XI. HIC DICENDUM EST DE PROPHETA

XI. HIC DICENDUM EST DE PROPHETAManuscript:As forpiece x.Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 47-53, and Specimens, 21-25.Literature:Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1880.Phonology&c.: See piece x, pp.407,410,413.Introduction:No source has been found for this singular piece, which, in its treatment of Jeremiah in the pit as the type of the unshriven sinner, differs from the usual mystical interpretations of this episode in the life of the prophet. So Adam of Prémontré, ‘Pax tibi, o sanctificate in utero, virgo et sacerdos Dei, o Jeremia sanctissime! quem de lacu lutoso et funes et panni levant veteres, quia sanctos Dei ab aeterno ad vitam ab ipso praedestinatos de sordido vitae praesentis profundo et sacrae Scripturae praecepta et sancta elevant exempla,’ De triplici genere Contemplationis, Migne, P. L., cxcviii., col. 824. So for S. Gregory, the ropes are ‘praecepta Dominica,’ the old rags, ‘antiquorum patrum exempla,’ Moralia, xxv. 7, and the interpretation of Hugh of S. Victor, ii. 256, is similar.The homily consists of two parts, very dissimilar in style and discordant in tone; the joint is plainly discernible at 81/76. The first part is an earnest insistence on the necessity of sacramental confession, a question much debated at the time of this sermon and after, till it was finally disposed of by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215A.D.The passages in Latin, like 81/64, do not necessarily imply a Latin original, they are rather headings of the divisions of the discourse, which is probably an effort of the writer’s own ingenuity in support of his favourite contention. It contains no hint of the crabs and other ‘wurmes’ of the pit. The second part reads like a translation; it has all the vivacity and simple directness of the contemporary French Sermo ad Populum. Its leading idea was probably suggested by the famous apologue in the legend of Barlaam ofthe man who, pursued by a furious unicorn, fell into a well tenanted by a dragon, a four-headed snake, and two mice. This story was used by Eudes de Cheriton, p. 217, and Jacques de Vitry, no. cxxxiv.The thirty-third Homily in OEH ii. should be compared with this second part: it is in the same style, if not by the same author.1. The Latin is based on Jeremiah xxxviii. 6-13, but there is no authority in that place for the second sentence and the first half of the fourth. Comestor adds to the Scripture narrative, ‘et erat propheta in luto usque ad guttur.’7.ꝥ= þet: see 76/8, 25.8.⁊ ꝥ, and what is more, and indeed: comp. 80/33; OEH i. 121/9.12.claðes: ‘veteres pannos et antiqua quae computruerant,’ Jer. xxxviii. 11.15.bitacnunge, spiritual meaning, allegorical significance.17.fuliwis: see 32/40.almihtin, comp. 51/337: according to NED., it owes itsnto imitation of drihtin: Morsbach, ME. Gram. 95/4 sets it down to late OE.acc.ælmihtigne.18.Beati&c.: S. Luke xi. 28.23. Alanus de Insulis, Opera, ed. Visch, 78, has the same words as a quotation without naming the author. S. Gregory, Regula Pastoralis, pars iii. ch. 34 and in four other places, quotes 2 Pet. ii. 21 thus, ‘Melius enim eis non cognoscere viam justitiae, quam post agnitionem retrorsum converti ab eo quod illis traditum est.’25.þe: miswritten for þen; see 80/39: þet, from the preceding clause, is to be understood with it.26. ‘Qui declinat aures suas ne audiat legem, oratio eius erit execrabilis,’ Prov. xxviii. 9, is quoted by S. Gregory, Moral., xvi. ch. 21, with variant ‘aurem suam,’ as in Codex Amiatinus, and again Moral., x. ch. 15, with ‘avertit aurem suam.’Obturatis probably due to ‘Qui obturat aures suas,’ Isa. xxxiii. 15, also quoted by S. Gregory, Op. i. 755.28.þe—beoð, that proceed from him.29.unwurðe:pl.OE.unwierþ, despicable: see 26/258.Puteus&c. What follows is drawn from S. Augustine’s Enarratio in Psalmum lxviii. 15, 16, ‘Eripe me de luto ut non infigar: libera me ab iis, qui oderunt me, et de profundis aquarum. Non me demergat tempestas aquae, neque absorbeat me profundum: neque urgeat super me puteus os suum,’ on which part of the comment is, ‘Magnus est puteus profunditas iniquitatis humanae: illuc quisque si ceciderit, in altum cadet. Sed tamen ibi positus, si confitetur peccata Deo suo, non super eum claudet puteus os suum,’ Op. iv1, col. 523, an interpretation adopted by Bede, viii. 655. The writerof the homily probably had for his immediate source the abbreviated quotation in the Liber Poenitentialis of Alanus, 195. Comp. OEH ii. 43 for another comment on this passage.32.heueð sunnen: see 54/8.34.glutenerie, gluttony: OF. glutunerie; apparently here only.35.ꝥ: comp. 1/10.37.hames, estates, possessions, as in ‘hig cípton ealle hira hámas,’ Gen. xlvii. 20 = ‘vendentibus singulis possessiones suas.’38.tunes, enclosures, such as parks: comp. OE.dēor-tūn.39.þe liggeð—arisen: comp. ‘in quo lacu sunt multi qui se ibi esse non sentiunt, quia peccata sua non attendunt, nec clamant ad Dominum,’ Beda, viii. 508.41.propheta, S. Augustine: the quotation in Alanus is ‘non claudet super te os suum, si tu non claudas os tuum.’43. Comp. ‘ne ꝥ þe pit tune ouer me his muð,’ OEH ii. 43/16.45.feower daȝes oðer fiue, for a considerable length of time: comp. ‘Iesus þo his wille wes · aros from deþe to lyue. | Þeyh hyne bi-wusten knyhtes voure oþer vyue,’ OEM 52/538.46.ualleð&c.: probably suggested by ‘Lacum aperuit, et effodit eum: et incidit in foveam, quam fecit,’ Ps. vii. 16.47.him: comp. 2/17, 120/96, 121/132. This dative instead of the possessive adj. is common with parts of the body affected: in ‘þat his ribbes him to brake,’ KH 1077 we find both.ꝥ is ꝥ, that means: comp. ‘ꝥ is þet þe deofel þe geð abutan . . . ꝥ he neure ne maȝe cuman wið-innan us,’ OEH i. 127/27.þer&c., where he never again cometh out of penance, i.e. where he must make perpetual expiation instead of a brief one on earth. For omission of the subject comp. 6/18 and for of = out of, ‘forfaren of ða rihte weiȝe,’ VV 125/30: for bote comp. 80/58. Morris, in OEH i. 48, translates, ‘from whence he will never again return to repent,’ joining þer of and taking bote as = to bote. In Specimens it is taken to mean, ‘therefrom neuer again cometh help,’ but of should be after bote for that sense, comp. 64/61, 66/116, and the examples in the note at 1/3, though the prep. is occasionally awkwardly placed before a noun which it does not govern, as at 84/45,106/210.51.þreo herde weies: comp. ‘Tria debent occurrere ad hoc ut vera sit confessio; scilicet cordis contritio, oris professio, operis satisfactio. . . . Haec est via trium dierum per quam debemus ire in solitudinem,’ Alanus, 99. But it is a commonplace: see the Liber Sacerdotalis on Confession. In a French sermon we find, ‘Vocabatur [diabolus] primo, gallice “Clocuer,” claudens cor contra contritionem; secundo “Cloboche,” claudens os contraconfessionem; tertio “Cloborse,” claudens bursam contra satisfactionem,’ Hauréau, Notices, iv. 159.54.dede wel endingeis wrongly explained in Specimens as = wel dede endinge, completion or performance of good works. It is a very literal translation of the Latin phrase,dede,gen.= operis,wel= satis,endinge= factio. For enden, to perform, especially of religious observances, comp. 77/32; ‘þat oure louerd hem ȝeue grace: þis holi dede wel ende,’ E. E. Poems, 47/137.Cordis&c.: the source of this is unknown to me.56.þe[nne]: the correction was perhaps unnecessary, for þe = when, occurs in OEH i. 79/21: possibly in both places þe is for þē = þen.58.sunbote, confession, here corresponds to ‘oris confessione’: its more usual meaning is penance, ‘operis satisfactione,’ as in ‘Alle weldede beoð freomfulle to sun-bote · ah nan mare freomful denne elmes idal,’ OEH i. 135/29: so ‘bote’ in l. 48 above. In 48/314, ‘cume to bote’ has a more general sense of, find pardon.60.þruh, coffin, not ‘tomb,’ Morris; the burial belongs to the third stage, 81/63.61.scrift underuongest, dost undertake, submit to the penance enjoined by the priest: comp. ‘ær he hæbbe godcunde bote underfangen,’ = ‘antequam divinam emendationem susceperit,’Schmid, Gesetze, 178/5.62.þenne&c., when thou hast done penance for thy sins in accordance with the directions of thy confessor: see 62/30.63.þine onwalde, authority, power over thee:þinecorresponds to the genitive which goes with OE.anweald,onwealdin the same sense, as ‘onwald . . . ðæs folces,’ Cura Past., 3/5, power over the nation.66.heuieis probably a mistake for heued; comp. 80/32; but ‘heuie sennen,’ OEH ii. 11/29.67.sunbendes: ‘colligationes impietatis,’ Isa. lviii. 6; comp. 85/100; ‘þeo þat ye aleseþ here · of heore sunnes bende,’ OEM 55/629. Similarly ‘bendes’ 40/188: the verb is common, 135/123; ‘Ðe ilke mann ðe is ibunden mid heaued-senne,’ VV 101/8; OEM 192/5.76.in alesnesse, for the deliverance:inexpresses purpose and the noun is historically accusative; comp. ‘in gemynd þæs wundres,’ Beda, 204/27.77.þe . . . embe, about which: comp. 1/3; 89/48; 90/73; 118/44; ‘mast ðar embe spekð,’ VV 101/9. So, þe . . . mide, 79.80.fower cunnes wurmes, crawling things of four kinds; in such expressions thesing. gen.cunnes often displaces the normal plural; comp. 27/295, 88/13, 92/117, 119/90, 124/264, 134/93, 187/358, and contrast‘kunne,’ 132/9 note. So too the predicative ‘manie kinnes,’ of many kinds, 85/104, 105.82.⁊ beoreð, which carry: parataxis as in 150/27; ‘Euelin iseh enne gume . . . ⁊ bar an his riht hond;ænne stelene brond,’ L 8435.85.euer, as an invariable result; comp. 7/69. Connectse mare, the more.strengðdeð him, exerts himself; comp. ‘⁊ streinþede him by al ys miht | to serue god,’ Bödd., AE. Dicht. 257/7.to swimminde, in order to swim, for swimming: corresponding in form to LWS.to swimmende, alternating with the regulardat.infinitiveto swimmene: comp. ‘to quemende,’ 84/68, 70; ‘to lesende,’ 87/148; ‘to clensende,’ 87/177. Another exchange of terminations is seen in ‘Hit is to vnderstondinge þat sir Renaud . . . purchacede’ &c., An Eng. Miscellany, 350/6. The writer has ‘to brekene,’ 76/31, ‘for to lokien,’ 76/9.86-90. Comp. ‘Ecce quot laqueos diabolus tendit litteratis et maxime theologis et predicatoribus, nam subplantatis et dejectis doctoribus facile deiciuntur discipuli; verum dicitur quod cuidam querenti a cancro cur non incederet recte sed retrograde, respondit cancer: “Ita didici a parentibus meis,”’ Jacques de Vitry, xliv. (the Exempla ex Sermonibus Vulgaribus may have been written as early as 1210A.D.). The crab is accordingly the type of the teacher who cannot himself perform what he expects his pupils to do.90.swam hire, swam: see 13/34.92.alse feire . . . alse, as kindly as if.93.in—bosme puten, clasp to their heart, like ‘suo sinu complexuque recipiet,’ Cic. Phil. xiii. 4, 9.94.to twiccheð, pluck to pieces, speak censoriously of; like L. vellicare, discerpere.to draȝeð, rend, practise detraction, L. detrahere.95.doctores: perhaps detractores; comp. ‘Detractores, Deo odibiles,’ Rom. i. 30. But the mother crab was a ‘doctor,’ andeciamhere may be significant.96. For the absolute use ofbihindencomp. ‘þe ꝥ spekeð faire bi-foren ⁊ false bi-hinden,’ OEH i. 143/25.97.monslaȝen, homicides. S. Gregory calls them cannibals, ‘Sciendum quoque est quia hi etiam qui alienae vitae detractione pascuntur, alienis procul dubio carnibus satiantur,’ Moralia, xiv. 52.100.þes—ehte: read þes weorldes muchele ehte.101.itimienrepresents OE.getīmian, to befall, happen, a meaning which does not suit here or at 104. The ME. word may here have been influenced by OWScand. tíma, always used with a negative as in tíma ekki, to grudge (Egge in Mod. Lang. Notes, i. 131), but his suggestion ofa connexion with ‘beteem,’ Shak. HamletI.ii. 141, must be rejected, and the isolated use of the word in a Scandinavian sense, afford, find in his heart, in this Southern text makes a difficulty. Mätzner suggests the meaning, ‘verfallen auf etwas,’ and Strat.-Bradley, ‘to use opportunities.’ Possibly the writer was trying to translate some such Latin as, non potest temporanee manducare, or temporare (= in tempore vivere, Catholicon), or adtemporare, which would suggest getimien in a strained sense of, to do at the proper season.102.ah liggeð þer uppon: comp. ‘Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro,’ Virgil, Georg. ii. 507; ‘Chryseros quidam nummularius, copiosae pecuniae dominus . . . sordidus aureos folles incubabat,’ Apuleius, Metamorp. iv. 9.103. Eudes de Cheriton, Fabula lxvii. has, ‘Contra auaros et laycos tenaces.Bufo, qui habitat in terra, rogauit Ranam, que habitat in flumine, quod daret ei de aqua ad potandum. Ait Rana: Placet; et dedit ei quantum uolebat. Rana esuriens rogauit quod daret ei de terra. Respondit Bufo: Certe nichil dabo, quia ego ipse, timens ne deficiat, [non] comedo ad sufficienciam. Sic sunt plerique in tantum tenaces, quod expectant quod panes sint muscidi, bacones rancidi, pastilli sint putridi; nec possunt manducare nec pro Deo dare; timent quod terra eis deficiat. Hii sunt bufones Diaboli.’ Eudes flourished about 1219A.D.The parallelism between ‘nec—dare’ and‘maȝen—godalmihtin’, 101, 2; and between ‘timent—deficiat’ and ‘swa—trukie,’ 104, 5, is striking.105.trukie: comp. 72/183.107. The passage in brackets is conjectural: the copyist passed over a line ending with the same word as that which he had just completed. For the yellow cloth see62/46 note.109.helfter, halter, noose: OE.hælfter. The original had, no doubt, laqueus diaboli. For similar expressions comp. ‘Revera ornatus muliebris sagena diaboli est,’ Caesarius Heist., 287; ‘diaboli hamus,’ Vitas Patrum, 302.þeos wimmen&c.: comp. ‘Mundus estla garanne au diablein qua venatur ut capiat animas, et tendit ibi laqueos infinitos. Unus laqueus ejus est pulchritudo corporalis et ornatus. Unde istae dominae, quae tam pulchrae videntur esse et tam bene ornatae,acemées, sunt muscipula diaboli, quam tendit ad capiendum fatuos; ipsae suntla ratière au diable,’ Hauréau, Notices, iv. 154.lumeð, shine, are splendidly attired. The MS. reading luueð and Morris’s conjecture liuieð give a poor sense. Forlumencomp. ‘Hire lure lumes liht, | ase a launterne a nyht,’ Böddeker, AE. Dicht. 169/23; ‘þat lemeþ al wiþ luefly lyt,’ id. 152/6, 155/8, 145/3. The transitive ‘alemeþ,’ illuminates, occurs in OEH ii. 109/1; ‘alumþ,’ id.141/29.musestoch: comp. ‘Similiter assatur caseus et ponitur in muscipula. Quem cum sentit Ratus, intrat in muscipulam, capit caseum et capitur a muscipula. Sic est de omni illicito. Caseus as[s]atur, quando mulier paratur, ornatur, ut stultos ratos alliciat et capiat,’ Eudes de Cheriton, 221/1; ‘Mulier pulchra . . . est caseus in muscipula. Mulier adornatur . . . Hoc est caseus assatus,’ id. 328/1. See also 62/51 note.114.blanchet, ‘fine wheaten flour,’ Halliwell, who quotes from MS. Bowes of Robert of Brunne, ‘With blaunchette and other flour | To make thaim qwytter of colour.’116.scawere, mirror: comp. OEH ii. 29/9-13.hindene, Morris thinks is miswritten for hid-ern, hiding-place; a word which does not occur elsewhere; if it were connected with OE.hȳdanthe first syllable would be hud- in this text. In Specimens it is translated snare, with comparison of OE.hinderhōc, stratagem, as if for hindere. I take it to be theadv.hinden in substantive use, the hinder parts, the ‘behind’; in CM 22395, ‘hindwin.’ There is an ‘exemplum’ preserved in Le Livre du Chevalier de la Tour Landry, ch. xxxi, which tells what the lady who devoted a fourth of the day to her toilet once saw in her mirror; it was probably in our writer’s mind here. The Book of the Knight was written for the instruction of his daughters.118.wið: comp. 48/299 and ‘þer wið,’ 82/121; ‘þe clenesse iscilt heo wið unþeawes,’ OEH i. 111/17; but ‘from,’ 148/141; ‘Wiðtieð giu fro flesliche lustes,’ OEH ii. 63/28.61. ... Schmid, Gesetze, 178/5.Schmidt103. ... The parallelism between ‘nec—dare’ and ‘maȝen—godalmihtin’second set of quotation marks missing

Manuscript:As forpiece x.Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 47-53, and Specimens, 21-25.Literature:Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1880.Phonology&c.: See piece x, pp.407,410,413.Introduction:No source has been found for this singular piece, which, in its treatment of Jeremiah in the pit as the type of the unshriven sinner, differs from the usual mystical interpretations of this episode in the life of the prophet. So Adam of Prémontré, ‘Pax tibi, o sanctificate in utero, virgo et sacerdos Dei, o Jeremia sanctissime! quem de lacu lutoso et funes et panni levant veteres, quia sanctos Dei ab aeterno ad vitam ab ipso praedestinatos de sordido vitae praesentis profundo et sacrae Scripturae praecepta et sancta elevant exempla,’ De triplici genere Contemplationis, Migne, P. L., cxcviii., col. 824. So for S. Gregory, the ropes are ‘praecepta Dominica,’ the old rags, ‘antiquorum patrum exempla,’ Moralia, xxv. 7, and the interpretation of Hugh of S. Victor, ii. 256, is similar.The homily consists of two parts, very dissimilar in style and discordant in tone; the joint is plainly discernible at 81/76. The first part is an earnest insistence on the necessity of sacramental confession, a question much debated at the time of this sermon and after, till it was finally disposed of by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215A.D.The passages in Latin, like 81/64, do not necessarily imply a Latin original, they are rather headings of the divisions of the discourse, which is probably an effort of the writer’s own ingenuity in support of his favourite contention. It contains no hint of the crabs and other ‘wurmes’ of the pit. The second part reads like a translation; it has all the vivacity and simple directness of the contemporary French Sermo ad Populum. Its leading idea was probably suggested by the famous apologue in the legend of Barlaam ofthe man who, pursued by a furious unicorn, fell into a well tenanted by a dragon, a four-headed snake, and two mice. This story was used by Eudes de Cheriton, p. 217, and Jacques de Vitry, no. cxxxiv.The thirty-third Homily in OEH ii. should be compared with this second part: it is in the same style, if not by the same author.

Manuscript:As forpiece x.

Editions:Morris, R., OEH i. 47-53, and Specimens, 21-25.

Literature:Cohn, O., Die Sprache in der me. Predigtsammlung der Hs. Lambeth 487, Berlin, 1880.

Phonology&c.: See piece x, pp.407,410,413.

Introduction:No source has been found for this singular piece, which, in its treatment of Jeremiah in the pit as the type of the unshriven sinner, differs from the usual mystical interpretations of this episode in the life of the prophet. So Adam of Prémontré, ‘Pax tibi, o sanctificate in utero, virgo et sacerdos Dei, o Jeremia sanctissime! quem de lacu lutoso et funes et panni levant veteres, quia sanctos Dei ab aeterno ad vitam ab ipso praedestinatos de sordido vitae praesentis profundo et sacrae Scripturae praecepta et sancta elevant exempla,’ De triplici genere Contemplationis, Migne, P. L., cxcviii., col. 824. So for S. Gregory, the ropes are ‘praecepta Dominica,’ the old rags, ‘antiquorum patrum exempla,’ Moralia, xxv. 7, and the interpretation of Hugh of S. Victor, ii. 256, is similar.

The homily consists of two parts, very dissimilar in style and discordant in tone; the joint is plainly discernible at 81/76. The first part is an earnest insistence on the necessity of sacramental confession, a question much debated at the time of this sermon and after, till it was finally disposed of by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215A.D.The passages in Latin, like 81/64, do not necessarily imply a Latin original, they are rather headings of the divisions of the discourse, which is probably an effort of the writer’s own ingenuity in support of his favourite contention. It contains no hint of the crabs and other ‘wurmes’ of the pit. The second part reads like a translation; it has all the vivacity and simple directness of the contemporary French Sermo ad Populum. Its leading idea was probably suggested by the famous apologue in the legend of Barlaam ofthe man who, pursued by a furious unicorn, fell into a well tenanted by a dragon, a four-headed snake, and two mice. This story was used by Eudes de Cheriton, p. 217, and Jacques de Vitry, no. cxxxiv.

The thirty-third Homily in OEH ii. should be compared with this second part: it is in the same style, if not by the same author.

1. The Latin is based on Jeremiah xxxviii. 6-13, but there is no authority in that place for the second sentence and the first half of the fourth. Comestor adds to the Scripture narrative, ‘et erat propheta in luto usque ad guttur.’

7.ꝥ= þet: see 76/8, 25.

8.⁊ ꝥ, and what is more, and indeed: comp. 80/33; OEH i. 121/9.

12.claðes: ‘veteres pannos et antiqua quae computruerant,’ Jer. xxxviii. 11.

15.bitacnunge, spiritual meaning, allegorical significance.

17.fuliwis: see 32/40.almihtin, comp. 51/337: according to NED., it owes itsnto imitation of drihtin: Morsbach, ME. Gram. 95/4 sets it down to late OE.acc.ælmihtigne.

18.Beati&c.: S. Luke xi. 28.

23. Alanus de Insulis, Opera, ed. Visch, 78, has the same words as a quotation without naming the author. S. Gregory, Regula Pastoralis, pars iii. ch. 34 and in four other places, quotes 2 Pet. ii. 21 thus, ‘Melius enim eis non cognoscere viam justitiae, quam post agnitionem retrorsum converti ab eo quod illis traditum est.’

25.þe: miswritten for þen; see 80/39: þet, from the preceding clause, is to be understood with it.

26. ‘Qui declinat aures suas ne audiat legem, oratio eius erit execrabilis,’ Prov. xxviii. 9, is quoted by S. Gregory, Moral., xvi. ch. 21, with variant ‘aurem suam,’ as in Codex Amiatinus, and again Moral., x. ch. 15, with ‘avertit aurem suam.’Obturatis probably due to ‘Qui obturat aures suas,’ Isa. xxxiii. 15, also quoted by S. Gregory, Op. i. 755.

28.þe—beoð, that proceed from him.

29.unwurðe:pl.OE.unwierþ, despicable: see 26/258.Puteus&c. What follows is drawn from S. Augustine’s Enarratio in Psalmum lxviii. 15, 16, ‘Eripe me de luto ut non infigar: libera me ab iis, qui oderunt me, et de profundis aquarum. Non me demergat tempestas aquae, neque absorbeat me profundum: neque urgeat super me puteus os suum,’ on which part of the comment is, ‘Magnus est puteus profunditas iniquitatis humanae: illuc quisque si ceciderit, in altum cadet. Sed tamen ibi positus, si confitetur peccata Deo suo, non super eum claudet puteus os suum,’ Op. iv1, col. 523, an interpretation adopted by Bede, viii. 655. The writerof the homily probably had for his immediate source the abbreviated quotation in the Liber Poenitentialis of Alanus, 195. Comp. OEH ii. 43 for another comment on this passage.

32.heueð sunnen: see 54/8.

34.glutenerie, gluttony: OF. glutunerie; apparently here only.

35.ꝥ: comp. 1/10.

37.hames, estates, possessions, as in ‘hig cípton ealle hira hámas,’ Gen. xlvii. 20 = ‘vendentibus singulis possessiones suas.’

38.tunes, enclosures, such as parks: comp. OE.dēor-tūn.

39.þe liggeð—arisen: comp. ‘in quo lacu sunt multi qui se ibi esse non sentiunt, quia peccata sua non attendunt, nec clamant ad Dominum,’ Beda, viii. 508.

41.propheta, S. Augustine: the quotation in Alanus is ‘non claudet super te os suum, si tu non claudas os tuum.’

43. Comp. ‘ne ꝥ þe pit tune ouer me his muð,’ OEH ii. 43/16.

45.feower daȝes oðer fiue, for a considerable length of time: comp. ‘Iesus þo his wille wes · aros from deþe to lyue. | Þeyh hyne bi-wusten knyhtes voure oþer vyue,’ OEM 52/538.

46.ualleð&c.: probably suggested by ‘Lacum aperuit, et effodit eum: et incidit in foveam, quam fecit,’ Ps. vii. 16.

47.him: comp. 2/17, 120/96, 121/132. This dative instead of the possessive adj. is common with parts of the body affected: in ‘þat his ribbes him to brake,’ KH 1077 we find both.ꝥ is ꝥ, that means: comp. ‘ꝥ is þet þe deofel þe geð abutan . . . ꝥ he neure ne maȝe cuman wið-innan us,’ OEH i. 127/27.þer&c., where he never again cometh out of penance, i.e. where he must make perpetual expiation instead of a brief one on earth. For omission of the subject comp. 6/18 and for of = out of, ‘forfaren of ða rihte weiȝe,’ VV 125/30: for bote comp. 80/58. Morris, in OEH i. 48, translates, ‘from whence he will never again return to repent,’ joining þer of and taking bote as = to bote. In Specimens it is taken to mean, ‘therefrom neuer again cometh help,’ but of should be after bote for that sense, comp. 64/61, 66/116, and the examples in the note at 1/3, though the prep. is occasionally awkwardly placed before a noun which it does not govern, as at 84/45,106/210.

51.þreo herde weies: comp. ‘Tria debent occurrere ad hoc ut vera sit confessio; scilicet cordis contritio, oris professio, operis satisfactio. . . . Haec est via trium dierum per quam debemus ire in solitudinem,’ Alanus, 99. But it is a commonplace: see the Liber Sacerdotalis on Confession. In a French sermon we find, ‘Vocabatur [diabolus] primo, gallice “Clocuer,” claudens cor contra contritionem; secundo “Cloboche,” claudens os contraconfessionem; tertio “Cloborse,” claudens bursam contra satisfactionem,’ Hauréau, Notices, iv. 159.

54.dede wel endingeis wrongly explained in Specimens as = wel dede endinge, completion or performance of good works. It is a very literal translation of the Latin phrase,dede,gen.= operis,wel= satis,endinge= factio. For enden, to perform, especially of religious observances, comp. 77/32; ‘þat oure louerd hem ȝeue grace: þis holi dede wel ende,’ E. E. Poems, 47/137.Cordis&c.: the source of this is unknown to me.

56.þe[nne]: the correction was perhaps unnecessary, for þe = when, occurs in OEH i. 79/21: possibly in both places þe is for þē = þen.

58.sunbote, confession, here corresponds to ‘oris confessione’: its more usual meaning is penance, ‘operis satisfactione,’ as in ‘Alle weldede beoð freomfulle to sun-bote · ah nan mare freomful denne elmes idal,’ OEH i. 135/29: so ‘bote’ in l. 48 above. In 48/314, ‘cume to bote’ has a more general sense of, find pardon.

60.þruh, coffin, not ‘tomb,’ Morris; the burial belongs to the third stage, 81/63.

61.scrift underuongest, dost undertake, submit to the penance enjoined by the priest: comp. ‘ær he hæbbe godcunde bote underfangen,’ = ‘antequam divinam emendationem susceperit,’Schmid, Gesetze, 178/5.

62.þenne&c., when thou hast done penance for thy sins in accordance with the directions of thy confessor: see 62/30.

63.þine onwalde, authority, power over thee:þinecorresponds to the genitive which goes with OE.anweald,onwealdin the same sense, as ‘onwald . . . ðæs folces,’ Cura Past., 3/5, power over the nation.

66.heuieis probably a mistake for heued; comp. 80/32; but ‘heuie sennen,’ OEH ii. 11/29.

67.sunbendes: ‘colligationes impietatis,’ Isa. lviii. 6; comp. 85/100; ‘þeo þat ye aleseþ here · of heore sunnes bende,’ OEM 55/629. Similarly ‘bendes’ 40/188: the verb is common, 135/123; ‘Ðe ilke mann ðe is ibunden mid heaued-senne,’ VV 101/8; OEM 192/5.

76.in alesnesse, for the deliverance:inexpresses purpose and the noun is historically accusative; comp. ‘in gemynd þæs wundres,’ Beda, 204/27.

77.þe . . . embe, about which: comp. 1/3; 89/48; 90/73; 118/44; ‘mast ðar embe spekð,’ VV 101/9. So, þe . . . mide, 79.

80.fower cunnes wurmes, crawling things of four kinds; in such expressions thesing. gen.cunnes often displaces the normal plural; comp. 27/295, 88/13, 92/117, 119/90, 124/264, 134/93, 187/358, and contrast‘kunne,’ 132/9 note. So too the predicative ‘manie kinnes,’ of many kinds, 85/104, 105.

82.⁊ beoreð, which carry: parataxis as in 150/27; ‘Euelin iseh enne gume . . . ⁊ bar an his riht hond;ænne stelene brond,’ L 8435.

85.euer, as an invariable result; comp. 7/69. Connectse mare, the more.strengðdeð him, exerts himself; comp. ‘⁊ streinþede him by al ys miht | to serue god,’ Bödd., AE. Dicht. 257/7.to swimminde, in order to swim, for swimming: corresponding in form to LWS.to swimmende, alternating with the regulardat.infinitiveto swimmene: comp. ‘to quemende,’ 84/68, 70; ‘to lesende,’ 87/148; ‘to clensende,’ 87/177. Another exchange of terminations is seen in ‘Hit is to vnderstondinge þat sir Renaud . . . purchacede’ &c., An Eng. Miscellany, 350/6. The writer has ‘to brekene,’ 76/31, ‘for to lokien,’ 76/9.

86-90. Comp. ‘Ecce quot laqueos diabolus tendit litteratis et maxime theologis et predicatoribus, nam subplantatis et dejectis doctoribus facile deiciuntur discipuli; verum dicitur quod cuidam querenti a cancro cur non incederet recte sed retrograde, respondit cancer: “Ita didici a parentibus meis,”’ Jacques de Vitry, xliv. (the Exempla ex Sermonibus Vulgaribus may have been written as early as 1210A.D.). The crab is accordingly the type of the teacher who cannot himself perform what he expects his pupils to do.

90.swam hire, swam: see 13/34.

92.alse feire . . . alse, as kindly as if.

93.in—bosme puten, clasp to their heart, like ‘suo sinu complexuque recipiet,’ Cic. Phil. xiii. 4, 9.

94.to twiccheð, pluck to pieces, speak censoriously of; like L. vellicare, discerpere.to draȝeð, rend, practise detraction, L. detrahere.

95.doctores: perhaps detractores; comp. ‘Detractores, Deo odibiles,’ Rom. i. 30. But the mother crab was a ‘doctor,’ andeciamhere may be significant.

96. For the absolute use ofbihindencomp. ‘þe ꝥ spekeð faire bi-foren ⁊ false bi-hinden,’ OEH i. 143/25.

97.monslaȝen, homicides. S. Gregory calls them cannibals, ‘Sciendum quoque est quia hi etiam qui alienae vitae detractione pascuntur, alienis procul dubio carnibus satiantur,’ Moralia, xiv. 52.

100.þes—ehte: read þes weorldes muchele ehte.

101.itimienrepresents OE.getīmian, to befall, happen, a meaning which does not suit here or at 104. The ME. word may here have been influenced by OWScand. tíma, always used with a negative as in tíma ekki, to grudge (Egge in Mod. Lang. Notes, i. 131), but his suggestion ofa connexion with ‘beteem,’ Shak. HamletI.ii. 141, must be rejected, and the isolated use of the word in a Scandinavian sense, afford, find in his heart, in this Southern text makes a difficulty. Mätzner suggests the meaning, ‘verfallen auf etwas,’ and Strat.-Bradley, ‘to use opportunities.’ Possibly the writer was trying to translate some such Latin as, non potest temporanee manducare, or temporare (= in tempore vivere, Catholicon), or adtemporare, which would suggest getimien in a strained sense of, to do at the proper season.

102.ah liggeð þer uppon: comp. ‘Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro,’ Virgil, Georg. ii. 507; ‘Chryseros quidam nummularius, copiosae pecuniae dominus . . . sordidus aureos folles incubabat,’ Apuleius, Metamorp. iv. 9.

103. Eudes de Cheriton, Fabula lxvii. has, ‘Contra auaros et laycos tenaces.Bufo, qui habitat in terra, rogauit Ranam, que habitat in flumine, quod daret ei de aqua ad potandum. Ait Rana: Placet; et dedit ei quantum uolebat. Rana esuriens rogauit quod daret ei de terra. Respondit Bufo: Certe nichil dabo, quia ego ipse, timens ne deficiat, [non] comedo ad sufficienciam. Sic sunt plerique in tantum tenaces, quod expectant quod panes sint muscidi, bacones rancidi, pastilli sint putridi; nec possunt manducare nec pro Deo dare; timent quod terra eis deficiat. Hii sunt bufones Diaboli.’ Eudes flourished about 1219A.D.The parallelism between ‘nec—dare’ and‘maȝen—godalmihtin’, 101, 2; and between ‘timent—deficiat’ and ‘swa—trukie,’ 104, 5, is striking.

105.trukie: comp. 72/183.

107. The passage in brackets is conjectural: the copyist passed over a line ending with the same word as that which he had just completed. For the yellow cloth see62/46 note.

109.helfter, halter, noose: OE.hælfter. The original had, no doubt, laqueus diaboli. For similar expressions comp. ‘Revera ornatus muliebris sagena diaboli est,’ Caesarius Heist., 287; ‘diaboli hamus,’ Vitas Patrum, 302.þeos wimmen&c.: comp. ‘Mundus estla garanne au diablein qua venatur ut capiat animas, et tendit ibi laqueos infinitos. Unus laqueus ejus est pulchritudo corporalis et ornatus. Unde istae dominae, quae tam pulchrae videntur esse et tam bene ornatae,acemées, sunt muscipula diaboli, quam tendit ad capiendum fatuos; ipsae suntla ratière au diable,’ Hauréau, Notices, iv. 154.lumeð, shine, are splendidly attired. The MS. reading luueð and Morris’s conjecture liuieð give a poor sense. Forlumencomp. ‘Hire lure lumes liht, | ase a launterne a nyht,’ Böddeker, AE. Dicht. 169/23; ‘þat lemeþ al wiþ luefly lyt,’ id. 152/6, 155/8, 145/3. The transitive ‘alemeþ,’ illuminates, occurs in OEH ii. 109/1; ‘alumþ,’ id.141/29.musestoch: comp. ‘Similiter assatur caseus et ponitur in muscipula. Quem cum sentit Ratus, intrat in muscipulam, capit caseum et capitur a muscipula. Sic est de omni illicito. Caseus as[s]atur, quando mulier paratur, ornatur, ut stultos ratos alliciat et capiat,’ Eudes de Cheriton, 221/1; ‘Mulier pulchra . . . est caseus in muscipula. Mulier adornatur . . . Hoc est caseus assatus,’ id. 328/1. See also 62/51 note.

114.blanchet, ‘fine wheaten flour,’ Halliwell, who quotes from MS. Bowes of Robert of Brunne, ‘With blaunchette and other flour | To make thaim qwytter of colour.’

116.scawere, mirror: comp. OEH ii. 29/9-13.hindene, Morris thinks is miswritten for hid-ern, hiding-place; a word which does not occur elsewhere; if it were connected with OE.hȳdanthe first syllable would be hud- in this text. In Specimens it is translated snare, with comparison of OE.hinderhōc, stratagem, as if for hindere. I take it to be theadv.hinden in substantive use, the hinder parts, the ‘behind’; in CM 22395, ‘hindwin.’ There is an ‘exemplum’ preserved in Le Livre du Chevalier de la Tour Landry, ch. xxxi, which tells what the lady who devoted a fourth of the day to her toilet once saw in her mirror; it was probably in our writer’s mind here. The Book of the Knight was written for the instruction of his daughters.

118.wið: comp. 48/299 and ‘þer wið,’ 82/121; ‘þe clenesse iscilt heo wið unþeawes,’ OEH i. 111/17; but ‘from,’ 148/141; ‘Wiðtieð giu fro flesliche lustes,’ OEH ii. 63/28.

61. ... Schmid, Gesetze, 178/5.Schmidt103. ... The parallelism between ‘nec—dare’ and ‘maȝen—godalmihtin’second set of quotation marks missing

61. ... Schmid, Gesetze, 178/5.Schmidt

103. ... The parallelism between ‘nec—dare’ and ‘maȝen—godalmihtin’second set of quotation marks missing

XII. SERMONS FOR PALM SUNDAY AND EASTER DAYManuscript:Trinity College, Cambridge, B. 14. 52. Seep. 312.Facsimile:Frontispiece to OEH ii.; gives f 44 r.Edition:Morris, R., OEH ii., and Specimens, pp. 26-33.Literature:Krüger, A., Sprache und Dialekt der me. Homilien in der Handschrift B. 14. 52. Trinity College, Cambridge, Erlangen, 1885.Phonology:Oralaisa, ateliche 128, axen 183;abefore nasals,a, manne 168, þanken 48, butoin þonc 72, þonked 84, 139;abefore lengthening groups,o, honde 23, understondeð 146, butain lange 101, 184, understandeð 180: þanne 45, 136 alternates with þenne 52, 117.æisa(12 times), bad 88, 120, wat 175, ande(9 times),bed 11, set 71, wecche 97.eise, eft 37, bendes 100, but understont 176, understant 181 (-stent).iisi, bidden 188, bringen 11, often writtenȳin synne OEH ii. 57/5, synfulle id. 57/17, synegeden id. 65/16, and similar words: butiisein beð 122 (from pl.), sleðrende 169.oiso, biforen 28, one 11, 14, borde 87, wolde 22, but an 185, a 4 (5 times).uisu, burh 21, bunden 127, butoin comen66, 69, folcninge 111, beside fulcninge 114.yisi(29 times), iuele 116, kinne 103 (3), butein specð 85, euel OEH ii. 183/10, kenne id. 201/11,uin cunde 162, fulste 76; cuinde 160 shows hesitation betweenuandi.āis normallyo, aros 137, bitocneð 102, but a 11, an 19, hatte 9, naðeles 13, 74.ǣ1is mostlye, bileueð 158, clensinge 186, leren 65, butain ani 136, ar OEH ii. 11/24, lareð id. 15/2,oin goð 4, 56 (from plural); a diphthong has developed beforescin fleis 144 (6).ǣ2is also mostlye, beren 23, selðe 123, butain aristes 140, adrade OEH ii. 193/18, dade id. 187/22.ēise, bete 73, este 166, butoin doð 15, 159, 164 (from plural),iein gie OEH ii. 21/9.īisi, lichame 126, lif 67.ōiso, blod 47, blostme 24, but te 11.ūisu, abuten 101, husel 47.ȳisi, kidde 135,e, bet 147,u, cudden 18.eabeforer+ cons. isa, armheorted 119, harde 98, warð 175, butein bern 30, smerteadj.98,eain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84.eabeforel+ cons. isa, al 71, half 68, but sometimeso, olde OEH ii. 47/3,ea, ealde id. 19/15, ealse id. 35/23, andia, ȝiald id. 169/4: thei-umlaut ise, eldre id. 43/35.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðliche 72 (3), heorte 62, butein beregeð 114, herte 17, lerneð 17, sterre OEH ii. 161/4,oin storre id. 161/19, storres id. 161/6; thewurgroup hasu, wurðe 84, 140, wurðlice 92, thei-umlaut is wanting, wurð 162, wurðe 91.eobeforel+ cons. ise, self 155, seluen 90 (4), but sulfen OEH ii. 45/6.eo,u-umlaut ofe, gives heuene 74, 79, wereld 168:eo,å-umlaut ofe, is wanting in fele 105.eo,u- andå-umlaut ofi, isein bileue 149, clepen 10, cleped 44, 108, here 20, 107, 123, seueðe 102, but biliue 172.eaafter palatals isa, shal 27 (3), gaf 14, shap 158, but gef 172, giaf OEH ii. 113/27;ain shameliche 127 before nasal.ieaftergisiin giueð 160, forgiuenesse 46, but gief OEH ii. 9/10.ȝefis gif 57, 182.eoafterscisu, shulen 74:eomis am 17,heom, hem 171.ēais regularlye, bred 87, 156, deð 6, ec 105, ester 101 (4), leue 143, þeh 12, butain admod 17, admodnesse 15, shad 148,eain deaðe 137; itsi-umlaut ise, lesen 147, lesende 148, remden 28, semeð 73.ēois alsoe, beð 51, ben 63 (10), crepe 100, preste 9 (5), butiein bie 30, 115, bien 61 (4), andiin bi 57; itsi-umlaut ise, þester OEH ii. 39/29, but þiesternesse id. 9/27, and þeoster id. 171/25.īeaftergisein geme 57, 182;hīeis hie 74, 105.a+gisag, lage OEH ii. 3/6, dages id. 3/14.æ+gisai, dai 4 (5), fair 12 (3), mai 38 (4), but sunedeies 99, seið 24, 31, seide 155.e+gisei, leiden 20, wei 32 (5); agen 37, 182 descends fromongēn, so togenes 19, but toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.e+hgiveseh, sehte 51 (3), sehtnesse 53, but Scand. sahtnesse 50.i+g, reine 171 (O.North.regnian).u+gisug, muge 152, 188, but mo 77 (Kentish).y+h, drihten33, driste 189.ā+gis seen in agen 165, ogen 121;ǣ1+gin eiðer 126;ē+gin tweie 39, tweien 10, 17, tweire 103; underfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural.ō+ggives boges 33, 65;ō+h, boh 24, brohten 34;ū+g, bugen 88 (3). Thei-umlaut ofēa+htisiin mihte 135, 159,iein niehtes OEH ii. 11/5.eo+his represented in riht 68, rihte 143, six 96, sixte 101, itsi-umlaut in sest OEH ii. 137/5, seð id. 121/26.ēa+g,hin hege 21, heg 35, nehgebures 122; hegeste 176 has no umlaut.ēo+htis seen in leochtes OEH ii. 11/5, liht id. 13/16.ā+wisou,ow, soule 116 (4), snow 169, wowe 138, 181; noðer 12 isnōþer, noht 65,nōht.ēa+wisew, sheweð 94.ēo+wiseow,eouin reoweð 119, reouð 122,ewin trewes 34, 60, hew 159 but hiu 158 (hīew), giu 147, 148, 153, comp. ȝiu 16/117: feorðe 99 isfēorþa, reoðe 121 (*hrēowð) is probably miswritten for reowðe.Swāis swo 9, in combination alse 15, wat . . . se 175.eis inserted in beregeð 114, forsinegede 71, 124, husel 47, ouelete 154, shameliche 127, added finally in one 11, 14, þermide 139 by analogy of inne 45, uppe 71. Fora,eappears in felefolde 164, fore,iin giarked 84; the prefixge-isiin iwis 150.oisein makede 5,u,ein þureh 54 (3); the suffix-ungising, clensinge 186, tocninge 55, wissinge 95, but wissenge 187 and the compromise þroweinge 52.ǣisein naðeles 74;ea,oin felefolde 164;ēa,ein endelese 74, loðlesnesse 109.In nemed 118,nis omitted, by influence of the pastnemde:nis lost finally in selde 98, a 4 &c.:nnis simplified in mankin 136, sinbote 109, sunedai 183:ngisggin biginnigge 5.bbisuin hauen 71, liuen 153.fbecomesubetween vowels or vowel and liquid, driuen 127, freureð 124, ouelete 154; in other positions it is generally unchanged, fele 105, stefne 28, but uantstone OEH ii. 61/17, uele id. 63/11.tis doubled in settle 35,tsiscin milce 188,scin blesced 30:dis doubled in bidded 86; ford,ðappears in sleðrende 169;ðin dauiðes 30 is OE.þis assimilated in atte 156, likeste 122; te for þe 6, 166 is probably from the scribe’s exemplar as tis 174 for þis; betfage is French, bethphage from the Vulgate:dis written forþin bidded 86, maked 62, quedinde 145.ssis simplified in cos 53; initialscissh, shal 27, shrud 113, shrifte 183, but exceptionally srifte OEH ii. 73/5, scrifte id. 11/11: medially it is seen in axen 183, acxen 96, bisshopes 61, englisse 44, it issfinal in fles 47, fleis 150 (6). The stopcis writtenkbeforee,i, drinke 150, kinne 103, but spece 118: it is omitted in ofþinð 123.čisch, eche 125, swinch 98; chosene 78 (coren) is conformed tocēosan; for cruche 185 see NED.s.v.Crouch:ččiscchin wecche 97, wrecche 123:cwisqu, quemende 68. Palatalgis writteng, giueð 160, gaf 14, hege 21, but occasionallyȝ, ȝaf OEH ii. 141/28, heȝestid. 197/14: final-igisi, but bode 189: swimesse 156 representsswīg(e)messe:čǧisgin wig 14,ggin briggeden 32, 59.his added initially in heste, hestene 164, heorðliche 35, his 47;his lost in ider 130, louerd 13, lude 28, remden 28, reoweð 119, reouð 122, reoðe 121; forh,goccurs in hegsettle 35:hwisw, wat 38 (3), wile 114, wit 113, converselyhūis hwu 130, wu 167:htis writtenstin driste 189,chtin leochtes OEH ii. 11/5.Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns.Gen.-es, sunedeies 99, kinnes 104, 105:d.-e, deaðe 137, borde 87, but the inflection is often wanting, as in the compounds of dai, 101, 183, 184 and in most of the neuters, blod 144 (4), fleis 144 (4), &c.; muð 156 may beacc.(Anglian) after mid. In theacc.weie 59, 60, 62 haselike jo-stems, and tacne 53 frompl.tācnu: mule 12 is French. Thepl. n. a.of masculines ends in-es, cloþes 20, prestes 61, bendes 100; preste 9 is a scribe’s mistake for prestes: neuters are burhfolc 21, þing 148.Pl. g.kinne 103, but englene 172, estrene 140 (ēastrena), kingene 13, muðene 44 are weak forms, louerdes 12;d.boges 33, 65, trewes 34, 60. Thefem.nouns, except wereld 168, haveein thes. nom., chirchsocne 4, sinbote 109, abstracts in-nes, 109, 118, 119 as also in thes. acc.cuinde 160, forbisne 14, mihte 135, 159; hond 69, wereld 168 are exceptions:g.-e, sinne 100, but aristes 140 (occasionallym.in OE.):d.-e, cunde 162, dede 15. Plurals aren.hese 73, wede 103, wedes 104;g.estene 166, hestene 164, wedes 127;d.weden 131, honde 23, wedes 22, 125;a.mede 74, sinne 119, sinnes 46 (4), honden 128, pinen 96. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular; lichamess. g.162 excepted. Plurals aren.names 39, sanderbodes 18:d.axen 183, blostmen 26:a.acxen 96, blostme 24. The minor declensions are represented by fots. a.9, fetpl. a.128; mans. n.36, cristeman 176, manness. g.62 (4), mans. d.117, manne 176 (a weak form), menpl. n.10,pl. d.116,pl. a.143; burhs. d.21, bureh 11, 18 (byrig); bocs. n.24; helendes. n.5 (5) with participial termination; comp. 273/3, helendess. g.57; childs. a.112; childrenpl. n.31.Strong inflections of the adjective ares. n. f.bicumeliche 116, holie 45, 51;s. d. m.bicumeliche 93, eche 125,f.bicumeliche 93, 94, 183, eorðliche 72, faire 64, lude 28, wise 66;s. a. m.endelese 181, rihte 143, sehte 55,f.eche 181; but holis. d. m.184, soð 183, fairs. a. m.12 are not inflected. The weak form has mostly-ein the singular, holie 24 (9), but holi 47 (9), lift 69, riht 68 are not inflected. Adjectives in the plural have-e; as also comparatives and superlatives, loðere 116, hegeste 176, but biterest 178. Adjectives used as nouns are biterepl. g.178, halfs. a.68.āgenis ogens. d. f.121;ānis an 19, a 11;nān, no 106 (3). Noteworthy among the numerals are tweirepl. g.103 (twēgra), fifte 100, sixte 101, seueðe 102.The personal pronouns are ich, me, we, urepl. g.182, us, te = þu in likeste 122, ge, giu 147, 148, 153. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.12,d.himm.19,a.27, hitneut.19 (with assem.), it 21 (with stretef.);pl. n.hie 33, 74,g.here 107,d.hem 72,a.11. Reflexive is himseluend.107,a.90: definitive, himselfs. n.155: possessives are mi, ure, þin, his, hisepl. d.10, 78, here. The general form of the article is þe, te 6, 156, 166; inflected forms are ðets. n. neut.26, 117, þopl. n.17 (3); þet 14, 84 is demonstrative: the article is used pronominally in þo þe, those who 27 (10). The compound demonstrative iss.þis, tis 174,pl.þese, once þis[e] 125. The relatives are þe, ꝥ = þet, þat 115: wat 38 (3) is interrogative: swiche 106, 129 ispl.Indefinites are me 27; sum 24, sumepl.33 (3); eiðer 126; oðer 117, oðres. d. m.15,s. a. m.136,pl. d.22,pl. a.135; ech 38, elhc 36, echess. g. m.175, 178; ani 136; manie 104; fele 105; als. a. m.71,s. a. f.167, alle 114,pl. n.105 (3), alrepl. g.12 (6), allepl. a.135 (3).The infinitive ends in-en, bidden 188, þolen 6 and fifteen others; exceptions are crepe 100, reine 171, and the contract verb fon 74. Dative infinitives with inflection are to clensende 177, to lesende 148, to quemende 68, for to quemende 70; without inflection, for . . . to hauen 70, to blissen, to gladien 83, to bete 73 and ten others. Presents ares.1. speke 104, spece 118; 2. likeste (= likest þu) 122; 3. beregeð 114, liðe 100 (miswritten for liðeð), bidded 86, for biddeð; contract verb, underfoð, 106, 117; syncopated forms, about one-third of the total number, bet 120, bet 147, bit 120, 143, sent 53, understont 176, &c.;pl.1. hauen 186, undernimen 142; 2. understonden 154; 3. bidden 46, herien 46, noten 45, þanken 48, wunien 9 and ten others in-en, lereð 67, semeð 73, wisseð 63, maked 62, for makeð:subjunctive s.3. drinke 91, wurðe 84, 140;pl.1. bugen 88; nime we 56, 182, understonde 88; 3. liuen 153:imperative s.2. haue 121, underfo 113;pl.2. brukeð 147, cumeð 87, lerneð 17, understondeð 87, 146. Past of Strong Verbs: I a.s.3. gaf 14, gef 172, bad 88, 120, bed 11, set 71, spec 160;pl.3. eten 172: I b.s.2. come 130; 3. com 8, 26;pl.3. beren 23, breken 33, 60, comen 28: I c.s.3. warð 175;pl.3. funden 19: II.s.3. aros 137, rod 20: IV.pl.3. understoden 27: V.s.3. let 171;pl.3. bihengen 21;s.3. hatte 9. Participles present: I a. queðinde 16 (3), quedinde 145; past: I b. brokeneadj.65, cumen 182, cumenepl.185: I c. bigunnen 179, 187, bigunne 177, bunden 127, worpen 128: II. driuen 127: III. chosenepl.78: V. forleten 179, 187, shad 148. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. fette 138, kidde 135, lufede 175, rerde 137, seide 155, sende 10 (3);pl.3. wenden 23, ferden 18, 28, leiden 20, makeden 61, but exceptionally ferde, makede 58. Participles present: seiende 89, 120, seggende 86, sleðrende 169;past: blesced 30, nemed 118, bet 179, 187, clepedepl.108, forsinegedepl.71. Minor Groups: wotpr. s.38; agenpr. pl.165; shalpr. s.27, shulenpr. pl.74; maipr. s.38 (4), muge we 1pr. pl.188, mo 77 (Kentish), muge [ge] 2pr. pl.152; beninf.77, 127, am 1pr. s.17, ispr. s.44, his 47, beð 122, 154, ben 1pr. pl.142, 185,pr. pl.63 (10), bien 61 (3), beð 51, biepr. s. subj.30, 115, bi 57, si (lof) 30, bien 1pr. pl. subj.182, waspt. s.18, werenpt. pl.31, 67; wilepr. s.78, woldept. s.6, 22; do 1pr. s.105, doðpr. s.15, 159, 164, don 1pr. pl.141, fuldonpr. pl.74, dopr. s. subj.114, do we 1pr. pl. subj.88,didept. s.136, didenpt. pl.31;goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.Dialect:A scribe of the South-East Midland has copied a manuscript written in the South-Eastern area bordering on Kent. The changes he has made affect both sounds and inflections in varying degree; in this extract the Midland element is more pronounced than usual; towards the end of his task the Southern gains the upper hand. But his exemplar was in its turn descended from an original of the Middle or Western South, written not long after the Conquest, or at any rate by a man to whom OE. constructions, such as the uses of the dative in him 106, iuele 116, folke 174, manne 176, were not strange.Vocabulary:Scandinavian are rideð 62, sahtnesse 50, shereðursdai 184, wanrede 124, and probably gestninge 84. French are absolucion 100, custume 3, diciples 10, mule 12, oliue 24, palefrei 12, procession 4, prophete 169, proue 90, richeise 72, sepulcre 102. Latin are apostles 20, bisshopes 61, calice 52, cruche 100, crisme 112, fant(ston) 101, munt 10, temple 23.Introduction:These pieces appear to be original compositions of the Middle English period, but the work of a writer who drew his ideas from the older literature, Beda and Ælfric, and used many archaic words such as burhfolc, chirchsocne, hegsettle, ouelete, sanderbodes, swimesse, wig. There is similarity in parts to the sixth Blickling Homily.1.Turbe&c.: S. Matt. xxi. 9.4.⁊= and.haueð—of, has its origin in: forofcomp. 131/98.6.Et&c.: not a quotation from the Vulgate or Comestor.8.þeis a mistake for he, necessary as sende l. 10 has no subject.9.preste: ‘Bethphage erat viculus sacerdotum in monte Oliueti,’ Beda, Opera, vii. 183.þe . . . one: see1/3 note.11.into . . . ierusalem: ‘in castellum quod contra eos erat ·i· in hierusalem,’ Comestor, Hist. Euang. ch. cxvij.wig: OE.wicg, steed; a poetical word, but here apparently in a depreciatory sense.12.noðer stede&c.: comp. ‘Ne he nedde stede · ne no palefray. | Acrod vppe on asse · as ich eu segge may,’ OEM 39/67; OEH i. 5/19; ‘Broght þai noþer on hir bak | Na sadel ne panel,’ CM 14981.15.on his dede . . . on his speche, by means of act and word:onis more energetic thanin: comp. ‘herte biðencheð ꝥ hie seggen shal on songe,’ OEH ii. 211/17. Buton oðre stedeis a purely local use.16.Discite&c.: S. Matt. xi. 29.18.sanderbodes, messengers; apparently the word occurs only here, but sandermen is in AS. Chron. 1123A.D.A combination ofsand,gen.sande, message, andboda, messenger: r may be due to Scandinavian influence (NED viii. 91), or it is possibly analogous to that in provender, OF. provende, lavender, Anglo-French lavendre, from LL. lavendula.þiderward, on the way there; see91/93 note.21.hihten, adorned; comp. ‘alle þos wennen huihten his wurðshipe,’ OEH ii. 195/32, 71/24.22.oðre:adj. pl. d., practically adverbial, besides.25.Occurrunt&c.: Antiphon sung in procession on Palm Sunday, according to Old English and Roman uses: see York Breviary i. 367.27.understoden, received: for the earlierunderfōnin this sense, comp. 6/37, 11/187, 197, 207.28.remden lude stefne, cried with a loud voice; stefne is dative; comp. ‘and on cleopie agan;loudere stemne,’ L, MS. O 20789.29.Osanna&c.: S. Matt. xxi. 9.31.Pueri Hebraeorum vestimenta prosternebantin via, one of the Antiphons sung at the blessing of the palms in the Old English and Roman uses: see York Missal, i. 85, Breviary i. 367.v. p.are incorrectly expanded in the text, through a too trustful following of Morris.35.heg settle. OE.setl,stōlcontinue in regular use for the official seat of king and dignitary till the middle of the thirteenth century, when they are displaced by F. trone.37.fro chirche to chirche. The Palm Sunday procession at Mattins issued from the west door of the church, visited the stations in the churchyard and re-entered the church by the same door. In so doing it was mystically said to leave Bethphage and return to Jerusalem. The scribe has misplaced⁊ eft agen; it should come beforeto chirche.⁊ bitocneðparataxis; see 81/82.40.domus bucce: ‘Bethphage autem domus buccae . . . dicitur . . . quia multos ante passionem suam docendo [Saluator] donis piae confessionis & obedientiae spiritalis impleuit,’ Beda, Op. vii. 183; ‘Venit Bethphage quod dicitur domus maxillae, dum adveniente morte salvandus quisque peccata sua aperit in confessione,’ Godefridi Homiliae in Migne, P. L.clxxiv. 22: Hildebert, id. clxxi. 500; ‘Betfage, se tun, getacnaþ þa halgan cyricean on þære biþ sungen ꝥ halige geryne, ⁊ men þær heora synna andettaþ, ⁊ him þaer forgifnesse biddaþ,’ BH 77/14.45.þet . . . inne, in which: see 1/3.noten, employ (with advantage) the functions of their mouths: comp. ‘here wiken hem binimeð · þe hie ar noteden,’ OEH ii. 183/1: it takes anacc.here and at 87/165, but ‘noten of,’ 191/488: OE.notianoften governsgen.of the thing enjoyed.48.uisio pacis: so Beda, vii. 262; Ælfric, Hom. Cath. ii. 66.soð, l. 50, is a mistake for sihð, repeated OEH ii. 53/20; it really translates pax uera; see 116/140. Comp. ‘sibbe gesihð Sancta Hierusalem,’ Crist, 50; BH 81/1.52.of þe calice. At this period, the celebrant after the consecration of the elements kissed the chalice and then the Deacon, with the words ‘Habete vinculum pacis et caritatis’; the Deacon next passed on the kiss to the assistants and so to the congregation. See York Missal, i. 198, Zaccaria, Bibliotheca Ritualis, ii2. cxlviii-cli. Ælfric calls the messe cos, ‘sibbe coss,’ Lives, ii. 46/699.53.þe folc sent, dismisses the people, with the words ‘Ite, missa est’: a sufficient sense, but interposing awkwardly between ‘cos’ and ‘þer mide.’ Probably folc should be taken as dative, or folke should be read; and sends it to the people and thereby betokens &c.56.⁊ eftshould come beforeof ierusalem: the church is Bethphage when the procession goes out of it, but Jerusalem when it returns to it: see 83/37.60-72. The interpretation is peculiar; in some points it resembles that of Hildebert of Tours, Migne, P. L. clxxi. 501.62.rideð, clear the road; OWScand. ryðja; elsewhere in this text ruden; comp. ‘ich sende min engel biforen þine nebbe þe shal ruden þine weie to-fore þe,’ OEH ii. 133/27.makeð—heorte: comp. ‘ut Christo iter ad mentem parent,’ Hildebert.64.forbisne: ‘virtutum suarum exemplis,’ Beda, vii. 263.65.þo þe leren: ‘Hi sunt qui a sanctis patribus bona sumentes exempla, aliis etiam normam [bene] vivendi proponunt,’ Hildebert.68.quemende: see81/85 note.69.hereworde: see 56/37.72.unwillicheis an adverb; OE.unwilsumlīce; comp. 40/181 note.73.semeð, burdeneth, as at 4/18.74.fuldon, fulfil: comp. ‘dædbetan and þæt fuldon on þæs abbodes hæse,’ Benedictine Rule, ed. Schröer, 70/21. As it appears to be alwaystransitive, the following hie, them, must be taken as its object, and shulen is without subject expressed.79. Readsecla.82.Hec&c.: Ps. cxvii. 24: the Graduale in Old English and Roman uses for Easter Day.84.þonked wurðe him, lit. be it thanked to him: comp. ‘we ahte . . . þonkien hit ure drihten,’ OEH i. 5/29.þe . . . offe, concerning which.85.Ecce&c.: St. Matt. xxii. 4 adapted.87. Morris altersþeto we, but the article is necessary, and the subject is often omitted by this writer; see 83/10, 85/105, 87/152, and 6/18 note.88.bord bugen: so at 85/102, but ‘to godes bord bugen,’ 88/188: bugen, to bend one’s steps, to go, is elsewhere used with a preposition; either to has dropped out in these two isolated instances, or there has been some confusion in the writer’s mind withbegin.89.Probet&c.: 1 Cor. xi. 28.91.wurðe þer to, fit for that: þer to replaces an older genitive,ðæs wierþe; comp. 86/142.94.Erest, firstly:oðer siðe, 95, secondly;þridde siðe, 99, thirdly.95.wissinge, instruction, guidance; i.e. penance.96.acxen: referring to the ceremony of giving the ashes to the congregation on Ash Wednesday.bilien, pertain, are associated with: comp. ‘þe six werkes of þesternesse · þe bilige to nihte,’ OEH ii. 15/3.97.saccum, a penitential garment of sackcloth, worn over other clothes, thus differing from cilicium, hair-shirt; S. Jerome, Ep. 44. The writer has omitted after it, plagas, the ‘smerte dintes’ of the next line, ‘disceplines,’ 62/35.99.siðes: read siðe; the superfluoussis due to the initial of the next word: inliðe, 100, finalþhas been lost before initialþ:swiðere, 119, owes its finalreto the beginning of the next word.shereðuresdaies, of Maundy Thursday: corresponds to OWScand. skíriþórsdagr, purification Thursday, but was wrongly connected with ME. scheren, to shear. The form inshis native or naturalized; see Björkman, 125, and comp. 99/73.100.sinne bendes: see81/67 note.crepe to cruche, creeping to the cross; the adoration of the cross on Good Friday; Rock, Church of our Fathers, iii2. 88.101.lange fridai:langa frīgedæg, an ancient name for Good Friday, so called from its fast and observances.gon—fantston, appears to refer to some procession of the laity at the blessing of the font on Easter Eve, perhaps local, as it is not noticed in the service books. Brand, Popular Antiquities (Bohn), i. 158, quotes from Googe’s translation of the RegnumPapisticum of Kirchmayer, ‘Nine times about the font they marche, and on the Saintes do call; | Then still at length they stande, and straight the priest begins withall.’ Of course there was a procession of the clergy to and from the font, Frere, Use of Sarum, i. 149. In ‘ðor-of in esterne be we wunen | Seuene siðes to funt cumen,’ GE 3289, the reference is to the procession made to the font every afternoon in Easter week. The font is the symbol of the sepulchre because, as Durandus, vi. De Sabbato sancto, says, ‘fit hac die baptismus, quia in eo consepulti sumus christo.’ It is noteworthy that nothing is said of the Easter Sepulchre, which was probably not instituted before the fourteenth century.103.tweire kinne, of two kinds; OE.twēgra cynna, but kinnes, 104, 105 is asing. gen.in form, with plural meaning: see81/80 note.105.do: comp. 122/185 note.106.faire him, becoming to him; ‘bicumeliche,’ 86/116.107.underfo, used absolutely, like mod. receive, to communicate: comp. the full expression 86/117.himseluen to hele, to his spiritual well-being.here oðer, one of these two; buteiðer þese wedes, 86/126 can only mean, at this date, each, i.e. both of these garments. If eiðer be a mistake for oðer, then þis wede must be read in l. 125.109.sinboteis explained by ll. 119, 120.112.crisme cloð: in the service books ‘chrismalis pannus, vestis’: ‘crismale seu vestis candida que super caput baptizati imponitur significat secundumrabanuminterioris et exterioris hominis castitatem et innocentiam,’ Durandus vi. The chrism cloth was put on with the words, ‘Accipe vestem candidam, sanctam et immaculatam,’ after the sign of the cross had been made with chrism on the head of the person baptized.115.for þat, by reason of which, through which.116.iueleis predicative dative, equivalent to the usual construction with to, as in l. 125. It is OE.; comp. ‘heora nan him ne mehte bion nane gode,’ Orosius 282/18.118.embe: usually þe . . . embe, about which.120.he: for the personal pronoun used instead of a repeated relative, comp. ‘hem,’ 87/156; ‘He ðurh hwam kinges rixit, ⁊ alle mihtes . . . of him cumeð, he lai bewunden on fiteres,’ VV 49/27.bet ⁊ milce bit, amends and prays for mercy; comp. 36/126, 44/238. Read seiende.121.Miserere&c.: Ecclus. xxx. 24.123.likeð . . . selðe, is pleased at the prosperity of all of them.126.soule,lichame, datives; comp. ‘himseluen to hele,’ 85/107; 176/24 note.129.Amice&c.: S. Matt. xxii. 12.132. ‘Haec est dies quam fecit Dominus: exultemus et laetemur in ea,’ Ps. cxvii. 24.135.oðerluker, in quite another fashion: a comparative adverb: see 125/270.140.for þi . . . for ꝥ þe, for this reason . . . because.142.þer togenes, for its coming, to meet it, as in ‘biþ hit eft him togeanes gehealden on þæm heofonlican goldhorde,’ BH 53/13. Comp. ‘þer to,’ 85/91, and for a similar pregnant use of ‘efterward,’ 77/63; ‘hamward,’ 91/93.143. Holthausen in ES xv. 307 emends this sentence by omitting ⁊ before bringe and before þus and changing bringe, leue into bringeð, leueð. It might be better to omit þe and retain ⁊ before bringeð, with leued and omission of ⁊ before þus.145.Accipite&c.: from the Missal, with substitution of commedite (S. Matt. xxvi. 26) for manducate (1 Cor. xi. 24), as in all the English service books. Afternovi, add ‘et aeterni testamenti, misterium fidei.’148.to lesende: see81/85 note.149.Caro&c.: S. John vi. 56: the quotation in l. 151 is from verse 54 of the same.152. Morris saysmuge= muge ge: probably the latter word has dropped out.154.ouelete, oblation, the thing offered, here the wafer to be consecrated. OE.oflǣte,oflētefrom L. oblata.156.⁊ . . . hem, and which: comp. 86/120.swimesse, lit. silent mass, explained in Specimens as a mass without music; in Bradley-Strat. as a low mass. But the words of consecration were used in masses low and high; the meaning is the Canon of the Mass, containing the words of consecration, which was saidsecreto, and was often calledsecretum, as by Durandus, ‘secretum silentium in quo & misse canon devote dicitur.’ Comp. ‘Si comenca puis le secrei | De la messe, par bone fei; | Et quant li secrez ert finez, | Est danz Theophle auant alez; | Receut le dulz cors de Jhesu,’ Adgar, Mary Legends, 113/1041; and see the Lay Folks Mass Book, pp. 267, 274. A similar compound is ‘swidages,’ OEH ii. 101/15, the still days, the last three days of Holy Week, which is called ‘swiwike’ in MS. Cleopatra of AR 70/7.157. Comp. ‘colorem et saporem panis voluit [Christus] remanere, et sub illa specie veram corporis Christi substantiam latere,’ Hildebert, 535.159-61. The words in brackets were supplied in Specimens, with translation, ‘Greater might doth our Saviour than the holy words which he spake by his (the priest’s) mouth, when he giveth mankind his flesh andhis blood,’ an explanation unsatisfactory in substance, for the ‘might’ is not ‘greater,’ but the same. Besides ‘his’ must refer to helende, and the earliest certain example of man’s kind = mankind ‘þar he for mans kind wil dei,’ CM 14909, is more than a century later; the word in this text is ‘mankin,’ 86/136 (mann cynn), ‘manken,’ OEH ii. 19/14.mannes cuindecannot mean anything but man’s nature, humanitas, like Orm’s ‘mennisske kinde,’ Dedic. 218, ‘mennisscnessess kinde,’ id. 15687. Omitting the supplement the meaning appears to be, Our Saviour works a greater miracle than if the words of consecration were literally fulfilled, since he gives us in the sacrament his perfect human nature.161.⁊ Naþeles&c., and moreover when a man eats and drinks in the ordinary way, the bread he eats and the drink he drinks do change into flesh and blood by the natural working of the body, wherefore &c.163.swo doð: comp. 6/18 note.166.estene dai, day of dainties, with a word-play onestreas inhu sel=wu god:sǣl, happiness.169.sleðrende, falling gently, like dew or rain.Pluit&c.: Ps. lxxvii. 24, 25.172.biliue, food: comp. ‘bileue,’ 87/149.173.Manna&c.: ‘filii Israel dixerunt ad invicem: Manhu? quod significat: Quid est hoc?’ Exod. xvi. 15.177.clensende: see81/85 note.178.michele sinnes, mortal sins.179. ‘Qui enim manducat et bibit indigne, iudicium sibi manducat et bibit: non diiudicans corpus Domini,’ 1 Cor. xi. 29.182.agen, with reference to; an early example of this use: comp. OF. devers.189.driste, for drihte, Lord, as at 35/79. For st = ht, see KH 249 note. But Morris reads Ariste, resurrection.Phonology:... ande(9 times), bed 11comma missingeain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84“iain giarked 84” added by authoreo,å-umlaut ofea-umlauteo,u- andå-umlaut ofia-umlauta+g... toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.corrected by author fromtogeanesunderfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural—fēhþēa+geāIn nemed 118 ...ssis simplifiedsisThe infinitive ...pr. pl. subj.88,88;pt. pl.31; goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.31,112. ... secundum rabanumlower-case as shown

Manuscript:Trinity College, Cambridge, B. 14. 52. Seep. 312.Facsimile:Frontispiece to OEH ii.; gives f 44 r.Edition:Morris, R., OEH ii., and Specimens, pp. 26-33.Literature:Krüger, A., Sprache und Dialekt der me. Homilien in der Handschrift B. 14. 52. Trinity College, Cambridge, Erlangen, 1885.Phonology:Oralaisa, ateliche 128, axen 183;abefore nasals,a, manne 168, þanken 48, butoin þonc 72, þonked 84, 139;abefore lengthening groups,o, honde 23, understondeð 146, butain lange 101, 184, understandeð 180: þanne 45, 136 alternates with þenne 52, 117.æisa(12 times), bad 88, 120, wat 175, ande(9 times),bed 11, set 71, wecche 97.eise, eft 37, bendes 100, but understont 176, understant 181 (-stent).iisi, bidden 188, bringen 11, often writtenȳin synne OEH ii. 57/5, synfulle id. 57/17, synegeden id. 65/16, and similar words: butiisein beð 122 (from pl.), sleðrende 169.oiso, biforen 28, one 11, 14, borde 87, wolde 22, but an 185, a 4 (5 times).uisu, burh 21, bunden 127, butoin comen66, 69, folcninge 111, beside fulcninge 114.yisi(29 times), iuele 116, kinne 103 (3), butein specð 85, euel OEH ii. 183/10, kenne id. 201/11,uin cunde 162, fulste 76; cuinde 160 shows hesitation betweenuandi.āis normallyo, aros 137, bitocneð 102, but a 11, an 19, hatte 9, naðeles 13, 74.ǣ1is mostlye, bileueð 158, clensinge 186, leren 65, butain ani 136, ar OEH ii. 11/24, lareð id. 15/2,oin goð 4, 56 (from plural); a diphthong has developed beforescin fleis 144 (6).ǣ2is also mostlye, beren 23, selðe 123, butain aristes 140, adrade OEH ii. 193/18, dade id. 187/22.ēise, bete 73, este 166, butoin doð 15, 159, 164 (from plural),iein gie OEH ii. 21/9.īisi, lichame 126, lif 67.ōiso, blod 47, blostme 24, but te 11.ūisu, abuten 101, husel 47.ȳisi, kidde 135,e, bet 147,u, cudden 18.eabeforer+ cons. isa, armheorted 119, harde 98, warð 175, butein bern 30, smerteadj.98,eain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84.eabeforel+ cons. isa, al 71, half 68, but sometimeso, olde OEH ii. 47/3,ea, ealde id. 19/15, ealse id. 35/23, andia, ȝiald id. 169/4: thei-umlaut ise, eldre id. 43/35.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðliche 72 (3), heorte 62, butein beregeð 114, herte 17, lerneð 17, sterre OEH ii. 161/4,oin storre id. 161/19, storres id. 161/6; thewurgroup hasu, wurðe 84, 140, wurðlice 92, thei-umlaut is wanting, wurð 162, wurðe 91.eobeforel+ cons. ise, self 155, seluen 90 (4), but sulfen OEH ii. 45/6.eo,u-umlaut ofe, gives heuene 74, 79, wereld 168:eo,å-umlaut ofe, is wanting in fele 105.eo,u- andå-umlaut ofi, isein bileue 149, clepen 10, cleped 44, 108, here 20, 107, 123, seueðe 102, but biliue 172.eaafter palatals isa, shal 27 (3), gaf 14, shap 158, but gef 172, giaf OEH ii. 113/27;ain shameliche 127 before nasal.ieaftergisiin giueð 160, forgiuenesse 46, but gief OEH ii. 9/10.ȝefis gif 57, 182.eoafterscisu, shulen 74:eomis am 17,heom, hem 171.ēais regularlye, bred 87, 156, deð 6, ec 105, ester 101 (4), leue 143, þeh 12, butain admod 17, admodnesse 15, shad 148,eain deaðe 137; itsi-umlaut ise, lesen 147, lesende 148, remden 28, semeð 73.ēois alsoe, beð 51, ben 63 (10), crepe 100, preste 9 (5), butiein bie 30, 115, bien 61 (4), andiin bi 57; itsi-umlaut ise, þester OEH ii. 39/29, but þiesternesse id. 9/27, and þeoster id. 171/25.īeaftergisein geme 57, 182;hīeis hie 74, 105.a+gisag, lage OEH ii. 3/6, dages id. 3/14.æ+gisai, dai 4 (5), fair 12 (3), mai 38 (4), but sunedeies 99, seið 24, 31, seide 155.e+gisei, leiden 20, wei 32 (5); agen 37, 182 descends fromongēn, so togenes 19, but toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.e+hgiveseh, sehte 51 (3), sehtnesse 53, but Scand. sahtnesse 50.i+g, reine 171 (O.North.regnian).u+gisug, muge 152, 188, but mo 77 (Kentish).y+h, drihten33, driste 189.ā+gis seen in agen 165, ogen 121;ǣ1+gin eiðer 126;ē+gin tweie 39, tweien 10, 17, tweire 103; underfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural.ō+ggives boges 33, 65;ō+h, boh 24, brohten 34;ū+g, bugen 88 (3). Thei-umlaut ofēa+htisiin mihte 135, 159,iein niehtes OEH ii. 11/5.eo+his represented in riht 68, rihte 143, six 96, sixte 101, itsi-umlaut in sest OEH ii. 137/5, seð id. 121/26.ēa+g,hin hege 21, heg 35, nehgebures 122; hegeste 176 has no umlaut.ēo+htis seen in leochtes OEH ii. 11/5, liht id. 13/16.ā+wisou,ow, soule 116 (4), snow 169, wowe 138, 181; noðer 12 isnōþer, noht 65,nōht.ēa+wisew, sheweð 94.ēo+wiseow,eouin reoweð 119, reouð 122,ewin trewes 34, 60, hew 159 but hiu 158 (hīew), giu 147, 148, 153, comp. ȝiu 16/117: feorðe 99 isfēorþa, reoðe 121 (*hrēowð) is probably miswritten for reowðe.Swāis swo 9, in combination alse 15, wat . . . se 175.eis inserted in beregeð 114, forsinegede 71, 124, husel 47, ouelete 154, shameliche 127, added finally in one 11, 14, þermide 139 by analogy of inne 45, uppe 71. Fora,eappears in felefolde 164, fore,iin giarked 84; the prefixge-isiin iwis 150.oisein makede 5,u,ein þureh 54 (3); the suffix-ungising, clensinge 186, tocninge 55, wissinge 95, but wissenge 187 and the compromise þroweinge 52.ǣisein naðeles 74;ea,oin felefolde 164;ēa,ein endelese 74, loðlesnesse 109.In nemed 118,nis omitted, by influence of the pastnemde:nis lost finally in selde 98, a 4 &c.:nnis simplified in mankin 136, sinbote 109, sunedai 183:ngisggin biginnigge 5.bbisuin hauen 71, liuen 153.fbecomesubetween vowels or vowel and liquid, driuen 127, freureð 124, ouelete 154; in other positions it is generally unchanged, fele 105, stefne 28, but uantstone OEH ii. 61/17, uele id. 63/11.tis doubled in settle 35,tsiscin milce 188,scin blesced 30:dis doubled in bidded 86; ford,ðappears in sleðrende 169;ðin dauiðes 30 is OE.þis assimilated in atte 156, likeste 122; te for þe 6, 166 is probably from the scribe’s exemplar as tis 174 for þis; betfage is French, bethphage from the Vulgate:dis written forþin bidded 86, maked 62, quedinde 145.ssis simplified in cos 53; initialscissh, shal 27, shrud 113, shrifte 183, but exceptionally srifte OEH ii. 73/5, scrifte id. 11/11: medially it is seen in axen 183, acxen 96, bisshopes 61, englisse 44, it issfinal in fles 47, fleis 150 (6). The stopcis writtenkbeforee,i, drinke 150, kinne 103, but spece 118: it is omitted in ofþinð 123.čisch, eche 125, swinch 98; chosene 78 (coren) is conformed tocēosan; for cruche 185 see NED.s.v.Crouch:ččiscchin wecche 97, wrecche 123:cwisqu, quemende 68. Palatalgis writteng, giueð 160, gaf 14, hege 21, but occasionallyȝ, ȝaf OEH ii. 141/28, heȝestid. 197/14: final-igisi, but bode 189: swimesse 156 representsswīg(e)messe:čǧisgin wig 14,ggin briggeden 32, 59.his added initially in heste, hestene 164, heorðliche 35, his 47;his lost in ider 130, louerd 13, lude 28, remden 28, reoweð 119, reouð 122, reoðe 121; forh,goccurs in hegsettle 35:hwisw, wat 38 (3), wile 114, wit 113, converselyhūis hwu 130, wu 167:htis writtenstin driste 189,chtin leochtes OEH ii. 11/5.Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns.Gen.-es, sunedeies 99, kinnes 104, 105:d.-e, deaðe 137, borde 87, but the inflection is often wanting, as in the compounds of dai, 101, 183, 184 and in most of the neuters, blod 144 (4), fleis 144 (4), &c.; muð 156 may beacc.(Anglian) after mid. In theacc.weie 59, 60, 62 haselike jo-stems, and tacne 53 frompl.tācnu: mule 12 is French. Thepl. n. a.of masculines ends in-es, cloþes 20, prestes 61, bendes 100; preste 9 is a scribe’s mistake for prestes: neuters are burhfolc 21, þing 148.Pl. g.kinne 103, but englene 172, estrene 140 (ēastrena), kingene 13, muðene 44 are weak forms, louerdes 12;d.boges 33, 65, trewes 34, 60. Thefem.nouns, except wereld 168, haveein thes. nom., chirchsocne 4, sinbote 109, abstracts in-nes, 109, 118, 119 as also in thes. acc.cuinde 160, forbisne 14, mihte 135, 159; hond 69, wereld 168 are exceptions:g.-e, sinne 100, but aristes 140 (occasionallym.in OE.):d.-e, cunde 162, dede 15. Plurals aren.hese 73, wede 103, wedes 104;g.estene 166, hestene 164, wedes 127;d.weden 131, honde 23, wedes 22, 125;a.mede 74, sinne 119, sinnes 46 (4), honden 128, pinen 96. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular; lichamess. g.162 excepted. Plurals aren.names 39, sanderbodes 18:d.axen 183, blostmen 26:a.acxen 96, blostme 24. The minor declensions are represented by fots. a.9, fetpl. a.128; mans. n.36, cristeman 176, manness. g.62 (4), mans. d.117, manne 176 (a weak form), menpl. n.10,pl. d.116,pl. a.143; burhs. d.21, bureh 11, 18 (byrig); bocs. n.24; helendes. n.5 (5) with participial termination; comp. 273/3, helendess. g.57; childs. a.112; childrenpl. n.31.Strong inflections of the adjective ares. n. f.bicumeliche 116, holie 45, 51;s. d. m.bicumeliche 93, eche 125,f.bicumeliche 93, 94, 183, eorðliche 72, faire 64, lude 28, wise 66;s. a. m.endelese 181, rihte 143, sehte 55,f.eche 181; but holis. d. m.184, soð 183, fairs. a. m.12 are not inflected. The weak form has mostly-ein the singular, holie 24 (9), but holi 47 (9), lift 69, riht 68 are not inflected. Adjectives in the plural have-e; as also comparatives and superlatives, loðere 116, hegeste 176, but biterest 178. Adjectives used as nouns are biterepl. g.178, halfs. a.68.āgenis ogens. d. f.121;ānis an 19, a 11;nān, no 106 (3). Noteworthy among the numerals are tweirepl. g.103 (twēgra), fifte 100, sixte 101, seueðe 102.The personal pronouns are ich, me, we, urepl. g.182, us, te = þu in likeste 122, ge, giu 147, 148, 153. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.12,d.himm.19,a.27, hitneut.19 (with assem.), it 21 (with stretef.);pl. n.hie 33, 74,g.here 107,d.hem 72,a.11. Reflexive is himseluend.107,a.90: definitive, himselfs. n.155: possessives are mi, ure, þin, his, hisepl. d.10, 78, here. The general form of the article is þe, te 6, 156, 166; inflected forms are ðets. n. neut.26, 117, þopl. n.17 (3); þet 14, 84 is demonstrative: the article is used pronominally in þo þe, those who 27 (10). The compound demonstrative iss.þis, tis 174,pl.þese, once þis[e] 125. The relatives are þe, ꝥ = þet, þat 115: wat 38 (3) is interrogative: swiche 106, 129 ispl.Indefinites are me 27; sum 24, sumepl.33 (3); eiðer 126; oðer 117, oðres. d. m.15,s. a. m.136,pl. d.22,pl. a.135; ech 38, elhc 36, echess. g. m.175, 178; ani 136; manie 104; fele 105; als. a. m.71,s. a. f.167, alle 114,pl. n.105 (3), alrepl. g.12 (6), allepl. a.135 (3).The infinitive ends in-en, bidden 188, þolen 6 and fifteen others; exceptions are crepe 100, reine 171, and the contract verb fon 74. Dative infinitives with inflection are to clensende 177, to lesende 148, to quemende 68, for to quemende 70; without inflection, for . . . to hauen 70, to blissen, to gladien 83, to bete 73 and ten others. Presents ares.1. speke 104, spece 118; 2. likeste (= likest þu) 122; 3. beregeð 114, liðe 100 (miswritten for liðeð), bidded 86, for biddeð; contract verb, underfoð, 106, 117; syncopated forms, about one-third of the total number, bet 120, bet 147, bit 120, 143, sent 53, understont 176, &c.;pl.1. hauen 186, undernimen 142; 2. understonden 154; 3. bidden 46, herien 46, noten 45, þanken 48, wunien 9 and ten others in-en, lereð 67, semeð 73, wisseð 63, maked 62, for makeð:subjunctive s.3. drinke 91, wurðe 84, 140;pl.1. bugen 88; nime we 56, 182, understonde 88; 3. liuen 153:imperative s.2. haue 121, underfo 113;pl.2. brukeð 147, cumeð 87, lerneð 17, understondeð 87, 146. Past of Strong Verbs: I a.s.3. gaf 14, gef 172, bad 88, 120, bed 11, set 71, spec 160;pl.3. eten 172: I b.s.2. come 130; 3. com 8, 26;pl.3. beren 23, breken 33, 60, comen 28: I c.s.3. warð 175;pl.3. funden 19: II.s.3. aros 137, rod 20: IV.pl.3. understoden 27: V.s.3. let 171;pl.3. bihengen 21;s.3. hatte 9. Participles present: I a. queðinde 16 (3), quedinde 145; past: I b. brokeneadj.65, cumen 182, cumenepl.185: I c. bigunnen 179, 187, bigunne 177, bunden 127, worpen 128: II. driuen 127: III. chosenepl.78: V. forleten 179, 187, shad 148. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. fette 138, kidde 135, lufede 175, rerde 137, seide 155, sende 10 (3);pl.3. wenden 23, ferden 18, 28, leiden 20, makeden 61, but exceptionally ferde, makede 58. Participles present: seiende 89, 120, seggende 86, sleðrende 169;past: blesced 30, nemed 118, bet 179, 187, clepedepl.108, forsinegedepl.71. Minor Groups: wotpr. s.38; agenpr. pl.165; shalpr. s.27, shulenpr. pl.74; maipr. s.38 (4), muge we 1pr. pl.188, mo 77 (Kentish), muge [ge] 2pr. pl.152; beninf.77, 127, am 1pr. s.17, ispr. s.44, his 47, beð 122, 154, ben 1pr. pl.142, 185,pr. pl.63 (10), bien 61 (3), beð 51, biepr. s. subj.30, 115, bi 57, si (lof) 30, bien 1pr. pl. subj.182, waspt. s.18, werenpt. pl.31, 67; wilepr. s.78, woldept. s.6, 22; do 1pr. s.105, doðpr. s.15, 159, 164, don 1pr. pl.141, fuldonpr. pl.74, dopr. s. subj.114, do we 1pr. pl. subj.88,didept. s.136, didenpt. pl.31;goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.Dialect:A scribe of the South-East Midland has copied a manuscript written in the South-Eastern area bordering on Kent. The changes he has made affect both sounds and inflections in varying degree; in this extract the Midland element is more pronounced than usual; towards the end of his task the Southern gains the upper hand. But his exemplar was in its turn descended from an original of the Middle or Western South, written not long after the Conquest, or at any rate by a man to whom OE. constructions, such as the uses of the dative in him 106, iuele 116, folke 174, manne 176, were not strange.Vocabulary:Scandinavian are rideð 62, sahtnesse 50, shereðursdai 184, wanrede 124, and probably gestninge 84. French are absolucion 100, custume 3, diciples 10, mule 12, oliue 24, palefrei 12, procession 4, prophete 169, proue 90, richeise 72, sepulcre 102. Latin are apostles 20, bisshopes 61, calice 52, cruche 100, crisme 112, fant(ston) 101, munt 10, temple 23.Introduction:These pieces appear to be original compositions of the Middle English period, but the work of a writer who drew his ideas from the older literature, Beda and Ælfric, and used many archaic words such as burhfolc, chirchsocne, hegsettle, ouelete, sanderbodes, swimesse, wig. There is similarity in parts to the sixth Blickling Homily.

Manuscript:Trinity College, Cambridge, B. 14. 52. Seep. 312.

Facsimile:Frontispiece to OEH ii.; gives f 44 r.

Edition:Morris, R., OEH ii., and Specimens, pp. 26-33.

Literature:Krüger, A., Sprache und Dialekt der me. Homilien in der Handschrift B. 14. 52. Trinity College, Cambridge, Erlangen, 1885.

Phonology:Oralaisa, ateliche 128, axen 183;abefore nasals,a, manne 168, þanken 48, butoin þonc 72, þonked 84, 139;abefore lengthening groups,o, honde 23, understondeð 146, butain lange 101, 184, understandeð 180: þanne 45, 136 alternates with þenne 52, 117.æisa(12 times), bad 88, 120, wat 175, ande(9 times),bed 11, set 71, wecche 97.eise, eft 37, bendes 100, but understont 176, understant 181 (-stent).iisi, bidden 188, bringen 11, often writtenȳin synne OEH ii. 57/5, synfulle id. 57/17, synegeden id. 65/16, and similar words: butiisein beð 122 (from pl.), sleðrende 169.oiso, biforen 28, one 11, 14, borde 87, wolde 22, but an 185, a 4 (5 times).uisu, burh 21, bunden 127, butoin comen66, 69, folcninge 111, beside fulcninge 114.yisi(29 times), iuele 116, kinne 103 (3), butein specð 85, euel OEH ii. 183/10, kenne id. 201/11,uin cunde 162, fulste 76; cuinde 160 shows hesitation betweenuandi.āis normallyo, aros 137, bitocneð 102, but a 11, an 19, hatte 9, naðeles 13, 74.ǣ1is mostlye, bileueð 158, clensinge 186, leren 65, butain ani 136, ar OEH ii. 11/24, lareð id. 15/2,oin goð 4, 56 (from plural); a diphthong has developed beforescin fleis 144 (6).ǣ2is also mostlye, beren 23, selðe 123, butain aristes 140, adrade OEH ii. 193/18, dade id. 187/22.ēise, bete 73, este 166, butoin doð 15, 159, 164 (from plural),iein gie OEH ii. 21/9.īisi, lichame 126, lif 67.ōiso, blod 47, blostme 24, but te 11.ūisu, abuten 101, husel 47.ȳisi, kidde 135,e, bet 147,u, cudden 18.

eabeforer+ cons. isa, armheorted 119, harde 98, warð 175, butein bern 30, smerteadj.98,eain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84.eabeforel+ cons. isa, al 71, half 68, but sometimeso, olde OEH ii. 47/3,ea, ealde id. 19/15, ealse id. 35/23, andia, ȝiald id. 169/4: thei-umlaut ise, eldre id. 43/35.eobeforer+ cons. iseo, eorðliche 72 (3), heorte 62, butein beregeð 114, herte 17, lerneð 17, sterre OEH ii. 161/4,oin storre id. 161/19, storres id. 161/6; thewurgroup hasu, wurðe 84, 140, wurðlice 92, thei-umlaut is wanting, wurð 162, wurðe 91.eobeforel+ cons. ise, self 155, seluen 90 (4), but sulfen OEH ii. 45/6.eo,u-umlaut ofe, gives heuene 74, 79, wereld 168:eo,å-umlaut ofe, is wanting in fele 105.eo,u- andå-umlaut ofi, isein bileue 149, clepen 10, cleped 44, 108, here 20, 107, 123, seueðe 102, but biliue 172.eaafter palatals isa, shal 27 (3), gaf 14, shap 158, but gef 172, giaf OEH ii. 113/27;ain shameliche 127 before nasal.ieaftergisiin giueð 160, forgiuenesse 46, but gief OEH ii. 9/10.ȝefis gif 57, 182.eoafterscisu, shulen 74:eomis am 17,heom, hem 171.ēais regularlye, bred 87, 156, deð 6, ec 105, ester 101 (4), leue 143, þeh 12, butain admod 17, admodnesse 15, shad 148,eain deaðe 137; itsi-umlaut ise, lesen 147, lesende 148, remden 28, semeð 73.ēois alsoe, beð 51, ben 63 (10), crepe 100, preste 9 (5), butiein bie 30, 115, bien 61 (4), andiin bi 57; itsi-umlaut ise, þester OEH ii. 39/29, but þiesternesse id. 9/27, and þeoster id. 171/25.īeaftergisein geme 57, 182;hīeis hie 74, 105.

a+gisag, lage OEH ii. 3/6, dages id. 3/14.æ+gisai, dai 4 (5), fair 12 (3), mai 38 (4), but sunedeies 99, seið 24, 31, seide 155.e+gisei, leiden 20, wei 32 (5); agen 37, 182 descends fromongēn, so togenes 19, but toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.e+hgiveseh, sehte 51 (3), sehtnesse 53, but Scand. sahtnesse 50.i+g, reine 171 (O.North.regnian).u+gisug, muge 152, 188, but mo 77 (Kentish).y+h, drihten33, driste 189.ā+gis seen in agen 165, ogen 121;ǣ1+gin eiðer 126;ē+gin tweie 39, tweien 10, 17, tweire 103; underfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural.ō+ggives boges 33, 65;ō+h, boh 24, brohten 34;ū+g, bugen 88 (3). Thei-umlaut ofēa+htisiin mihte 135, 159,iein niehtes OEH ii. 11/5.eo+his represented in riht 68, rihte 143, six 96, sixte 101, itsi-umlaut in sest OEH ii. 137/5, seð id. 121/26.ēa+g,hin hege 21, heg 35, nehgebures 122; hegeste 176 has no umlaut.ēo+htis seen in leochtes OEH ii. 11/5, liht id. 13/16.ā+wisou,ow, soule 116 (4), snow 169, wowe 138, 181; noðer 12 isnōþer, noht 65,nōht.ēa+wisew, sheweð 94.ēo+wiseow,eouin reoweð 119, reouð 122,ewin trewes 34, 60, hew 159 but hiu 158 (hīew), giu 147, 148, 153, comp. ȝiu 16/117: feorðe 99 isfēorþa, reoðe 121 (*hrēowð) is probably miswritten for reowðe.

Swāis swo 9, in combination alse 15, wat . . . se 175.eis inserted in beregeð 114, forsinegede 71, 124, husel 47, ouelete 154, shameliche 127, added finally in one 11, 14, þermide 139 by analogy of inne 45, uppe 71. Fora,eappears in felefolde 164, fore,iin giarked 84; the prefixge-isiin iwis 150.oisein makede 5,u,ein þureh 54 (3); the suffix-ungising, clensinge 186, tocninge 55, wissinge 95, but wissenge 187 and the compromise þroweinge 52.ǣisein naðeles 74;ea,oin felefolde 164;ēa,ein endelese 74, loðlesnesse 109.

In nemed 118,nis omitted, by influence of the pastnemde:nis lost finally in selde 98, a 4 &c.:nnis simplified in mankin 136, sinbote 109, sunedai 183:ngisggin biginnigge 5.bbisuin hauen 71, liuen 153.fbecomesubetween vowels or vowel and liquid, driuen 127, freureð 124, ouelete 154; in other positions it is generally unchanged, fele 105, stefne 28, but uantstone OEH ii. 61/17, uele id. 63/11.tis doubled in settle 35,tsiscin milce 188,scin blesced 30:dis doubled in bidded 86; ford,ðappears in sleðrende 169;ðin dauiðes 30 is OE.þis assimilated in atte 156, likeste 122; te for þe 6, 166 is probably from the scribe’s exemplar as tis 174 for þis; betfage is French, bethphage from the Vulgate:dis written forþin bidded 86, maked 62, quedinde 145.ssis simplified in cos 53; initialscissh, shal 27, shrud 113, shrifte 183, but exceptionally srifte OEH ii. 73/5, scrifte id. 11/11: medially it is seen in axen 183, acxen 96, bisshopes 61, englisse 44, it issfinal in fles 47, fleis 150 (6). The stopcis writtenkbeforee,i, drinke 150, kinne 103, but spece 118: it is omitted in ofþinð 123.čisch, eche 125, swinch 98; chosene 78 (coren) is conformed tocēosan; for cruche 185 see NED.s.v.Crouch:ččiscchin wecche 97, wrecche 123:cwisqu, quemende 68. Palatalgis writteng, giueð 160, gaf 14, hege 21, but occasionallyȝ, ȝaf OEH ii. 141/28, heȝestid. 197/14: final-igisi, but bode 189: swimesse 156 representsswīg(e)messe:čǧisgin wig 14,ggin briggeden 32, 59.his added initially in heste, hestene 164, heorðliche 35, his 47;his lost in ider 130, louerd 13, lude 28, remden 28, reoweð 119, reouð 122, reoðe 121; forh,goccurs in hegsettle 35:hwisw, wat 38 (3), wile 114, wit 113, converselyhūis hwu 130, wu 167:htis writtenstin driste 189,chtin leochtes OEH ii. 11/5.

Accidence:Strong declension ofmasc.andneut.nouns.Gen.-es, sunedeies 99, kinnes 104, 105:d.-e, deaðe 137, borde 87, but the inflection is often wanting, as in the compounds of dai, 101, 183, 184 and in most of the neuters, blod 144 (4), fleis 144 (4), &c.; muð 156 may beacc.(Anglian) after mid. In theacc.weie 59, 60, 62 haselike jo-stems, and tacne 53 frompl.tācnu: mule 12 is French. Thepl. n. a.of masculines ends in-es, cloþes 20, prestes 61, bendes 100; preste 9 is a scribe’s mistake for prestes: neuters are burhfolc 21, þing 148.Pl. g.kinne 103, but englene 172, estrene 140 (ēastrena), kingene 13, muðene 44 are weak forms, louerdes 12;d.boges 33, 65, trewes 34, 60. Thefem.nouns, except wereld 168, haveein thes. nom., chirchsocne 4, sinbote 109, abstracts in-nes, 109, 118, 119 as also in thes. acc.cuinde 160, forbisne 14, mihte 135, 159; hond 69, wereld 168 are exceptions:g.-e, sinne 100, but aristes 140 (occasionallym.in OE.):d.-e, cunde 162, dede 15. Plurals aren.hese 73, wede 103, wedes 104;g.estene 166, hestene 164, wedes 127;d.weden 131, honde 23, wedes 22, 125;a.mede 74, sinne 119, sinnes 46 (4), honden 128, pinen 96. Nouns of the weak declension have-ein all cases of the singular; lichamess. g.162 excepted. Plurals aren.names 39, sanderbodes 18:d.axen 183, blostmen 26:a.acxen 96, blostme 24. The minor declensions are represented by fots. a.9, fetpl. a.128; mans. n.36, cristeman 176, manness. g.62 (4), mans. d.117, manne 176 (a weak form), menpl. n.10,pl. d.116,pl. a.143; burhs. d.21, bureh 11, 18 (byrig); bocs. n.24; helendes. n.5 (5) with participial termination; comp. 273/3, helendess. g.57; childs. a.112; childrenpl. n.31.

Strong inflections of the adjective ares. n. f.bicumeliche 116, holie 45, 51;s. d. m.bicumeliche 93, eche 125,f.bicumeliche 93, 94, 183, eorðliche 72, faire 64, lude 28, wise 66;s. a. m.endelese 181, rihte 143, sehte 55,f.eche 181; but holis. d. m.184, soð 183, fairs. a. m.12 are not inflected. The weak form has mostly-ein the singular, holie 24 (9), but holi 47 (9), lift 69, riht 68 are not inflected. Adjectives in the plural have-e; as also comparatives and superlatives, loðere 116, hegeste 176, but biterest 178. Adjectives used as nouns are biterepl. g.178, halfs. a.68.āgenis ogens. d. f.121;ānis an 19, a 11;nān, no 106 (3). Noteworthy among the numerals are tweirepl. g.103 (twēgra), fifte 100, sixte 101, seueðe 102.

The personal pronouns are ich, me, we, urepl. g.182, us, te = þu in likeste 122, ge, giu 147, 148, 153. The pronoun of the third person iss. n.hem.12,d.himm.19,a.27, hitneut.19 (with assem.), it 21 (with stretef.);pl. n.hie 33, 74,g.here 107,d.hem 72,a.11. Reflexive is himseluend.107,a.90: definitive, himselfs. n.155: possessives are mi, ure, þin, his, hisepl. d.10, 78, here. The general form of the article is þe, te 6, 156, 166; inflected forms are ðets. n. neut.26, 117, þopl. n.17 (3); þet 14, 84 is demonstrative: the article is used pronominally in þo þe, those who 27 (10). The compound demonstrative iss.þis, tis 174,pl.þese, once þis[e] 125. The relatives are þe, ꝥ = þet, þat 115: wat 38 (3) is interrogative: swiche 106, 129 ispl.Indefinites are me 27; sum 24, sumepl.33 (3); eiðer 126; oðer 117, oðres. d. m.15,s. a. m.136,pl. d.22,pl. a.135; ech 38, elhc 36, echess. g. m.175, 178; ani 136; manie 104; fele 105; als. a. m.71,s. a. f.167, alle 114,pl. n.105 (3), alrepl. g.12 (6), allepl. a.135 (3).

The infinitive ends in-en, bidden 188, þolen 6 and fifteen others; exceptions are crepe 100, reine 171, and the contract verb fon 74. Dative infinitives with inflection are to clensende 177, to lesende 148, to quemende 68, for to quemende 70; without inflection, for . . . to hauen 70, to blissen, to gladien 83, to bete 73 and ten others. Presents ares.1. speke 104, spece 118; 2. likeste (= likest þu) 122; 3. beregeð 114, liðe 100 (miswritten for liðeð), bidded 86, for biddeð; contract verb, underfoð, 106, 117; syncopated forms, about one-third of the total number, bet 120, bet 147, bit 120, 143, sent 53, understont 176, &c.;pl.1. hauen 186, undernimen 142; 2. understonden 154; 3. bidden 46, herien 46, noten 45, þanken 48, wunien 9 and ten others in-en, lereð 67, semeð 73, wisseð 63, maked 62, for makeð:subjunctive s.3. drinke 91, wurðe 84, 140;pl.1. bugen 88; nime we 56, 182, understonde 88; 3. liuen 153:imperative s.2. haue 121, underfo 113;pl.2. brukeð 147, cumeð 87, lerneð 17, understondeð 87, 146. Past of Strong Verbs: I a.s.3. gaf 14, gef 172, bad 88, 120, bed 11, set 71, spec 160;pl.3. eten 172: I b.s.2. come 130; 3. com 8, 26;pl.3. beren 23, breken 33, 60, comen 28: I c.s.3. warð 175;pl.3. funden 19: II.s.3. aros 137, rod 20: IV.pl.3. understoden 27: V.s.3. let 171;pl.3. bihengen 21;s.3. hatte 9. Participles present: I a. queðinde 16 (3), quedinde 145; past: I b. brokeneadj.65, cumen 182, cumenepl.185: I c. bigunnen 179, 187, bigunne 177, bunden 127, worpen 128: II. driuen 127: III. chosenepl.78: V. forleten 179, 187, shad 148. Past of Weak Verbs:s.3. fette 138, kidde 135, lufede 175, rerde 137, seide 155, sende 10 (3);pl.3. wenden 23, ferden 18, 28, leiden 20, makeden 61, but exceptionally ferde, makede 58. Participles present: seiende 89, 120, seggende 86, sleðrende 169;past: blesced 30, nemed 118, bet 179, 187, clepedepl.108, forsinegedepl.71. Minor Groups: wotpr. s.38; agenpr. pl.165; shalpr. s.27, shulenpr. pl.74; maipr. s.38 (4), muge we 1pr. pl.188, mo 77 (Kentish), muge [ge] 2pr. pl.152; beninf.77, 127, am 1pr. s.17, ispr. s.44, his 47, beð 122, 154, ben 1pr. pl.142, 185,pr. pl.63 (10), bien 61 (3), beð 51, biepr. s. subj.30, 115, bi 57, si (lof) 30, bien 1pr. pl. subj.182, waspt. s.18, werenpt. pl.31, 67; wilepr. s.78, woldept. s.6, 22; do 1pr. s.105, doðpr. s.15, 159, 164, don 1pr. pl.141, fuldonpr. pl.74, dopr. s. subj.114, do we 1pr. pl. subj.88,didept. s.136, didenpt. pl.31;goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.

Dialect:A scribe of the South-East Midland has copied a manuscript written in the South-Eastern area bordering on Kent. The changes he has made affect both sounds and inflections in varying degree; in this extract the Midland element is more pronounced than usual; towards the end of his task the Southern gains the upper hand. But his exemplar was in its turn descended from an original of the Middle or Western South, written not long after the Conquest, or at any rate by a man to whom OE. constructions, such as the uses of the dative in him 106, iuele 116, folke 174, manne 176, were not strange.

Vocabulary:Scandinavian are rideð 62, sahtnesse 50, shereðursdai 184, wanrede 124, and probably gestninge 84. French are absolucion 100, custume 3, diciples 10, mule 12, oliue 24, palefrei 12, procession 4, prophete 169, proue 90, richeise 72, sepulcre 102. Latin are apostles 20, bisshopes 61, calice 52, cruche 100, crisme 112, fant(ston) 101, munt 10, temple 23.

Introduction:These pieces appear to be original compositions of the Middle English period, but the work of a writer who drew his ideas from the older literature, Beda and Ælfric, and used many archaic words such as burhfolc, chirchsocne, hegsettle, ouelete, sanderbodes, swimesse, wig. There is similarity in parts to the sixth Blickling Homily.

1.Turbe&c.: S. Matt. xxi. 9.

4.⁊= and.haueð—of, has its origin in: forofcomp. 131/98.

6.Et&c.: not a quotation from the Vulgate or Comestor.

8.þeis a mistake for he, necessary as sende l. 10 has no subject.

9.preste: ‘Bethphage erat viculus sacerdotum in monte Oliueti,’ Beda, Opera, vii. 183.þe . . . one: see1/3 note.

11.into . . . ierusalem: ‘in castellum quod contra eos erat ·i· in hierusalem,’ Comestor, Hist. Euang. ch. cxvij.wig: OE.wicg, steed; a poetical word, but here apparently in a depreciatory sense.

12.noðer stede&c.: comp. ‘Ne he nedde stede · ne no palefray. | Acrod vppe on asse · as ich eu segge may,’ OEM 39/67; OEH i. 5/19; ‘Broght þai noþer on hir bak | Na sadel ne panel,’ CM 14981.

15.on his dede . . . on his speche, by means of act and word:onis more energetic thanin: comp. ‘herte biðencheð ꝥ hie seggen shal on songe,’ OEH ii. 211/17. Buton oðre stedeis a purely local use.

16.Discite&c.: S. Matt. xi. 29.

18.sanderbodes, messengers; apparently the word occurs only here, but sandermen is in AS. Chron. 1123A.D.A combination ofsand,gen.sande, message, andboda, messenger: r may be due to Scandinavian influence (NED viii. 91), or it is possibly analogous to that in provender, OF. provende, lavender, Anglo-French lavendre, from LL. lavendula.þiderward, on the way there; see91/93 note.

21.hihten, adorned; comp. ‘alle þos wennen huihten his wurðshipe,’ OEH ii. 195/32, 71/24.

22.oðre:adj. pl. d., practically adverbial, besides.

25.Occurrunt&c.: Antiphon sung in procession on Palm Sunday, according to Old English and Roman uses: see York Breviary i. 367.

27.understoden, received: for the earlierunderfōnin this sense, comp. 6/37, 11/187, 197, 207.

28.remden lude stefne, cried with a loud voice; stefne is dative; comp. ‘and on cleopie agan;loudere stemne,’ L, MS. O 20789.

29.Osanna&c.: S. Matt. xxi. 9.

31.Pueri Hebraeorum vestimenta prosternebantin via, one of the Antiphons sung at the blessing of the palms in the Old English and Roman uses: see York Missal, i. 85, Breviary i. 367.v. p.are incorrectly expanded in the text, through a too trustful following of Morris.

35.heg settle. OE.setl,stōlcontinue in regular use for the official seat of king and dignitary till the middle of the thirteenth century, when they are displaced by F. trone.

37.fro chirche to chirche. The Palm Sunday procession at Mattins issued from the west door of the church, visited the stations in the churchyard and re-entered the church by the same door. In so doing it was mystically said to leave Bethphage and return to Jerusalem. The scribe has misplaced⁊ eft agen; it should come beforeto chirche.⁊ bitocneðparataxis; see 81/82.

40.domus bucce: ‘Bethphage autem domus buccae . . . dicitur . . . quia multos ante passionem suam docendo [Saluator] donis piae confessionis & obedientiae spiritalis impleuit,’ Beda, Op. vii. 183; ‘Venit Bethphage quod dicitur domus maxillae, dum adveniente morte salvandus quisque peccata sua aperit in confessione,’ Godefridi Homiliae in Migne, P. L.clxxiv. 22: Hildebert, id. clxxi. 500; ‘Betfage, se tun, getacnaþ þa halgan cyricean on þære biþ sungen ꝥ halige geryne, ⁊ men þær heora synna andettaþ, ⁊ him þaer forgifnesse biddaþ,’ BH 77/14.

45.þet . . . inne, in which: see 1/3.noten, employ (with advantage) the functions of their mouths: comp. ‘here wiken hem binimeð · þe hie ar noteden,’ OEH ii. 183/1: it takes anacc.here and at 87/165, but ‘noten of,’ 191/488: OE.notianoften governsgen.of the thing enjoyed.

48.uisio pacis: so Beda, vii. 262; Ælfric, Hom. Cath. ii. 66.soð, l. 50, is a mistake for sihð, repeated OEH ii. 53/20; it really translates pax uera; see 116/140. Comp. ‘sibbe gesihð Sancta Hierusalem,’ Crist, 50; BH 81/1.

52.of þe calice. At this period, the celebrant after the consecration of the elements kissed the chalice and then the Deacon, with the words ‘Habete vinculum pacis et caritatis’; the Deacon next passed on the kiss to the assistants and so to the congregation. See York Missal, i. 198, Zaccaria, Bibliotheca Ritualis, ii2. cxlviii-cli. Ælfric calls the messe cos, ‘sibbe coss,’ Lives, ii. 46/699.

53.þe folc sent, dismisses the people, with the words ‘Ite, missa est’: a sufficient sense, but interposing awkwardly between ‘cos’ and ‘þer mide.’ Probably folc should be taken as dative, or folke should be read; and sends it to the people and thereby betokens &c.

56.⁊ eftshould come beforeof ierusalem: the church is Bethphage when the procession goes out of it, but Jerusalem when it returns to it: see 83/37.

60-72. The interpretation is peculiar; in some points it resembles that of Hildebert of Tours, Migne, P. L. clxxi. 501.

62.rideð, clear the road; OWScand. ryðja; elsewhere in this text ruden; comp. ‘ich sende min engel biforen þine nebbe þe shal ruden þine weie to-fore þe,’ OEH ii. 133/27.makeð—heorte: comp. ‘ut Christo iter ad mentem parent,’ Hildebert.

64.forbisne: ‘virtutum suarum exemplis,’ Beda, vii. 263.

65.þo þe leren: ‘Hi sunt qui a sanctis patribus bona sumentes exempla, aliis etiam normam [bene] vivendi proponunt,’ Hildebert.

68.quemende: see81/85 note.

69.hereworde: see 56/37.

72.unwillicheis an adverb; OE.unwilsumlīce; comp. 40/181 note.

73.semeð, burdeneth, as at 4/18.

74.fuldon, fulfil: comp. ‘dædbetan and þæt fuldon on þæs abbodes hæse,’ Benedictine Rule, ed. Schröer, 70/21. As it appears to be alwaystransitive, the following hie, them, must be taken as its object, and shulen is without subject expressed.

79. Readsecla.

82.Hec&c.: Ps. cxvii. 24: the Graduale in Old English and Roman uses for Easter Day.

84.þonked wurðe him, lit. be it thanked to him: comp. ‘we ahte . . . þonkien hit ure drihten,’ OEH i. 5/29.þe . . . offe, concerning which.

85.Ecce&c.: St. Matt. xxii. 4 adapted.

87. Morris altersþeto we, but the article is necessary, and the subject is often omitted by this writer; see 83/10, 85/105, 87/152, and 6/18 note.

88.bord bugen: so at 85/102, but ‘to godes bord bugen,’ 88/188: bugen, to bend one’s steps, to go, is elsewhere used with a preposition; either to has dropped out in these two isolated instances, or there has been some confusion in the writer’s mind withbegin.

89.Probet&c.: 1 Cor. xi. 28.

91.wurðe þer to, fit for that: þer to replaces an older genitive,ðæs wierþe; comp. 86/142.

94.Erest, firstly:oðer siðe, 95, secondly;þridde siðe, 99, thirdly.

95.wissinge, instruction, guidance; i.e. penance.

96.acxen: referring to the ceremony of giving the ashes to the congregation on Ash Wednesday.bilien, pertain, are associated with: comp. ‘þe six werkes of þesternesse · þe bilige to nihte,’ OEH ii. 15/3.

97.saccum, a penitential garment of sackcloth, worn over other clothes, thus differing from cilicium, hair-shirt; S. Jerome, Ep. 44. The writer has omitted after it, plagas, the ‘smerte dintes’ of the next line, ‘disceplines,’ 62/35.

99.siðes: read siðe; the superfluoussis due to the initial of the next word: inliðe, 100, finalþhas been lost before initialþ:swiðere, 119, owes its finalreto the beginning of the next word.shereðuresdaies, of Maundy Thursday: corresponds to OWScand. skíriþórsdagr, purification Thursday, but was wrongly connected with ME. scheren, to shear. The form inshis native or naturalized; see Björkman, 125, and comp. 99/73.

100.sinne bendes: see81/67 note.crepe to cruche, creeping to the cross; the adoration of the cross on Good Friday; Rock, Church of our Fathers, iii2. 88.

101.lange fridai:langa frīgedæg, an ancient name for Good Friday, so called from its fast and observances.gon—fantston, appears to refer to some procession of the laity at the blessing of the font on Easter Eve, perhaps local, as it is not noticed in the service books. Brand, Popular Antiquities (Bohn), i. 158, quotes from Googe’s translation of the RegnumPapisticum of Kirchmayer, ‘Nine times about the font they marche, and on the Saintes do call; | Then still at length they stande, and straight the priest begins withall.’ Of course there was a procession of the clergy to and from the font, Frere, Use of Sarum, i. 149. In ‘ðor-of in esterne be we wunen | Seuene siðes to funt cumen,’ GE 3289, the reference is to the procession made to the font every afternoon in Easter week. The font is the symbol of the sepulchre because, as Durandus, vi. De Sabbato sancto, says, ‘fit hac die baptismus, quia in eo consepulti sumus christo.’ It is noteworthy that nothing is said of the Easter Sepulchre, which was probably not instituted before the fourteenth century.

103.tweire kinne, of two kinds; OE.twēgra cynna, but kinnes, 104, 105 is asing. gen.in form, with plural meaning: see81/80 note.

105.do: comp. 122/185 note.

106.faire him, becoming to him; ‘bicumeliche,’ 86/116.

107.underfo, used absolutely, like mod. receive, to communicate: comp. the full expression 86/117.himseluen to hele, to his spiritual well-being.here oðer, one of these two; buteiðer þese wedes, 86/126 can only mean, at this date, each, i.e. both of these garments. If eiðer be a mistake for oðer, then þis wede must be read in l. 125.

109.sinboteis explained by ll. 119, 120.

112.crisme cloð: in the service books ‘chrismalis pannus, vestis’: ‘crismale seu vestis candida que super caput baptizati imponitur significat secundumrabanuminterioris et exterioris hominis castitatem et innocentiam,’ Durandus vi. The chrism cloth was put on with the words, ‘Accipe vestem candidam, sanctam et immaculatam,’ after the sign of the cross had been made with chrism on the head of the person baptized.

115.for þat, by reason of which, through which.

116.iueleis predicative dative, equivalent to the usual construction with to, as in l. 125. It is OE.; comp. ‘heora nan him ne mehte bion nane gode,’ Orosius 282/18.

118.embe: usually þe . . . embe, about which.

120.he: for the personal pronoun used instead of a repeated relative, comp. ‘hem,’ 87/156; ‘He ðurh hwam kinges rixit, ⁊ alle mihtes . . . of him cumeð, he lai bewunden on fiteres,’ VV 49/27.bet ⁊ milce bit, amends and prays for mercy; comp. 36/126, 44/238. Read seiende.

121.Miserere&c.: Ecclus. xxx. 24.

123.likeð . . . selðe, is pleased at the prosperity of all of them.

126.soule,lichame, datives; comp. ‘himseluen to hele,’ 85/107; 176/24 note.

129.Amice&c.: S. Matt. xxii. 12.

132. ‘Haec est dies quam fecit Dominus: exultemus et laetemur in ea,’ Ps. cxvii. 24.

135.oðerluker, in quite another fashion: a comparative adverb: see 125/270.

140.for þi . . . for ꝥ þe, for this reason . . . because.

142.þer togenes, for its coming, to meet it, as in ‘biþ hit eft him togeanes gehealden on þæm heofonlican goldhorde,’ BH 53/13. Comp. ‘þer to,’ 85/91, and for a similar pregnant use of ‘efterward,’ 77/63; ‘hamward,’ 91/93.

143. Holthausen in ES xv. 307 emends this sentence by omitting ⁊ before bringe and before þus and changing bringe, leue into bringeð, leueð. It might be better to omit þe and retain ⁊ before bringeð, with leued and omission of ⁊ before þus.

145.Accipite&c.: from the Missal, with substitution of commedite (S. Matt. xxvi. 26) for manducate (1 Cor. xi. 24), as in all the English service books. Afternovi, add ‘et aeterni testamenti, misterium fidei.’

148.to lesende: see81/85 note.

149.Caro&c.: S. John vi. 56: the quotation in l. 151 is from verse 54 of the same.

152. Morris saysmuge= muge ge: probably the latter word has dropped out.

154.ouelete, oblation, the thing offered, here the wafer to be consecrated. OE.oflǣte,oflētefrom L. oblata.

156.⁊ . . . hem, and which: comp. 86/120.swimesse, lit. silent mass, explained in Specimens as a mass without music; in Bradley-Strat. as a low mass. But the words of consecration were used in masses low and high; the meaning is the Canon of the Mass, containing the words of consecration, which was saidsecreto, and was often calledsecretum, as by Durandus, ‘secretum silentium in quo & misse canon devote dicitur.’ Comp. ‘Si comenca puis le secrei | De la messe, par bone fei; | Et quant li secrez ert finez, | Est danz Theophle auant alez; | Receut le dulz cors de Jhesu,’ Adgar, Mary Legends, 113/1041; and see the Lay Folks Mass Book, pp. 267, 274. A similar compound is ‘swidages,’ OEH ii. 101/15, the still days, the last three days of Holy Week, which is called ‘swiwike’ in MS. Cleopatra of AR 70/7.

157. Comp. ‘colorem et saporem panis voluit [Christus] remanere, et sub illa specie veram corporis Christi substantiam latere,’ Hildebert, 535.

159-61. The words in brackets were supplied in Specimens, with translation, ‘Greater might doth our Saviour than the holy words which he spake by his (the priest’s) mouth, when he giveth mankind his flesh andhis blood,’ an explanation unsatisfactory in substance, for the ‘might’ is not ‘greater,’ but the same. Besides ‘his’ must refer to helende, and the earliest certain example of man’s kind = mankind ‘þar he for mans kind wil dei,’ CM 14909, is more than a century later; the word in this text is ‘mankin,’ 86/136 (mann cynn), ‘manken,’ OEH ii. 19/14.mannes cuindecannot mean anything but man’s nature, humanitas, like Orm’s ‘mennisske kinde,’ Dedic. 218, ‘mennisscnessess kinde,’ id. 15687. Omitting the supplement the meaning appears to be, Our Saviour works a greater miracle than if the words of consecration were literally fulfilled, since he gives us in the sacrament his perfect human nature.

161.⁊ Naþeles&c., and moreover when a man eats and drinks in the ordinary way, the bread he eats and the drink he drinks do change into flesh and blood by the natural working of the body, wherefore &c.

163.swo doð: comp. 6/18 note.

166.estene dai, day of dainties, with a word-play onestreas inhu sel=wu god:sǣl, happiness.

169.sleðrende, falling gently, like dew or rain.Pluit&c.: Ps. lxxvii. 24, 25.

172.biliue, food: comp. ‘bileue,’ 87/149.

173.Manna&c.: ‘filii Israel dixerunt ad invicem: Manhu? quod significat: Quid est hoc?’ Exod. xvi. 15.

177.clensende: see81/85 note.

178.michele sinnes, mortal sins.

179. ‘Qui enim manducat et bibit indigne, iudicium sibi manducat et bibit: non diiudicans corpus Domini,’ 1 Cor. xi. 29.

182.agen, with reference to; an early example of this use: comp. OF. devers.

189.driste, for drihte, Lord, as at 35/79. For st = ht, see KH 249 note. But Morris reads Ariste, resurrection.

Phonology:... ande(9 times), bed 11comma missingeain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84“iain giarked 84” added by authoreo,å-umlaut ofea-umlauteo,u- andå-umlaut ofia-umlauta+g... toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.corrected by author fromtogeanesunderfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural—fēhþēa+geāIn nemed 118 ...ssis simplifiedsisThe infinitive ...pr. pl. subj.88,88;pt. pl.31; goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.31,112. ... secundum rabanumlower-case as shown

Phonology:... ande(9 times), bed 11comma missing

eain smeartpt. s.OEH ii. 21/27,iain giarked 84“iain giarked 84” added by author

eo,å-umlaut ofea-umlaut

eo,u- andå-umlaut ofia-umlaut

a+g... toȝanes OEH ii. 177/32 istōgēanes.corrected by author fromtogeanes

underfoð 106 (-fēhþ) hasofrom the plural—fēhþ

ēa+geā

In nemed 118 ...ssis simplifiedsis

The infinitive ...pr. pl. subj.88,88;

pt. pl.31; goninf.101, goðpr. s.4, 56.31,

112. ... secundum rabanumlower-case as shown

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