40Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiāViolandum est. Aliīs4rēbus pietātem colās.5Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversāapud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuitet quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile45āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārumsubēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmummāiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe.Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvitporticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque6et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō50et sēparātim ēdidit: quō7factum est ut commūnium quoqueimpēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōniumeffūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi8opusesse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.B.C.60.Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem9cum Gnaeō55Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur inrē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgemtulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātusrepūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forumvēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut60in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eīfrangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rēcum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret,ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitriumadministrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī1quid tēstandī grātiā65sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus2Caesare etBibulō’ āctum3scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulemnōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.Fūnctus4cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. Gessitautem novem5annīs, quibus5in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam70in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnumincolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīsadfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā,superātīsque6pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc7cum8multaRōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum8illud9ēgregium ipsīus75Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manūscūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliōproeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam10conversumfaucibus comprehēnsum11in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramquead hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt,80cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnumtrepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.B.C.53.Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiamtenēbat,1statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō85sūspectae2Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās gravis,nec hīc3ferēbat parem, nec ille3superiōrem. Itaque cumCaesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet,pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,4alterum cōnsulātumpetere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī90est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus5in Ītaliam rediit etB.C.49.bellandum6ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī7prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulumcōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus adproximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum95trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem“Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsqueurbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsquecōnfūgerant.Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā100Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter8oppositās classēs gravissimā hiemetrānsmīsit; cōpiīsque9quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus,cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinusēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clamnāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam105mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinusdīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?”inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius1gubernātōrem cēdereadversae tempestātī passus est, quam1paene obrutus esset1fluctibus.B.C.48.110Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicōproeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit,Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoqueīnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontumtrānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et115multiplicī successū2praeferōcem intrā3quīntum ab adventū diem,quattuor, quibus4in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs4ūnā prōflīgāvitaciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit,abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris antevictum hostem esse quam vīsum.5Ponticō6posteā triumphō120trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” DeindeScīpiōnem7et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārumpartium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.8Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit Hispāniēnse,quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī9fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus,125ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs10paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium11ex tōtō orbe cōnfluentibus.Sua1Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sednūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium,adeō ut, plūs2quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque130ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē ineum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōnrecessūrum; proinde vidērent,3quem4et quō locō imperātōremdēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est.Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,135regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvitet quīnquiēs triumphāvit.Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reīpūblicae statum fāstōs5corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlisaccommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset140et, intercalāriō5mēnse sublātō, ūnus diēs quārtō quōque6annōintercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit.Repetundārum7convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. Peregrīnārummercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem8praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit.Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque145imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūscīvīle ad certum modum redigere9atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiāoptima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs;bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās1māximās posset, pūblicāre;siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī150dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant,coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātorenim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum adsē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,155īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,2Caesaris in omnibus bellīscomes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā sedentisprō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eōest repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum ineum est ā3sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus160cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. UxorCalpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteretōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat4ut proximōs diēstrīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae.165Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “ĪdūsMārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?”Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentemcōnspīrātī speciē5officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasialiquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque6ab7utrōque170umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidemvīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum8vulnerat paulumīnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcitcōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein utMarch 15,B.C. 44.animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,1togā caput175obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. CumMārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset,dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!”see captionTHE DEATH OF CAESARIllud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene exsententiā obtigisse.2Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem180lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūneresuō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremqueoptāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō supercēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnuminopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō185quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā1morte dēfūnctus est.Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, parsproeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem violāverant,interēmērunt.Quō2rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, hōc190laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī3clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārumad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī4vidēbantur aut in dīversīsaut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē5forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc195laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisiiniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit.Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sēepigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius6versiculīs fāmam suamlacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor200in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sēōrātiōnēs sciēbat.Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,7ōre7paulō8plēniōre, nigrīsvegetīsque oculīs,7capite7calvō; quam calvitiī dēfōrmitātem,quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō205ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn aliumaut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae9perpetuōgestandae. Vīnī1parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidemnegāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesaremad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et210equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgminenōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seusōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritātecōnficiēbat, ut2persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eummorābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus215trāiciēbat.Skip tonext selection.86.8See Vocab.,Iūlius.86.9ablative of source.86.10Cf.p. 73, n. 1.86.11i.e. Sulla.86.12neque potuit: ‘buthe was not able.’86.13ēlābor.87.1quārtānae(sc.febris). . . labōrābat: ‘he was suffering from intermittent fever.’morbōis abl. of cause.87.2prope . . . noctēs: ‘almost every night.’87.3nē . . . ēvāsit: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped being surrendered to Sulla.’nē . . . perdūcerēturexpresses the purpose ofdatā pecūniā.87.4Cf.p. xxiii, K 8.87.5= a rel. clause (cf.p. xxiv, L 1): ‘who pleaded (for Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’87.6For the subjunctive, seep. 63, n. 5. Sulla said:Vincite, dummodo sciātis, etc. Translateprōclāmāsse . . . scīrentthus: ‘cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to (lit. provided they) realize.’87.7See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.87.8‘oratory.’87.9prope abesse= ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.88.1See Vocab.,Hispānia.88.2i.e. even in so insignificant a place.88.3=quod avidus erat.88.4aliīs rēbus: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For the case, seep. 27, n. 3.88.5The subjunctive here = an imperative: seep. 31, n. 9. Note also thatcolāsis an example of the indefinite or universal second person, since the command is addressed, not to any particular individual, but to any one and every one.88.6lūdōs ēdidit: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of promotion to the higher offices.88.7‘whereby’; abl. of means.88.8sibi . . . sēstertium: withmīlliēssc.centēna mīlia, and takesēstertiumas gen. plural fromsēstertius, and dependent onmīlia. Translate: ‘that he needed 100,000,000 sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab.,sēstertius.88.9societātem . . . iūnxit: this combination is called ‘The First Triumvirate.’89.1sī . . . sīgnārent: an instance of the iterative subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ‘whenever they affixed their seals as witnesses.’89.2cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō: for this way of dating events, seeXIV, 1.89.3Sc.esse.89.4fūnctus(fungor) =postquam fūnctus est.89.5Cf.p. xvii, C 2.89.6Sc.eīs, as dat. of indirect object withimperāvit. Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great Britain.89.7=Hōc tempore, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going to say:Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum ēgregium fēcisse nārrant, but changes the construction attum.89.8cum . . . tum: cf.p. 67, n. 7.89.9illudis explained by the clausequod . . . restituit. The episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar’sGallic War. Cf. also Longfellow’sCourtship of Miles Standish, II.89.10iam conversum=quī iam conversus erat.89.11comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit=comprehendit et . . . dētrāxit.90.1‘preserved.’90.2Sc.erant; alsoeratwithgravis. Through the influence ofiam prīdemboth verbs have the force of Eng. pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277,b: G 234: B 260, 4.90.3Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) inCaesaris . . . superiōrem.90.4The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand for the consulship in 49B.C.90.5Cf.p. xviii, E 5.90.6bellandum(sc.esse): an impersonal passive: ‘that war was necessary.’90.7quī . . . erat: this river also formed the boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the government.90.8=per, ‘through the midst of.’90.9cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.91.1Cf.p. xx, G 4.91.2abl. both of cause and means. Join withpraeferōcem.91.3intrā . . . vēnit: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) within four hours after he caught sight of him.’91.4Seep. xvii, C 2.91.5Strictly, we ought to haveante victum esse quam vīsus esset, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. Caesar said:ante victus est quam vīsus(est). The infinitivevīsum(esse) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitivevictum esse.91.6Ponticō . . . triumphō: i.e. the procession in which he celebrated his victory in Pontus.triumphōis dat. withpraetulit.91.7Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.91.8at Thapsus, 46B.C.91.9Cf. XXVI, 49.91.10auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus: the abl. abs. denotes both cause and attendant circumstance.91.11=eōrum quī sequēbantur. Cf.volentibus, XIII, 97.92.1‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.92.2plūs . . . Mārte: ‘since the battle was more than doubtful.’ The battle was fought at Munda, 45B.C.92.3Cf.p. 63, n. 5.92.4=quālem. Soquō=quālī.92.5fāstōs corrēxit: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called amēnsis intercalāris, should be added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23 days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4 days. A further cause of confusion was the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is almost identical with that in use to-day.92.6fromquisque: ‘each,’ ‘every.’92.7Sc.rērum.rēs repetundaewas a technical term for ‘extortion.’ For the gen., seep. 36, n. 8.92.8Alēx sumptuāriawas a law regulating the sums of money which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.92.9The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the clauses in which they stand are in apposition toplūra ac māiōra,l. 144. Seep. 86, n. 5.93.1quās . . . pūblicāre: ‘to throw open to the public as large libraries as possible.’93.2The celebrated Mark Antony.93.3ā . . . virīs: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case ofvirīs, seep. 10, n. 18.93.4‘had warned him,’not‘had predicted’: hence it may be construed with a substantive clause of purpose (ut . . . cavēret) as its object.93.5speciē officiī: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf.per speciem vēnandī, XIX, 60.93.6Sc.eī: dat. of interest.93.7‘by’; cf.p. 11, n. 10.93.8adversum(sc.eum)vulnerat: ‘wounds him in front.’ The wound was in the shoulder. Foradversumas = an adverbial phrase, cf.p. 4, n. 4.94.1‘assailed.’94.2obtingō.95.1suā morte: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.95.2Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis: ‘The rarer . . . the more praiseworthy.’Quōandhōcare ablative of the degree of difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf.p. 39, n. 12.95.3i.e. over his fellow-citizens.95.4quī . . . partibus: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. How literally? Withdīversīssc.Pompēiō.95.5nē . . . darent: ‘that they might not by any chance give occasion to vigorous measures,’ etc.95.6cūius . . . īgnōrābat: ‘by whose verses, as he very well knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.’95.7ablatives of characteristic.95.8paulō plēniōre: ‘somewhat full.’95.9Sc.corōnae, and cf. the frequent omission ofmanuswithdextraandsinistra.96.1Vīnī parcissimum: cf.Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī parcus, XXVI, 21, and note.96.2ut . . . praevenīretexpresses result, not purpose.Text-only versionXXVIII.Mārcus Tullius Cicerōsee captionCICERŌMārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī,quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēiusavīs3ūnus verrūcam4in extrēmō nāsō5sitamhabuit, ciceris6grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen5Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdamut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam”inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrumnōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patreRōmam missus, ubi7celeberrimōrum magistrōrum10scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis adhūmānitātem8solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cumpraeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut,cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,9nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent,15repertī esse dīcantur.Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viammūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtōanimō in ēius studium incubuit,1in quō quidem ita versātus2est,ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs3causās perōrārent,420studiōsē sectārētur,5sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sēexercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem6adversus Sullānōsostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, obChrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,7quī in ēius adversāriīs erat, potentiamnēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō,25ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quōinvidiam veritus8Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochumphilosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodumsē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,9magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset,30flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laudeprīvārētur.10Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūraaut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae11difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in35urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem12ēius expertī,13māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllīumquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīsdīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs14et essetet habērētur prīnceps.40Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārīvirtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.15Catilīnae proavum,16M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert. Stīpendia17is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō18dextrammanum perdidit: stīpendiīs18duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est:45ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque19posteāstīpendiīs dēbilis1mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis2vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō3nōn diē incatēnīs4aut compedibus5cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā quaterpūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.6Dextram sibi50ferream fēcit eāque religātā7proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōneexēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliācēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre,Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam.Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis855scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiāmultōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandīcupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūsrepulsam9passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum cōnfodere,cōnsulēs trucīdāre,10urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium cōnstituerat.60Āctum11erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa coniūrātiōin12Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum alter13indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū14oppressit. Cum Cicerō,habitō senātū, in praesentem reum15perōrāsset, Catilīna, incendiumsuum ruīnā16sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit65et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrusurbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī incarcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium,iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,17prāvōcōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem,70ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus18nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversusCatilīnam genuisse.19Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīsRōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter75dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit;quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā1tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera2repertusest: pulcherrimā morte,3sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātuspopulusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō80ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriaeservandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāssetadversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectōincendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōsāvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad85salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meaeclārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae.Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantumdare ingeniō meō, ut4dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illāturbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.”90Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis,quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā5causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,6tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste7mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur.Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbecēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī95flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut MārcōTulliō8īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et vīllāsincendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē populusRōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit etmāximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est.100Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit,accidit iūcundius. Obviam1eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est: domusēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est.Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortaesunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs2nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse vidērētur.105Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur3ut eōs inter sē reconciliāretet ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrumad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est.Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quōinterfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,4Antōnium110impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur.SedAntōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,5Cicerōnem iamdiū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs6itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indequenāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns115in altum prōvectum cum modo7ventī adversī rettulissent, modoipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium8tandem eumet fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit“in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus percussōribus,servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum,see captionLECTĪCA.120ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam9et quiētōs patī, quodsors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī10ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem11praebentī10caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae;caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque125iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum.Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsacommīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbatCicerō et plūs1operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō.Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur,130nōn sē angōribus2dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus.Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatquesē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cumanimus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās possedēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum135temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad scrībendum:atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus3aliquid prōdesse4posset,ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevītempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stantescrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae5et Latīnārum litterārum parēns140ēvāsit6pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent nōnsōlum ex7malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere8exhīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī.Multa exstant facētē9ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum10suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum,145“Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”—Mātrōnaquaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sētrīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit“nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”—Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuōdiē11Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā in150reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrentsalūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeatmagistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā12vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōnvīderit.13”Skip tonext selection.
40Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiāViolandum est. Aliīs4rēbus pietātem colās.5
40Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā
Violandum est. Aliīs4rēbus pietātem colās.5
Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversāapud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuitet quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile45āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārumsubēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmummāiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe.
Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvitporticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque6et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō50et sēparātim ēdidit: quō7factum est ut commūnium quoqueimpēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōniumeffūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi8opusesse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.
Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem9cum Gnaeō55Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur inrē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgemtulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātusrepūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forumvēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut60in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eīfrangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rēcum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret,ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitriumadministrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī1quid tēstandī grātiā65sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus2Caesare etBibulō’ āctum3scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulemnōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.
Fūnctus4cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. Gessitautem novem5annīs, quibus5in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam70in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnumincolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīsadfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā,superātīsque6pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc7cum8multaRōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum8illud9ēgregium ipsīus75Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manūscūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliōproeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam10conversumfaucibus comprehēnsum11in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramquead hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt,80cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnumtrepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.
Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiamtenēbat,1statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō85sūspectae2Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās gravis,nec hīc3ferēbat parem, nec ille3superiōrem. Itaque cumCaesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet,pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,4alterum cōnsulātumpetere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī90est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus5in Ītaliam rediit etB.C.49.bellandum6ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī7prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulumcōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus adproximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum95trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem“Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsqueurbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsquecōnfūgerant.
Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā100Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter8oppositās classēs gravissimā hiemetrānsmīsit; cōpiīsque9quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus,cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinusēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clamnāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam105mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinusdīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?”inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius1gubernātōrem cēdereadversae tempestātī passus est, quam1paene obrutus esset1fluctibus.
110Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicōproeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit,Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoqueīnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontumtrānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et115multiplicī successū2praeferōcem intrā3quīntum ab adventū diem,quattuor, quibus4in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs4ūnā prōflīgāvitaciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit,abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris antevictum hostem esse quam vīsum.5Ponticō6posteā triumphō120trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” DeindeScīpiōnem7et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārumpartium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.8
Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit Hispāniēnse,quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī9fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus,125ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs10paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium11ex tōtō orbe cōnfluentibus.Sua1Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sednūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium,adeō ut, plūs2quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque130ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē ineum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōnrecessūrum; proinde vidērent,3quem4et quō locō imperātōremdēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est.Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,135regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvitet quīnquiēs triumphāvit.
Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reīpūblicae statum fāstōs5corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlisaccommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset140et, intercalāriō5mēnse sublātō, ūnus diēs quārtō quōque6annōintercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit.Repetundārum7convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. Peregrīnārummercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem8praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit.Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque145imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūscīvīle ad certum modum redigere9atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiāoptima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs;bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās1māximās posset, pūblicāre;siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī150dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant,coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.
Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātorenim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum adsē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,155īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,2Caesaris in omnibus bellīscomes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā sedentisprō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eōest repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum ineum est ā3sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus160cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.
Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. UxorCalpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteretōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat4ut proximōs diēstrīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae.165Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “ĪdūsMārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?”Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentemcōnspīrātī speciē5officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasialiquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque6ab7utrōque170umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidemvīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum8vulnerat paulumīnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcitcōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein utMarch 15,B.C. 44.animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,1togā caput175obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. CumMārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset,dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!”
see caption
THE DEATH OF CAESAR
Illud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene exsententiā obtigisse.2Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem180lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūneresuō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremqueoptāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō supercēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnuminopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō185quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā1morte dēfūnctus est.Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, parsproeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem violāverant,interēmērunt.
Quō2rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, hōc190laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī3clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārumad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī4vidēbantur aut in dīversīsaut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē5forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc195laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisiiniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit.Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sēepigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius6versiculīs fāmam suamlacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor200in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sēōrātiōnēs sciēbat.
Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,7ōre7paulō8plēniōre, nigrīsvegetīsque oculīs,7capite7calvō; quam calvitiī dēfōrmitātem,quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō205ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn aliumaut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae9perpetuōgestandae. Vīnī1parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidemnegāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesaremad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et210equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgminenōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seusōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritātecōnficiēbat, ut2persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eummorābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus215trāiciēbat.
Skip tonext selection.
86.8See Vocab.,Iūlius.86.9ablative of source.86.10Cf.p. 73, n. 1.86.11i.e. Sulla.86.12neque potuit: ‘buthe was not able.’86.13ēlābor.87.1quārtānae(sc.febris). . . labōrābat: ‘he was suffering from intermittent fever.’morbōis abl. of cause.87.2prope . . . noctēs: ‘almost every night.’87.3nē . . . ēvāsit: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped being surrendered to Sulla.’nē . . . perdūcerēturexpresses the purpose ofdatā pecūniā.87.4Cf.p. xxiii, K 8.87.5= a rel. clause (cf.p. xxiv, L 1): ‘who pleaded (for Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’87.6For the subjunctive, seep. 63, n. 5. Sulla said:Vincite, dummodo sciātis, etc. Translateprōclāmāsse . . . scīrentthus: ‘cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to (lit. provided they) realize.’87.7See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.87.8‘oratory.’87.9prope abesse= ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.88.1See Vocab.,Hispānia.88.2i.e. even in so insignificant a place.88.3=quod avidus erat.88.4aliīs rēbus: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For the case, seep. 27, n. 3.88.5The subjunctive here = an imperative: seep. 31, n. 9. Note also thatcolāsis an example of the indefinite or universal second person, since the command is addressed, not to any particular individual, but to any one and every one.88.6lūdōs ēdidit: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of promotion to the higher offices.88.7‘whereby’; abl. of means.88.8sibi . . . sēstertium: withmīlliēssc.centēna mīlia, and takesēstertiumas gen. plural fromsēstertius, and dependent onmīlia. Translate: ‘that he needed 100,000,000 sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab.,sēstertius.88.9societātem . . . iūnxit: this combination is called ‘The First Triumvirate.’89.1sī . . . sīgnārent: an instance of the iterative subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ‘whenever they affixed their seals as witnesses.’89.2cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō: for this way of dating events, seeXIV, 1.89.3Sc.esse.89.4fūnctus(fungor) =postquam fūnctus est.89.5Cf.p. xvii, C 2.89.6Sc.eīs, as dat. of indirect object withimperāvit. Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great Britain.89.7=Hōc tempore, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going to say:Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum ēgregium fēcisse nārrant, but changes the construction attum.89.8cum . . . tum: cf.p. 67, n. 7.89.9illudis explained by the clausequod . . . restituit. The episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar’sGallic War. Cf. also Longfellow’sCourtship of Miles Standish, II.89.10iam conversum=quī iam conversus erat.89.11comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit=comprehendit et . . . dētrāxit.90.1‘preserved.’90.2Sc.erant; alsoeratwithgravis. Through the influence ofiam prīdemboth verbs have the force of Eng. pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277,b: G 234: B 260, 4.90.3Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) inCaesaris . . . superiōrem.90.4The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand for the consulship in 49B.C.90.5Cf.p. xviii, E 5.90.6bellandum(sc.esse): an impersonal passive: ‘that war was necessary.’90.7quī . . . erat: this river also formed the boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the government.90.8=per, ‘through the midst of.’90.9cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.91.1Cf.p. xx, G 4.91.2abl. both of cause and means. Join withpraeferōcem.91.3intrā . . . vēnit: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) within four hours after he caught sight of him.’91.4Seep. xvii, C 2.91.5Strictly, we ought to haveante victum esse quam vīsus esset, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. Caesar said:ante victus est quam vīsus(est). The infinitivevīsum(esse) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitivevictum esse.91.6Ponticō . . . triumphō: i.e. the procession in which he celebrated his victory in Pontus.triumphōis dat. withpraetulit.91.7Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.91.8at Thapsus, 46B.C.91.9Cf. XXVI, 49.91.10auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus: the abl. abs. denotes both cause and attendant circumstance.91.11=eōrum quī sequēbantur. Cf.volentibus, XIII, 97.92.1‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.92.2plūs . . . Mārte: ‘since the battle was more than doubtful.’ The battle was fought at Munda, 45B.C.92.3Cf.p. 63, n. 5.92.4=quālem. Soquō=quālī.92.5fāstōs corrēxit: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called amēnsis intercalāris, should be added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23 days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4 days. A further cause of confusion was the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is almost identical with that in use to-day.92.6fromquisque: ‘each,’ ‘every.’92.7Sc.rērum.rēs repetundaewas a technical term for ‘extortion.’ For the gen., seep. 36, n. 8.92.8Alēx sumptuāriawas a law regulating the sums of money which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.92.9The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the clauses in which they stand are in apposition toplūra ac māiōra,l. 144. Seep. 86, n. 5.93.1quās . . . pūblicāre: ‘to throw open to the public as large libraries as possible.’93.2The celebrated Mark Antony.93.3ā . . . virīs: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case ofvirīs, seep. 10, n. 18.93.4‘had warned him,’not‘had predicted’: hence it may be construed with a substantive clause of purpose (ut . . . cavēret) as its object.93.5speciē officiī: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf.per speciem vēnandī, XIX, 60.93.6Sc.eī: dat. of interest.93.7‘by’; cf.p. 11, n. 10.93.8adversum(sc.eum)vulnerat: ‘wounds him in front.’ The wound was in the shoulder. Foradversumas = an adverbial phrase, cf.p. 4, n. 4.94.1‘assailed.’94.2obtingō.95.1suā morte: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.95.2Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis: ‘The rarer . . . the more praiseworthy.’Quōandhōcare ablative of the degree of difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf.p. 39, n. 12.95.3i.e. over his fellow-citizens.95.4quī . . . partibus: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. How literally? Withdīversīssc.Pompēiō.95.5nē . . . darent: ‘that they might not by any chance give occasion to vigorous measures,’ etc.95.6cūius . . . īgnōrābat: ‘by whose verses, as he very well knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.’95.7ablatives of characteristic.95.8paulō plēniōre: ‘somewhat full.’95.9Sc.corōnae, and cf. the frequent omission ofmanuswithdextraandsinistra.96.1Vīnī parcissimum: cf.Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī parcus, XXVI, 21, and note.96.2ut . . . praevenīretexpresses result, not purpose.
86.8See Vocab.,Iūlius.
86.9ablative of source.
86.10Cf.p. 73, n. 1.
86.11i.e. Sulla.
86.12neque potuit: ‘buthe was not able.’
86.13ēlābor.
87.1quārtānae(sc.febris). . . labōrābat: ‘he was suffering from intermittent fever.’morbōis abl. of cause.
87.2prope . . . noctēs: ‘almost every night.’
87.3nē . . . ēvāsit: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped being surrendered to Sulla.’nē . . . perdūcerēturexpresses the purpose ofdatā pecūniā.
87.4Cf.p. xxiii, K 8.
87.5= a rel. clause (cf.p. xxiv, L 1): ‘who pleaded (for Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’
87.6For the subjunctive, seep. 63, n. 5. Sulla said:Vincite, dummodo sciātis, etc. Translateprōclāmāsse . . . scīrentthus: ‘cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to (lit. provided they) realize.’
87.7See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.
87.8‘oratory.’
87.9prope abesse= ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.
88.1See Vocab.,Hispānia.
88.2i.e. even in so insignificant a place.
88.3=quod avidus erat.
88.4aliīs rēbus: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For the case, seep. 27, n. 3.
88.5The subjunctive here = an imperative: seep. 31, n. 9. Note also thatcolāsis an example of the indefinite or universal second person, since the command is addressed, not to any particular individual, but to any one and every one.
88.6lūdōs ēdidit: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of promotion to the higher offices.
88.7‘whereby’; abl. of means.
88.8sibi . . . sēstertium: withmīlliēssc.centēna mīlia, and takesēstertiumas gen. plural fromsēstertius, and dependent onmīlia. Translate: ‘that he needed 100,000,000 sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab.,sēstertius.
88.9societātem . . . iūnxit: this combination is called ‘The First Triumvirate.’
89.1sī . . . sīgnārent: an instance of the iterative subjunctive (p. 45, n. 2) = ‘whenever they affixed their seals as witnesses.’
89.2cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō: for this way of dating events, seeXIV, 1.
89.3Sc.esse.
89.4fūnctus(fungor) =postquam fūnctus est.
89.5Cf.p. xvii, C 2.
89.6Sc.eīs, as dat. of indirect object withimperāvit. Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great Britain.
89.7=Hōc tempore, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going to say:Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum ēgregium fēcisse nārrant, but changes the construction attum.
89.8cum . . . tum: cf.p. 67, n. 7.
89.9illudis explained by the clausequod . . . restituit. The episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar’sGallic War. Cf. also Longfellow’sCourtship of Miles Standish, II.
89.10iam conversum=quī iam conversus erat.
89.11comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit=comprehendit et . . . dētrāxit.
90.1‘preserved.’
90.2Sc.erant; alsoeratwithgravis. Through the influence ofiam prīdemboth verbs have the force of Eng. pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277,b: G 234: B 260, 4.
90.3Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) inCaesaris . . . superiōrem.
90.4The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand for the consulship in 49B.C.
90.5Cf.p. xviii, E 5.
90.6bellandum(sc.esse): an impersonal passive: ‘that war was necessary.’
90.7quī . . . erat: this river also formed the boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the government.
90.8=per, ‘through the midst of.’
90.9cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because his forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.
91.1Cf.p. xx, G 4.
91.2abl. both of cause and means. Join withpraeferōcem.
91.3intrā . . . vēnit: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) within four hours after he caught sight of him.’
91.4Seep. xvii, C 2.
91.5Strictly, we ought to haveante victum esse quam vīsus esset, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. Caesar said:ante victus est quam vīsus(est). The infinitivevīsum(esse) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitivevictum esse.
91.6Ponticō . . . triumphō: i.e. the procession in which he celebrated his victory in Pontus.triumphōis dat. withpraetulit.
91.7Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.
91.8at Thapsus, 46B.C.
91.9Cf. XXVI, 49.
91.10auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus: the abl. abs. denotes both cause and attendant circumstance.
91.11=eōrum quī sequēbantur. Cf.volentibus, XIII, 97.
92.1‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.
92.2plūs . . . Mārte: ‘since the battle was more than doubtful.’ The battle was fought at Munda, 45B.C.
92.3Cf.p. 63, n. 5.
92.4=quālem. Soquō=quālī.
92.5fāstōs corrēxit: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called amēnsis intercalāris, should be added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23 days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4 days. A further cause of confusion was the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is almost identical with that in use to-day.
92.6fromquisque: ‘each,’ ‘every.’
92.7Sc.rērum.rēs repetundaewas a technical term for ‘extortion.’ For the gen., seep. 36, n. 8.
92.8Alēx sumptuāriawas a law regulating the sums of money which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.
92.9The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the clauses in which they stand are in apposition toplūra ac māiōra,l. 144. Seep. 86, n. 5.
93.1quās . . . pūblicāre: ‘to throw open to the public as large libraries as possible.’
93.2The celebrated Mark Antony.
93.3ā . . . virīs: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case ofvirīs, seep. 10, n. 18.
93.4‘had warned him,’not‘had predicted’: hence it may be construed with a substantive clause of purpose (ut . . . cavēret) as its object.
93.5speciē officiī: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf.per speciem vēnandī, XIX, 60.
93.6Sc.eī: dat. of interest.
93.7‘by’; cf.p. 11, n. 10.
93.8adversum(sc.eum)vulnerat: ‘wounds him in front.’ The wound was in the shoulder. Foradversumas = an adverbial phrase, cf.p. 4, n. 4.
94.1‘assailed.’
94.2obtingō.
95.1suā morte: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.
95.2Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis: ‘The rarer . . . the more praiseworthy.’Quōandhōcare ablative of the degree of difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf.p. 39, n. 12.
95.3i.e. over his fellow-citizens.
95.4quī . . . partibus: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. How literally? Withdīversīssc.Pompēiō.
95.5nē . . . darent: ‘that they might not by any chance give occasion to vigorous measures,’ etc.
95.6cūius . . . īgnōrābat: ‘by whose verses, as he very well knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.’
95.7ablatives of characteristic.
95.8paulō plēniōre: ‘somewhat full.’
95.9Sc.corōnae, and cf. the frequent omission ofmanuswithdextraandsinistra.
96.1Vīnī parcissimum: cf.Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī parcus, XXVI, 21, and note.
96.2ut . . . praevenīretexpresses result, not purpose.
Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī,quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēiusavīs3ūnus verrūcam4in extrēmō nāsō5sitamhabuit, ciceris6grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen5Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdamut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam”inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrumnōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patreRōmam missus, ubi7celeberrimōrum magistrōrum10scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis adhūmānitātem8solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cumpraeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut,cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,9nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent,15repertī esse dīcantur.
Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viammūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtōanimō in ēius studium incubuit,1in quō quidem ita versātus2est,ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs3causās perōrārent,420studiōsē sectārētur,5sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sēexercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem6adversus Sullānōsostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, obChrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,7quī in ēius adversāriīs erat, potentiamnēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō,25ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quōinvidiam veritus8Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochumphilosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodumsē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,9magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset,30flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laudeprīvārētur.10
Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūraaut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae11difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in35urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem12ēius expertī,13māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllīumquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīsdīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs14et essetet habērētur prīnceps.
40Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārīvirtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.15Catilīnae proavum,16M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert. Stīpendia17is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō18dextrammanum perdidit: stīpendiīs18duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est:45ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque19posteāstīpendiīs dēbilis1mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis2vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō3nōn diē incatēnīs4aut compedibus5cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā quaterpūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.6Dextram sibi50ferream fēcit eāque religātā7proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōneexēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliācēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre,Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam.
Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis855scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiāmultōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandīcupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūsrepulsam9passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum cōnfodere,cōnsulēs trucīdāre,10urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium cōnstituerat.60Āctum11erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa coniūrātiōin12Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum alter13indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū14oppressit. Cum Cicerō,habitō senātū, in praesentem reum15perōrāsset, Catilīna, incendiumsuum ruīnā16sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit65et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrusurbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī incarcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium,iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,17prāvōcōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem,70ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus18nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversusCatilīnam genuisse.19
Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīsRōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter75dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit;quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā1tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera2repertusest: pulcherrimā morte,3sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātuspopulusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō80ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriaeservandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāssetadversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectōincendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōsāvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad85salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meaeclārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae.Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantumdare ingeniō meō, ut4dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illāturbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.”
90Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis,quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā5causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,6tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste7mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur.Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbecēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī95flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut MārcōTulliō8īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et vīllāsincendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē populusRōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit etmāximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est.100Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit,accidit iūcundius. Obviam1eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est: domusēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est.
Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortaesunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs2nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse vidērētur.105Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur3ut eōs inter sē reconciliāretet ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrumad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est.Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quōinterfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,4Antōnium110impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur.
SedAntōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,5Cicerōnem iamdiū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs6itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indequenāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns115in altum prōvectum cum modo7ventī adversī rettulissent, modoipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium8tandem eumet fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit“in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus percussōribus,servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum,see captionLECTĪCA.120ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam9et quiētōs patī, quodsors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī10ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem11praebentī10caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae;caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque125iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum.
Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsacommīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbatCicerō et plūs1operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō.Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur,130nōn sē angōribus2dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus.Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatquesē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cumanimus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās possedēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum135temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad scrībendum:atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus3aliquid prōdesse4posset,ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevītempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stantescrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae5et Latīnārum litterārum parēns140ēvāsit6pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent nōnsōlum ex7malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere8exhīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī.
Multa exstant facētē9ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum10suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum,145“Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”—Mātrōnaquaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sētrīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit“nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”—Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuōdiē11Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā in150reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrentsalūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeatmagistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā12vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōnvīderit.13”
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