DishFig. 198.
Fig. 198.
The bars of India ink are shown, as they are imported, infigs. 199 to 202.
Pure India or China ink is only made in thosecountries, because the special wood from which it is prepared is found only in those regions. So-called India inks, made of lampblack and animal glue, are only imitations; therefore India ink should be purchased from a reliable importing house—shape is little guarantee of quality.
InkFig. 199.—Fig. 200.—Fig. 201.—Fig. 202.
Fig. 199.—Fig. 200.—Fig. 201.—Fig. 202.
EraserFig. 203.
Fig. 203.
Soft gray vulcanized rubber (fig. 203) should be used for cleaning drawing paper; for erasing any portion of a line in pencil, a piece of prepared white vulcanized rubber is the best, small in size and of rectangular shape (seefig. 205).
ErasersFig. 204.Fig. 205.
Fig. 204.Fig. 205.
Fig. 204.
Fig. 204.
Fig. 205.
Fig. 205.
ErasersFig. 206.Fig. 207.
Fig. 206.Fig. 207.
Fig. 206.
Fig. 206.
Fig. 207.
Fig. 207.
An ink eraser is made of a composition of rubber and ground glass, and it should be used as sparingly as possible on drawings, as it roughens the paper and removes the gloss from its surface (seefig. 204). Steel ink erasers are useful in removing defects, overrun lines, joint of lines if swollen, etc.; they have a fine point and can be used to advantage with a little practice; they are used with a scratching, not a cutting, motion (seefigs. 206, 207).
The first thing to be considered in selecting drawing paper is the kind most suitable for the proposed plan. Paper may be purchased in sheets 22 × 30 inches, that make four exercise sheets 11 × 15 inches; this may be of several grades and tints.
The qualities that constitute good paper are strength, uniformity of thickness and surface, neither repelling nor absorbing liquids, admitting of considerable erasing without destroying the surface, not becoming brittle nor discolored by reasonable exposure or age, and not buckling when stretched, or when ink or color is applied.
The sizes and names of paper made in sheets is as follows:
For large drawings paper is made in rolls. “Detail paper” is especially made for marking out new designs; it is made in rolls 36, 42 and 54 inches wide; it has excellent erasing qualities and takes ink and color with facility.
When working by artificial light it is desirable that the paper be of a light-brown color, which is less trying to the eyes than a pure white.
If it is a shop drawing or sketch not to be preserved, use detail paper, which is the most economical and will stand a great deal of handling without becoming soiled. If it is a detailed plan, finished drawing or a picture, use the best white drawing paper to be obtained, so that your drawings can be preserved indefinitely without danger of fading, which is due either to the paper being poorly made and discoloring with age, or being of poor fiber and absorbing the ink or color, and the drawing consequently losing its brightness.
After deciding on the size of paper most suitable for the work, then carefully select the paper embracing the most qualities of value for the proposed drawing.
SpiralFig. 208.
Fig. 208.
MECHANICAL DRAWING
Hand and compassesFig. 209.
Fig. 209.