . . et si Dominus ego sum’ &c., Malachi i. 6.

63.manscipe, the first occurrence of the word in the sense of homage. In OE. it means humanity, courtesy.

64.G. m., Gode men.

70.fif lagan: the five laws correspond to five ages of the world. The division here is unusual. The English writers mostly follow S. Augustine, who gives six, so Bede, Alcuin, Ælfric, de vetere Testamento; but Wulfstan has seven, Anselm and Herbert de Losinga eight. In another place Ælfric has five, but different from those of our writer; see Hom. Cath. ii. 74.

71.ȝecnowe, revealed.

74.ȝescod, discretion, reason: see 122/176.

77.nas tid&c. Comp. ‘he fram frymðe middaneardes oð his geendunge ne ablinð to asendenne bydelas and láreowas to lǽrenne his folc,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 74/10, which is probably from ‘a mundi huius initio usque in finem ad erudiendam plebem fidelium praedicatores congregare non destitit,’ S. Greg. Hom. i. xix.

79.adiligde, was destroyed: passive use, OE.ādīlegian, to destroy.unwreaste leahtrum: see118/30 note.

81.wrate&c. Comp. ‘God awrát ða ealdan ǽ mid his fingre on ðam stǽnenum weax-bredum,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 204/1.his, the law.

82.ȝelaðieres: comp. ‘sende hire his sondesmen biforen, þet weren þe patriarkes ⁊ þe prophetes of the Olde Testament,’ AR 388/14.

83.fele; see 132/9.

84.wat, until: comp. 217/102: often withal, 215/26; ‘al hwat hie hine fordemden,’ VV 51/12 and frequently:watis relative conj. substituted for þat, with same meaning; see 72/179, 108/245: so þen exchanges with hwanne, þer with hwær.þe, when, so þa 93.

85.arerdon, set up, established: comp. ‘þæt is þonne ǽrest þæt ic wylle þæt man rihte laga upp arǽre,’ Schmid, Gesetze, 270.

87.hlafordes . . . helendes . . . cristes: this appositional construction is OE.; comp. ‘on drihtnes naman ures hælendes cristes,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 366/46: it is fairly common in early ME.; comp. 8/106, 9/121, 9/137, 12/6, 7.

89.stef creft: OE.stæf cræft, the art of letters, and hence, book learning.

90.Eft bine fece ⁊: with this superfluous and connecting a phrase to the main sentence, comp. ‘Him þa gyt sprecendum ⁊ soþlice þa beorhtwolcn hig oferscean,’ S. Matt. xvii. 5. (= ‘Adhuc eo loquente, ecce nubes lucida obumbravit eos.’)acolede, cooled, lost its vigour: comp. ‘⁊ forþam þe unryhtwisnys rixað manegra lufu acolaþ,’ S. Matt. xxiv. 12 (= ‘refrigescet charitas multorum’). See 159/161.

91.hur ⁊ hur, especially: a doubling for emphasis of OE.hūru, at least: comp. 149/11.

92.awente&c.: ‘Qui commutaverunt veritatem Dei in mendacium: et coluerunt et servierunt creaturae potius quam Creatori,’ Romans i. 25.

95.begripe, seized, in the grip of: comp. ‘seo sawul bið micele atelicor, gif heo mid mislicum leahtrum begripen bið,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 122/23.diefles muðe: comp. 17/150. Mediaeval art gave a very literal rendering of ‘infernus . . . aperuit os suum absque ullo termino: et descendent fortes eius, et populus eius, et sublimes, gloriosique eius ad eum,’ Isaiah v. 14; see Wright, History of Caricature, 69-71.

97.sette, ordained, established: comp. ‘þis synd þa . . . laga þe drihten gesette betwyx him and Israhela folc,’ Levit. xxvi. 46.

99-104. Comp. ‘Triplici morbo laborat genus humanum: principio, medio et fine, id est nativitate, vita et morte. Nativitas immunda, vita perversa, mors periculosa. Venit Christus, et contra triplicem hunc morbum attulit triplex remedium. Natus est enim, vixit, mortuus est:atque eius nativitas purgavit nostram, mors illius destruxit nostram, et vita eius instruxit nostram,’ S. Bernardi Op. ii. 776. The Liber Sententiarum, from which this passage comes, is placed by Mabillon among the doubtful works. There can be little doubt that it is the source of the English passage.

100.ful: comp. 29/33.grislic: inspiring terror and shrinking: see 120/94.

101.þer aȝen, to remedy these blemishes of our nature: L.remedium.

102.efer þurh, ever through, throughout, perpetually.milce, not the active mercy, compassion, but meekness, patience.

103.acennende, the being born, birth: present participle with the same meaning as the new verbal noun acenneng, 100. The OE. noun isācennednesorācennes.

104.admoded, submissive: ‘Humiliavit semetipsum factus obediens usque ad mortem,’ Philippians ii. 8. The contrast is between man’s shrinking from death and His voluntary acceptance of it.

105.ȝelice: read grislice as suggested by W. H. Brown, Mod. Lang. Notes, vii. 226.

106. Omitþer, put full stop afteriunglenges, and understand from the previous sentencewere ærndraces.

110.þamay be dat. sing of the article as at 14/57, but more probably it = þan, then.folce to freme, for benefit to the folk; see176/24 note.bedeles, heralds: comp. ‘Þa halgan apostolas, þe ðam hælende folgodon, wæron þa getreowan þeowan ⁊ ða fyrmestan bydelas, þe godes lare geond þas land toseowon,’ AS. Hom. ed. Assmann, 56/141; ‘wearð se halga iohannes ætforan him asend swa swa heofonlic bydel,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 342/94; Orm 19/633.

112. They are all one in God’s purpose. Foroncomp. ‘Alle hie bieð forsakene ongodes awene muðe,’ VV 3/2.

114.fastlice, in steady flow, or, corresponding to ‘þicce þringeð,’ 116, crowding. It sometimes means vigorously, as in ‘hi fengon togadre fæstlice mid wæpnum,’ Ælf. Lives, ii. 98/489; sometimes firmly, ‘þing ðe godd fastliche ðe forbett,’ VV 37/23. See 12/9.

117.his, them.scyft, separates, is a mere synonym of ‘to ȝesceodeð.’ Perhaps scryft =scrifeþ, fixes their destiny.

119.morȝe mete, the ‘forme mete’ of 12/11.

120.more mete, the ‘fulle mete’ of 16/127; ‘none,’ 12/12; ‘vii sandon,’ 13/29.

121.witetliceof the MS. may represent OE.witodlīce, assuredly.

122.uuantruce, failure; as being compounded ofwan, wanting, andthe noun oftrucian, to fail, it should mean absence of failure.hað: for omission of nom. see 6/18.

123. For the pain of dying as penance, comp. ‘Quidam autem electi in fine suo purgantur a levibus quibusdam peccatis,’ Isidore vi. 361; ‘Nullus tui Ordinis peribit, si Ordinem amaverit; aut in morte purgabitur, aut in brevi post mortem,’ Arnulf of Boheries in S. Bern. Opera, ii. 802.

124.eðelice lette, easy hindrance, i.e. slight delay.merchestowe: Morris suggests ‘merthestowe, a place of mirth,’ or alternatively translates the MS. reading, place marked out, place of separation. The word is not found elsewhere; it is probably a special coinage for the intermediate state, the place of the soul waiting for the body, the place of the ‘morȝemete,’ the limited joy of which the soul is capable in its severed state (‘requies ei, sed in anima sola, interim datur,’ Anselm, in Eadmer, 161 col. 2 B); the banquet of perfect felicity, ‘se fulle mete,’ follows when soul and body meet again at the resurrection, 17/157 (‘in anima simul & corpore laetabuntur,’ Ans.). Comp.March, ‘myddys be-twyn ij cuntreys,’ Prompt. Parv. ed. Mayhew, 282.

128.belimpð hit: a superfluous nominative, as if, what is it that happens?

129.letesin Specimens is resolved into lete + his, the latter beinggen.of hit, governed by fandie, and so like ‘ȝif we his abiriȝdon,’ OEH i. 223/22. But support is lacking for enclitic es = his: it seems better to take letes as lete + es,pl. acc., them, or even ass. a. f.used incorrectly asneuter.

131.anuis taken by Morris as for anum, but neither his ‘at once,’ Specimens, nor ‘only,’ OEH, is satisfactory. Probably the original had anūge (=ānunge) gerǣde, entirely, quite ready, very keen.

132.hade, a past among the presents, is probably a mistake for habesubj. pres.of indefinite comparison, Howsoever many vices he has on him, just so many fiends he there encounters: fele has dropped out after swa 133.

135. In Specimens [habbeþ] is inserted afterhi, with the translation, ‘and they shall have for their reward the home that long shall last.’ The text given means, they shall be thrust from his sight and into their reward which must last long for them. Forhin= in, comp. 13/23, and forabroden into, 13/27. But the original may have had, ⁊ higien him to hire lēan þe lange sceal gelǣstan.

136.a þa mucele deie: comp. ‘on þam miclan dæge,’ Christ 1049, and often; ‘in iudicium magni diei,’ S. Jude, 6. See Deering, W., The Anglo-Saxon Poets on the Judgment Day, 8.

138.niȝen anglene had: ‘Novem esse distinctiones, vel ordines angelorumsacrae scripturae testantur: id est, Angelos, Archangelos, Thronos, Dominationes, Virtutes, Principatus, Potestates, Cherubim et Seraphim,’ Isidore, vi. 137.

141.þer midenarde . . . werpeð abec. The article iss. d. fem., the nouns. d. masc.The phrase might mean, with all those who for his love turn backwards to the world, but not, ‘put aside the world,’ Morris. It seems to be without parallel: such expressions as, ‘projecerunt legem tuam post terga sua,’ ii Esdras ix. 26, suggest theacc.þes midenard here.

142-146. The ultimate source is Ephraem Syrus, ‘Quomodo sustinebimus, Fratres, quum videbimus igneum fluvium . . . comburentem omnem terram et quae in ea sunt opera? Tunc, dilecti, ab illo igne flumina deficient et fontes evanescent, stellae cadent, sol extinguetur, luna abibit, coelum plicabitur ut volumen, sicut scriptum est . . . Quomodo sustinebimus tunc, Christo dilecti, quum videbimus terribilem thronum praeparatum et signum crucis apparens, in quo affixus est Christus voluntarie pro nobis,’ ed. Lamy, ii. 192. Comp. with the present passage BH 91.

144. Withaþestreðcomp. 123/230.

145.to gað, should ordinarily mean, parts in sunder, but in view of plicabitur in the quotation above (‘et complicabuntur sicut liber caeli,’ Isaiah xxxiv. 4), it may mean here, is rolled up. Comp. ‘& on þæm dæge heofon biþ befealden swa swa boc,’ BH 91/25.si hali rode tacneusually means, the sign of the cross, 130/65; BH 237/21; AR 106/9; here and OEH i. 121/9 it is the cross itself as a sign. Comp. ‘et tunc parebit signum Filii hominis in caelo,’ S. Matt. xxiv. 30, ‘and seo hea ród | Ryht aræred rices to beacne,’ Christ 1063. See also Deering, 42.

147.cwaciað: comp. 34/94; ‘oðe dom of Domesdai, þer þe engles schulen cwakien,’ AR 116/19.senfulle: comp. ‘þer þe crysmechild for sunnes sore schal drede,’ OEM 90/11. The passage bears considerable resemblance to ‘hinc erunt accusantia peccata, inde terrens justitia: subtus patens horridum chaos inferni, desuper iratus judex: intus urens conscientia, foris ardens mundus. Justus vix salvabitur; peccator sic deprehensus in quam partem se premet?’ S. Anselmi Op. 208.

148.becheceis translated in Specimens, ‘gainsay’ and connected withcigan, which is difficult both as to form and sense: probably it is written for beceche, deceive.beswice, get the better of.

151.beswapen, clothed: ‘et induit maledictionem sicut vestimentum,’ Ps. cviii. 18; ‘Qui oderunt te, induentur confusione,’ Job viii. 22.

152.an himselfe, concerning himself: comp. ‘Eft ne mot nan mann . . . secgan on hine sylfne,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 274/177.

153.ecenesseis strangely said of man’s earthly existence. Perhaps recelesnesse.

158.esten, dainties: comp. 50/359; metaphorically, it means delight, at 159.Delicie&c.: Prov. viii. 31;suntis not in the Vulgate.

160.litl her, a little time ago.

161.Ego&c.: S. John vi. 51; in Vulgate,descendi.

162.astah: OE.astīganis a neutral word the direction of which is indicated by an adverb. When alone, it is generally used of rising; but comp. ‘Ah crist . . . asteh of heuene riche,’ OEH i. 17/25; ‘he (Christ) asteh to þisse liue,’ id. 19/7.

164.alswa se, not, ‘as he also,’ Morris, but, just as, even as, 17/173: so alswa alse, 17/169; alse, 13/42, alswa, 17/170 = as.

165.⁊ c.: ‘cadens in terram mortuum fuerit, ipsum solum manet,’ S. John xii. 24.was ȝesawen, at the Annunciation. The fanciful comparison is common in mediaeval writers: comp. ‘Elegit autem sibi quasi granum tritici Deus corpus de Spiritu sancto in utero virginali conceptum . . . in cruce illa [grana] moluit, in resurrectione cribravit,’ Petri Cellensis Sermones (Migne, P. L. ccii), 808.

167.com, sprang up; a common use in mod. dialects.ꝥ cweð us of breadeis translated in Specimens, ‘which speaketh to us by bread.’ It means, of course, that is called house of bread: comp. ‘Bethleem is gereht “Hlaf-hús,” and on hire wæs Crist, se soða hlaf, acenned, þe be him sylfum cwæð, “Ic eom se liflica hláf,”’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. i. 34/14; ‘In coelis erat panis angelorum, set in bethleem factus est panis hominum. Merito igitur locus iste domus dicebatur panis, unde angelorum et hominum carnaliter fuerat oriundus panis,’ H. de Losinga, ii. 12; Orm 121/3528-35.

170.melstanent: ‘Pastor farinam moluit in cruce tanquam in molendino,’ P. Cellensis, 807.berient: the tomb as the oven is original. Comp: ‘Iste est ille, qui seipsum coxit in clibano passionis,’ Bede, vii. 369 (Cologne ed.); ‘Et sicut panis igne coquitur, ita Christus in camino passionis assatur,’ Elucidarium Honorii Augustodun., 1129; Adam. Praemonstr. 178 (Migne, P. L. cxcviii); Petrus Blesensis, iv. 33.

173.Ego sum&c.: S. John xv. 1.

Phonology:...yin cyme 87 (?cime)cyme,....ǣ2is uniformlyeæ2ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð)text unchanged: error for “dēð”?... Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55 (4), si 50 (6)(4) si 50...æ+g...eiȝin seigd 34seigðein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon)corrected by author fromsædonǣ1+hæ1Minor declensions: ... feder 48,s. d.d. s.... man 76,s. d., 41,s. a.41.The infinitive of verbs ...Pres. s.1. forȝete 611:ȝestrenð 112 (gestrengeþ)ȝestrendV. ableow 42, bleowu 168V ableowoȝeð 64 (āgon), 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.muȝe (we) 49, 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.26. ... KH MS. L 1131 note.Ms.28. ... see 50/334 note.final . missing37.· iii · prou.anomalous spacing unchanged

Phonology:...yin cyme 87 (?cime)cyme,

....ǣ2is uniformlyeæ2

ēis regularlye, but dieð 51 (=deð)text unchanged: error for “dēð”?

... Finalēoisi, hi 50 (4), ibi 135, isi 55 (4), si 50 (6)(4) si 50

...æ+g...eiȝin seigd 34seigð

ein sede 117, 119, seden 69, 160 (=sǣdon)corrected by author fromsædon

ǣ1+hæ1

Minor declensions: ... feder 48,s. d.d. s.

... man 76,s. d., 41,s. a.41.

The infinitive of verbs ...Pres. s.1. forȝete 611:

ȝestrenð 112 (gestrengeþ)ȝestrend

V. ableow 42, bleowu 168V ableow

oȝeð 64 (āgon), 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.

muȝe (we) 49, 1pr. pl.1.pr. pl.

26. ... KH MS. L 1131 note.Ms.

28. ... see 50/334 note.final . missing

37.· iii · prou.anomalous spacing unchanged

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