XIX. SAINT JULIANAManuscripts:i. Bodleian 34, Oxford (B). ii. Royal 17 A 27, British Museum (R): for descriptions seep. 492. In this life R is abbreviated, as Einenkel shows; the joints are often visible.Edition:Cockayne, O., Þe Liflade of St. Juliana (parallel texts with translations).E. E. T. S., O. S.51.Literature:Backhaus, O., Über die Quelle der mittelenglischen Legende von der heiligen Juliane und ihr Verhältnis zu Cynewulfs Juliana, Halle, 1899; Einenkel, E., seep. 493; Stodte, H., seep. 493; Stratmann, F. H., ES iv. 94 (emendations).Phonology:This has been sufficiently described atpp. 493-9: a few forms call for comment. (1)in R.a: þeauien 102 haså-umlaut.æ: awakenin 55 (āwacenian), pal 36, hauene 135, if descended fromhæfen, haveaforæ;eaappears in breas 118, feader 3.e: heolen 43, speoken 59, toteoren 63, weolen 54, seotel 114 haveå- oru-umlaut ofe; sutelin 98descends fromswutolwithu-umlaut ofiand loss ofwas in suster; hatterliche 91 is elsewhere in SJ heatterliche, probably representingu-umlaut of *hator; comp.hatol,hetol; unweommet 28, 120, 133 shows rounding ofeto [ö] between labials; bitild 36, OE.beteldan, comp. ‘tilden’ 82/110, ‘bitillen,’ L 27852, perhaps owesiforetotilian; sulliche 48 comes fromsyllic.i: neomen 45 haså-umlaut ofi.y: unduhti 18 representsdyhtig.ā: lechnunge 23 followslǣcnian, the OE. noun islācnung.ǣ1isein lefdi 7, erndunge 8, unmeð 17, wreððen 78, wreððede 46, andain wraðði 42 instead of the normalea; the adverb eisweis 68 (also in SM 13/26, MS. R, but eanies weis, MS. B) corresponds toǣniges weges.ǣ2is exceptionallyeain forreadeð 96, reade 55; leoten 63 is imitative of words with umlaut like beoren, eoten (Bonner Beiträge, xv. 128).eabeforer+ cons. isain harmen 107; thei-umlaut isein merrið 104, sumchere 21 (cierr): thei-umlaut ofeabeforel+ cons. is absent in afal 137, which is in formāfeallan, fall, in meaningāfiellan, fell; for healden 118 see 359/7.eobeforer+ cons. isain darc 122, perhaps the earliest instance of this spelling; thei-umlaut is seen in iȝirnd 34, firsin 86 (but see Bülbring, § 187 anm. on Anglianfirr). For ȝeouen see 359/34;geondis ȝont 35.ēaisein les 75, but lease 135,ein ȝet 93 descends fromgētbeside the normalgēat; the adverbgēarais ȝare 83. Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in derure 90; strupen 91 descends from *strȳpan; hei[e]nde 17, as if from *hegan; the Anglian form ishēan.a+g: for dreihen 122, see 360/13.æ+g: in fehere 104 (fægerra) the spirant is retained; comp. ‘feȝerest,’ L 29485, but feire 53.e+gfinal:tintregis tintreow 98. sy 54, withywritten fori, representssige; ‘syge’ in L 17409.ȳ+g: druifot 137, withuifor long u.ea+h: waxen 55, iseh 22.eo+h: mix 96 (Anglian).ēo+g: lihinde 7.duheðe 18 representsduguð:eis added in fuheles 63, liðeri 92:mis lost in limel 67 (lim mǣlum),fin leowinde 95 (lēofwende);toccurs often for finald, after mit for mid or miþ, þin becomes tin 52. For the stopc,chappears to be written in senchtest 137. The loss ofgin list 43 is OE. (līstforligst).his added in selhðe 54; nest 129 is Angliannēst,WS.nīehst: es 100 has lost initialh, so im in ichim 85.(2)in B. Many of those noticed in R occur in B also; other forms in B only are, chearre 166 (cierran), see 359/4: neolechin 43 represents a by-formnēolǣcan, while nehlechen R 31 comes from the normalnēahlǣcan: lattow 170 is OE.lāttēow.chin wlech 151 (wlæc) is due to the influence ofwlæce(Björkman, 148).Accidence:(1)of R. were 79 has added e in the nom. cuns. d.11 is exceptionally without inflection, comp. cunne 19. fetles 97 is a contractedplural; OE.fǣtels,pl.fǣtelsas, occasionallyfǣtels. aldrene 14, dahene 117 are weakpl. gen.The dual pronoun occurs in incpl. d.107. urne 119 ispt. s. subj.fromirnan. The contracted þrof 59, the prepositions ine 16, bimong 132, for which see 398/97, are characteristic of the group.(2)Of B.burhene 72, folkene 57 are possibly weakpl.genitives, like aldrene, dahene above, but they are more probably adjectives formed on the analogy of words in-en, like cristen, from nouns. For leoflukest 82, see 125/270.Vocabulary:Scandinavian are bistaðet bisteaðet, crokes, derf, feolahes, lahe, lufte, liðin, menske; probably ihondsald, lustnin, truste; possibly ȝeien, hauene, keiser: in R only, baðen, derfliche; possibly trukeneð: in B only, feolahscipe, ilated, menskin, witere. French are ciclatun, furneise, leuns liuns, maumez mawmez, misspelt mawmex 144/97, purpre, rente, seinte: in R only, cumseð (commencer), serui, tur (MS. reading 140/36), uie: in B only, cendals, eoli.Dialect:Seep. 503.Introduction:For style and authorship seepp. 504-6. The author states, 139/7, that he translated from a Latin source. The Life of S. Juliana, printed in Acta Sanctorum under Feb. 16th, is pronounced by Backhaus not to be the immediate source of SJ, because when compared with it the English shows considerable omissions, additions, and divergences. Yet SJ stands in about the same relationship to that Latin text as SK does to what is generally regarded as its original and as Sawles Warde does to the treatise of Hugh of S. Victor (p. 493). The author of these pieces is no mere translator, but an adapter who weaves other matter into his free imitation of his originals. He was apparently unacquainted with Cynewulf’s Juliana. Grau (Morsbachs Studien, xxxi. 157) shows that the earlier writer also introduces ideas into his poem which had been used by him in other works.S. Juliana never attained in England to the popularity of her associates, S. Katherine and S. Margaret, but there is another life in rhymed septenaries printed as an appendix to Cockayne’s edition of SJ from MS. Ashmole, no. 43 (c.1310), and a third in the Scottish Legendary, ascribed by the editor to Barbour, the source of which is the Aurea Legenda; it is printed in Barbour’s Legendensammlung, ed. Horstmann, ii. 190.The references are to B, unless R is prefixed.3.feader . . . of frumscheft: OE. ‘fæder frumsceafta,’ Christ, 472.5.glideð, proceeds: comp. ‘þe hali gast · ꝥ glit of inc baðen,’ SM 21/33; ‘⁊ te hali gast, hare beire luue, | þe lihteð of ham baðe,’ SK 1772.unagin: found here only; it appears to mean, without beginning: OE.unāgunnenwith that meaning occurs in ‘on unagunnenre Godcundnysse and on ongunnenre menniscnysse,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 292/16: perhaps the ME. form has been influenced by angin, beginning.euch godes ful, full of every good: contrast ‘euches cunnes gode,’ 141/58.6.lideð ⁊ lusteð: comp. ‘Lusteð me . . . ⁊ liðeð ane hwile,’ SJ 73/14; ‘God make alle soon blithe, | Who so wil lystne and lithe,’ K. Alisaunder 5750.8.wið þon þat, in order that.R 7.lif hali, holy of lif: comp. ‘to summe oðre lif-holie monne,’ AR 346/4; OEH ii. 51/10, 133/10.9.lihnideis probably a miswriting of lihinde as in R, lying, deceptive: ME. lihen, OE.lēogan, but it is possibly app.of ME. lihnen, OE.līgnian, to deny.eche: supply lif.11.of munne, commemorate: usually transitive in this sense as, ‘þis meiden þe we munnid wes marherete ihaten,’ SM 2/13, but comp. ‘His deope wounden bledeth fast, | Of hem we ohte munne,’ Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright, 112/22.12.i Nichomedese burh: ‘in civitate Nicomedia’: the adjectival termination is Anglo-French-eisas in Hispaneis, L. Hispanensis: the scribe has ‘Nichomedesse,’ 77/9: ‘iþe Nomecuðe burh Nicomede inempnet,’ 79/9. In Sammlung AE. Legenden, ed. Horstmann, 51/628, Ianuesse means Genoa; Arimminence 20/784, Rimini; Iponence, 79/1046, Hippo.13.heascede, insulted: comp. OE.hyscan.R 12.of—deaðe, more than any other heathen he drew cruelly to death those that were Christians:hamrepresents the real object, ‘þeo ꝥ cristene weren’: see 136/144: the Latin has, ‘qui et ipse erat persecutor Christianorum.’15.as þeo ꝥ, as being one to whom: foras, see 128/1; forꝥ= to whom, 46/292.ilenet: the ME. texts often confuse lǣnen and lēven, to permit.17.schupte: see 2/2.wealdeð: comp. 34/84; ‘weldinde ⁊ wissinde | alle worldliche þing,’ SK 933, 1780; L 5279.R 16.redegunge(= redeȝunge) appears to be pres. part. of ME. rǣdien, to discourse (119/81); for ȝ, comp. ‘heriȝinge,’ OEH i. 5/1. But it is possibly a miswriting of ‘redunge’ as in B, which corresponds to L. lectio.19.Maximien: see128/1 note.20.heriende ⁊ heiende: a favourite phrase with this writer: comp. 149/180; SJ 41/5, 55/10; SK 459, 1041.R 18.unduhti duheðe, ill-spent splendour; because used for the glorification of idols: probably the original reading. In Specimens translated ‘unworthy body of retainers.’23.riche of rente, with a large income.ȝunge mon of ȝeres: see 129/23.24.wel, on good terms: comp. 138/21.25.iunne, bestowed; generally said of conferring a favour, but ‘þe þe ufel unnen,’ L 28117, means, who inflicted harm on thee.27.utnumne feire, exceptional beauty: see 133/30; but R 22 means exceptionally beautiful and charming: comp. 123/209; ‘se unimete feier,’ 124/239.28.in wið in: see 130/57.30.lechnunge, healing, medicine: a rare word, found in the Ureisun of God Almihti, OEH i. 202/16.31.wið ute longe steuene, ‘without a long tale,’ Brock. But it seems preferable to connect the noun with OE.stefn, time, giving the sense, without long delay, much the same as ‘efter lutle stounde’: the repetition is quite in the manner of the writer; comp. ‘doð hire biliue to deað buten abade,’ SJ 73/3; ‘Anan þrefter sone com a seli wummon,’ id. 77/9.R 25. For omission of the subjectha, see 6/18.hire unwilles, to her sorrow, an adverbial genitive:unwilis the opposite of ‘wil,’ joy, pleasure, 133/62. A similar adv. phrase ishire unwilin 141/36; comp. ‘min unwil hit is;to don al ꝥ ti wil is,’ SM 13/3. For the construction see 10/167, and 165/263.37.truked= trukeð from trukien is the usual form; see 72/183: the derivative trukeneð R 26 appears to be quite isolated.38.daheðesis apparently genitive of *daheð, daȝeð, noun derivative of ME. daȝien, to dawn, used adverbially, at dawn. In R 27 euch deis dei means at daylight (dawn) of each day: it is apparently without parallel. The Latin has ‘per singulos dies.’39.reowfule reames: see 130/55.wissede, would direct:pt. subjunctive.R 30.summes weis, some while, as at 124/236, corresponding to summe hwile in B.42.lihten se lahe, descend so far: comp. 176/20, 199/79, 206/306; ‘loke þenne her bi hwa se of hire maidenhad lihteð in to wedlac; bi hu moni degrez ha falleð duneward,’ HM 23/24; ‘liht to ure lare,’ SK 1011.44.hehest i Rome: comp. 128/2.heh reue: ‘praefectus.’46.lette: supply as subject, Keiser.R 35.⁊ te riche riden in, and to ride in his domain: an addition necessitated by the mistake in ‘tur.’tuhen: the subject heo is to be supplied.47.ouertild, canopied.48.purpres ⁊ pelles, purple cloths and rich stuffs: a frequent combination for gorgeous clothing: comp. ‘ischrud ⁊ iprud ba wið pel ⁊ wið purpre,’ SK 1449; here used of a canopy.ciclatuns: see 133/51.cendals: sendal is a thin silken stuff, mostly red.49.As þe ꝥ: comp. 128/1.50.rihten ⁊ to readen: comp. 121/141; 147/158.54.iswechteis explained in Specimens aspp.wearied, descending from OE.geswenct, geswenced,pp.ofgeswencan: the disappearance ofnwould be difficult to account for; it might be due to the analogy of þencan: in any case the word is for iswecht + te, thyself.wreaðe&c.: see 34/86.56.leauen þe lahen: comp. ‘ant leaue alle þe lahen ꝥ tu list inne,’ SJ 24/3.57.folkene froure: comp. OE.frōfor-gāst; ‘folkes froure’ (of the B. V. M.), OEH ii. 255/2; ‘Vroure ⁊ hele folkes fader heouenliche drichte,’ id. 258/5; ‘þe hali gast moncunne froure,’ SM 18/18; ‘folkes feader,’ 149/173, 19/33; ‘froure moncunnes,’ L 9075.folkeneasgen. pl.appears to be quite isolated; the usual ME. form is folce, OE.folca.58.igret, magnified: OE.grēatian: ‘greaten’ is in AR 128/1.59.windi of, turned away from, done with: comp. ‘windi (wundi R) of wisdom,’ devoid of wisdom, SK 376. Comp. MHG. wendic, wendec.R 47.droh him, put him off, like L. trahere: apparently without parallel in this meaning.61.Efter ꝥ, notwithstanding the fact that. In R, it means practically, when.63.him: see13/34 note.64.to wraðer heale, to perverse fortune: see 130/58, and comp. 145/109; L 29556; ‘to ufele hele wes ic iboren,’ OEH i. 33/24; ‘Godere hele þu hit scalt iseon,’ id. 57/44; ‘to goderheale þin he hit þoleð,’ HM 29/10.67. For ‘fon on,’ to handle a matter, to proceed, comp. 143/85, 97; 157/135; ‘⁊ he bigon to fon on | þisses weis towart hire,’ SK 1863. If the punctuation of the MS. goes for anything, the secondonis an otiose repetition of the first, and the meaning is, proceeded gently at first to try if &c., as at l. 85. Such repetitions are not uncommon in this group: comp. 126/317; ‘Hef up forði, mid treowe bileaue ⁊ mid herdie, up þine þreo uingres,’ AR 290/29; ‘sitteð al stille, ꝥ hwon he parted urom ou, ꝥ he ne cunne ower god,’ id. 64/20. But in Specimens on to lokin are connected, proceeded at first ‘fairly (= kindly) to look upon her.’69.sy . . . selhðe: comp. 147/157; SJ 24/13; ‘isi ant iselhðe,’ SM23/13.sy: OE.sige, victory; in this phrase it must mean something like, prosperity.weolen&c.: comp. 121/161.70.awakenen: see 54/24.R 55.inoh, fully, quite: see 62/41.71.refschipe: ‘praefectura’: at 128/4, the imperial dignity.72.liggeð: see 128/10.73.luuien ⁊ leuen: a stock phrase of this group: comp. 142/66, 145/104; ‘ileueð ⁊ luuieð,’ AR 410/11; also 180/135, 194/590.R 57.as þeo þat: see 128/1.75.ich—is: comp. 90/73.76.for, before: I call to witness Apollo; comp. 145/101: somewhat different is ‘for mi lif,’ 145/106, upon my life, staking my life on the fulfilment of my promise.78.haldest her on, perseverest in this determination; comp. ‘hald hardiliche | on ꝥ tu hauest bigunnen,’ SK 677; ‘ȝif me hit halt eure forþ in on,’ ON 356.79.toluken&c.: comp. ‘⁊ leoten toluken þi flesch | þe fuheles of þe lufte,’ SK 2092; ‘þer ase wilde deor limmel to luken ham,’ SJ 79/5; 34/83.81.aȝein þe, in reply to thee, answering thy oath by Apollo and Diana: the stop afteraȝeinis to be disregarded.ich swerie&c., I call Christ to witness: theacc.after swerien is perhaps without a parallel, but it gives a sense somewhat different from that which would be gained by the insertion of bi or to.83.i leitinde leie, in flashing flame: comp. ‘for al þe cwarterne, of his cume | leitede o leie,’ SK 671; ‘⁊ i þe reade leie, | ⁊ i þe leitinde fur,’ id. 1360; ‘⁊ leitinde al on leie,’ id. 1651. The full stop afterleieand the following capital obscure the structure of the sentence—though I be burnt alive, I will not &c.84.þe,dat.: comp. ‘buhð him ase he bit,’ AR 288/24; ‘all we sal him bu,’ CM 16712; ‘þe lauerdes leofmon ꝥ (= to whom) alle kinges buheð,’ HM 5/24.her onont, as regards this matter.Þreate&c.: see 34/86.buhe ne beien: comp. 132/3; SJ 27/10, 43/9; ‘buhsume ⁊ beisume,’ SK 1787.86.leoftedeis translated in Specimens, ‘flattered,’ and derived from OE.lyfettan, which is hardly possible: leotede luueliche, made affectionate gestures, behaved affectionately, would give a known combination: comp. ‘wið luueliche lates,’ SM 14/4; ‘ȝif þu makest ei semblaunt, oðer eni luue lates touward unðeauwes,’ AR 90/17; ‘mid leofliche læten,’ L 19396; 110/273, but the weak forms of læten are not elsewhere found before the fifteenth century.88.wið þerean ꝥis explained in Specimens as for wið ꝥ þerean, the last word being taken with wenden as, in respect of that matter; but that seems very improbable, though the order of words is often strange enough in this piece. Stratmann suggested thatþereanis a mistake for þen, which does not account for the corrupt form. Possibly the scribe had before him, wið þē (= þen) ane ꝥ, on the sole condition that: see72/192 note.wið ꝥin R 70 means, on condition that.89.do, join.91.To soðe: see 90/73.92.Vnwurð, despicable: see 26/258.R 75.ꝥ . . . to, to whom: see 1/3.95.him:dat.with lihen;acc.with leauen: comp. for the former, 29/2, 191/474; ‘Iff iosephus ne legeð me,’ GE 1281: the combination is uncommon.weole&c.: see 121/161.96.wa . . . wontreaðe: comp. ‘wurðe him wurst of wa ⁊ of wontreaðe,’ SJ 27/12; ‘hauest ifunden weane þrin ⁊ wondraðe riue,’ HM 9/4; AR 156/4. See also 58/76.R 77.wa . . . wunne: the repetition of the latter word is probably a scribe’s mistake for weane: comp. ‘ah al þe weane | ⁊ te wa wente,’ SK 1166, 2104.R 79.Me: a word characteristic of the Katherine-group and frequent in AR, where it has been misunderstood by Morton: it wavers between conjunction and interjection, ‘well! but,’ and often introduces a question which offers an objection, or applies what has been said, like, ‘well then’: comp. AR 310/17; SK 325, 589; SM 6/19, 7/22. Its origin is obscure; if another guess may be hazarded, it is perhaps Anglo-French mes (F. mais, L. magis), which was used in contemporary French in much the same way.98.ꝥ . . . to, to whom.99.se forð, so far: comp. ‘ert ibrouht so uorð ouer,’ AR 294/7; ‘to uorð,’ too far, id. 294/14: see also 64/85.letest lutel of: see 44/260.100.ꝥ ich wite, so far as I know.103.lette lif: see 118/28.104.ꝥ me of þuncheð: see 30/10.luuie . . . leue: see 143/73.105.as: see 121/1; similarly 145/108.106.laðin&c., his love shall be hateful to thee: so, ‘ꝥ te schal laði þi lif,’ HM 9/2.108.as on ernesse, as a foretaste: probably the first occurrence of ernes.besmen: so, ‘beateð hire bare bodi wið bittre besmen,’ SM 5/19; ‘mid besman swingan,’ Orosius 68/11. Beforeꝥsomething like, ꝥ þe wule of þunchen, has dropped out. As the reading of R, which means, that itshall turn to misfortune that you were woman, is plainly an attempt to mend a faulty original, it may be concluded that the omission belongs to an earlier stage of the transmission. Forto wraðerhealesee 141/64.111. Here the scribe became confused: his original had probably, ꝥ ti wil is wurch þu, but he began withwur, and erasing it forgot to add it at the end. Then he omitted het beforeswiðe, and tried to mend matters by changing leggen intoleggeð, but forgotstrupen.bliðeliche, gladly, is strange.113.liðeri, should be in a lather: comp. ‘ꝥ hire leofliche lich | liðerede al o blode,’ SK 1542; ‘leiden swa luðerliche on hire leofliche lich;ꝥ hit . . . liðerede o blode,’ SM 5/20.115.beaten&c.: see 34/86.118.fetles, vessels, i.e. dwellings; comp. 131/83.119.heien ne herien: see 139/20.teone ne tintreohe: comp. ‘ne schal þe na teone | ne tintreohe trukien,’ SK 402, 623, 1503, 1795. Withtimbrincomp. ‘to timber trey and tene,’ Minot vi. 2 note.R 101.allescunnes: see81/80 note.120.sutelin, be made plain: comp. ‘isuteleð ⁊ ischeawed,’ AR 154/2; ‘sutel ⁊ eðcene,’ id. 154/22; ‘for sutel is ⁊ eðsene,’ SK 381.125.þeauien ⁊ þolien, permit and suffer: comp. ‘þauieð ant þolieð,’ SM 15/19; ‘þatt Godd ne þole nohht | Ne þafe,’ Orm i. 188/5456.mucli: comp. ‘þi lauerd godd it þoleð him to muccli þi mede,’ HM 47/16.muchelin, R 102, is a form characteristic of the group.mede . . . murhðe: comp. 147/157; ‘mi murhðe ⁊ mi mede,’ SK 2350.126.eauer segoes withmare.128.drehen . . . derf: for the combination, characteristic of the group, comp. ‘ꝥ hit ne sem . . . ꝥ ich derf drehe,’ SM 5/31; ‘abeore bliðeliche þe derf ꝥ tu drehest,’ HM 17/31; ‘hwen ha schulen | þe derf of deað drehen,’ SK 2392; ‘to deaðe | deruest þing to drehen,’ id. 2100.R 106.willes, spontaneously: so, ‘willes ⁊ woldes,’ AR 6/26; ‘willes wiðuten neode,’ id. 242/19; ‘willes ⁊ waldes,’ HM 27/2.131.Þet, because.134.bicumen, arrive, come: comp. 175/434.135-7.wei—forðis a parenthesis (alas for your fates that ye were born in the world and brought forth), and so isawei—werenin R 111; comp. ‘Wa me þære wyrde, pæt min wynn alæg,’ Psalter (Thorpe) 373/5. Forse, which can only mean so, to must be substituted, and ifȝe schuleis retained, it must be regarded as a mere repetition of the preceding ‘ȝe schulen,’ due to the parenthesis.to wraðer healein R 111 goes withsinken; in B its position is ambiguous: probably in the original itbelonged to the parenthesis, and the right order in R is, to wraðer heale, sinken ow: for the reflexive, see13/34 note. Forsar . . . sorhesee 52/374.141.ehsihðe: a word characteristic of the group: comp. SM 17/27; SK 2315; ‘eihsihðe,’ OEH i. 209/28. In the passage here omitted, Eleusius tries to win her over, but neither suasion nor scourging shake her resolution.142.festnin&c.: comp. ‘to festnin ham | in treowe bileaue,’ SK 1985; 180/143.143.isoðe bileaue: see 89/28: R 116 without it gives a poor sense.don . . . ut of dahene, put out of life: the expression is common: comp. ‘þat we haue done him of daghe,’ CM 4168.144. Asbruneis everywhere else a noun (see 119/83), of must have fallen out after it here.wallinde bres: comp. 60/103.145.healden, pour, as at 72/197. Brock translates, ‘hold.’148.þer . . . in, in which. The writer had in mind the second lection in the Breviary for the feast of S. John ante Portam Latinam (May 6th), ‘in olei ferventis dolium missus: ex quo tamen divina se protegente gratia tantum liber exiit a dolore corporis: quantum alienus erat a corruptione carnis,’ York Breviary, ii. 277.149.liues lauerd: OE.līf-frēa; ‘auctorem vitae,’ Acts iii. 15.him, for himself.151.wod þa, then mad; the text seems defective. With R 121, comp. ‘to weden ⁊ to wurðen | ut of his ahne witte,’ SK 1257; 130/52.157.murhðe . . . mede: comp. 145/125.sy . . . selhðe: comp. 143/69.ꝥ . . . efter, after whom.158.al, completely, qualifiesbisteaðet ⁊ bistonden, circumstanced and beset; a combination characteristic of the group: comp. ‘ich iseo me . . . bistaðed ant bistonden as lomb mit wed wulues,’ SM 3/24; AR 264/24.Riht . . . read: comp. 121/141.161.nestfalde, nearest: apparently here only. NED compares OE.nēahfeald.162.mine—hearmen: ‘et inimici hominis domestici eius,’ Mic. vii. 6, S. Matt. x. 36.inhinedoes not occur elsewhere, but its meaning, ‘household servant,’ is assured by the Latin imitated. In R 130heanenmakes no sense, perhaps heanende is to be read.163.anes: see74/207 note.164.wil cwemeapparently answers to OE.wel-gecwēme, which is quoted in B-T. as a gloss on beneplacitus in Spelman’s Psalter cxviii. 108, cxlvi. 12.165.ilated se luðere, so wickedly mannered, behaved.ilatedis a new formation from lat, usuallypl.lates, looks, manners: see 129/35. In Specimens translated, ‘visaged so horribly.’167.Al, if not a mistake for Als, goes withham.168.wid, against: see48/299 note.169.wite . . . were: comp. 118/50 note.witere, make wise, teach. In R 134,ant witenis to be altered into ant were.170.liues lattow, life’s guide: OE.lātþēow,lāttēow.171.hauene of heale: ‘salutis portum,’ see5/12 note. In R 135 withlestinde, understand lif.173.⁊ tu, thou too, even so do thou &c.folkes feader: see 141/57.174.to drif, drive away; usually means, drive asunder, dispel.176.ȝetgoes withiseon.177.schrenchen ⁊ schunchen, deceive and terrify: an uncommon combination.of, out of, from: comp. ‘wrenchen sum rihtwis of þe weie,’ SJ 43/5.178.wið, see 82/118, 117/5.179.crefti crokes: see 129/42.crechen, scratch; if it be a form of cracchen: in NED said to be for crochen, catch with hooks or claws, from F. crocher: comp. ‘crefti crokes,’ 129/42; ‘crokinde creftes,’ 131/87.180.iheiet ⁊ iheret: comp. 138/17.Edition:... E. E. T. S., O. S. 51.E.E.T.S., O.S.Phonology:...u-umlaut ofiimisprinted as italic instead of boldneomen 45 haså-umlaut ofia-umlautǣ1isein lefdi 7æ1Angliannēst, WS.nīehstW.S.
Manuscripts:i. Bodleian 34, Oxford (B). ii. Royal 17 A 27, British Museum (R): for descriptions seep. 492. In this life R is abbreviated, as Einenkel shows; the joints are often visible.Edition:Cockayne, O., Þe Liflade of St. Juliana (parallel texts with translations).E. E. T. S., O. S.51.Literature:Backhaus, O., Über die Quelle der mittelenglischen Legende von der heiligen Juliane und ihr Verhältnis zu Cynewulfs Juliana, Halle, 1899; Einenkel, E., seep. 493; Stodte, H., seep. 493; Stratmann, F. H., ES iv. 94 (emendations).Phonology:This has been sufficiently described atpp. 493-9: a few forms call for comment. (1)in R.a: þeauien 102 haså-umlaut.æ: awakenin 55 (āwacenian), pal 36, hauene 135, if descended fromhæfen, haveaforæ;eaappears in breas 118, feader 3.e: heolen 43, speoken 59, toteoren 63, weolen 54, seotel 114 haveå- oru-umlaut ofe; sutelin 98descends fromswutolwithu-umlaut ofiand loss ofwas in suster; hatterliche 91 is elsewhere in SJ heatterliche, probably representingu-umlaut of *hator; comp.hatol,hetol; unweommet 28, 120, 133 shows rounding ofeto [ö] between labials; bitild 36, OE.beteldan, comp. ‘tilden’ 82/110, ‘bitillen,’ L 27852, perhaps owesiforetotilian; sulliche 48 comes fromsyllic.i: neomen 45 haså-umlaut ofi.y: unduhti 18 representsdyhtig.ā: lechnunge 23 followslǣcnian, the OE. noun islācnung.ǣ1isein lefdi 7, erndunge 8, unmeð 17, wreððen 78, wreððede 46, andain wraðði 42 instead of the normalea; the adverb eisweis 68 (also in SM 13/26, MS. R, but eanies weis, MS. B) corresponds toǣniges weges.ǣ2is exceptionallyeain forreadeð 96, reade 55; leoten 63 is imitative of words with umlaut like beoren, eoten (Bonner Beiträge, xv. 128).eabeforer+ cons. isain harmen 107; thei-umlaut isein merrið 104, sumchere 21 (cierr): thei-umlaut ofeabeforel+ cons. is absent in afal 137, which is in formāfeallan, fall, in meaningāfiellan, fell; for healden 118 see 359/7.eobeforer+ cons. isain darc 122, perhaps the earliest instance of this spelling; thei-umlaut is seen in iȝirnd 34, firsin 86 (but see Bülbring, § 187 anm. on Anglianfirr). For ȝeouen see 359/34;geondis ȝont 35.ēaisein les 75, but lease 135,ein ȝet 93 descends fromgētbeside the normalgēat; the adverbgēarais ȝare 83. Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in derure 90; strupen 91 descends from *strȳpan; hei[e]nde 17, as if from *hegan; the Anglian form ishēan.a+g: for dreihen 122, see 360/13.æ+g: in fehere 104 (fægerra) the spirant is retained; comp. ‘feȝerest,’ L 29485, but feire 53.e+gfinal:tintregis tintreow 98. sy 54, withywritten fori, representssige; ‘syge’ in L 17409.ȳ+g: druifot 137, withuifor long u.ea+h: waxen 55, iseh 22.eo+h: mix 96 (Anglian).ēo+g: lihinde 7.duheðe 18 representsduguð:eis added in fuheles 63, liðeri 92:mis lost in limel 67 (lim mǣlum),fin leowinde 95 (lēofwende);toccurs often for finald, after mit for mid or miþ, þin becomes tin 52. For the stopc,chappears to be written in senchtest 137. The loss ofgin list 43 is OE. (līstforligst).his added in selhðe 54; nest 129 is Angliannēst,WS.nīehst: es 100 has lost initialh, so im in ichim 85.(2)in B. Many of those noticed in R occur in B also; other forms in B only are, chearre 166 (cierran), see 359/4: neolechin 43 represents a by-formnēolǣcan, while nehlechen R 31 comes from the normalnēahlǣcan: lattow 170 is OE.lāttēow.chin wlech 151 (wlæc) is due to the influence ofwlæce(Björkman, 148).Accidence:(1)of R. were 79 has added e in the nom. cuns. d.11 is exceptionally without inflection, comp. cunne 19. fetles 97 is a contractedplural; OE.fǣtels,pl.fǣtelsas, occasionallyfǣtels. aldrene 14, dahene 117 are weakpl. gen.The dual pronoun occurs in incpl. d.107. urne 119 ispt. s. subj.fromirnan. The contracted þrof 59, the prepositions ine 16, bimong 132, for which see 398/97, are characteristic of the group.(2)Of B.burhene 72, folkene 57 are possibly weakpl.genitives, like aldrene, dahene above, but they are more probably adjectives formed on the analogy of words in-en, like cristen, from nouns. For leoflukest 82, see 125/270.Vocabulary:Scandinavian are bistaðet bisteaðet, crokes, derf, feolahes, lahe, lufte, liðin, menske; probably ihondsald, lustnin, truste; possibly ȝeien, hauene, keiser: in R only, baðen, derfliche; possibly trukeneð: in B only, feolahscipe, ilated, menskin, witere. French are ciclatun, furneise, leuns liuns, maumez mawmez, misspelt mawmex 144/97, purpre, rente, seinte: in R only, cumseð (commencer), serui, tur (MS. reading 140/36), uie: in B only, cendals, eoli.Dialect:Seep. 503.Introduction:For style and authorship seepp. 504-6. The author states, 139/7, that he translated from a Latin source. The Life of S. Juliana, printed in Acta Sanctorum under Feb. 16th, is pronounced by Backhaus not to be the immediate source of SJ, because when compared with it the English shows considerable omissions, additions, and divergences. Yet SJ stands in about the same relationship to that Latin text as SK does to what is generally regarded as its original and as Sawles Warde does to the treatise of Hugh of S. Victor (p. 493). The author of these pieces is no mere translator, but an adapter who weaves other matter into his free imitation of his originals. He was apparently unacquainted with Cynewulf’s Juliana. Grau (Morsbachs Studien, xxxi. 157) shows that the earlier writer also introduces ideas into his poem which had been used by him in other works.S. Juliana never attained in England to the popularity of her associates, S. Katherine and S. Margaret, but there is another life in rhymed septenaries printed as an appendix to Cockayne’s edition of SJ from MS. Ashmole, no. 43 (c.1310), and a third in the Scottish Legendary, ascribed by the editor to Barbour, the source of which is the Aurea Legenda; it is printed in Barbour’s Legendensammlung, ed. Horstmann, ii. 190.The references are to B, unless R is prefixed.
Manuscripts:i. Bodleian 34, Oxford (B). ii. Royal 17 A 27, British Museum (R): for descriptions seep. 492. In this life R is abbreviated, as Einenkel shows; the joints are often visible.
Edition:Cockayne, O., Þe Liflade of St. Juliana (parallel texts with translations).E. E. T. S., O. S.51.
Literature:Backhaus, O., Über die Quelle der mittelenglischen Legende von der heiligen Juliane und ihr Verhältnis zu Cynewulfs Juliana, Halle, 1899; Einenkel, E., seep. 493; Stodte, H., seep. 493; Stratmann, F. H., ES iv. 94 (emendations).
Phonology:This has been sufficiently described atpp. 493-9: a few forms call for comment. (1)in R.a: þeauien 102 haså-umlaut.æ: awakenin 55 (āwacenian), pal 36, hauene 135, if descended fromhæfen, haveaforæ;eaappears in breas 118, feader 3.e: heolen 43, speoken 59, toteoren 63, weolen 54, seotel 114 haveå- oru-umlaut ofe; sutelin 98descends fromswutolwithu-umlaut ofiand loss ofwas in suster; hatterliche 91 is elsewhere in SJ heatterliche, probably representingu-umlaut of *hator; comp.hatol,hetol; unweommet 28, 120, 133 shows rounding ofeto [ö] between labials; bitild 36, OE.beteldan, comp. ‘tilden’ 82/110, ‘bitillen,’ L 27852, perhaps owesiforetotilian; sulliche 48 comes fromsyllic.i: neomen 45 haså-umlaut ofi.y: unduhti 18 representsdyhtig.ā: lechnunge 23 followslǣcnian, the OE. noun islācnung.ǣ1isein lefdi 7, erndunge 8, unmeð 17, wreððen 78, wreððede 46, andain wraðði 42 instead of the normalea; the adverb eisweis 68 (also in SM 13/26, MS. R, but eanies weis, MS. B) corresponds toǣniges weges.ǣ2is exceptionallyeain forreadeð 96, reade 55; leoten 63 is imitative of words with umlaut like beoren, eoten (Bonner Beiträge, xv. 128).eabeforer+ cons. isain harmen 107; thei-umlaut isein merrið 104, sumchere 21 (cierr): thei-umlaut ofeabeforel+ cons. is absent in afal 137, which is in formāfeallan, fall, in meaningāfiellan, fell; for healden 118 see 359/7.eobeforer+ cons. isain darc 122, perhaps the earliest instance of this spelling; thei-umlaut is seen in iȝirnd 34, firsin 86 (but see Bülbring, § 187 anm. on Anglianfirr). For ȝeouen see 359/34;geondis ȝont 35.ēaisein les 75, but lease 135,ein ȝet 93 descends fromgētbeside the normalgēat; the adverbgēarais ȝare 83. Thei-umlaut ofēois seen in derure 90; strupen 91 descends from *strȳpan; hei[e]nde 17, as if from *hegan; the Anglian form ishēan.a+g: for dreihen 122, see 360/13.æ+g: in fehere 104 (fægerra) the spirant is retained; comp. ‘feȝerest,’ L 29485, but feire 53.e+gfinal:tintregis tintreow 98. sy 54, withywritten fori, representssige; ‘syge’ in L 17409.ȳ+g: druifot 137, withuifor long u.ea+h: waxen 55, iseh 22.eo+h: mix 96 (Anglian).ēo+g: lihinde 7.
duheðe 18 representsduguð:eis added in fuheles 63, liðeri 92:mis lost in limel 67 (lim mǣlum),fin leowinde 95 (lēofwende);toccurs often for finald, after mit for mid or miþ, þin becomes tin 52. For the stopc,chappears to be written in senchtest 137. The loss ofgin list 43 is OE. (līstforligst).his added in selhðe 54; nest 129 is Angliannēst,WS.nīehst: es 100 has lost initialh, so im in ichim 85.
(2)in B. Many of those noticed in R occur in B also; other forms in B only are, chearre 166 (cierran), see 359/4: neolechin 43 represents a by-formnēolǣcan, while nehlechen R 31 comes from the normalnēahlǣcan: lattow 170 is OE.lāttēow.chin wlech 151 (wlæc) is due to the influence ofwlæce(Björkman, 148).
Accidence:(1)of R. were 79 has added e in the nom. cuns. d.11 is exceptionally without inflection, comp. cunne 19. fetles 97 is a contractedplural; OE.fǣtels,pl.fǣtelsas, occasionallyfǣtels. aldrene 14, dahene 117 are weakpl. gen.The dual pronoun occurs in incpl. d.107. urne 119 ispt. s. subj.fromirnan. The contracted þrof 59, the prepositions ine 16, bimong 132, for which see 398/97, are characteristic of the group.
(2)Of B.burhene 72, folkene 57 are possibly weakpl.genitives, like aldrene, dahene above, but they are more probably adjectives formed on the analogy of words in-en, like cristen, from nouns. For leoflukest 82, see 125/270.
Vocabulary:Scandinavian are bistaðet bisteaðet, crokes, derf, feolahes, lahe, lufte, liðin, menske; probably ihondsald, lustnin, truste; possibly ȝeien, hauene, keiser: in R only, baðen, derfliche; possibly trukeneð: in B only, feolahscipe, ilated, menskin, witere. French are ciclatun, furneise, leuns liuns, maumez mawmez, misspelt mawmex 144/97, purpre, rente, seinte: in R only, cumseð (commencer), serui, tur (MS. reading 140/36), uie: in B only, cendals, eoli.
Dialect:Seep. 503.
Introduction:For style and authorship seepp. 504-6. The author states, 139/7, that he translated from a Latin source. The Life of S. Juliana, printed in Acta Sanctorum under Feb. 16th, is pronounced by Backhaus not to be the immediate source of SJ, because when compared with it the English shows considerable omissions, additions, and divergences. Yet SJ stands in about the same relationship to that Latin text as SK does to what is generally regarded as its original and as Sawles Warde does to the treatise of Hugh of S. Victor (p. 493). The author of these pieces is no mere translator, but an adapter who weaves other matter into his free imitation of his originals. He was apparently unacquainted with Cynewulf’s Juliana. Grau (Morsbachs Studien, xxxi. 157) shows that the earlier writer also introduces ideas into his poem which had been used by him in other works.
S. Juliana never attained in England to the popularity of her associates, S. Katherine and S. Margaret, but there is another life in rhymed septenaries printed as an appendix to Cockayne’s edition of SJ from MS. Ashmole, no. 43 (c.1310), and a third in the Scottish Legendary, ascribed by the editor to Barbour, the source of which is the Aurea Legenda; it is printed in Barbour’s Legendensammlung, ed. Horstmann, ii. 190.
The references are to B, unless R is prefixed.
3.feader . . . of frumscheft: OE. ‘fæder frumsceafta,’ Christ, 472.
5.glideð, proceeds: comp. ‘þe hali gast · ꝥ glit of inc baðen,’ SM 21/33; ‘⁊ te hali gast, hare beire luue, | þe lihteð of ham baðe,’ SK 1772.unagin: found here only; it appears to mean, without beginning: OE.unāgunnenwith that meaning occurs in ‘on unagunnenre Godcundnysse and on ongunnenre menniscnysse,’ Ælf. Hom. Cath. ii. 292/16: perhaps the ME. form has been influenced by angin, beginning.euch godes ful, full of every good: contrast ‘euches cunnes gode,’ 141/58.
6.lideð ⁊ lusteð: comp. ‘Lusteð me . . . ⁊ liðeð ane hwile,’ SJ 73/14; ‘God make alle soon blithe, | Who so wil lystne and lithe,’ K. Alisaunder 5750.
8.wið þon þat, in order that.
R 7.lif hali, holy of lif: comp. ‘to summe oðre lif-holie monne,’ AR 346/4; OEH ii. 51/10, 133/10.
9.lihnideis probably a miswriting of lihinde as in R, lying, deceptive: ME. lihen, OE.lēogan, but it is possibly app.of ME. lihnen, OE.līgnian, to deny.eche: supply lif.
11.of munne, commemorate: usually transitive in this sense as, ‘þis meiden þe we munnid wes marherete ihaten,’ SM 2/13, but comp. ‘His deope wounden bledeth fast, | Of hem we ohte munne,’ Lyric Poetry, ed. Wright, 112/22.
12.i Nichomedese burh: ‘in civitate Nicomedia’: the adjectival termination is Anglo-French-eisas in Hispaneis, L. Hispanensis: the scribe has ‘Nichomedesse,’ 77/9: ‘iþe Nomecuðe burh Nicomede inempnet,’ 79/9. In Sammlung AE. Legenden, ed. Horstmann, 51/628, Ianuesse means Genoa; Arimminence 20/784, Rimini; Iponence, 79/1046, Hippo.
13.heascede, insulted: comp. OE.hyscan.
R 12.of—deaðe, more than any other heathen he drew cruelly to death those that were Christians:hamrepresents the real object, ‘þeo ꝥ cristene weren’: see 136/144: the Latin has, ‘qui et ipse erat persecutor Christianorum.’
15.as þeo ꝥ, as being one to whom: foras, see 128/1; forꝥ= to whom, 46/292.ilenet: the ME. texts often confuse lǣnen and lēven, to permit.
17.schupte: see 2/2.wealdeð: comp. 34/84; ‘weldinde ⁊ wissinde | alle worldliche þing,’ SK 933, 1780; L 5279.
R 16.redegunge(= redeȝunge) appears to be pres. part. of ME. rǣdien, to discourse (119/81); for ȝ, comp. ‘heriȝinge,’ OEH i. 5/1. But it is possibly a miswriting of ‘redunge’ as in B, which corresponds to L. lectio.
19.Maximien: see128/1 note.
20.heriende ⁊ heiende: a favourite phrase with this writer: comp. 149/180; SJ 41/5, 55/10; SK 459, 1041.
R 18.unduhti duheðe, ill-spent splendour; because used for the glorification of idols: probably the original reading. In Specimens translated ‘unworthy body of retainers.’
23.riche of rente, with a large income.ȝunge mon of ȝeres: see 129/23.
24.wel, on good terms: comp. 138/21.
25.iunne, bestowed; generally said of conferring a favour, but ‘þe þe ufel unnen,’ L 28117, means, who inflicted harm on thee.
27.utnumne feire, exceptional beauty: see 133/30; but R 22 means exceptionally beautiful and charming: comp. 123/209; ‘se unimete feier,’ 124/239.
28.in wið in: see 130/57.
30.lechnunge, healing, medicine: a rare word, found in the Ureisun of God Almihti, OEH i. 202/16.
31.wið ute longe steuene, ‘without a long tale,’ Brock. But it seems preferable to connect the noun with OE.stefn, time, giving the sense, without long delay, much the same as ‘efter lutle stounde’: the repetition is quite in the manner of the writer; comp. ‘doð hire biliue to deað buten abade,’ SJ 73/3; ‘Anan þrefter sone com a seli wummon,’ id. 77/9.
R 25. For omission of the subjectha, see 6/18.hire unwilles, to her sorrow, an adverbial genitive:unwilis the opposite of ‘wil,’ joy, pleasure, 133/62. A similar adv. phrase ishire unwilin 141/36; comp. ‘min unwil hit is;to don al ꝥ ti wil is,’ SM 13/3. For the construction see 10/167, and 165/263.
37.truked= trukeð from trukien is the usual form; see 72/183: the derivative trukeneð R 26 appears to be quite isolated.
38.daheðesis apparently genitive of *daheð, daȝeð, noun derivative of ME. daȝien, to dawn, used adverbially, at dawn. In R 27 euch deis dei means at daylight (dawn) of each day: it is apparently without parallel. The Latin has ‘per singulos dies.’
39.reowfule reames: see 130/55.wissede, would direct:pt. subjunctive.
R 30.summes weis, some while, as at 124/236, corresponding to summe hwile in B.
42.lihten se lahe, descend so far: comp. 176/20, 199/79, 206/306; ‘loke þenne her bi hwa se of hire maidenhad lihteð in to wedlac; bi hu moni degrez ha falleð duneward,’ HM 23/24; ‘liht to ure lare,’ SK 1011.
44.hehest i Rome: comp. 128/2.heh reue: ‘praefectus.’
46.lette: supply as subject, Keiser.
R 35.⁊ te riche riden in, and to ride in his domain: an addition necessitated by the mistake in ‘tur.’tuhen: the subject heo is to be supplied.
47.ouertild, canopied.
48.purpres ⁊ pelles, purple cloths and rich stuffs: a frequent combination for gorgeous clothing: comp. ‘ischrud ⁊ iprud ba wið pel ⁊ wið purpre,’ SK 1449; here used of a canopy.ciclatuns: see 133/51.cendals: sendal is a thin silken stuff, mostly red.
49.As þe ꝥ: comp. 128/1.
50.rihten ⁊ to readen: comp. 121/141; 147/158.
54.iswechteis explained in Specimens aspp.wearied, descending from OE.geswenct, geswenced,pp.ofgeswencan: the disappearance ofnwould be difficult to account for; it might be due to the analogy of þencan: in any case the word is for iswecht + te, thyself.wreaðe&c.: see 34/86.
56.leauen þe lahen: comp. ‘ant leaue alle þe lahen ꝥ tu list inne,’ SJ 24/3.
57.folkene froure: comp. OE.frōfor-gāst; ‘folkes froure’ (of the B. V. M.), OEH ii. 255/2; ‘Vroure ⁊ hele folkes fader heouenliche drichte,’ id. 258/5; ‘þe hali gast moncunne froure,’ SM 18/18; ‘folkes feader,’ 149/173, 19/33; ‘froure moncunnes,’ L 9075.folkeneasgen. pl.appears to be quite isolated; the usual ME. form is folce, OE.folca.
58.igret, magnified: OE.grēatian: ‘greaten’ is in AR 128/1.
59.windi of, turned away from, done with: comp. ‘windi (wundi R) of wisdom,’ devoid of wisdom, SK 376. Comp. MHG. wendic, wendec.
R 47.droh him, put him off, like L. trahere: apparently without parallel in this meaning.
61.Efter ꝥ, notwithstanding the fact that. In R, it means practically, when.
63.him: see13/34 note.
64.to wraðer heale, to perverse fortune: see 130/58, and comp. 145/109; L 29556; ‘to ufele hele wes ic iboren,’ OEH i. 33/24; ‘Godere hele þu hit scalt iseon,’ id. 57/44; ‘to goderheale þin he hit þoleð,’ HM 29/10.
67. For ‘fon on,’ to handle a matter, to proceed, comp. 143/85, 97; 157/135; ‘⁊ he bigon to fon on | þisses weis towart hire,’ SK 1863. If the punctuation of the MS. goes for anything, the secondonis an otiose repetition of the first, and the meaning is, proceeded gently at first to try if &c., as at l. 85. Such repetitions are not uncommon in this group: comp. 126/317; ‘Hef up forði, mid treowe bileaue ⁊ mid herdie, up þine þreo uingres,’ AR 290/29; ‘sitteð al stille, ꝥ hwon he parted urom ou, ꝥ he ne cunne ower god,’ id. 64/20. But in Specimens on to lokin are connected, proceeded at first ‘fairly (= kindly) to look upon her.’
69.sy . . . selhðe: comp. 147/157; SJ 24/13; ‘isi ant iselhðe,’ SM23/13.sy: OE.sige, victory; in this phrase it must mean something like, prosperity.weolen&c.: comp. 121/161.
70.awakenen: see 54/24.
R 55.inoh, fully, quite: see 62/41.
71.refschipe: ‘praefectura’: at 128/4, the imperial dignity.
72.liggeð: see 128/10.
73.luuien ⁊ leuen: a stock phrase of this group: comp. 142/66, 145/104; ‘ileueð ⁊ luuieð,’ AR 410/11; also 180/135, 194/590.
R 57.as þeo þat: see 128/1.
75.ich—is: comp. 90/73.
76.for, before: I call to witness Apollo; comp. 145/101: somewhat different is ‘for mi lif,’ 145/106, upon my life, staking my life on the fulfilment of my promise.
78.haldest her on, perseverest in this determination; comp. ‘hald hardiliche | on ꝥ tu hauest bigunnen,’ SK 677; ‘ȝif me hit halt eure forþ in on,’ ON 356.
79.toluken&c.: comp. ‘⁊ leoten toluken þi flesch | þe fuheles of þe lufte,’ SK 2092; ‘þer ase wilde deor limmel to luken ham,’ SJ 79/5; 34/83.
81.aȝein þe, in reply to thee, answering thy oath by Apollo and Diana: the stop afteraȝeinis to be disregarded.ich swerie&c., I call Christ to witness: theacc.after swerien is perhaps without a parallel, but it gives a sense somewhat different from that which would be gained by the insertion of bi or to.
83.i leitinde leie, in flashing flame: comp. ‘for al þe cwarterne, of his cume | leitede o leie,’ SK 671; ‘⁊ i þe reade leie, | ⁊ i þe leitinde fur,’ id. 1360; ‘⁊ leitinde al on leie,’ id. 1651. The full stop afterleieand the following capital obscure the structure of the sentence—though I be burnt alive, I will not &c.
84.þe,dat.: comp. ‘buhð him ase he bit,’ AR 288/24; ‘all we sal him bu,’ CM 16712; ‘þe lauerdes leofmon ꝥ (= to whom) alle kinges buheð,’ HM 5/24.her onont, as regards this matter.Þreate&c.: see 34/86.buhe ne beien: comp. 132/3; SJ 27/10, 43/9; ‘buhsume ⁊ beisume,’ SK 1787.
86.leoftedeis translated in Specimens, ‘flattered,’ and derived from OE.lyfettan, which is hardly possible: leotede luueliche, made affectionate gestures, behaved affectionately, would give a known combination: comp. ‘wið luueliche lates,’ SM 14/4; ‘ȝif þu makest ei semblaunt, oðer eni luue lates touward unðeauwes,’ AR 90/17; ‘mid leofliche læten,’ L 19396; 110/273, but the weak forms of læten are not elsewhere found before the fifteenth century.
88.wið þerean ꝥis explained in Specimens as for wið ꝥ þerean, the last word being taken with wenden as, in respect of that matter; but that seems very improbable, though the order of words is often strange enough in this piece. Stratmann suggested thatþereanis a mistake for þen, which does not account for the corrupt form. Possibly the scribe had before him, wið þē (= þen) ane ꝥ, on the sole condition that: see72/192 note.wið ꝥin R 70 means, on condition that.
89.do, join.
91.To soðe: see 90/73.
92.Vnwurð, despicable: see 26/258.
R 75.ꝥ . . . to, to whom: see 1/3.
95.him:dat.with lihen;acc.with leauen: comp. for the former, 29/2, 191/474; ‘Iff iosephus ne legeð me,’ GE 1281: the combination is uncommon.weole&c.: see 121/161.
96.wa . . . wontreaðe: comp. ‘wurðe him wurst of wa ⁊ of wontreaðe,’ SJ 27/12; ‘hauest ifunden weane þrin ⁊ wondraðe riue,’ HM 9/4; AR 156/4. See also 58/76.
R 77.wa . . . wunne: the repetition of the latter word is probably a scribe’s mistake for weane: comp. ‘ah al þe weane | ⁊ te wa wente,’ SK 1166, 2104.
R 79.Me: a word characteristic of the Katherine-group and frequent in AR, where it has been misunderstood by Morton: it wavers between conjunction and interjection, ‘well! but,’ and often introduces a question which offers an objection, or applies what has been said, like, ‘well then’: comp. AR 310/17; SK 325, 589; SM 6/19, 7/22. Its origin is obscure; if another guess may be hazarded, it is perhaps Anglo-French mes (F. mais, L. magis), which was used in contemporary French in much the same way.
98.ꝥ . . . to, to whom.
99.se forð, so far: comp. ‘ert ibrouht so uorð ouer,’ AR 294/7; ‘to uorð,’ too far, id. 294/14: see also 64/85.letest lutel of: see 44/260.
100.ꝥ ich wite, so far as I know.
103.lette lif: see 118/28.
104.ꝥ me of þuncheð: see 30/10.luuie . . . leue: see 143/73.
105.as: see 121/1; similarly 145/108.
106.laðin&c., his love shall be hateful to thee: so, ‘ꝥ te schal laði þi lif,’ HM 9/2.
108.as on ernesse, as a foretaste: probably the first occurrence of ernes.besmen: so, ‘beateð hire bare bodi wið bittre besmen,’ SM 5/19; ‘mid besman swingan,’ Orosius 68/11. Beforeꝥsomething like, ꝥ þe wule of þunchen, has dropped out. As the reading of R, which means, that itshall turn to misfortune that you were woman, is plainly an attempt to mend a faulty original, it may be concluded that the omission belongs to an earlier stage of the transmission. Forto wraðerhealesee 141/64.
111. Here the scribe became confused: his original had probably, ꝥ ti wil is wurch þu, but he began withwur, and erasing it forgot to add it at the end. Then he omitted het beforeswiðe, and tried to mend matters by changing leggen intoleggeð, but forgotstrupen.bliðeliche, gladly, is strange.
113.liðeri, should be in a lather: comp. ‘ꝥ hire leofliche lich | liðerede al o blode,’ SK 1542; ‘leiden swa luðerliche on hire leofliche lich;ꝥ hit . . . liðerede o blode,’ SM 5/20.
115.beaten&c.: see 34/86.
118.fetles, vessels, i.e. dwellings; comp. 131/83.
119.heien ne herien: see 139/20.teone ne tintreohe: comp. ‘ne schal þe na teone | ne tintreohe trukien,’ SK 402, 623, 1503, 1795. Withtimbrincomp. ‘to timber trey and tene,’ Minot vi. 2 note.
R 101.allescunnes: see81/80 note.
120.sutelin, be made plain: comp. ‘isuteleð ⁊ ischeawed,’ AR 154/2; ‘sutel ⁊ eðcene,’ id. 154/22; ‘for sutel is ⁊ eðsene,’ SK 381.
125.þeauien ⁊ þolien, permit and suffer: comp. ‘þauieð ant þolieð,’ SM 15/19; ‘þatt Godd ne þole nohht | Ne þafe,’ Orm i. 188/5456.mucli: comp. ‘þi lauerd godd it þoleð him to muccli þi mede,’ HM 47/16.muchelin, R 102, is a form characteristic of the group.mede . . . murhðe: comp. 147/157; ‘mi murhðe ⁊ mi mede,’ SK 2350.
126.eauer segoes withmare.
128.drehen . . . derf: for the combination, characteristic of the group, comp. ‘ꝥ hit ne sem . . . ꝥ ich derf drehe,’ SM 5/31; ‘abeore bliðeliche þe derf ꝥ tu drehest,’ HM 17/31; ‘hwen ha schulen | þe derf of deað drehen,’ SK 2392; ‘to deaðe | deruest þing to drehen,’ id. 2100.
R 106.willes, spontaneously: so, ‘willes ⁊ woldes,’ AR 6/26; ‘willes wiðuten neode,’ id. 242/19; ‘willes ⁊ waldes,’ HM 27/2.
131.Þet, because.
134.bicumen, arrive, come: comp. 175/434.
135-7.wei—forðis a parenthesis (alas for your fates that ye were born in the world and brought forth), and so isawei—werenin R 111; comp. ‘Wa me þære wyrde, pæt min wynn alæg,’ Psalter (Thorpe) 373/5. Forse, which can only mean so, to must be substituted, and ifȝe schuleis retained, it must be regarded as a mere repetition of the preceding ‘ȝe schulen,’ due to the parenthesis.to wraðer healein R 111 goes withsinken; in B its position is ambiguous: probably in the original itbelonged to the parenthesis, and the right order in R is, to wraðer heale, sinken ow: for the reflexive, see13/34 note. Forsar . . . sorhesee 52/374.
141.ehsihðe: a word characteristic of the group: comp. SM 17/27; SK 2315; ‘eihsihðe,’ OEH i. 209/28. In the passage here omitted, Eleusius tries to win her over, but neither suasion nor scourging shake her resolution.
142.festnin&c.: comp. ‘to festnin ham | in treowe bileaue,’ SK 1985; 180/143.
143.isoðe bileaue: see 89/28: R 116 without it gives a poor sense.don . . . ut of dahene, put out of life: the expression is common: comp. ‘þat we haue done him of daghe,’ CM 4168.
144. Asbruneis everywhere else a noun (see 119/83), of must have fallen out after it here.wallinde bres: comp. 60/103.
145.healden, pour, as at 72/197. Brock translates, ‘hold.’
148.þer . . . in, in which. The writer had in mind the second lection in the Breviary for the feast of S. John ante Portam Latinam (May 6th), ‘in olei ferventis dolium missus: ex quo tamen divina se protegente gratia tantum liber exiit a dolore corporis: quantum alienus erat a corruptione carnis,’ York Breviary, ii. 277.
149.liues lauerd: OE.līf-frēa; ‘auctorem vitae,’ Acts iii. 15.him, for himself.
151.wod þa, then mad; the text seems defective. With R 121, comp. ‘to weden ⁊ to wurðen | ut of his ahne witte,’ SK 1257; 130/52.
157.murhðe . . . mede: comp. 145/125.sy . . . selhðe: comp. 143/69.ꝥ . . . efter, after whom.
158.al, completely, qualifiesbisteaðet ⁊ bistonden, circumstanced and beset; a combination characteristic of the group: comp. ‘ich iseo me . . . bistaðed ant bistonden as lomb mit wed wulues,’ SM 3/24; AR 264/24.Riht . . . read: comp. 121/141.
161.nestfalde, nearest: apparently here only. NED compares OE.nēahfeald.
162.mine—hearmen: ‘et inimici hominis domestici eius,’ Mic. vii. 6, S. Matt. x. 36.inhinedoes not occur elsewhere, but its meaning, ‘household servant,’ is assured by the Latin imitated. In R 130heanenmakes no sense, perhaps heanende is to be read.
163.anes: see74/207 note.
164.wil cwemeapparently answers to OE.wel-gecwēme, which is quoted in B-T. as a gloss on beneplacitus in Spelman’s Psalter cxviii. 108, cxlvi. 12.
165.ilated se luðere, so wickedly mannered, behaved.ilatedis a new formation from lat, usuallypl.lates, looks, manners: see 129/35. In Specimens translated, ‘visaged so horribly.’
167.Al, if not a mistake for Als, goes withham.
168.wid, against: see48/299 note.
169.wite . . . were: comp. 118/50 note.witere, make wise, teach. In R 134,ant witenis to be altered into ant were.
170.liues lattow, life’s guide: OE.lātþēow,lāttēow.
171.hauene of heale: ‘salutis portum,’ see5/12 note. In R 135 withlestinde, understand lif.
173.⁊ tu, thou too, even so do thou &c.folkes feader: see 141/57.
174.to drif, drive away; usually means, drive asunder, dispel.
176.ȝetgoes withiseon.
177.schrenchen ⁊ schunchen, deceive and terrify: an uncommon combination.of, out of, from: comp. ‘wrenchen sum rihtwis of þe weie,’ SJ 43/5.
178.wið, see 82/118, 117/5.
179.crefti crokes: see 129/42.crechen, scratch; if it be a form of cracchen: in NED said to be for crochen, catch with hooks or claws, from F. crocher: comp. ‘crefti crokes,’ 129/42; ‘crokinde creftes,’ 131/87.
180.iheiet ⁊ iheret: comp. 138/17.
Edition:... E. E. T. S., O. S. 51.E.E.T.S., O.S.Phonology:...u-umlaut ofiimisprinted as italic instead of boldneomen 45 haså-umlaut ofia-umlautǣ1isein lefdi 7æ1Angliannēst, WS.nīehstW.S.
Edition:... E. E. T. S., O. S. 51.E.E.T.S., O.S.
Phonology:...u-umlaut ofiimisprinted as italic instead of bold
neomen 45 haså-umlaut ofia-umlaut
ǣ1isein lefdi 7æ1
Angliannēst, WS.nīehstW.S.