The Project Gutenberg eBook ofSelections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2: NotesThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2: NotesEditor: Joseph HallRelease date: August 25, 2013 [eBook #43555]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner, Stephen Rowlandand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team athttp://www.pgdp.net*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH, 1130-1250. PART 2: NOTES ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2: NotesEditor: Joseph HallRelease date: August 25, 2013 [eBook #43555]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner, Stephen Rowlandand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team athttp://www.pgdp.net
Title: Selections from Early Middle English, 1130-1250. Part 2: Notes
Editor: Joseph Hall
Editor: Joseph Hall
Release date: August 25, 2013 [eBook #43555]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Louise Hope, David Starner, Stephen Rowlandand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team athttp://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH, 1130-1250. PART 2: NOTES ***
This textis the “Notes” volume accompanyingSelections from Early Middle English, Project Gutenberg e-text 26413.The text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, including:Ȝ ȝ; ƿ ᵹ (yogh; wynn, insular “g” and similar)ꝥ (thorn þ with stroke)ǣ ē ẹ etc. (vowels with less common diacritics)ἅπ. λεγ. (Greek)If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.Details about the presentation of this e-text are at theend of the text.PrefaceI. Worcester Fragments (A)I. Worcester Fragments (B, C)II. Saint Godric’s HymnsIII. The Peterborough ChronicleIV. Charter of Henry the SecondV. A ParableVI. The Proverbs of AlfredVII. Memento MoriVIII. Poema MoraleIX. Ancrene WisseA. The Seven Deadly SinsB. The Outer RuleX. In Diebus DominicisXI. Hic Dicendum est de ProphetaXII. Sermons for Palm Sunday and Easter DayXIII. Vices and VirtuesXIV. LaȝamonXV. OrmXVI. Sawles WardeXVII. Saint KatherineXVIII. The Orison of our LadyXIX. Saint JulianaXX. The Owl and the NightingaleXXI. The BestiaryXXII. Genesis and ExodusXXIII. Kentish SermonsThematic Index(added by transcriber)
This textis the “Notes” volume accompanyingSelections from Early Middle English, Project Gutenberg e-text 26413.
The text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, including:
Ȝ ȝ; ƿ ᵹ (yogh; wynn, insular “g” and similar)ꝥ (thorn þ with stroke)ǣ ē ẹ etc. (vowels with less common diacritics)ἅπ. λεγ. (Greek)
If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.
Details about the presentation of this e-text are at theend of the text.
PrefaceI. Worcester Fragments (A)I. Worcester Fragments (B, C)II. Saint Godric’s HymnsIII. The Peterborough ChronicleIV. Charter of Henry the SecondV. A ParableVI. The Proverbs of AlfredVII. Memento MoriVIII. Poema MoraleIX. Ancrene WisseA. The Seven Deadly SinsB. The Outer RuleX. In Diebus DominicisXI. Hic Dicendum est de ProphetaXII. Sermons for Palm Sunday and Easter DayXIII. Vices and VirtuesXIV. LaȝamonXV. OrmXVI. Sawles WardeXVII. Saint KatherineXVIII. The Orison of our LadyXIX. Saint JulianaXX. The Owl and the NightingaleXXI. The BestiaryXXII. Genesis and ExodusXXIII. Kentish SermonsThematic Index(added by transcriber)
PrefaceI. Worcester Fragments (A)I. Worcester Fragments (B, C)II. Saint Godric’s HymnsIII. The Peterborough ChronicleIV. Charter of Henry the SecondV. A ParableVI. The Proverbs of AlfredVII. Memento MoriVIII. Poema MoraleIX. Ancrene WisseA. The Seven Deadly SinsB. The Outer RuleX. In Diebus DominicisXI. Hic Dicendum est de Propheta
Preface
I. Worcester Fragments (A)
I. Worcester Fragments (B, C)
II. Saint Godric’s Hymns
III. The Peterborough Chronicle
IV. Charter of Henry the Second
V. A Parable
VI. The Proverbs of Alfred
VII. Memento Mori
VIII. Poema Morale
IX. Ancrene WisseA. The Seven Deadly SinsB. The Outer Rule
X. In Diebus Dominicis
XI. Hic Dicendum est de Propheta
XII. Sermons for Palm Sunday and Easter DayXIII. Vices and VirtuesXIV. LaȝamonXV. OrmXVI. Sawles WardeXVII. Saint KatherineXVIII. The Orison of our LadyXIX. Saint JulianaXX. The Owl and the NightingaleXXI. The BestiaryXXII. Genesis and ExodusXXIII. Kentish Sermons
XII. Sermons for Palm Sunday and Easter Day
XIII. Vices and Virtues
XIV. Laȝamon
XV. Orm
XVI. Sawles Warde
XVII. Saint Katherine
XVIII. The Orison of our Lady
XIX. Saint Juliana
XX. The Owl and the Nightingale
XXI. The Bestiary
XXII. Genesis and Exodus
XXIII. Kentish Sermons
Thematic Index(added by transcriber)
SELECTIONS FROMEARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH1130-1250EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTESBYJOSEPH HALLM.A., Hon. D.Litt., Durham UniversityPART II: NOTESOXFORDAT THE CLARENDON PRESSM CM XXOXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORKTORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAYHUMPHREY MILFORDPUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PART II: NOTES
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M CM XX
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORKTORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAYHUMPHREY MILFORDPUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACETheorder of the vowels in the phonological sections follows Bülbring’s Altenglisches Elementarbuch, that of the consonants, Sievers’ Old English Grammar, translated by Cook. The basis of comparison is Early West Saxon. The object of these sections has been to provide collections for the interpretation of the teacher. In accidence Sievers has been followed generally, but Zupitza’s classification of the strong verbs has been adopted for convenience of use with Bülbring’s Geschichte der Ablaute. In the literature sections books marked with an asterisk are those which the student will find more immediately useful.This book has been a long time in preparation; it will perhaps help to excuse some lack of uniformity if it be known that a great part of the notes was in type by the end of 1915.J. H.Woodstock,January, 1920.CORRIGENDA.225/39. Omit stop after Orm here and elsewhere.231/1. unseihte representsunsæht249/8. After &c., add wart 122250/31. Add wart253/27. Omit comma after sc͞i254/20. Dr. Bradley’s restoration in M. L. Review, xii. 73, þa þestreden sona þas landes, appears to me certain.263/31. wile266/26.ālīesednesse(but onceālȳsendnesse)266/27.ā+w271/13.sǣdon312/36. After Bodleian add (D)318/37.gēar356/1. C 6396/6. Add with before which428/14. Addiain giarked 84428/38.tōgēanes457/8. Addhntonbefore nap567/13. nyht, 160/185Omit stop after Ormsuperfluous . (“Orm.”) occurs 21 times in the text. Corrections are not individually noted254/20. Dr. Bradley’s restoration ...the reference is to the note for l. 20, i.e. line 16 of the printed page
Theorder of the vowels in the phonological sections follows Bülbring’s Altenglisches Elementarbuch, that of the consonants, Sievers’ Old English Grammar, translated by Cook. The basis of comparison is Early West Saxon. The object of these sections has been to provide collections for the interpretation of the teacher. In accidence Sievers has been followed generally, but Zupitza’s classification of the strong verbs has been adopted for convenience of use with Bülbring’s Geschichte der Ablaute. In the literature sections books marked with an asterisk are those which the student will find more immediately useful.
This book has been a long time in preparation; it will perhaps help to excuse some lack of uniformity if it be known that a great part of the notes was in type by the end of 1915.
J. H.
Woodstock,
January, 1920.
225/39. Omit stop after Orm here and elsewhere.
231/1. unseihte representsunsæht
249/8. After &c., add wart 122
250/31. Add wart
253/27. Omit comma after sc͞i
254/20. Dr. Bradley’s restoration in M. L. Review, xii. 73, þa þestreden sona þas landes, appears to me certain.
263/31. wile
266/26.ālīesednesse(but onceālȳsendnesse)
266/27.ā+w
271/13.sǣdon
312/36. After Bodleian add (D)
318/37.gēar
356/1. C 6
396/6. Add with before which
428/14. Addiain giarked 84
428/38.tōgēanes
457/8. Addhntonbefore nap
567/13. nyht, 160/185
Omit stop after Ormsuperfluous . (“Orm.”) occurs 21 times in the text. Corrections are not individually noted254/20. Dr. Bradley’s restoration ...the reference is to the note for l. 20, i.e. line 16 of the printed page
Omit stop after Ormsuperfluous . (“Orm.”) occurs 21 times in the text. Corrections are not individually noted
254/20. Dr. Bradley’s restoration ...the reference is to the note for l. 20, i.e. line 16 of the printed page
NOTESAbbreviations:AR Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton; Archiv [für das Studium der neueren Sprachen]; BH Blickling Homilies, ed. Morris; CM Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris; ES Englische Studien; GE Genesis and Exodus, ed. Morris; HM Hali Meidenhad, ed. Cockayne; KH King Horn, ed. Hall; L Layamon, ed. Madden; NED New English Dictionary; OEH i Old English Homilies, ed. Morris First Series; OEH ii Second Series; OEM Old English Miscellany, ed. Morris; ON Owl and Nightingale, ed. Wells; PRL Political, Religious, and Love Poems, ed. Furnivall, second edition; SJ St. Juliana, ed. Cockayne; SK St. Katherine, ed. Einenkel; SM St.Marherete, ed. Cockayne; VV Vices and Virtues, ed. Holthausen.SM St. Marherete, ed. Cockaynetext unchanged: apparent error for “Margerete”
Abbreviations:AR Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton; Archiv [für das Studium der neueren Sprachen]; BH Blickling Homilies, ed. Morris; CM Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris; ES Englische Studien; GE Genesis and Exodus, ed. Morris; HM Hali Meidenhad, ed. Cockayne; KH King Horn, ed. Hall; L Layamon, ed. Madden; NED New English Dictionary; OEH i Old English Homilies, ed. Morris First Series; OEH ii Second Series; OEM Old English Miscellany, ed. Morris; ON Owl and Nightingale, ed. Wells; PRL Political, Religious, and Love Poems, ed. Furnivall, second edition; SJ St. Juliana, ed. Cockayne; SK St. Katherine, ed. Einenkel; SM St.Marherete, ed. Cockayne; VV Vices and Virtues, ed. Holthausen.
SM St. Marherete, ed. Cockaynetext unchanged: apparent error for “Margerete”
SM St. Marherete, ed. Cockaynetext unchanged: apparent error for “Margerete”
I. WORCESTER FRAGMENTSAManuscript:Worcester Cathedral Library, 174. It consists of sixty-six leaves of vellum, ‘which had been cut and pasted together to form covers for a book in the Cathedral archives’ (Catalogue of the Chapter Library, ed. Floyer and Hamilton, Oxford, 1906). Its contents are (1) an incomplete copy of Ælfric’s Grammar and Glossary, used by Zupitza for his edition of the text (Berlin, 1880); (2) the scrap here marked A; (3) the pieces B and C with five more fragments of the same poem. A completes the page on which the glossary ends, and B is on the verso of the leaf. The leaves have been slightly shorn at one side and reduced at top and bottom, but probably to no great extent: the conjectural complement, which is here printed within square brackets, is for the most part fairly obvious, the more so as portions of the lost letters often remain. The whole MS. is in the same large square hand, but the pieces in verse, which are written continuously, like prose, are less carefully executed. The handwriting is of the second half of the twelfth century, perhaps about 1180A.D.The Latin headings are not in the MS.Editions:Phillipps, Sir T., Fragment of Ælfric’s Grammar, &c., London, 1838; Wright, T., Biographia Britannica Literaria, AS. Period, p. 59, 60, London, 1842 (omits the last fourlines);Varnhagen, H., Anglia, iii. pp. 423-25.Phonology:The scribe is mainly faithful to the orthography of his original, which was in Anglo-Saxon script (as is shown bySipumforRipum) and older language. He still uses the rune forw. His spelling wavers between old and new,ǣsurvives in ilærde, lærden, læreþ, besideein ilerde, weren;eapersists in wireceastre, but wincæstre, rofecæstre; the inflection is not levelled in leodan, but leoden, hoteþ, losiæþ (æ = e). Drihten represents an OE. form in i;ieisein derne;āisoin hoteþ,eo(=o) in leore. OE.æ+gisæiin fæire, fæier, sæiþ;e+giseiin lorþeines;ēo+hisiin liht;ēa+h,eihin unwreih. Bocare goes back to late OE.bōcre;cis writtenchin wisliche;sć[š] is stillscin sceolen.Accidence:The def. article iss. n. neut.þet 17, 19;s. a. f.þa 5;pl. n.þeo 3, 17;pl. d.þen 19;pl. a.þeo 4. Noteworthy nouns are the mutationpl.bec 7; diȝelnesse,s. a.5; leoden,pl. n.3, 18, leodan,pl. a.15 (weak forms); leore,pl. n.17. The relatives are þe, þeo 18 (as in L 257, 2999), þet 3: the demonstrative þis,pl. n. neut.22, þeos,pl. n. m.15,pl. a. m.9 (properly asing.form): possessives, ure 9, 15, 18; heore 16. Glod 16 is a weak preterite beside strongglēow, but the cognate forms in other languages are weak, and this may be a borrowing from the Norse (NEDs.v.).French are questiuns, probably its first appearance, and feþ 23, with its peculiar monophthong (OF. feid in whichdwas the spirant [ð]); comp. 8/91 note.Dialect:Middle or Western South.Metre:Alliterative long line, of somewhat rude construction, without transitional rhymes or assonances. The alliteration extends mostly to two consonants, sometimes to three, as 5, 17; l. 16 is pure syllabic verse. The scribe sometimes misplaced the pause stop, as at 9, and sometimes omitted it.Introduction:In this scrap, some English patriot laments the wholesale substitution of foreign prelates for English under William the Conqueror. At the end of 1070A.D.there were only two native bishops, Wulfstan at Worcester and Siward at Rochester. This may point roughly to the time, as the preponderance of names connected with Winchester to the place, of the composition. The absence of the names of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (1002-1016A.D.) and Archbishop of York (1002-1023), theauthor of the Homilies; of Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester (872-915), translator of Pope Gregory’s Dialogues; of the later Wulfstan (1062-1095), under whose rule there was great activity in the collection and transcription of Homilies and other literature in English (Keller, W., Die litterarischen Bestrebungen von Worcester in AS. Zeit, p. 64); together with the writer’s ignorance of the North, shows that it was not composed at Worcester. And the mistakes in Sipum 1/11 and heoueshame 1/12 would hardly be made by a Worcester transcriber.The heading is from Numbers xxvii. 17.2.⁊= and:ondapparently does not occur in the twelfth century. [writen]: Varnhagen suppliesbec. Comp. ‘þa writen me beoð to icume,’ L 9131.awende. Bede translated into English the Gospel of S. John and some extracts from Isidore (Baedae Opera Historica, ed. Plummer, i. pp. lxxv, clxii).3.ꝥ . . . þurh, by which. The preposition separated from its relative and placed with the verb is common in ME. See Anklam, Das Englische Relativ im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert, pp. 15-19, 44-6. Comp. in these texts,þet . . . bi, 72/182;inne, 84/45, 131/104;of, 38/155, 66/96, 116, 117/8, 139/11, 211/476;on, 96/53, 179/112;to, 142/75, 79, 143/98;þe . . . embe, 81/77;inne, 11/3, 4;mide, 81/79;offe, 85/84;one, 83/9, 119/73;to, 96/54;uppe, 84/71;þer . . . in, 7/59, 54/1, 147/148;of, 64/61;on, 106/210;to, 89/32;wið, 48/300. Similarlyhem . . . to, 193/564;þa . . . to, 96/58.4.C[not]ten: completed by Holthausen, Archiv, cvi. 347. Comp. ‘siȝewulf . . hine befran . . be ȝehwylcum cnottum þe he sylf ne cuþe,’ Interrogationes Sigewulfi, ed. MacLean, 58/12; ‘Ich habbe uncnut summe | of þeos cnotti cnotten,’ SK 1150, 1; and 202/168. Withunwreih, comp. ‘Ac Augustinus se wisa us onwreah þas deopnysse,’ AS. Homilien, ed. Assmann, 5/103; ‘him þa toweardæn þing unwreah ⁊ swytelode,’ Twelfth Cent. Hom. 98/17; Cursor, 22445.questiuns: probably Bede’s In Libros Regum Quaestiones Triginta, answering questions put by Nothelm (Plummer, p. cli). But there appears to have been a work known as Bedae Quaestiones in utrumque Testamentum (Plummer, clv note), and there may be a reference to such of his commentaries as were replies to the queries of Acca, Bishop of Hexham.hoteþ: Wright suppliesweafterþeas in 6, buthoteþmay mean here ‘are called,’ though the passive sense is commoner in Central than in Early ME.5.derne diȝelnesse. Comp. ‘Þatt dærne diȝhellnesse | Þatt writenn wass þurrh Moysæn,’ Orm 12945; and 125/296.6. For Aelfric the Abbot see Skeat inE. E. T. S., O. S.114, pp. xxii-xliv.The writer appears not to know his translations of Joshua, Judges, Esther, and possibly Job. His identification of Aelfric with Alcuin, who liked to call himself Albinus, is possibly due, as MacLean suggests, to the former having translated Alcuin’s Sigewulfi Interrogationes (p. 47, and Anglia, vi. pp. 463, 4).7.bocare. Comp. ‘Beda, se mæra bocere,’ AS. Hom., ed. Assmann, 22/210. [fif]: supplied by Varnhagen.8.Vtronomius: probably a blunder, but possibly an original attempt at abbreviation. Or the writer may have had in mind the explanation given in De Mirabilibus Sacrae Scripturae, ‘Deuteronomium, hoc est, iterationem Legis,’ S. Augustini Op., iii. App. p. 13a. Observe that he places the title next to Exodus; he would know from Jerome’s preface that it means ‘secunda lex.’Numerus: so Ælfric, ‘on Lyden Numerus and on Englisc Getel,’ Grein’s Prosa, i. p. 179.10.þet weren.Comp. for the singular of the demonstrative, 80/35: ‘Soðlice ða eagan þæt bioð ða lareowas, & se hrycg þæt sint ða hiremenn,’ Gregory’s Pastoral Care, ed. Sweet, 28/12; ‘hwet beoð þas vii ȝeate? Det beoð ure egan,’ OEH i. 127/29. Sometimes the verb also is singular, as at 76/8. Similarlyhit,it, 117/13, 190/450.bodeden: this verb usually takes an acc. as here, so 15/86; ‘bodian þa soðen ileafen,’ OEH i. 97/31; but ‘bodiende umbe godes riche,’ id. 95/19.11.Wilfrid, Bishop of York,d.709.Ripum: Ripon; Beda’s Inhrypum (Plummer, i. 183, ii. 104).Johan of beoferlai, Bishop of York,d.721. He is commonly associated with the foundation of a monastery at Beverley in Yorkshire, but see Memorials of Beverley Minster, Surtees Society, 1898, pp. xv-xix. Beverley is Beoforlic in AS. Chron. MS. D 721 (but written about 1070A.D.); Beoferlic in MS. E; Bevrelie in Domesday (see Stolze, Zur Lautlehre der AE. Ortsnamen im Domesday Book, p. 28, and Zachrisson, Anglo-Norman Influence on English Place-Names, p. 152).Cuþb[ert], Cudberct, Bishop of Lindisfarne,d.687. Dunholm occurs in AS. Chron. MS. D 1056 as the oldest name; Durham descends from AN. Dureme. The episcopal mint from Beke 1283A.D.to Langley 1437A.D.has Dunholm, Dunelm, and Dureme indifferently. The seal of Richard de Marisco (1217-1226) has Dunholmensis. Comp. Zachrisson, 133-5.Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 962-91, Archbishop of York, 972-91,d.992 (see Keller, pp. 11-21). For Latin books attributed to him, see Wright, Biographia, i. pp. 466, 7. Worcester in AS. Charters is Wigeran or Wiogeran Ceaster, also Wigernaceaster, Wigraceaster; in Domesday, Wirecestre.Egwin, Bishop of the Hwiccas, i.e. see of Worcester; founder of the Abbey of Evesham,d.717A.D.Forworks attributed to him, see Wright, Biographia, i. p. 227.heoueshame: in Domesday Evesham; in the foundation charter Egwin writes, ‘In quo loco (i.e. Ethomme) quum beata Virgo Maria cuidam pastori gregum, Eoves nomine, comparuisset (ob cujus viri sanctitatem eundem locum Eoveshamiam nuncupavi),’ Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, ed. Macray, p. 18.æl[dhelm], Abbot of Malmesbury and Bishop of Sherborne,d.709A.D.(Plummer’s Bede, ii. pp. 308, 9). William of Malmesbury says in his Gesta Pontificum, p. 336, ‘nativae quoque linguae non negligebat carmina; adeo ut, teste libro Elfredi . . . nulla umquam aetate par ei fuerit quisquam.’ He is said to have translated the Psalms.Swiþþun, Bishop of Winchester,d.862.æþelwold, pupil of S. Dunstan, Abbot of Abingdon, Bishop of Winchester, 963,d.984A.D.In the Latin Life by Ælfric as revised byWulfstan, it is recorded, ‘Dulce namque erat ei adolescentes et iuvenes semper docere, et latinos libros anglice eis solvere,’ Acta Sanctorum, August, i. p. 94. His translation of the Rule of S. Benedict was edited by Schröer in the Bibliothek der AS. Prosa, ii. Kassel, 1885-8.Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne,d.651.Biern: Birinus, Bishop of Winchester,d.650. The spelling withieappears to be analogic with thei-umlaut in such words asierre, and so to belong to the scribe’s original.wincæstre: in the Chronicle, anno 744, Wintanceaster; Venta Civitas in Bede.[Pau]lin, Paulinus, the Missionary Bishop of York, and, after 634A.D., Bishop of Rochester, seems more likely than the less-known Cuichelm, Bishop of Rochester, suggested by Wright. The MS. haslinnotlm.rofecæstre: in AS. Chronicle, anno 604, Hrofesceaster; ‘in ciuitate Dorubreui, quam gens Anglorum a primario quondam illius, qui dicebatur Hrof, Hrofæscæstræ cognominat,’ Beda, i. 85.Dunston. S. Dunstan was Bishop of Worcester, 957-9, Bishop of London, 958, 959, Archbishop of Canterbury, 959,d.988.ælfeih: S. Ælfheah, succeeded Æþelwold as Bishop of Winchester in 984A.D., became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1006, and was martyred by the Danes in 1012A.D.cantoreburi: a French spelling, as Canteberi, 10/174; contrast Cantuarabirȝ, 11/4. L has still Cantuarie buri, 94/15; Cantwareburi, 2821; where O has Cantelburi.15.on englisc, repeating 9. The writer does not mean that all these produced works in English, but only to contrast them with French-speaking clerics.16. Comp. ‘Si ergo lumen, quod in te est, tenebrae sunt, ipsae tenebrae quantae erunt?’ S. Matt. vi. 23.17.nu is: so Wright and Varnhagen, but readnu beoþ; forbeo lore, those teachings, is plural.19.lorþeines, teachers, apparently anἅπ. λεγ., of which the second element represents OE.þegn, servant, disciple. Comp. the usual ‘larþawes,’ 15/82, ‘lorþeu,’ 20/68, ‘lorþeawes,’ 84/61, ‘larðewes,’ OEH ii. 41/28 (OE. *lārðēowas), ‘lareaw,’ OEH i. 241/21 (OE.lārēow).losiæþ, in the rarer intransitive use, perish. Comp. ‘ꝥ þa men ne losien, þe on him ilyfæð,’ Twelfth Cent. Hom. 2/31, 34/1, 38/23; ‘þenne losiað fele saulen,’ OEH i. 117/18.forþ mid, together with, also with, here in the rare adverbial use. Comp. ‘þenne losiað fele saulen ⁊ he seolf forð mid for his ȝemeleste,’ OEH i. 117/18; ‘& him seolf þer forð mide,’ L 608. It is common as a preposition, as at 40/176, 77/55, 195/611; ‘his þenegas forð mid him þe he þyder brohte,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 528/645; ‘forswoleȝeð þene hoc forð mid þan ese,’ OEH i. 123/11.20. ‘Sicut aquila provocans ad volandum pullos suos, et super eos volitans, expandit alas suas, et assumpsit eum, atque portavit in humeris suis,’ Deut. xxxii. 11, spoken of God’s care and training of his people. See Bozon, ContesMoralisés, p. 60, for an elaborate application of the text.22.to worlde asende.Comp. ‘fram Gode hider on world sended,’ BH 209/23.23. [festen&c.]. Comp. 190/438, 10/154. The sense required is, That we should put our full trust in him.Editions:... London, 1842 (omits the last four lines);text has : for ;6. For Aelfric the Abbot see Skeat in E. E. T. S., O. S. 114E.E.T.S., O.S. without spaces11. ... Ælfric as revised by WulfstanWulstan: spelling “Wulfstan” used everywhere else20. ... Contes Moralisés, p. 60Moralises
Manuscript:Worcester Cathedral Library, 174. It consists of sixty-six leaves of vellum, ‘which had been cut and pasted together to form covers for a book in the Cathedral archives’ (Catalogue of the Chapter Library, ed. Floyer and Hamilton, Oxford, 1906). Its contents are (1) an incomplete copy of Ælfric’s Grammar and Glossary, used by Zupitza for his edition of the text (Berlin, 1880); (2) the scrap here marked A; (3) the pieces B and C with five more fragments of the same poem. A completes the page on which the glossary ends, and B is on the verso of the leaf. The leaves have been slightly shorn at one side and reduced at top and bottom, but probably to no great extent: the conjectural complement, which is here printed within square brackets, is for the most part fairly obvious, the more so as portions of the lost letters often remain. The whole MS. is in the same large square hand, but the pieces in verse, which are written continuously, like prose, are less carefully executed. The handwriting is of the second half of the twelfth century, perhaps about 1180A.D.The Latin headings are not in the MS.Editions:Phillipps, Sir T., Fragment of Ælfric’s Grammar, &c., London, 1838; Wright, T., Biographia Britannica Literaria, AS. Period, p. 59, 60, London, 1842 (omits the last fourlines);Varnhagen, H., Anglia, iii. pp. 423-25.Phonology:The scribe is mainly faithful to the orthography of his original, which was in Anglo-Saxon script (as is shown bySipumforRipum) and older language. He still uses the rune forw. His spelling wavers between old and new,ǣsurvives in ilærde, lærden, læreþ, besideein ilerde, weren;eapersists in wireceastre, but wincæstre, rofecæstre; the inflection is not levelled in leodan, but leoden, hoteþ, losiæþ (æ = e). Drihten represents an OE. form in i;ieisein derne;āisoin hoteþ,eo(=o) in leore. OE.æ+gisæiin fæire, fæier, sæiþ;e+giseiin lorþeines;ēo+hisiin liht;ēa+h,eihin unwreih. Bocare goes back to late OE.bōcre;cis writtenchin wisliche;sć[š] is stillscin sceolen.Accidence:The def. article iss. n. neut.þet 17, 19;s. a. f.þa 5;pl. n.þeo 3, 17;pl. d.þen 19;pl. a.þeo 4. Noteworthy nouns are the mutationpl.bec 7; diȝelnesse,s. a.5; leoden,pl. n.3, 18, leodan,pl. a.15 (weak forms); leore,pl. n.17. The relatives are þe, þeo 18 (as in L 257, 2999), þet 3: the demonstrative þis,pl. n. neut.22, þeos,pl. n. m.15,pl. a. m.9 (properly asing.form): possessives, ure 9, 15, 18; heore 16. Glod 16 is a weak preterite beside strongglēow, but the cognate forms in other languages are weak, and this may be a borrowing from the Norse (NEDs.v.).French are questiuns, probably its first appearance, and feþ 23, with its peculiar monophthong (OF. feid in whichdwas the spirant [ð]); comp. 8/91 note.Dialect:Middle or Western South.Metre:Alliterative long line, of somewhat rude construction, without transitional rhymes or assonances. The alliteration extends mostly to two consonants, sometimes to three, as 5, 17; l. 16 is pure syllabic verse. The scribe sometimes misplaced the pause stop, as at 9, and sometimes omitted it.Introduction:In this scrap, some English patriot laments the wholesale substitution of foreign prelates for English under William the Conqueror. At the end of 1070A.D.there were only two native bishops, Wulfstan at Worcester and Siward at Rochester. This may point roughly to the time, as the preponderance of names connected with Winchester to the place, of the composition. The absence of the names of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (1002-1016A.D.) and Archbishop of York (1002-1023), theauthor of the Homilies; of Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester (872-915), translator of Pope Gregory’s Dialogues; of the later Wulfstan (1062-1095), under whose rule there was great activity in the collection and transcription of Homilies and other literature in English (Keller, W., Die litterarischen Bestrebungen von Worcester in AS. Zeit, p. 64); together with the writer’s ignorance of the North, shows that it was not composed at Worcester. And the mistakes in Sipum 1/11 and heoueshame 1/12 would hardly be made by a Worcester transcriber.The heading is from Numbers xxvii. 17.
Manuscript:Worcester Cathedral Library, 174. It consists of sixty-six leaves of vellum, ‘which had been cut and pasted together to form covers for a book in the Cathedral archives’ (Catalogue of the Chapter Library, ed. Floyer and Hamilton, Oxford, 1906). Its contents are (1) an incomplete copy of Ælfric’s Grammar and Glossary, used by Zupitza for his edition of the text (Berlin, 1880); (2) the scrap here marked A; (3) the pieces B and C with five more fragments of the same poem. A completes the page on which the glossary ends, and B is on the verso of the leaf. The leaves have been slightly shorn at one side and reduced at top and bottom, but probably to no great extent: the conjectural complement, which is here printed within square brackets, is for the most part fairly obvious, the more so as portions of the lost letters often remain. The whole MS. is in the same large square hand, but the pieces in verse, which are written continuously, like prose, are less carefully executed. The handwriting is of the second half of the twelfth century, perhaps about 1180A.D.The Latin headings are not in the MS.
Editions:Phillipps, Sir T., Fragment of Ælfric’s Grammar, &c., London, 1838; Wright, T., Biographia Britannica Literaria, AS. Period, p. 59, 60, London, 1842 (omits the last fourlines);Varnhagen, H., Anglia, iii. pp. 423-25.
Phonology:The scribe is mainly faithful to the orthography of his original, which was in Anglo-Saxon script (as is shown bySipumforRipum) and older language. He still uses the rune forw. His spelling wavers between old and new,ǣsurvives in ilærde, lærden, læreþ, besideein ilerde, weren;eapersists in wireceastre, but wincæstre, rofecæstre; the inflection is not levelled in leodan, but leoden, hoteþ, losiæþ (æ = e). Drihten represents an OE. form in i;ieisein derne;āisoin hoteþ,eo(=o) in leore. OE.æ+gisæiin fæire, fæier, sæiþ;e+giseiin lorþeines;ēo+hisiin liht;ēa+h,eihin unwreih. Bocare goes back to late OE.bōcre;cis writtenchin wisliche;sć[š] is stillscin sceolen.
Accidence:The def. article iss. n. neut.þet 17, 19;s. a. f.þa 5;pl. n.þeo 3, 17;pl. d.þen 19;pl. a.þeo 4. Noteworthy nouns are the mutationpl.bec 7; diȝelnesse,s. a.5; leoden,pl. n.3, 18, leodan,pl. a.15 (weak forms); leore,pl. n.17. The relatives are þe, þeo 18 (as in L 257, 2999), þet 3: the demonstrative þis,pl. n. neut.22, þeos,pl. n. m.15,pl. a. m.9 (properly asing.form): possessives, ure 9, 15, 18; heore 16. Glod 16 is a weak preterite beside strongglēow, but the cognate forms in other languages are weak, and this may be a borrowing from the Norse (NEDs.v.).
French are questiuns, probably its first appearance, and feþ 23, with its peculiar monophthong (OF. feid in whichdwas the spirant [ð]); comp. 8/91 note.
Dialect:Middle or Western South.
Metre:Alliterative long line, of somewhat rude construction, without transitional rhymes or assonances. The alliteration extends mostly to two consonants, sometimes to three, as 5, 17; l. 16 is pure syllabic verse. The scribe sometimes misplaced the pause stop, as at 9, and sometimes omitted it.
Introduction:In this scrap, some English patriot laments the wholesale substitution of foreign prelates for English under William the Conqueror. At the end of 1070A.D.there were only two native bishops, Wulfstan at Worcester and Siward at Rochester. This may point roughly to the time, as the preponderance of names connected with Winchester to the place, of the composition. The absence of the names of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (1002-1016A.D.) and Archbishop of York (1002-1023), theauthor of the Homilies; of Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester (872-915), translator of Pope Gregory’s Dialogues; of the later Wulfstan (1062-1095), under whose rule there was great activity in the collection and transcription of Homilies and other literature in English (Keller, W., Die litterarischen Bestrebungen von Worcester in AS. Zeit, p. 64); together with the writer’s ignorance of the North, shows that it was not composed at Worcester. And the mistakes in Sipum 1/11 and heoueshame 1/12 would hardly be made by a Worcester transcriber.
The heading is from Numbers xxvii. 17.
2.⁊= and:ondapparently does not occur in the twelfth century. [writen]: Varnhagen suppliesbec. Comp. ‘þa writen me beoð to icume,’ L 9131.awende. Bede translated into English the Gospel of S. John and some extracts from Isidore (Baedae Opera Historica, ed. Plummer, i. pp. lxxv, clxii).
3.ꝥ . . . þurh, by which. The preposition separated from its relative and placed with the verb is common in ME. See Anklam, Das Englische Relativ im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert, pp. 15-19, 44-6. Comp. in these texts,þet . . . bi, 72/182;inne, 84/45, 131/104;of, 38/155, 66/96, 116, 117/8, 139/11, 211/476;on, 96/53, 179/112;to, 142/75, 79, 143/98;þe . . . embe, 81/77;inne, 11/3, 4;mide, 81/79;offe, 85/84;one, 83/9, 119/73;to, 96/54;uppe, 84/71;þer . . . in, 7/59, 54/1, 147/148;of, 64/61;on, 106/210;to, 89/32;wið, 48/300. Similarlyhem . . . to, 193/564;þa . . . to, 96/58.
4.C[not]ten: completed by Holthausen, Archiv, cvi. 347. Comp. ‘siȝewulf . . hine befran . . be ȝehwylcum cnottum þe he sylf ne cuþe,’ Interrogationes Sigewulfi, ed. MacLean, 58/12; ‘Ich habbe uncnut summe | of þeos cnotti cnotten,’ SK 1150, 1; and 202/168. Withunwreih, comp. ‘Ac Augustinus se wisa us onwreah þas deopnysse,’ AS. Homilien, ed. Assmann, 5/103; ‘him þa toweardæn þing unwreah ⁊ swytelode,’ Twelfth Cent. Hom. 98/17; Cursor, 22445.questiuns: probably Bede’s In Libros Regum Quaestiones Triginta, answering questions put by Nothelm (Plummer, p. cli). But there appears to have been a work known as Bedae Quaestiones in utrumque Testamentum (Plummer, clv note), and there may be a reference to such of his commentaries as were replies to the queries of Acca, Bishop of Hexham.hoteþ: Wright suppliesweafterþeas in 6, buthoteþmay mean here ‘are called,’ though the passive sense is commoner in Central than in Early ME.
5.derne diȝelnesse. Comp. ‘Þatt dærne diȝhellnesse | Þatt writenn wass þurrh Moysæn,’ Orm 12945; and 125/296.
6. For Aelfric the Abbot see Skeat inE. E. T. S., O. S.114, pp. xxii-xliv.The writer appears not to know his translations of Joshua, Judges, Esther, and possibly Job. His identification of Aelfric with Alcuin, who liked to call himself Albinus, is possibly due, as MacLean suggests, to the former having translated Alcuin’s Sigewulfi Interrogationes (p. 47, and Anglia, vi. pp. 463, 4).
7.bocare. Comp. ‘Beda, se mæra bocere,’ AS. Hom., ed. Assmann, 22/210. [fif]: supplied by Varnhagen.
8.Vtronomius: probably a blunder, but possibly an original attempt at abbreviation. Or the writer may have had in mind the explanation given in De Mirabilibus Sacrae Scripturae, ‘Deuteronomium, hoc est, iterationem Legis,’ S. Augustini Op., iii. App. p. 13a. Observe that he places the title next to Exodus; he would know from Jerome’s preface that it means ‘secunda lex.’Numerus: so Ælfric, ‘on Lyden Numerus and on Englisc Getel,’ Grein’s Prosa, i. p. 179.
10.þet weren.Comp. for the singular of the demonstrative, 80/35: ‘Soðlice ða eagan þæt bioð ða lareowas, & se hrycg þæt sint ða hiremenn,’ Gregory’s Pastoral Care, ed. Sweet, 28/12; ‘hwet beoð þas vii ȝeate? Det beoð ure egan,’ OEH i. 127/29. Sometimes the verb also is singular, as at 76/8. Similarlyhit,it, 117/13, 190/450.bodeden: this verb usually takes an acc. as here, so 15/86; ‘bodian þa soðen ileafen,’ OEH i. 97/31; but ‘bodiende umbe godes riche,’ id. 95/19.
11.Wilfrid, Bishop of York,d.709.Ripum: Ripon; Beda’s Inhrypum (Plummer, i. 183, ii. 104).Johan of beoferlai, Bishop of York,d.721. He is commonly associated with the foundation of a monastery at Beverley in Yorkshire, but see Memorials of Beverley Minster, Surtees Society, 1898, pp. xv-xix. Beverley is Beoforlic in AS. Chron. MS. D 721 (but written about 1070A.D.); Beoferlic in MS. E; Bevrelie in Domesday (see Stolze, Zur Lautlehre der AE. Ortsnamen im Domesday Book, p. 28, and Zachrisson, Anglo-Norman Influence on English Place-Names, p. 152).Cuþb[ert], Cudberct, Bishop of Lindisfarne,d.687. Dunholm occurs in AS. Chron. MS. D 1056 as the oldest name; Durham descends from AN. Dureme. The episcopal mint from Beke 1283A.D.to Langley 1437A.D.has Dunholm, Dunelm, and Dureme indifferently. The seal of Richard de Marisco (1217-1226) has Dunholmensis. Comp. Zachrisson, 133-5.Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, 962-91, Archbishop of York, 972-91,d.992 (see Keller, pp. 11-21). For Latin books attributed to him, see Wright, Biographia, i. pp. 466, 7. Worcester in AS. Charters is Wigeran or Wiogeran Ceaster, also Wigernaceaster, Wigraceaster; in Domesday, Wirecestre.Egwin, Bishop of the Hwiccas, i.e. see of Worcester; founder of the Abbey of Evesham,d.717A.D.Forworks attributed to him, see Wright, Biographia, i. p. 227.heoueshame: in Domesday Evesham; in the foundation charter Egwin writes, ‘In quo loco (i.e. Ethomme) quum beata Virgo Maria cuidam pastori gregum, Eoves nomine, comparuisset (ob cujus viri sanctitatem eundem locum Eoveshamiam nuncupavi),’ Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, ed. Macray, p. 18.æl[dhelm], Abbot of Malmesbury and Bishop of Sherborne,d.709A.D.(Plummer’s Bede, ii. pp. 308, 9). William of Malmesbury says in his Gesta Pontificum, p. 336, ‘nativae quoque linguae non negligebat carmina; adeo ut, teste libro Elfredi . . . nulla umquam aetate par ei fuerit quisquam.’ He is said to have translated the Psalms.Swiþþun, Bishop of Winchester,d.862.æþelwold, pupil of S. Dunstan, Abbot of Abingdon, Bishop of Winchester, 963,d.984A.D.In the Latin Life by Ælfric as revised byWulfstan, it is recorded, ‘Dulce namque erat ei adolescentes et iuvenes semper docere, et latinos libros anglice eis solvere,’ Acta Sanctorum, August, i. p. 94. His translation of the Rule of S. Benedict was edited by Schröer in the Bibliothek der AS. Prosa, ii. Kassel, 1885-8.Aidan, Bishop of Lindisfarne,d.651.Biern: Birinus, Bishop of Winchester,d.650. The spelling withieappears to be analogic with thei-umlaut in such words asierre, and so to belong to the scribe’s original.wincæstre: in the Chronicle, anno 744, Wintanceaster; Venta Civitas in Bede.[Pau]lin, Paulinus, the Missionary Bishop of York, and, after 634A.D., Bishop of Rochester, seems more likely than the less-known Cuichelm, Bishop of Rochester, suggested by Wright. The MS. haslinnotlm.rofecæstre: in AS. Chronicle, anno 604, Hrofesceaster; ‘in ciuitate Dorubreui, quam gens Anglorum a primario quondam illius, qui dicebatur Hrof, Hrofæscæstræ cognominat,’ Beda, i. 85.Dunston. S. Dunstan was Bishop of Worcester, 957-9, Bishop of London, 958, 959, Archbishop of Canterbury, 959,d.988.ælfeih: S. Ælfheah, succeeded Æþelwold as Bishop of Winchester in 984A.D., became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1006, and was martyred by the Danes in 1012A.D.cantoreburi: a French spelling, as Canteberi, 10/174; contrast Cantuarabirȝ, 11/4. L has still Cantuarie buri, 94/15; Cantwareburi, 2821; where O has Cantelburi.
15.on englisc, repeating 9. The writer does not mean that all these produced works in English, but only to contrast them with French-speaking clerics.
16. Comp. ‘Si ergo lumen, quod in te est, tenebrae sunt, ipsae tenebrae quantae erunt?’ S. Matt. vi. 23.
17.nu is: so Wright and Varnhagen, but readnu beoþ; forbeo lore, those teachings, is plural.
19.lorþeines, teachers, apparently anἅπ. λεγ., of which the second element represents OE.þegn, servant, disciple. Comp. the usual ‘larþawes,’ 15/82, ‘lorþeu,’ 20/68, ‘lorþeawes,’ 84/61, ‘larðewes,’ OEH ii. 41/28 (OE. *lārðēowas), ‘lareaw,’ OEH i. 241/21 (OE.lārēow).losiæþ, in the rarer intransitive use, perish. Comp. ‘ꝥ þa men ne losien, þe on him ilyfæð,’ Twelfth Cent. Hom. 2/31, 34/1, 38/23; ‘þenne losiað fele saulen,’ OEH i. 117/18.forþ mid, together with, also with, here in the rare adverbial use. Comp. ‘þenne losiað fele saulen ⁊ he seolf forð mid for his ȝemeleste,’ OEH i. 117/18; ‘& him seolf þer forð mide,’ L 608. It is common as a preposition, as at 40/176, 77/55, 195/611; ‘his þenegas forð mid him þe he þyder brohte,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 528/645; ‘forswoleȝeð þene hoc forð mid þan ese,’ OEH i. 123/11.
20. ‘Sicut aquila provocans ad volandum pullos suos, et super eos volitans, expandit alas suas, et assumpsit eum, atque portavit in humeris suis,’ Deut. xxxii. 11, spoken of God’s care and training of his people. See Bozon, ContesMoralisés, p. 60, for an elaborate application of the text.
22.to worlde asende.Comp. ‘fram Gode hider on world sended,’ BH 209/23.
23. [festen&c.]. Comp. 190/438, 10/154. The sense required is, That we should put our full trust in him.
Editions:... London, 1842 (omits the last four lines);text has : for ;6. For Aelfric the Abbot see Skeat in E. E. T. S., O. S. 114E.E.T.S., O.S. without spaces11. ... Ælfric as revised by WulfstanWulstan: spelling “Wulfstan” used everywhere else20. ... Contes Moralisés, p. 60Moralises
Editions:... London, 1842 (omits the last four lines);text has : for ;
6. For Aelfric the Abbot see Skeat in E. E. T. S., O. S. 114E.E.T.S., O.S. without spaces
11. ... Ælfric as revised by WulfstanWulstan: spelling “Wulfstan” used everywhere else
20. ... Contes Moralisés, p. 60Moralises
B, CManuscript:As for A, p. 223.Editions:Phillipps, as above; Singer, S. W., The Departing
Soul’s Address to the Body, London, 1845; Haufe, E., Die Fragmente der
Rede der Seele an den Leichnam, Gryphiswaldiae, 1880; Buchholz, R., Die
Fragmente der Reden der Seele an den Leichnam, Erlangen, 1889;
afterwards enlarged in *Erlanger Beiträge, ii. 6. 1890.Literature:(1)of the Worcester
Fragment. Haufe, E., Anglia, iv. 237 (emendations); Holthausen,
F., Anglia, xiv. 321 (emendations); Kaluza, M., Litteraturblatt, ii. 92;
*Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 78 (review of Buchholz). (2)of the Desputisoun. Heesch, G., Language and Metre,
Kiel, 1884; Holthausen, F., Anglia, Beiblatt, iii. 302; Kaluza, M.,
Litteraturblatt, xii. 12; *Kunze, O., Critical Text, Berlin, 1892;
Linow, W., Erlangen, 1889, edition enlarged in Erlanger Beiträge,
i. 1. 1889; Mätzner, E., AE. Sprachproben, i. 90-103; Varnhagen,
H., Anglia, ii. 225-52; Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 84. (3)of the Legend in general. *Batiouchkof,Th.,Romania,xx.
236; Bruce, J. D., ModernLanguageNotes, v. col. 385-401;
Dudley, Louise, The Egyptian Elements in theLegend of the Body and Soul, Bryn Mawr, 1911; id. An Early Homily on the
‘Body and Soul’ Theme, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, April,
1909; Gaidoz, H., Revue Celtique, x. 463-70; Kleinert, G., Halle, 1880;
Paris, Gaston, Romania, ix. 311-14; Varnhagen, H., Anglia, ii. 225, iii.
569; *Zupitza, J., Archiv, xci. 369.Phonology:For an account dealing with all the seven
fragments see Buchholz: what follows is based on the two here printed,
with references, where necessary, to his text of the other five.Oralaisa, so ac, farene, habban:abefore
nasals usuallyo, as from, mon, butain licame (wavering
characteristic of the Middle South):abefore lengthening groups
iso, as honden, imong, longe, psalm-songe.æisaafterw, as was, watere D 12, but nes D 19; otherwisee,
as crefte, þene (OE.þænne), þet, but the traditional spelling
survives in æt, æfter D 42, goldfæten, igædered, gæderedest (OE.gæderian), þæs, wræcche (OE.wræcca), wrænches G 48 (OE.
*wrænc). Messe is a French loan-word.eis regularlye, as bedde, heui, met, þenchen, wel, &c., butiin
siggen F 7, siggeþ G 34 (characteristic of South-East and Kent).iis regularlyi, as him, nimen, willæn; it isuafterwin nulleþ, wulleþ C 35; butiin wihte D 3, nowiht
D 19.ois regularlyo, as bodeþ, iboren, sorhliche;
before nasal, onȝean C 6; afterw, woldest D 50, noldest, iwurþen
F 46; butain aȝan C 18.eois written foroin
feorþsiþ.œ(o + i) iseoin seoruhfule,
seorhful, seoruhliche, &c., neose.uis regularlyu,
as biwunden, cumeþ, ful, tunge, &c., butoin iworþen F 45
afterw.yisu, as ifulled, ikunde, lutiȝ, sunne,
ufel, wunne, wurmes, butyis preserved in synne F 33: iflut 2/30
is Scandinavian, OWScand. flytja; drihtenes 4/33, kinges E 39 descend
from OE. forms ini.āis normallyo, as bon, loc, more, sor, woniende; butais often preserved as þa 2/18, lac 4/25, mare E 39, wa F 4.eois written foroin þeo 2/2, greoning, greoneþ; andoain woaning 2/15, woaneþ 2/25, is an attempt to express
graphically the [ao] sound. Þe [ȝet] E 3, 36 occurs twice
beside þa, þo. OE.wāwagives weowe 2/7.ǣ1(WG. ai + i) is mostlyæ, idæled, tæcheþ, ilærede, and before two
consonants, ilæsteþ, æffre; butein bideled C 32, ilered G 29,
ilesteþ, efre D 41, þen (= OE.þǣm) 3/36. It is
exceptionallyain þam C 25, facen (OE.fǣcne) G 10,
atterne G 17. In bileafen D 6,eais written foræ.ǣ2(WG. ā) is stillæin þær, þærof, wæde,
grædie, wære E 28, but commonlye, þerinne, seten, beden, were,
misdeden, gredi.ais exceptional in hwar 3/4, 5, 7, 9, 10
(= OE.hwār).ēis usuallye, swetnesse, þe,
2/2, me, ne, also before nasals, fenge, icwemdest.īis normallyi, bi, lif, iwiteþ, liþ, hwile, &c., but afterwit isuin hwule, swuþe: hwui 4/17 beside hwi D 22 is an attempt to
express more fullythe sound ofw.ōis normallyo, to, moder, flore,
&c.œ̄iseoinweopinde 2/10. (OE.wœ̄pan).ūis regularlyu, hus, wiþuten, ut,
&c.ȳisu, ifuled, luþerliche, &c.ea, breaking ofabeforer+ consonant isea, earfeþsiþ, eart, scearp,æin ært 4/16,ein
ert D 15, scerpe F 29, imerked G 39; no examples ofa. It iseabefore lengthening cons. groups, earde, bearn. Thei-umlaut ofea(WS.ie) isein all cases,
scerpeþ, erming D 18, yerde bidernan F 6.ea, breaking ofabeforel+ cons. isa, alle, also, scalt, wale G
2 (wealh): before lengthening groups normallyo, colde,
coldeþ, itolde, holden G 32, 45, iwold C 8, isold D 38, monifolde, bute, heldan C 35. Thei-umlaut is seen in wældeþ, 4/41.eo, breaking ofebeforer+ consonant, iseo, heorte D 49 andoherborwen C 23: afterwalsoeo, andweorke F 42, OE.handgeweorc, ande, werke D
30: the groupweor, in LWSwur, hasu, iwurþe F 45,
wurþe G 25, unwerþ 4/37,o, beworpen D 12; before lengthening
groupseo, yeorne, eorþe C 5. Thei-umlaut ofeo,
which afterwhad already becomeyin OE. is hereu, wurþest, deorwurþe, wurst D 30, wurþliche G 36.eobeforel+ consonant givesuin sulfen C 27, suluen F 28
(alreadysylfin LWS).eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseoin heouene;å-umlautofeiseoin freome, feole, weolen (Bülbring, § 234);u-
andå-umlaut
ofiiseo, seouene, seoþþen. libbe 2/13 is OE.libban.ea, palatal diphthong, isea,eæin
isceaft F 35, isceæftan;ain schal, scal.ieaftergise, ȝerde, biȝete C 13 (Bülbring, § 151n.),iin ȝiuen 4/21.eo< WG.oafterscisoin scorteþ, scoldest C 28, buteoin
sceoldest G 42.eo Manuscript:As for A, p. 223.Editions:Phillipps, as above; Singer, S. W., The Departing
Soul’s Address to the Body, London, 1845; Haufe, E., Die Fragmente der
Rede der Seele an den Leichnam, Gryphiswaldiae, 1880; Buchholz, R., Die
Fragmente der Reden der Seele an den Leichnam, Erlangen, 1889;
afterwards enlarged in *Erlanger Beiträge, ii. 6. 1890.Literature:(1)of the Worcester
Fragment. Haufe, E., Anglia, iv. 237 (emendations); Holthausen,
F., Anglia, xiv. 321 (emendations); Kaluza, M., Litteraturblatt, ii. 92;
*Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 78 (review of Buchholz). (2)of the Desputisoun. Heesch, G., Language and Metre,
Kiel, 1884; Holthausen, F., Anglia, Beiblatt, iii. 302; Kaluza, M.,
Litteraturblatt, xii. 12; *Kunze, O., Critical Text, Berlin, 1892;
Linow, W., Erlangen, 1889, edition enlarged in Erlanger Beiträge,
i. 1. 1889; Mätzner, E., AE. Sprachproben, i. 90-103; Varnhagen,
H., Anglia, ii. 225-52; Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 84. (3)of the Legend in general. *Batiouchkof,Th.,Romania,xx.
236; Bruce, J. D., ModernLanguageNotes, v. col. 385-401;
Dudley, Louise, The Egyptian Elements in theLegend of the Body and Soul, Bryn Mawr, 1911; id. An Early Homily on the
‘Body and Soul’ Theme, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, April,
1909; Gaidoz, H., Revue Celtique, x. 463-70; Kleinert, G., Halle, 1880;
Paris, Gaston, Romania, ix. 311-14; Varnhagen, H., Anglia, ii. 225, iii.
569; *Zupitza, J., Archiv, xci. 369.Phonology:For an account dealing with all the seven
fragments see Buchholz: what follows is based on the two here printed,
with references, where necessary, to his text of the other five.Oralaisa, so ac, farene, habban:abefore
nasals usuallyo, as from, mon, butain licame (wavering
characteristic of the Middle South):abefore lengthening groups
iso, as honden, imong, longe, psalm-songe.æisaafterw, as was, watere D 12, but nes D 19; otherwisee,
as crefte, þene (OE.þænne), þet, but the traditional spelling
survives in æt, æfter D 42, goldfæten, igædered, gæderedest (OE.gæderian), þæs, wræcche (OE.wræcca), wrænches G 48 (OE.
*wrænc). Messe is a French loan-word.eis regularlye, as bedde, heui, met, þenchen, wel, &c., butiin
siggen F 7, siggeþ G 34 (characteristic of South-East and Kent).iis regularlyi, as him, nimen, willæn; it isuafterwin nulleþ, wulleþ C 35; butiin wihte D 3, nowiht
D 19.ois regularlyo, as bodeþ, iboren, sorhliche;
before nasal, onȝean C 6; afterw, woldest D 50, noldest, iwurþen
F 46; butain aȝan C 18.eois written foroin
feorþsiþ.œ(o + i) iseoin seoruhfule,
seorhful, seoruhliche, &c., neose.uis regularlyu,
as biwunden, cumeþ, ful, tunge, &c., butoin iworþen F 45
afterw.yisu, as ifulled, ikunde, lutiȝ, sunne,
ufel, wunne, wurmes, butyis preserved in synne F 33: iflut 2/30
is Scandinavian, OWScand. flytja; drihtenes 4/33, kinges E 39 descend
from OE. forms ini.āis normallyo, as bon, loc, more, sor, woniende; butais often preserved as þa 2/18, lac 4/25, mare E 39, wa F 4.eois written foroin þeo 2/2, greoning, greoneþ; andoain woaning 2/15, woaneþ 2/25, is an attempt to express
graphically the [ao] sound. Þe [ȝet] E 3, 36 occurs twice
beside þa, þo. OE.wāwagives weowe 2/7.ǣ1(WG. ai + i) is mostlyæ, idæled, tæcheþ, ilærede, and before two
consonants, ilæsteþ, æffre; butein bideled C 32, ilered G 29,
ilesteþ, efre D 41, þen (= OE.þǣm) 3/36. It is
exceptionallyain þam C 25, facen (OE.fǣcne) G 10,
atterne G 17. In bileafen D 6,eais written foræ.ǣ2(WG. ā) is stillæin þær, þærof, wæde,
grædie, wære E 28, but commonlye, þerinne, seten, beden, were,
misdeden, gredi.ais exceptional in hwar 3/4, 5, 7, 9, 10
(= OE.hwār).ēis usuallye, swetnesse, þe,
2/2, me, ne, also before nasals, fenge, icwemdest.īis normallyi, bi, lif, iwiteþ, liþ, hwile, &c., but afterwit isuin hwule, swuþe: hwui 4/17 beside hwi D 22 is an attempt to
express more fullythe sound ofw.ōis normallyo, to, moder, flore,
&c.œ̄iseoinweopinde 2/10. (OE.wœ̄pan).ūis regularlyu, hus, wiþuten, ut,
&c.ȳisu, ifuled, luþerliche, &c.ea, breaking ofabeforer+ consonant isea, earfeþsiþ, eart, scearp,æin ært 4/16,ein
ert D 15, scerpe F 29, imerked G 39; no examples ofa. It iseabefore lengthening cons. groups, earde, bearn. Thei-umlaut ofea(WS.ie) isein all cases,
scerpeþ, erming D 18, yerde bidernan F 6.ea, breaking ofabeforel+ cons. isa, alle, also, scalt, wale G
2 (wealh): before lengthening groups normallyo, colde,
coldeþ, itolde, holden G 32, 45, iwold C 8, isold D 38, monifolde, bute, heldan C 35. Thei-umlaut is seen in wældeþ, 4/41.eo, breaking ofebeforer+ consonant, iseo, heorte D 49 andoherborwen C 23: afterwalsoeo, andweorke F 42, OE.handgeweorc, ande, werke D
30: the groupweor, in LWSwur, hasu, iwurþe F 45,
wurþe G 25, unwerþ 4/37,o, beworpen D 12; before lengthening
groupseo, yeorne, eorþe C 5. Thei-umlaut ofeo,
which afterwhad already becomeyin OE. is hereu, wurþest, deorwurþe, wurst D 30, wurþliche G 36.eobeforel+ consonant givesuin sulfen C 27, suluen F 28
(alreadysylfin LWS).eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseoin heouene;å-umlautofeiseoin freome, feole, weolen (Bülbring, § 234);u-
andå-umlaut
ofiiseo, seouene, seoþþen. libbe 2/13 is OE.libban.ea, palatal diphthong, isea,eæin
isceaft F 35, isceæftan;ain schal, scal.ieaftergise, ȝerde, biȝete C 13 (Bülbring, § 151n.),iin ȝiuen 4/21.eo< WG.oafterscisoin scorteþ, scoldest C 28, buteoin
sceoldest G 42.eo Manuscript:As for A, p. 223. Editions:Phillipps, as above; Singer, S. W., The Departing
Soul’s Address to the Body, London, 1845; Haufe, E., Die Fragmente der
Rede der Seele an den Leichnam, Gryphiswaldiae, 1880; Buchholz, R., Die
Fragmente der Reden der Seele an den Leichnam, Erlangen, 1889;
afterwards enlarged in *Erlanger Beiträge, ii. 6. 1890. Literature:(1)of the Worcester
Fragment. Haufe, E., Anglia, iv. 237 (emendations); Holthausen,
F., Anglia, xiv. 321 (emendations); Kaluza, M., Litteraturblatt, ii. 92;
*Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 78 (review of Buchholz). (2)of the Desputisoun. Heesch, G., Language and Metre,
Kiel, 1884; Holthausen, F., Anglia, Beiblatt, iii. 302; Kaluza, M.,
Litteraturblatt, xii. 12; *Kunze, O., Critical Text, Berlin, 1892;
Linow, W., Erlangen, 1889, edition enlarged in Erlanger Beiträge,
i. 1. 1889; Mätzner, E., AE. Sprachproben, i. 90-103; Varnhagen,
H., Anglia, ii. 225-52; Zupitza, J., Archiv, lxxxv. 84. (3)of the Legend in general. *Batiouchkof,Th.,Romania,xx.
236; Bruce, J. D., ModernLanguageNotes, v. col. 385-401;
Dudley, Louise, The Egyptian Elements in theLegend of the Body and Soul, Bryn Mawr, 1911; id. An Early Homily on the
‘Body and Soul’ Theme, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, April,
1909; Gaidoz, H., Revue Celtique, x. 463-70; Kleinert, G., Halle, 1880;
Paris, Gaston, Romania, ix. 311-14; Varnhagen, H., Anglia, ii. 225, iii.
569; *Zupitza, J., Archiv, xci. 369. Phonology:For an account dealing with all the seven
fragments see Buchholz: what follows is based on the two here printed,
with references, where necessary, to his text of the other five. Oralaisa, so ac, farene, habban:abefore
nasals usuallyo, as from, mon, butain licame (wavering
characteristic of the Middle South):abefore lengthening groups
iso, as honden, imong, longe, psalm-songe.æisaafterw, as was, watere D 12, but nes D 19; otherwisee,
as crefte, þene (OE.þænne), þet, but the traditional spelling
survives in æt, æfter D 42, goldfæten, igædered, gæderedest (OE.gæderian), þæs, wræcche (OE.wræcca), wrænches G 48 (OE.
*wrænc). Messe is a French loan-word.eis regularlye, as bedde, heui, met, þenchen, wel, &c., butiin
siggen F 7, siggeþ G 34 (characteristic of South-East and Kent).iis regularlyi, as him, nimen, willæn; it isuafterwin nulleþ, wulleþ C 35; butiin wihte D 3, nowiht
D 19.ois regularlyo, as bodeþ, iboren, sorhliche;
before nasal, onȝean C 6; afterw, woldest D 50, noldest, iwurþen
F 46; butain aȝan C 18.eois written foroin
feorþsiþ.œ(o + i) iseoin seoruhfule,
seorhful, seoruhliche, &c., neose.uis regularlyu,
as biwunden, cumeþ, ful, tunge, &c., butoin iworþen F 45
afterw.yisu, as ifulled, ikunde, lutiȝ, sunne,
ufel, wunne, wurmes, butyis preserved in synne F 33: iflut 2/30
is Scandinavian, OWScand. flytja; drihtenes 4/33, kinges E 39 descend
from OE. forms ini. āis normallyo, as bon, loc, more, sor, woniende; butais often preserved as þa 2/18, lac 4/25, mare E 39, wa F 4.eois written foroin þeo 2/2, greoning, greoneþ; andoain woaning 2/15, woaneþ 2/25, is an attempt to express
graphically the [ao] sound. Þe [ȝet] E 3, 36 occurs twice
beside þa, þo. OE.wāwagives weowe 2/7.ǣ1(WG. ai + i) is mostlyæ, idæled, tæcheþ, ilærede, and before two
consonants, ilæsteþ, æffre; butein bideled C 32, ilered G 29,
ilesteþ, efre D 41, þen (= OE.þǣm) 3/36. It is
exceptionallyain þam C 25, facen (OE.fǣcne) G 10,
atterne G 17. In bileafen D 6,eais written foræ.ǣ2(WG. ā) is stillæin þær, þærof, wæde,
grædie, wære E 28, but commonlye, þerinne, seten, beden, were,
misdeden, gredi.ais exceptional in hwar 3/4, 5, 7, 9, 10
(= OE.hwār).ēis usuallye, swetnesse, þe,
2/2, me, ne, also before nasals, fenge, icwemdest.īis normallyi, bi, lif, iwiteþ, liþ, hwile, &c., but afterwit isuin hwule, swuþe: hwui 4/17 beside hwi D 22 is an attempt to
express more fullythe sound ofw.ōis normallyo, to, moder, flore,
&c.œ̄iseoinweopinde 2/10. (OE.wœ̄pan).ūis regularlyu, hus, wiþuten, ut,
&c.ȳisu, ifuled, luþerliche, &c. ea, breaking ofabeforer+ consonant isea, earfeþsiþ, eart, scearp,æin ært 4/16,ein
ert D 15, scerpe F 29, imerked G 39; no examples ofa. It iseabefore lengthening cons. groups, earde, bearn. Thei-umlaut ofea(WS.ie) isein all cases,
scerpeþ, erming D 18, yerde bidernan F 6.ea, breaking ofabeforel+ cons. isa, alle, also, scalt, wale G
2 (wealh): before lengthening groups normallyo, colde,
coldeþ, itolde, holden G 32, 45, iwold C 8, isold D 38, monifolde, bute, heldan C 35. Thei-umlaut is seen in wældeþ, 4/41.eo, breaking ofebeforer+ consonant, iseo, heorte D 49 andoherborwen C 23: afterwalsoeo, andweorke F 42, OE.handgeweorc, ande, werke D
30: the groupweor, in LWSwur, hasu, iwurþe F 45,
wurþe G 25, unwerþ 4/37,o, beworpen D 12; before lengthening
groupseo, yeorne, eorþe C 5. Thei-umlaut ofeo,
which afterwhad already becomeyin OE. is hereu, wurþest, deorwurþe, wurst D 30, wurþliche G 36.eobeforel+ consonant givesuin sulfen C 27, suluen F 28
(alreadysylfin LWS).eo,u-umlaut ofe, iseoin heouene;å-umlautofeiseoin freome, feole, weolen (Bülbring, § 234);u-
andå-umlaut
ofiiseo, seouene, seoþþen. libbe 2/13 is OE.libban.ea, palatal diphthong, isea,eæin
isceaft F 35, isceæftan;ain schal, scal.ieaftergise, ȝerde, biȝete C 13 (Bülbring, § 151n.),iin ȝiuen 4/21.eo< WG.oafterscisoin scorteþ, scoldest C 28, buteoin
sceoldest G 42.eo ēais normallyea, deaþ, heafod, bereaued, seaþe E 8,
&c., butæin dædan 3/42, beræfed C 7, sæþe, ande,
birefedest G 12. Thei-umlaut ofēaise, alesed,
iheren E 26, semdest 4/18, &c. (Bülbring, § 183n.); andu, huned D 47 (WS.ȳ).ēois normallyeo,
beoþ, teoreþ, leoflic, freonden, &c. Itsi-umlaut does not
occur; deore C 47, neowe C 29, neode F 5, retaineo(Bülbring,
§ 189, anm. 1).īeisein isene, E 40; yet
C 2. a+gis usuallyaw, as in dawes 2/14, gnawen C
42, mawe C 49, but the older deaȝes survives 3/40.æ+gis normallyei, iseid, but isæid G 19, and once dai E 13.e+gisei, ileide: weile 4/19 may represent OE.weg lā(see Björkman, Scandinavian Loan-Words, 51). OE.ongegnis onȝean C 6, aȝan C 18.o+gisow, bowe C 4, forhoweþ:o+h, douhter G 31,
wrouhte E 16, but wrohten D 25:u+ȝ, fuweles 4/42:y+h, tuhte E 22.ā+gisowin
owen C 45, sidwowes C 30:ā+his seen in ohtest C 8,
ahte E 2, 29 (a survival).ǣ+giseiȝ, iseiȝe D
8, leiȝe D 11, keiȝe F 16;eiin clei:ǣ+h,
aeihte 3/13, bitæiht G 52.ē+g, sweiȝe E 24.ō+g,h, inouh, unifouh D 39, souhte, ibrouht.ū+his seen in þuþte 3/12 (= þuhte).ea+ht,
becomesei,istreiht, unseihte D 45.eo+h(LWSi) hasiin riht; thei-umlaut is represented by besihþ 3/45.ēa+g, eiȝen, heiȝe E 39, but eȝen 3/42 and heie G 40:ēa+hiseihin neih, heih G 42, but þauh G 27.ēo+g, dreiȝen G 6, but driæn 4/36, written for drien, is
due to the scribe and may be Mercian; ifreoed 4/28 is noteworthy.ā+wis usuallyow, sowle C 2, blowen E 32, nowiht
D 19, but soule, nouht.ō+w, touward F 29, but reoweþ C
45.ēa+w, strau D 14.ēo+w, usually eow,
cneow C 27, icneowe C 27, þeow, þeowdome, but reouliche F 19, heou G
22. In the vowels of final syllables, levelling has generally taken
place, but a few older forms, isceæftan, heafod, dædan, cumaþ, biddan,
offrian, weolan, remain from the original MS. In lufedæst, willæn,
driæn, &c.,æis written fore. The prefixgeis represented byi. The consonants present little of note. OE.nā mārabecomes one
word with doubledmand shortenedain nammore 3/34 (comp.
wumme 2/13 note). farene 4/28, withnfornn, is
exceptional. OE.ǣfreis æffre 2/14, so næffre C 6, but æfre 3/3.
Forfbetween two vowelsuis generally written, bereaued
2/22, but beræfedest E 20. In mænet 2/7tis French writing for
þ: schal 2/9 is isolated,sc[š] is the rule, as in onscunedest
3/3:kis written mostly beforeeandie, whileȝis used initially for the palatal (y in yield)
and between vowels, once finally in lutiȝ 3/2 where the original
probably had lutiȝe;gin other cases and mostly in combination
with consonants. Forcw, Frenchquis used once in quale
4/42. Accidence:Theāandjāstems add e in thenom., blisse 3/8, bote 3/11, seoruwe 3/8, sowle 2/28, soule 3/45,
modinesse 3/4,accusativesare hwule 3/1, lore 4/29, soule 2/9,
sunne 4/22, Godnesse 3/3. Theg.of strong nouns ends in-es, thed.in-e, thepl. n. a.of Masculines in-es; of Feminines in-e; Neuters as ban 2/21 are uninflected,pl. g.has-e,d.,-en, as honden
3/38. Markes 3/6, pundes 3/5 have adopted masc. endings; honden 3/39,
isceæftan 2/2, goldfæten 3/7 have joined the weak declension. Of the
latter dædan 3/42, weolan 4/32 areg., heouene 4/28 (nom.
s.heouene F 38 (OE.heofone), molde 3/34,d., and
exceptionally willæn 4/33, an archaic form preserved by its phrasal
character;a.is deade 3/40; æren, eiȝen 2/17, lippen 2/18, arepl. n., weolen 4/16,d., eȝen 3/42a. The predicative adjective often shows strong declension, as grædie
3/13, fuse 4/15, ikunde 3/32; but heui 2/15, leas, lutiȝ 3/2, loþ 4/37,
&c., and the adjs. inigare not inflected. Inflected
attributives are deope 4/40,s. d. m., muchele 2/23,s. d. f.; durelease 4/40,s. d. neut.;
seoruhfulne 4/19,s. a. m.; alle 4/37,pl.
d. m., &c. The termination of the weak declensionis-ein all cases, as seoruhfule 2/8,s. a. m.; reade 4/27,s. d. neut.; dimme
3/42,pl. a. neut. The pronoun of the third person haspl. d.ham, heom. The def.
art. iss. n.þe- þeo- þat,d. m.þen,a.þene- þeo- þat,pl. n.þeo- þa-þa,
þeo, þe. The relative iss.þet,s.andpl.þe,
þeo,pl.only þa. The terminations of the verb areinf.-en(but driæn, offrian);ind. pr., e-est(contr. list 4/38),-eþ(but cumaþ 3/44, mænet 2/6); contr. sæiþ 2/13, biþ
2/22, met 3/33, liþ 3/36;pl.-eþ.
Come 3/11 is 2pr. s. subj.Ind. pt.of weak verbs,s.-de,-dest(but lufedæst 3/4),-de;part. pt.-ed, d, tin ibrouht 4/39,part. pr.-inde, ende. Strong pasts are ȝeat 4/27,
beden 3/11, 4/21, seten 3/10;part. pt.; iboren 2/6, &c. Dialect:The Dialect is Southern, outside the Kentish area,
and probably Middle South, with forms deriving from a Saxon patois. The
poem may have been written, as the preceding piece probably was, in or
near Winchester. The orthography belongs to two distinct stages of
development, the later showing the copyist’s practice towards the end of
the twelfth century, the more primitive being that of the original,
which may have been fifty or sixty years earlier. The phonetic position
of the scribe is in some respects more advanced than that of the Layamon
MS. A. Metre:Alliterative long line of loose construction mixed
with rhymed syllabic verse. Occasionally four consonants alliterate,
2/6, 4/41, but usually three 2/5, 8, or two 2/4, 23. Crossed
alliteration of consonants occurs at 2/16, 22, 27; 4/32, of consonant
and vowels at 2/17; vowel alliteration at 4/37. At 2/4, read ⁊ lif ⁊
soule · him on ileide; at 3/11, bote come. The rhymes are sometimes
perfect, as at 2/15, 25; 3/6, 8; 4/15, 27, 44, but assonances like lif :
siþ 2/29; wif : siþ 3/43; dome : lore 4/29, and partial correspondences
of sound like crefte : idihte 2/3; bedde : libbe 2/13; honden : wenden
3/38; modinesse : lufedæst 3/4; wæde : lufedest 3/9 are valid for this
transitional verse. Sometimes alliteration and rhyme are combined, as at
2/3, 10 (read weopinde cumeþ), 3/4. Lines without either alliteration or
rhyme must be regarded as corrupt. We may perhaps read semeþ for þuncheþ
3/39; riht ⁊ godnesse 3/3; beden þe fore 4/21: icwemen woldest for
icwemdest ær 4/42. Compare the section on metre in the introduction to
No. vi. Introduction:This poem, in which, after an introduction
on the miseries of birth and death, a lost soul reproaches the body it
has just left, represents the original type of one of the most popular
subjects of the Middle Ages. The idea is ancient, for Kunze, p. 3,
quotes a passage from a treatise ascribed to Plutarch, and Linow, p. 2,
another from the Talmud, which contain it in the germ. But as it is used
in Christian literature, itoriginated in Alexandria under the influence of Egyptian conceptions of
death and the unseen world. In England before the Conquest it had
inspired (1) the poem printed in Grein-Wülker, ii. 92-105 from the
Exeter and Vercelli MSS., in which a lost soul speaks; (2) the fragment
from the latter MS., in which a blessed soul consoles the waiting body,
id. 105-7; (3) the homily printed in Ancient Laws and Institutes of
England, ed. Thorpe, ii. 396-400 (8vo ed.); (4) the homily in Wulfstan,
ed. Napier, 140, 1. Versions 3 and 4 are based on a Latin original
represented by an eleventh-century text, which is printed by Batiouchkof
in Romania, xx. 576-8, comp. Zupitza in Archiv, xci. 369. This Latin
prose text professes to be the relation of a vision by a monk to
Macarius of Alexandria (d.393A.D.), and it, according to Batiouchkof, is based on
earlier Greek legends wherein Macarius is himself the dreamer. The
homily (5) printed in Angelsächsische Homilien, ed. Assmann, Kassel,
1889, p. 167, and (6) that published by Zupitza, Archiv, xci. 379, are
independent of the Latin original just mentioned, and they have been
influenced by the Judgment Day literature. The former contains addresses
of a lost and a saved soul to their respective bodies on the Judgment
Day, the homily (6) has only the latter. After the Conquest, contemporary with (7) the Worcester Fragment,
there is (8) the Oxford Fragment printed by Buchholz, p. 11. The theme
is again treated in (9) the twelfth-century homily, De Sancto Andrea,
OEH ii. 181, 3, which preserves as a quotation one line of its Latin
original, see4/19 note. Closely related to
the last three versions is (10) the passage in the thirteenth-century
poem printed in OEM p. 173, ll. 65-216. In (11) the Desputisoun bitwen
þe Bodi and þe Soule, ed. Linow, based on the Latin Visio Philiberti,
the matter is thrown intodebatform for the first time in
English. The Vision of Fulbert is again adapted in (12) the
fifteenth-century poem printed by Halliwell, Early English Miscellanies
(Warton Club), p. 12. Shorter passages in ME. literature, as OEM
83/331-6, Böddeker, Altengl. Dicht., 235-43 are fairly numerous. The position of the Worcester Fragment among this literature is not
easy to define. It appears to form a group with 8 and 10, to which 9,
though too scanty to permit of an assured judgment, may be admitted.
They probably descend from a lost Latin original. Our author may indeed
have been acquainted with the oldest English version (1) and have drawn
thence the leading ideas for his poem. If so, he treated them with much
originality, for there is a wide difference between the austere
simplicity and concentrated energy of the older composition and hisdiffuse and picturesque style, which reflects the influence of the new
literature imported from the Continent. Thelacunaein the text were mostly filled up by Singer. It
seemed unnecessary to assign to each editor his contributions to this
complement, much of which is obvious. For [fei]ge 2/30 and foot-note,
read [fei]ȝe. The heading is from the Book of Job, xxv. 6. 1.en eardeis
probably the remnant of on middenearde; elsewhere the writer useseorþefor the uncompounded word. 2. And all the created
things which pertain to it, i.e. to the earth. Withisceæftancomp. ‘He iscop þurh þene sune alle isceafte,’ Frag. F 47, 34/84,
130/80, 139/17, 187/356. For the position oftocomp.on,
2/4;fore4/21, 23; 96/53, 54, mostly with relative pronouns.[s]cu[l]en, the tops of longsandlare cut off,
as also those ofhandfin the next line. It is not an
auxiliary verb with ellipsis of a verb of motion (H., B.); it has
independent meaning as in ‘Þas wyrte sculon to (= are proper for)
lungen sealfe,’ Leechdoms, iii. 16/6. 3.[þe]ne. Singer’sþonne, then, next, adopted by H., may be right. 4. Comp. ‘se us lif forgeaf
| Leomu lic and gæst,’ Christ, 775, 6, for which Grau, Quellen
. . . der älteren germ. Darstellungen des jüngsten Gerichtes,
p. 39, gives as source the poem ascribed to S. Cyprian, De resurrectione
mortuorum, ‘Qui sibi conplacitum hominem formavit in aevum, | Hanc
manibus caram dilexit fingere formam | Decoramque suam voluit inesse
figuram, | Spiritu vivificam adflavit vultibus auram,’ Opera, ed.
Hartel, iii. App. 310/51, 57-9.ileide on, put into, a meaning
apparently without a parallel; perhaps, entrusted to. 5.Softliche,
painlessly.isom[nede]. H. completed Singer’s isom[ne].sor
idol, a painful parting; comp. l. 8. 6.ꝥ= þet; see 3/43.
The child by crying at its birth predicts the sorrowful separation of
soul and body at death; comp. 2/23-28; ‘Þæt cild, þe bið acænned, sona
hit cyð mid wope | ⁊ þærrihte witegað þissere worulde geswinc | ⁊ þa
toweardan costnunga,’ AS. Hom. ed. Assmann, 77/126-8; ‘Quotquot
nascuntur, vox illis prima doloris: | Incipit a fletu vivere quisquis
homo,’ S. Anselm, p. 199, col. 2b; ‘Omnis homo cum dolore mundum
ingreditur, cum dolore iterum egreditur. Mox natus plorat, quia laborem
et dolorem sibi futurum pronunciat,’ Honorius Augustod. Migne,
P. L. clxxii, col. 1083. 7. The line is too short,
but Buchholz’s conjecture is too long for the gap. Perhaps the original
hadhit woaneþ ⁊ weopeþ · ⁊ mænet þeo weowe. 8. B. translatessiþhere and at 2/16 by ‘weg’; rather lot, experience, as in ‘wa heom þæs
siðes þe hi men wurdon,’ Wulfstan, 27/3; ‘minegedealle his wrecche siðes, þe he þolede on þis wrecche worelde,’ OEH ii.
169/8; ‘weop for hire wei-sið | wanede hire siðes;ꝥ heo wæs
on liues,’ L 25846-8. For compounds withsiþsee 2/27.sori, not ‘schmerzlich,’ B, but mournful, sad. 9. Haufe’s completion is
based on l. 28, where the verb is intransitive, but the construction is
supported by, ‘for þat he deleð þe sowle;and þe lichame,
þanne he wit of þisse woreld,’ OEH ii. 7/3. But the usual construction
is seen in ‘gif he þurh ferliche deð;saule fro þe lichame
deleð,’ id. 61/31, and it would be better to read [fro li]camehere, for the position of ⁊ is awkward. Another construction
is shown in ‘wið þone lichaman seo sawle gedælan,’ AS. Hom., ed.
Assmann, 164/17. 10.weopinde ⁊
woniende, so, ‘wop and woninge,’ VV 17/32; see42/231 note. 11. Haufe’s completion is
too short, Singer’s too long, for the gap. For[swo], stressed
form, comp. 3/4. 12.he, i.e.
licame.walkeþ ⁊ wendeþ, tosses and turns in his bed.[oftes]iþesH. followed by B., who afterwards expressed his
preference for [þe weas]iþes, based on ‘ȝet ic wulle þe ætwi[ten þ]e
weasiþes,’ Frag. G 7. Singer read [his si]þes. 13.wo me, though
written as one, are separate words; coalesced they become wumme; comp.
121/133; ‘wumme ꝥ ich libbe,’ SJ 72/5; ‘wumme ꝥ ich shal wunien on
uncuðe erde,’ OEH ii. 149/10; ‘wel me,’ 210/441. 15.greoning . . .
woaning: comp. 2/25; 196/662; ‘Heo woneþ ⁊ groneþ day and nyht,’ OEM
152/187. 16. biwunden. See 2/27,
79/13, 81/79, and for similar phrases comp. ‘swo faste bunden ⁊ swo
biwunde þarinne,’ OEH ii. 11/9; ‘mid sorȝen ibunden,’ L 12635; ‘mid
sorinesse bistonden,’ OEH ii. 147/26, 181/1. 17-21. Comp. ‘Hyse eres
shullen dewen, | & his eyen shullen dymmen, | & his nese shal
sharpen, | & his skyn shal starken,’ PRL 253/3-6, and the similar
piece OEM 101/1. An adaptation of the last quoted line has been inserted
at l. 19 to restore the alliteration. For him, comp. 80/47.deaueþ, become deaf, a rare meaning, but paralleled in the
quotation above. OE.ā-dēafianhas that meaning; see Deave, NED.
So tooscerpeþ, l. 18, grows sharp, usually means to make
sharp. 19.scorteþ. Comp.
‘[þin] tunge is ascorted,’ Frag. G, l. 9. The phrase appears to be
without parallel: the corresponding texts have, ‘And þi tunge voldeþ,’
OEM 101/4; ‘& his tonge shal stameren, oþer famelen,’ PRL 253/8. 20.teoreþ, flags,
droops. Comp. ‘Ðin mægn is aterod · and þa mihte þu næfst,’ Ælfric,
Lives, i. 86/611. 21.[siden]. S
readsheorte, Hmuþ; something more extensive is wanted,
andsidesis often used vaguely for body (see passages in Minot,
i. 15 note).liggeþ . . . stilleoccurs again, Frag. E
11, otherwise one might be tempted to conjecture,liggeþ he stan
stille, as in Minot, ii. 32, with improved alliteration. 23.at, as in
‘beræfed | At þene eorþliche weole,’ Frag. C 7, 8. So L, ‘biræiuie hine
at liue,’ MS. C 9205: it is the usual construction in the older version
(but simpledat.in ‘biræfued þan liue,’ 15283), while MS. O has
regularlyof. With the meaningseizeit takes theacc., ‘he biræuede mine æhte,’ MS. C 8801.also, an
emphasizedso, quite so, all the: comp. al = entirely, 2/29. 26, 27.So . . .
so, even as, even so.feorþsiþ: comp. 135/117, 3/41, 24/189,
119/74: similar combinations are ‘balesið,’ L 567; ‘fæisið,’ L 3731;
‘houdsiþ,’ ON 1586; ‘sorhsiðes,’ L 11109; ‘vnsiþ,’ ON 1164; ‘wosið,’ OEH
ii. 209/3; ‘wræc-sið,’ Ælf. Lives, i. 538/808. 29. This line is repeated
with variations as a sort of refrain, Frag. C 15, 37; D 9, 16, 42; F
19. 30.iflut,
transferred from the bed to ashes laid on the floor in the form of a
cross. Comp. ‘Sori is the fore | Fram bedde to the flore,’ Rel. Ant. i.
160; ‘on flore licgende, bestreowod mid axum, on stiðre hǽran,’ Ælf.
Hom. Cath. ii. 516/30; ‘Postremo redimenselemosinismalefacta | Ipsaque confessus mortuus in
cinere est,’ Epicedium Hathumodae, 557; ‘Cum viderint iam eius exitus
horam imminere, cilicium expandunt, cinerem desuper aspergunt, et
infirmum de lecto levatum in cilicium submittunt,’ Consuetudines
Cluniacenses, Migne, P. L. cxlix, col. 772; ‘esto memor cineris in
quo tandem morieris,’Hauréau, Notices, ii. 183/9. See other
texts in Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. pp. 299-301. 31.eastward.Burial with the feet to the east was formerly the usual practice (Rock,
ii. p. 473), but the eastward placing of the dying man is a detail which
I cannot illustrate. 32.[col]deþ.Zupitza’s conjecture fits the place, gives a good meaning, and accords
with l. 36, but the usual phrase is seen in ‘þei clungin so þe cley,’
Archiv, xcvii, 309/17; ‘As a clot of clay þou were for-clonge,’ Hymns to
the Virgin, 13/31; ‘ant clyngeþ so þe clay,’ Böddeker, AE. Dichtungen,
211/17; ‘The clot him clinge,’M. L.Review, V. p. 105.hit is him ikunde. Comp. 154/85; ‘Nes hit þe nowiht icunde þet þu
icore[n] hefdest | Nes hit icunde þe more þen þine cunne biuoren þe,’
Frag. D 19, 20; ‘unfæger, swa him gecynde wæs,’ AS. Hom., ed. Assmann,
176/208; ‘Ah nim þu þene kine-halm;he is þe icunde,’ L
18158, 22004, 23196; VV 57/28. 34, 35. Comp. ‘Now
schaltow haue at al þi siþe | Bot seuen fet, vnneþe þat,’ Desputisoun,
91, 2. 36. Comp. ‘Nu lið þe
clei-clot | al so þe ston,’ OEM 172/73, 4. 37.þeo he, those
to whom he. With 37-40 comp. 4/15, 16, 37; 32/34; ‘& he þonne se
deada byð úneaþe ælcon men on neaweste to hæbbenne,’ BH 59/14; ‘& se
man næfre toðon leof ne bið his nehmagum & his worldfreondum, ne
heora nan hine to þæs swiþe ne lufað ꝥ he sona syþþan ne sý onscungend,
seoþþan se lichoma & se gast gedælde beoþ, & þincð his neawist
laþlico & unfæger,’ id. 111/27-30; ‘Alle his frendes he shal beo
loþ. | And helud shal ben wiþ a cloþ,’ PRL 253/1, 2.freome dude.
Comp. ‘him to fremen and do frame,’ GE 173: and see 176/24, 186/323. 38.riht wen[den],
set straight. 41. The copyist has
allowed his eye to wander to the very similar line 43 and has
transferred the second half of it here, to the exclusion of something
likeþe woneþ þe feorþsiþ. 43.[þon]ne. The
last half ofnandeare in the MS.richeis
probably a mistake forwrecche, as S. suggests. 44. For love turns
miserably into an evil under the stroke of misfortune. To have loved and
lost is an evil thing. 45.besihþ . . .
to, contemplates; comp. 124/249 note. Zupitza quotes, ‘When þe gost
it schuld go, | It biwent ⁊ wiþstode, | Biheld þe bodi þat it com fro,’
Desputisoun, 9-11. Comp. ‘cum educerent eam (i.e. animam) de corpore
commonuerunt eam angeli tercio, dicentes: O misera anima, prospice
carnem tuam unde existi,’ Visio Pauli, Texts and Studies, ii. 3.
18/7.
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