39.7clāde adfēcisset= ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf.eō genere . . . adficiēbātur, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.39.8Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle being exactly equivalent toutwith the subjunctive. Seep. xviii, E 5;quasi= ‘as if,’ and is contrasted withrē vērā, ‘in reality.’39.9The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See alsop. xx, G 3.39.10exorior.39.11idem . . . esse: ‘the same thingought to be doneto him.’ The gerundive withessedenotes either physical necessity (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).39.12abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250: G 403: B 223.paucīs annīsis a sort of temporal adverb withante.40.1Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of twopastactions the prior is expressed by thepluperfecttense; of twofutureactions the prior is expressed by thefuture perfecttense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if you do.’40.2Join withmeliōrēs, and cf.p. 39, n. 12.40.3i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mindPūnica fidēswas a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ ForĀfrīs, seep. 10, n. 18.40.4pār . . . referrī= ‘retaliation.’ How literally?40.5‘consistent with.’40.6prīmus . . . trāiēcit: cf.p. 38, n. 1.40.7indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’Sēscentīandmīlleare often used in the same way.40.8=et nōn(cf.l. 13).40.9ēlīdō.40.10dūrissimā . . . repellente: what does the abl. abs. express?40.11Cōnfugiendum . . . ad: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort to.’ Cf.p. 39, n. 11.40.12Theballistaeandcatapultaewere the artillery of antiquity. It is said that from theballistaestones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.40.13velut . . . mūnīta: to be taken with what follows.40.14opprimō.40.15cōgō.40.16acc. of extent (cf.p. 12, n. 1) withlongum.40.17rēs bene gestās: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrastrē male gestā, XVI, 31, and note.41.1Cf.p. 18, n. 17.41.2occāsiōnem nactum(nancīscor): ‘seizing the opportunity.’41.3īnstrūmentō rūsticō: ‘his farming implements.’41.4Join withsuccessor, and cf.p. 26, n. 5.41.5unde . . . alerentur: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.41.6subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which seep. 13, n. 10.41.7colendum: ‘to be tilled’ (cf.p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally between owner and tenant.41.8alimenta . . . praebuit: i.e. they were supported at public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given to Roman officials.41.9contundō.41.10abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B 220, 1.41.11ut . . . redīretgives the purpose of the Carthaginians in exacting the oath.41.12subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said:Sī nōn impetrāverō, . . . redībō.41.13sententiam . . . recūsāvit: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’recūsāreis construed (1) with the simple infinitive; (2) withnēand a subjunctive of purpose; (3) withquīnorquōminusand a subjunctive of result.41.14quamdiū . . . senātōrem: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as long as,’ etc.41.15negāvit esse ūtile: ‘hesaidthat it wasnotexpedient.’ In such sentencesnegārerather thannōn dīcereis used. The subject ofesseis the clausecaptīvōs . . . reddī.42.1‘exhausted.’42.2Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown bytamen: seep. xxii, J.42.3Sc.esse, and cf.p. 39, n. 11.42.4Sc.eum: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole narrative as fictitious.Text-only versionXVIII.Appius Claudius PulcherB.C.249.Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōsprofectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbatsēque, quō5diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esseiactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret,5auspicia6habēret pullāriusque7eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre ēcaveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltembiberent, quoniam ēsse1nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi2īrātīs diīs,see captionSACRED CHICKENSFrom the tomb of a Pullāriusmīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsquefēcisset, commissō proeliō310māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est:octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintīmīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā āpopulō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque4īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte15praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī5fuitetiam Claudiae,5cōnsulis sorōrī: quaeā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in6cōnfertāmultitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō,palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher20revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret,quō7minor turba Rōmae foret.7Ob vōcem illam impiamClaudia quoque damnāta gravisque8eī9dicta est multa.Skip tonext selection.42.5quō diē: we should expectdiē quō, oreōdem diē quō, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9): A 200,b: G 616: B 251, 4.42.6auspicia habēret: cf.auspicia adhibēre, I, 42.42.7pullārius . . . vescī: on setting out for the seat of war, the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in charge of a special keeper (pullārius). If, when food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance.43.1infinitive ofedō.43.2quasi . . . diīs: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods were angry.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 6.īrātīs diīsis an abl. abs.43.3The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123 ships.43.4quehere = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12).43.5Cf.p. 25, n. 6.43.6in . . . carpentō: an abl. abs., giving the cause ofoptāvit.43.7Cf.p. 14, n. 13.43.8gravis . . . multa: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’43.9dat. of disadvantage.Text-only versionXIX.Quīntus Fabius MāximusB.C.236.Hannibal, Hamilcaris10fīlius, novem11annōs12nātus, āpatre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit.Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum13Pūnicum bellum.Nam, mortuō1Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum,5cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs2foederātam ēvertit.see captionHANNIBALB.C.219.Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginemlēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent.Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius,lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc”10inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum3placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret4utrum velletsucclāmantibus, Fabius, excussā5togā, bellumsē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et,quibus6acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.715Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit.Pūblium8Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum9amnem, Semprōnium apudTrebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit.Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabiusdictātor10Hannibalis impetum morā11frēgit; namque, priōrum ducum20clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus12Hannibalem,succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere13ab ancipitī discrīmineet tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisquenōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmendūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,14ut neque omitteret15eum25neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,1nisi2quantum necessitāscōgeret,2mīles tenēbātur. Dux neque occāsiōnī3reī4benegerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostīdabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet,mīlitem5minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae30paenitēre.Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrumangustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē expedīvit.Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta6prīncipiō7noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī35iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūcillūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipseFabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,8mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī vetuit.Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit.Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum40ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missōRōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusquepretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit.Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prōcautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem9vocitābant. Augēbat45invidiam Minucius, magister10equitum, dictātōrem crīminandō:illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,11quō diūtius inmagistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperiumhabēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī12magistrumequitum imperiō1aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō2animō tulit50Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autemMinucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī3perīclitantī auxiliōvēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī4cecinit, palam cōnfessus5ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse.Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum6ferunt tandem7eam nūbem, quae55sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse.Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit etpatrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit.Posteā Hannibal Tarentō8per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hancurbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī60coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per9speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī,ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuīcum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitqueut10redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum11prōpulsaessent, ad urbem agerent10et velutī12praedam ex hoste65factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.10Iditerum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque13cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēsest, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent14sīgnum, portaurbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decemmīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt,70nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit.Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dumbēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressīprōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs1obtruncant. Tum Hannibalcum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius75Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt,in arcem cōnfūgit.Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōnecinxit. Leve2dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendameum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat380amōre mulierculae,4cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīlesiussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrempraefectum ad5trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā6prīmāaccessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat. Adiuvantibusrecipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt.85Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,7Fabius cum exercitūintrāvit. Hannibal8nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opemferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī”inquit “suum9Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arteTarentum āmīsimus.”90Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod10arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,10dīxissetque eum11suā operāTarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tūāmīsissēs,12ego numquam recēpissem.”12Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque95in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est,duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō1vehēbātursenex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribusūndecim verēcundiā2paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant.Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit100inclāmāre3Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tumdēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sedexperīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtemvīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.4Cautior5quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita6ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī105bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī7dubiumest quīn8rem9Rōmānam cunctandō10restituerit. Ut Scīpiōpūgnandō,10ita hīc nōn dīmicandō10māximē cīvitātī Rōmānaesuccurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginemoppressit, alter cunctātiōne id11ēgit,nēRōma opprimī posset.Skip tonext selection.43.10In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the conflict.43.11novem . . . nātus: ‘when only nine years old.’43.12Cf.p. 10, n. 15.43.13This war lasted from 218 to 202B.C.44.1When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.44.2dat. withfoederātam. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3):A 248,a,R.: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the dat. used withiungōandmīsceō.44.3utrumis here a relative pronoun; hence the indicativeplacet, with which we must supplyvōbīs. Inutrum vellet, however,utrumis interrogative: hence the subjunctive.44.4= a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original imperative. Seep. xxvi, M 6.44.5excutiō.44.6quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem: abl. of manner. Seep. 42, n. 5.44.7Sc.bellum.44.8P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.44.9The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.44.10See Vocab.,dictātor.44.11Cf.p. 28, n. 17.44.12adversus Hannibalem= a causal clause: ‘since he was facing H.’ Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle tosum.44.13recēdere . . . discrīmine: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous risk.’recēderedepends oncōnstituit,l. 22.44.14modicō . . . intervāllō: we say, ‘at a moderate distance.’ For the abl., seep. 39, n. 12.44.15‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’45.1apparently =in castrīs, but really an abl. of means.45.2nisi . . . cōgeret: ‘except as far as necessity forced (Fabius to lead them forth).’cōgeretis an example of the iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.45.3neque . . . deerat: ‘missed no chance of scoring a success.’45.4reī bene gerendae: cf.p. 40, n. 17.45.5mīlitem . . . paenitēre: ‘the soldiers began to be less discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the construction, seep. 28, n. 7.45.6dēligāta . . . incendī=dēligārī et incendī.45.7Why abl.?45.8reor.45.9Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’45.10See Vocab.,magister.45.11indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying suggested bycrīminandō.45.12Indirect object withaequāvit, which =aequum fēcit.46.1abl.of specification.46.2aequō animōis an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10), and = ‘patiently.’46.3eī . . . auxiliō: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf.p. 25, n. 6.46.4receptuī cecinit: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’receptuīis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.canereis used of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of vocal.46.5cōnfiteor.46.6i.e. Hannibal.46.7tandem . . . dedisse: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought wind and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.46.8Cf.p. 4, n. 6.46.9per . . . vēnandī: ‘under pretense of hunting.’46.10a substantive clause of purpose, object ofmonuit.46.11supine ofpāscō, denoting the purpose ofprōpulsa essent: cf.p. 5, n. 20.46.12veluti . . . factam: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder captured from the foe.’praedamis accus. by attraction toea pecora, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.46.13eō . . . est: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the matter brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’cōnsuētūdinisis a partitive gen. witheō, which strictly = ‘thither, to that point.’46.14subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) toaperīrētur, which itself denotes result.47.1‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as often, = a relative clause.47.2Leve . . . mōmentum: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling to mention.’ Fordictū, seep. 19, n. 15.47.3dēperībat amōre: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ i.e. was desperately in love with.47.4objective gen. withamōre: cf.p. 14, n. 15.47.5ad . . . perpulit(perpellō): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. induced him to, etc.47.6‘watch.’47.7refringō.47.8emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunctioncum: cf.p. 19, n. 8.47.9suum Hannibalem: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’47.10Cf.p. 14, n. 1.47.11i.e. Fabius. Livius said:meā operā tū Tarentum recēpistī.47.12A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary to the facts: H 579 andN.(510 andN.1): M 938: A 308: G 597: B 304.48.1equō vehēbātur: ‘was riding.’equōis an abl. of means.48.2verēcundiā . . . māiestātis: ‘out of respect for his dignity as a father.’ Explain the case ofverēcundiā, also ofmāiestātis. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in official position took precedence of the honors due a father.48.3Cf.p. 12, n. 3.48.4abl. withdīgnus: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245,a: G 397,N.2: B 226, 2.48.5Cautior . . . est: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather than alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: G 299: B 240, 4.48.6īnsita . . . prūdentia: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the caution implanted in his nature. Foringeniō, seep. 2, n. 7.48.7possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’48.8Cf.p. 39, n. 4.48.9=rem pūblicam.48.10abl. of means. Withcunctandōcf.morā,l. 19, andcunctātiōne,l. 109.48.11id . . . posset: ‘accomplished this, that it should be impossible to overthrow Rome.’nē . . . possetis a clause of purpose, in apposition withid.Text-only versionXX.Aemilius Paulus et Terentius VarrōB.C.216.Hannibal12in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmāprofectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et TerentiusVarrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō1autem, ferōxet temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad5vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibideinde Varrō, invītō2conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnaededit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs3etsōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversīessent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre10vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutuscecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōrecōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “huncequum et fuge, Aemilī.4Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satislūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul5: “Tū6quidem macte virtūte15estō! Sed cavē7exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendīperdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quamhostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrummīlitum patere8exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibusVenusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidēruntsee captionĀNULUS20vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēsvirī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitumtria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in9tēstimōniumvictōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum10Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus25equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat.Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque utquiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēiuspraefectīs, Maharbal, minimē1cessandum ratus, Hannibalemhortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in30Capitōliō epulātūrus.2Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset,Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem3diī dedēre.Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satiscrēditur salūtī4fuisse urbī4et imperiō.4Hannibal cum victōriāposset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit,35cūius5dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē dictumsit Capuam6Hannibalī Cannās fuisse.Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum7ubi acceptaeclādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est;quīn8etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex tantā40clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicānōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,9temeritātis poenāsomnī suppliciō dedisset.9Nōn autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reīpūblicae amōre sē superfuisse10reliquō aetātis suae temporeapprobāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,11et posteā numquam45recubāns12cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur āpopulō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus1reī pūblicaeopus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat.see captionCONVĪVIUMRōmānī interim respīrāre2coepērunt. Arma nōn50erant: dētrācta sunttemplīs3vetera hostiumspolia. Deerat iuventūs:servī manūmissī et armātīsunt. Egēbat aerārium:55opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod inbullīs singulīsque4ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt.Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēstribūs. Dēnique vix5suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cumomnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur.60Cum Hannibal redimendī6suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset,decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliudfideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn impetrāssent,in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuitresponditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī65essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrumēgressus, velutī7aliquid8oblītus, paulō post in castra eratregressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rēnōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātumesse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.9Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus70illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēsHannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusqueRōmānus rēbus1adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō.Skip tonext selection.
39.7clāde adfēcisset= ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf.eō genere . . . adficiēbātur, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.39.8Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle being exactly equivalent toutwith the subjunctive. Seep. xviii, E 5;quasi= ‘as if,’ and is contrasted withrē vērā, ‘in reality.’39.9The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See alsop. xx, G 3.39.10exorior.39.11idem . . . esse: ‘the same thingought to be doneto him.’ The gerundive withessedenotes either physical necessity (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).39.12abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250: G 403: B 223.paucīs annīsis a sort of temporal adverb withante.40.1Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of twopastactions the prior is expressed by thepluperfecttense; of twofutureactions the prior is expressed by thefuture perfecttense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if you do.’40.2Join withmeliōrēs, and cf.p. 39, n. 12.40.3i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mindPūnica fidēswas a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ ForĀfrīs, seep. 10, n. 18.40.4pār . . . referrī= ‘retaliation.’ How literally?40.5‘consistent with.’40.6prīmus . . . trāiēcit: cf.p. 38, n. 1.40.7indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’Sēscentīandmīlleare often used in the same way.40.8=et nōn(cf.l. 13).40.9ēlīdō.40.10dūrissimā . . . repellente: what does the abl. abs. express?40.11Cōnfugiendum . . . ad: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort to.’ Cf.p. 39, n. 11.40.12Theballistaeandcatapultaewere the artillery of antiquity. It is said that from theballistaestones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.40.13velut . . . mūnīta: to be taken with what follows.40.14opprimō.40.15cōgō.40.16acc. of extent (cf.p. 12, n. 1) withlongum.40.17rēs bene gestās: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrastrē male gestā, XVI, 31, and note.41.1Cf.p. 18, n. 17.41.2occāsiōnem nactum(nancīscor): ‘seizing the opportunity.’41.3īnstrūmentō rūsticō: ‘his farming implements.’41.4Join withsuccessor, and cf.p. 26, n. 5.41.5unde . . . alerentur: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.41.6subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which seep. 13, n. 10.41.7colendum: ‘to be tilled’ (cf.p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally between owner and tenant.41.8alimenta . . . praebuit: i.e. they were supported at public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given to Roman officials.41.9contundō.41.10abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B 220, 1.41.11ut . . . redīretgives the purpose of the Carthaginians in exacting the oath.41.12subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said:Sī nōn impetrāverō, . . . redībō.41.13sententiam . . . recūsāvit: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’recūsāreis construed (1) with the simple infinitive; (2) withnēand a subjunctive of purpose; (3) withquīnorquōminusand a subjunctive of result.41.14quamdiū . . . senātōrem: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as long as,’ etc.41.15negāvit esse ūtile: ‘hesaidthat it wasnotexpedient.’ In such sentencesnegārerather thannōn dīcereis used. The subject ofesseis the clausecaptīvōs . . . reddī.42.1‘exhausted.’42.2Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown bytamen: seep. xxii, J.42.3Sc.esse, and cf.p. 39, n. 11.42.4Sc.eum: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole narrative as fictitious.
39.7clāde adfēcisset= ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf.eō genere . . . adficiēbātur, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.
39.8Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle being exactly equivalent toutwith the subjunctive. Seep. xviii, E 5;quasi= ‘as if,’ and is contrasted withrē vērā, ‘in reality.’
39.9The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See alsop. xx, G 3.
39.10exorior.
39.11idem . . . esse: ‘the same thingought to be doneto him.’ The gerundive withessedenotes either physical necessity (‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).
39.12abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250: G 403: B 223.paucīs annīsis a sort of temporal adverb withante.
40.1Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of twopastactions the prior is expressed by thepluperfecttense; of twofutureactions the prior is expressed by thefuture perfecttense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if you do.’
40.2Join withmeliōrēs, and cf.p. 39, n. 12.
40.3i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mindPūnica fidēswas a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ ForĀfrīs, seep. 10, n. 18.
40.4pār . . . referrī= ‘retaliation.’ How literally?
40.5‘consistent with.’
40.6prīmus . . . trāiēcit: cf.p. 38, n. 1.
40.7indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’Sēscentīandmīlleare often used in the same way.
40.8=et nōn(cf.l. 13).
40.9ēlīdō.
40.10dūrissimā . . . repellente: what does the abl. abs. express?
40.11Cōnfugiendum . . . ad: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort to.’ Cf.p. 39, n. 11.
40.12Theballistaeandcatapultaewere the artillery of antiquity. It is said that from theballistaestones weighing one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.
40.13velut . . . mūnīta: to be taken with what follows.
40.14opprimō.
40.15cōgō.
40.16acc. of extent (cf.p. 12, n. 1) withlongum.
40.17rēs bene gestās: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrastrē male gestā, XVI, 31, and note.
41.1Cf.p. 18, n. 17.
41.2occāsiōnem nactum(nancīscor): ‘seizing the opportunity.’
41.3īnstrūmentō rūsticō: ‘his farming implements.’
41.4Join withsuccessor, and cf.p. 26, n. 5.
41.5unde . . . alerentur: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.
41.6subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which seep. 13, n. 10.
41.7colendum: ‘to be tilled’ (cf.p. 2, n. 18), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally between owner and tenant.
41.8alimenta . . . praebuit: i.e. they were supported at public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given to Roman officials.
41.9contundō.
41.10abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B 220, 1.
41.11ut . . . redīretgives the purpose of the Carthaginians in exacting the oath.
41.12subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said:Sī nōn impetrāverō, . . . redībō.
41.13sententiam . . . recūsāvit: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’recūsāreis construed (1) with the simple infinitive; (2) withnēand a subjunctive of purpose; (3) withquīnorquōminusand a subjunctive of result.
41.14quamdiū . . . senātōrem: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as long as,’ etc.
41.15negāvit esse ūtile: ‘hesaidthat it wasnotexpedient.’ In such sentencesnegārerather thannōn dīcereis used. The subject ofesseis the clausecaptīvōs . . . reddī.
42.1‘exhausted.’
42.2Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown bytamen: seep. xxii, J.
42.3Sc.esse, and cf.p. 39, n. 11.
42.4Sc.eum: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole narrative as fictitious.
Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōsprofectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbatsēque, quō5diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esseiactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret,5auspicia6habēret pullāriusque7eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre ēcaveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltembiberent, quoniam ēsse1nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi2īrātīs diīs,see captionSACRED CHICKENSFrom the tomb of a Pullāriusmīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsquefēcisset, commissō proeliō310māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est:octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintīmīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā āpopulō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque4īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte15praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī5fuitetiam Claudiae,5cōnsulis sorōrī: quaeā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in6cōnfertāmultitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō,palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher20revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret,quō7minor turba Rōmae foret.7Ob vōcem illam impiamClaudia quoque damnāta gravisque8eī9dicta est multa.
Skip tonext selection.
42.5quō diē: we should expectdiē quō, oreōdem diē quō, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9): A 200,b: G 616: B 251, 4.42.6auspicia habēret: cf.auspicia adhibēre, I, 42.42.7pullārius . . . vescī: on setting out for the seat of war, the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in charge of a special keeper (pullārius). If, when food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance.43.1infinitive ofedō.43.2quasi . . . diīs: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods were angry.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 6.īrātīs diīsis an abl. abs.43.3The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123 ships.43.4quehere = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12).43.5Cf.p. 25, n. 6.43.6in . . . carpentō: an abl. abs., giving the cause ofoptāvit.43.7Cf.p. 14, n. 13.43.8gravis . . . multa: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’43.9dat. of disadvantage.
42.5quō diē: we should expectdiē quō, oreōdem diē quō, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9): A 200,b: G 616: B 251, 4.
42.6auspicia habēret: cf.auspicia adhibēre, I, 42.
42.7pullārius . . . vescī: on setting out for the seat of war, the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in charge of a special keeper (pullārius). If, when food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance.
43.1infinitive ofedō.
43.2quasi . . . diīs: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods were angry.’ Cf.p. 3, n. 6.īrātīs diīsis an abl. abs.
43.3The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123 ships.
43.4quehere = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently after negative sentences (p. 13, n. 12).
43.5Cf.p. 25, n. 6.
43.6in . . . carpentō: an abl. abs., giving the cause ofoptāvit.
43.7Cf.p. 14, n. 13.
43.8gravis . . . multa: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’
43.9dat. of disadvantage.
Hannibal, Hamilcaris10fīlius, novem11annōs12nātus, āpatre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit.Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum13Pūnicum bellum.Nam, mortuō1Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns Saguntum,5cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs2foederātam ēvertit.see captionHANNIBALB.C.219.Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginemlēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent.Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius,lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc”10inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum3placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret4utrum velletsucclāmantibus, Fabius, excussā5togā, bellumsē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et,quibus6acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.7
15Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit.Pūblium8Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum9amnem, Semprōnium apudTrebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit.
Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabiusdictātor10Hannibalis impetum morā11frēgit; namque, priōrum ducum20clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus12Hannibalem,succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere13ab ancipitī discrīmineet tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisquenōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmendūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,14ut neque omitteret15eum25neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,1nisi2quantum necessitāscōgeret,2mīles tenēbātur. Dux neque occāsiōnī3reī4benegerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostīdabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet,mīlitem5minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae30paenitēre.
Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrumangustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē expedīvit.Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta6prīncipiō7noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī35iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūcillūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipseFabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,8mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī vetuit.Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit.
Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum40ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missōRōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusquepretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit.
Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prōcautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem9vocitābant. Augēbat45invidiam Minucius, magister10equitum, dictātōrem crīminandō:illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,11quō diūtius inmagistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperiumhabēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī12magistrumequitum imperiō1aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō2animō tulit50Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autemMinucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī3perīclitantī auxiliōvēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī4cecinit, palam cōnfessus5ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse.Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum6ferunt tandem7eam nūbem, quae55sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse.Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit etpatrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit.
Posteā Hannibal Tarentō8per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hancurbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī60coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per9speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī,ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuīcum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitqueut10redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum11prōpulsaessent, ad urbem agerent10et velutī12praedam ex hoste65factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.10Iditerum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque13cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēsest, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent14sīgnum, portaurbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decemmīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt,70nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit.Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dumbēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressīprōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs1obtruncant. Tum Hannibalcum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius75Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt,in arcem cōnfūgit.
Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōnecinxit. Leve2dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendameum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat380amōre mulierculae,4cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīlesiussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrempraefectum ad5trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā6prīmāaccessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat. Adiuvantibusrecipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt.85Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,7Fabius cum exercitūintrāvit. Hannibal8nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opemferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī”inquit “suum9Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arteTarentum āmīsimus.”
90Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod10arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,10dīxissetque eum11suā operāTarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tūāmīsissēs,12ego numquam recēpissem.”12
Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque95in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est,duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō1vehēbātursenex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribusūndecim verēcundiā2paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant.Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit100inclāmāre3Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tumdēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sedexperīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtemvīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.4Cautior5quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita6ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī105bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī7dubiumest quīn8rem9Rōmānam cunctandō10restituerit. Ut Scīpiōpūgnandō,10ita hīc nōn dīmicandō10māximē cīvitātī Rōmānaesuccurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginemoppressit, alter cunctātiōne id11ēgit,nēRōma opprimī posset.
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43.10In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the conflict.43.11novem . . . nātus: ‘when only nine years old.’43.12Cf.p. 10, n. 15.43.13This war lasted from 218 to 202B.C.44.1When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.44.2dat. withfoederātam. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3):A 248,a,R.: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the dat. used withiungōandmīsceō.44.3utrumis here a relative pronoun; hence the indicativeplacet, with which we must supplyvōbīs. Inutrum vellet, however,utrumis interrogative: hence the subjunctive.44.4= a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original imperative. Seep. xxvi, M 6.44.5excutiō.44.6quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem: abl. of manner. Seep. 42, n. 5.44.7Sc.bellum.44.8P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.44.9The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.44.10See Vocab.,dictātor.44.11Cf.p. 28, n. 17.44.12adversus Hannibalem= a causal clause: ‘since he was facing H.’ Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle tosum.44.13recēdere . . . discrīmine: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous risk.’recēderedepends oncōnstituit,l. 22.44.14modicō . . . intervāllō: we say, ‘at a moderate distance.’ For the abl., seep. 39, n. 12.44.15‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’45.1apparently =in castrīs, but really an abl. of means.45.2nisi . . . cōgeret: ‘except as far as necessity forced (Fabius to lead them forth).’cōgeretis an example of the iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.45.3neque . . . deerat: ‘missed no chance of scoring a success.’45.4reī bene gerendae: cf.p. 40, n. 17.45.5mīlitem . . . paenitēre: ‘the soldiers began to be less discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the construction, seep. 28, n. 7.45.6dēligāta . . . incendī=dēligārī et incendī.45.7Why abl.?45.8reor.45.9Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’45.10See Vocab.,magister.45.11indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying suggested bycrīminandō.45.12Indirect object withaequāvit, which =aequum fēcit.46.1abl.of specification.46.2aequō animōis an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10), and = ‘patiently.’46.3eī . . . auxiliō: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf.p. 25, n. 6.46.4receptuī cecinit: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’receptuīis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.canereis used of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of vocal.46.5cōnfiteor.46.6i.e. Hannibal.46.7tandem . . . dedisse: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought wind and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.46.8Cf.p. 4, n. 6.46.9per . . . vēnandī: ‘under pretense of hunting.’46.10a substantive clause of purpose, object ofmonuit.46.11supine ofpāscō, denoting the purpose ofprōpulsa essent: cf.p. 5, n. 20.46.12veluti . . . factam: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder captured from the foe.’praedamis accus. by attraction toea pecora, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.46.13eō . . . est: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the matter brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’cōnsuētūdinisis a partitive gen. witheō, which strictly = ‘thither, to that point.’46.14subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) toaperīrētur, which itself denotes result.47.1‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as often, = a relative clause.47.2Leve . . . mōmentum: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling to mention.’ Fordictū, seep. 19, n. 15.47.3dēperībat amōre: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ i.e. was desperately in love with.47.4objective gen. withamōre: cf.p. 14, n. 15.47.5ad . . . perpulit(perpellō): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. induced him to, etc.47.6‘watch.’47.7refringō.47.8emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunctioncum: cf.p. 19, n. 8.47.9suum Hannibalem: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’47.10Cf.p. 14, n. 1.47.11i.e. Fabius. Livius said:meā operā tū Tarentum recēpistī.47.12A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary to the facts: H 579 andN.(510 andN.1): M 938: A 308: G 597: B 304.48.1equō vehēbātur: ‘was riding.’equōis an abl. of means.48.2verēcundiā . . . māiestātis: ‘out of respect for his dignity as a father.’ Explain the case ofverēcundiā, also ofmāiestātis. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in official position took precedence of the honors due a father.48.3Cf.p. 12, n. 3.48.4abl. withdīgnus: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245,a: G 397,N.2: B 226, 2.48.5Cautior . . . est: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather than alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: G 299: B 240, 4.48.6īnsita . . . prūdentia: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the caution implanted in his nature. Foringeniō, seep. 2, n. 7.48.7possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’48.8Cf.p. 39, n. 4.48.9=rem pūblicam.48.10abl. of means. Withcunctandōcf.morā,l. 19, andcunctātiōne,l. 109.48.11id . . . posset: ‘accomplished this, that it should be impossible to overthrow Rome.’nē . . . possetis a clause of purpose, in apposition withid.
43.10In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the conflict.
43.11novem . . . nātus: ‘when only nine years old.’
43.12Cf.p. 10, n. 15.
43.13This war lasted from 218 to 202B.C.
44.1When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.
44.2dat. withfoederātam. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3):A 248,a,R.: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the dat. used withiungōandmīsceō.
44.3utrumis here a relative pronoun; hence the indicativeplacet, with which we must supplyvōbīs. Inutrum vellet, however,utrumis interrogative: hence the subjunctive.
44.4= a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original imperative. Seep. xxvi, M 6.
44.5excutiō.
44.6quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem: abl. of manner. Seep. 42, n. 5.
44.7Sc.bellum.
44.8P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.
44.9The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.
44.10See Vocab.,dictātor.
44.11Cf.p. 28, n. 17.
44.12adversus Hannibalem= a causal clause: ‘since he was facing H.’ Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle tosum.
44.13recēdere . . . discrīmine: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous risk.’recēderedepends oncōnstituit,l. 22.
44.14modicō . . . intervāllō: we say, ‘at a moderate distance.’ For the abl., seep. 39, n. 12.
44.15‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’
45.1apparently =in castrīs, but really an abl. of means.
45.2nisi . . . cōgeret: ‘except as far as necessity forced (Fabius to lead them forth).’cōgeretis an example of the iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.
45.3neque . . . deerat: ‘missed no chance of scoring a success.’
45.4reī bene gerendae: cf.p. 40, n. 17.
45.5mīlitem . . . paenitēre: ‘the soldiers began to be less discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the construction, seep. 28, n. 7.
45.6dēligāta . . . incendī=dēligārī et incendī.
45.7Why abl.?
45.8reor.
45.9Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’
45.10See Vocab.,magister.
45.11indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying suggested bycrīminandō.
45.12Indirect object withaequāvit, which =aequum fēcit.
46.1abl.of specification.
46.2aequō animōis an abl. of manner (p. 41, n. 10), and = ‘patiently.’
46.3eī . . . auxiliō: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf.p. 25, n. 6.
46.4receptuī cecinit: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’receptuīis a dat. of purpose: cf.p. 25, n. 6.canereis used of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of vocal.
46.5cōnfiteor.
46.6i.e. Hannibal.
46.7tandem . . . dedisse: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought wind and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.
46.8Cf.p. 4, n. 6.
46.9per . . . vēnandī: ‘under pretense of hunting.’
46.10a substantive clause of purpose, object ofmonuit.
46.11supine ofpāscō, denoting the purpose ofprōpulsa essent: cf.p. 5, n. 20.
46.12veluti . . . factam: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder captured from the foe.’praedamis accus. by attraction toea pecora, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.
46.13eō . . . est: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the matter brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’cōnsuētūdinisis a partitive gen. witheō, which strictly = ‘thither, to that point.’
46.14subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) toaperīrētur, which itself denotes result.
47.1‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as often, = a relative clause.
47.2Leve . . . mōmentum: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling to mention.’ Fordictū, seep. 19, n. 15.
47.3dēperībat amōre: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ i.e. was desperately in love with.
47.4objective gen. withamōre: cf.p. 14, n. 15.
47.5ad . . . perpulit(perpellō): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. induced him to, etc.
47.6‘watch.’
47.7refringō.
47.8emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunctioncum: cf.p. 19, n. 8.
47.9suum Hannibalem: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’
47.10Cf.p. 14, n. 1.
47.11i.e. Fabius. Livius said:meā operā tū Tarentum recēpistī.
47.12A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary to the facts: H 579 andN.(510 andN.1): M 938: A 308: G 597: B 304.
48.1equō vehēbātur: ‘was riding.’equōis an abl. of means.
48.2verēcundiā . . . māiestātis: ‘out of respect for his dignity as a father.’ Explain the case ofverēcundiā, also ofmāiestātis. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in official position took precedence of the honors due a father.
48.3Cf.p. 12, n. 3.
48.4abl. withdīgnus: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245,a: G 397,N.2: B 226, 2.
48.5Cautior . . . est: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather than alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: G 299: B 240, 4.
48.6īnsita . . . prūdentia: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the caution implanted in his nature. Foringeniō, seep. 2, n. 7.
48.7possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’
48.8Cf.p. 39, n. 4.
48.9=rem pūblicam.
48.10abl. of means. Withcunctandōcf.morā,l. 19, andcunctātiōne,l. 109.
48.11id . . . posset: ‘accomplished this, that it should be impossible to overthrow Rome.’nē . . . possetis a clause of purpose, in apposition withid.
Hannibal12in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmāprofectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et TerentiusVarrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō1autem, ferōxet temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad5vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibideinde Varrō, invītō2conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnaededit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs3etsōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversīessent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre10vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutuscecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōrecōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “huncequum et fuge, Aemilī.4Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satislūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul5: “Tū6quidem macte virtūte15estō! Sed cavē7exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendīperdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quamhostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrummīlitum patere8exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibusVenusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidēruntsee captionĀNULUS20vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēsvirī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitumtria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in9tēstimōniumvictōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum10Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus25equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat.
Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque utquiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēiuspraefectīs, Maharbal, minimē1cessandum ratus, Hannibalemhortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in30Capitōliō epulātūrus.2Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset,Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem3diī dedēre.Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satiscrēditur salūtī4fuisse urbī4et imperiō.4Hannibal cum victōriāposset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit,35cūius5dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē dictumsit Capuam6Hannibalī Cannās fuisse.
Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum7ubi acceptaeclādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est;quīn8etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex tantā40clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicānōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,9temeritātis poenāsomnī suppliciō dedisset.9Nōn autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reīpūblicae amōre sē superfuisse10reliquō aetātis suae temporeapprobāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,11et posteā numquam45recubāns12cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur āpopulō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus1reī pūblicaeopus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat.see captionCONVĪVIUMRōmānī interim respīrāre2coepērunt. Arma nōn50erant: dētrācta sunttemplīs3vetera hostiumspolia. Deerat iuventūs:servī manūmissī et armātīsunt. Egēbat aerārium:55opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod inbullīs singulīsque4ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt.Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēstribūs. Dēnique vix5suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cumomnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur.
60Cum Hannibal redimendī6suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset,decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliudfideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn impetrāssent,in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuitresponditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī65essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrumēgressus, velutī7aliquid8oblītus, paulō post in castra eratregressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rēnōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātumesse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.9Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus70illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēsHannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusqueRōmānus rēbus1adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō.
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