Chapter 10

I.Dakota.(A) Santee: include Mde´-wa-kan-ton-wan(Spirit Lake village, Santee Reservation, Nebraska), and Wa-qpe´-ku-te (Leaf Shooters); some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.(B) Sisseton (Si-si´-ton-wan), on Sisseton Reservation, South Dakota, and part on Devil’s Lake Reservation, North Dakota.(C) Wahpeton (Wa-qpe´-ton-wan, Wa-hpe-ton-wan); Leaf village. Some on Sisseton Reservation; most on Devil’s Lake Reservation.(D) Yankton (I-hañk´-ton-wan), at Yankton Reservation, South Dakota.(E) Yanktonnais (I-hañk´-ton-wan´-na); divided intoUpperandLower. Of theUpper Yanktonnais, there are some of theCut-head band(Pa´-ba-ksa gens) on Devil’s Lake Reservation.Upper Yanktonnais, most are on Standing Rock Reservation, North Dakota;Lower Yanktonnais, most are on Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota, some are on Standing Rock Reservation, and some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.(F) Teton (Ti-ton-wan); some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.(a)Brulé(Si-tcan´-xu); some are on Standing Rock Reservation. Most of theUpper Brulé(Highland Sitcanxu) are on Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota. Most of theLower Brulé(Lowland Sitcanxu) are on Lower Brulé Reservation, South Dakota.(b)Sans Arcs(I-ta´-zip-tco´, Without Bows). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation. South Dakota; some on Standing Rock Reservation.(c)Blackfeet(Si-ha´sa´-pa). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation; some on Standing Rock Reservation.(d)Minneconjou(Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation, some are on Rosebud Reservation, and some on Standing Rock Reservation.(e)Two Kettles(O-o´-he-non´-pa, Two Boilings), on Cheyenne Reservation.(f)Ogalalla(O-gla´-la). Most on Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota; some on Standing Rock Reservation.Wa-ża-ża(Wa-ja-ja, Wa-zha-zha), a gens of the Oglala (Pine Ridge Reservation);Loafers(Wa-glu-xe, In-breeders), a gens of the Oglala; most on Pine Ridge Reservation; some on Rosebud Reservation.(g)Uncpapa(1862-’63),Uncapapa(1880-’81), (Huñ´-kpa-pa), on Standing Rock Reservation.II.Assinaboin(Hohe, Dakota name); most in British North America; some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.III.Omaha(U-man´-han), on Omaha Reservation, Nebraska.IV.Ponca(formerlyPonkaon maps; Ponka); 605 on Ponca Reservation, Indian Territory; 217 at Santee Agency, Nebraska.[K] and [S] represent inverted K and S.V.Kaw([K]an´-ze; the Kansa Indians); on the Kansas Reservation. Indian Territory.VI.Osage; Big Osage(Pa-he´-tsi, Those on a Mountain);Little Osage(Those at the foot of the Mountain);Arkansas Band([S]an-ʇsu-ʞ¢in, Dwellers in a Highland Grove), Osage Reservation, Indian Territory.VII.Quapaw(U-ʞa´-qpa; Kwapa). A few are on the Quapaw Reserve, but about 200 are on the Osage Reserve, Oklahoma. (They are theArkansaof early times.)VIII.Iowa, on Great Nemaha Reserve, Kansas and Nebraska, and 86 on Sac and Fox Reserve, Indian Territory.IX.Otoe(Wa-to´-qta-ta), on Otoe Reserve, Indian Territory.X.MissouriorMissouria(Ni-u´-t’a-tci), on Otoe Reserve.XI.Winnebago(Ho-tcañ´-ga-ra); most in Nebraska, on their reserve: some are in Wisconsin; some in Michigan, according to Dr. Reynolds.XII.Mandan, on Fort Berthold Reserve, North Dakota.XIII.Gros Ventres(a misleading name; syn.Minnetaree; Hi-da´-tsa); on the same reserve.XIV.Crow(Absáruqe, Aubsároke, etc.), Crow Reserve, Montana.XV.Tutelo(Ye-san´); among the Six Nations, Grand River Reserve, Province of Ontario, Canada.XVI.Biloxi(Ta´-neks ha´-ya), part on the Red River, at Avoyelles, Louisiana; part in Indian Territory, among the Choctaw and Caddo.XVII.Catawba.XVIII.Woccon.Population.—The present number of the Siouan family is about 43,400, of whom about 2,204 are in British North America, the rest being in the United States. Below is given the population of the tribes officially recognized, compiled chiefly from the Canadian Indian Report for 1888, the United States Indian Commissioner’s Report for 1889, and the United States Census Bulletin for 1890:Dakota:Mdewakantonwan and Wahpekute (Santee) on Santee Reserve, Nebraska869At Flandreau, Dakota292Santee at Devil’s Lake Agency54Sisseton and Wahpeton on Sisseton Reserve, South Dakota1,522Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cuthead (Yanktonnais) at Devil’s Lake Reservation857Yankton:On Yankton Reservation, South Dakota1,725At Devil’s Lake Agency123On Fort Peck Reservation, Montana1,121A few on Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota10A few on Lower Brulé Reservation, South Dakota102,989Yanktonnais:Upper Yanktonnais on Standing Rock Reservation1,786Lower Yanktonnais on Crow Creek Reservation1,058At Standing Rock Agency1,7394,583Teton:Brulé, Upper Brulé on Rosebud Reservation3,245On Devil’s Lake Reservation2Lower Brulé at Crow Creek and Lower Brulé Agency1,026Minneconjou (mostly) and Two Kettle, on Cheyenne River Reserve2,823Blackfeet on Standing Rock Reservation545Two Kettle on Rosebud Reservation315Oglala on Pine Ridge Reservation4,552Wajaja (Oglala gens) on Rosebud Reservation1,825Wagluxe (Oglala gens) on Rosebud Reservation1,353Uncapapa, on Standing Rock Reservation571Dakota at Carlisle, Lawrence, and Hampton schools16916,426Dakota in British North America (tribes not stated):On Bird Tail Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency, Northwest Territory108On Oak River Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency276On Oak Lake Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency55On Turtle Mountain Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency34On Standing Buffalo Reserve, under Northwest Territory184Muscowpetung’s Agency:White Cap Dakota (Moose Woods Reservation)105American Sioux (no reserve)95857Assinaboin:On Fort Belknap Reservation, Montana952On Fort Peck Reservation, Montana719At Devil’s Lake Agency2The following are in British North America:Pheasant Rump’s band, at Moose Mountain (of whom 6 at Missouri and 4 at Turtle Mountain)69Ocean Man’s band, at Moose Mountain (of whom 4 at Missouri)68The-man-who-took-the-coat’s band, at Indian Head (of whom 5 are at Milk River)248Bear’s Head band, Battleford Agency227Chee-pooste-quahn band, at Wolf Creek, Peace Hills Agency128Bear’s Paw band, at Morleyville236Chiniquy band, Reserve, at Sarcee Agency134Jacob’s band2273,008Omaha:Omaha and Winnebago Agency, Nebraska1,158At Carlisle School, Pennsylvania19At Hampton School, Virginia10At Lawrence School, Kansas101,197Ponka:In Nebraska (under the Santee agent)217In Indian Territory (under the Ponka agent)605At Carlisle, Pennsylvania1At Lawrence, Kansas24847Osage:At Osage Agency, Indian Territory1,509At Carlisle, Pennsylvania7At Lawrence, Kansas651,581Kansa or Kaw:At Osage Agency, Indian Territory198At Carlisle, Pennsylvania1At Lawrence, Kansas15214Quapaw:On Quapaw Reserve, Indian Territory154On Osage Reserve, Indian Territory71At Carlisle, Pennsylvania3At Lawrence, Kansas4232Iowa:On Great Nemaha Reservation, Kansas165On Sac and Fox Reservation, Oklahoma102At Carlisle, Pennsylvania1At Lawrence, Kansas5273Oto and Missouri, in Indian Territory358Winnebago:In Nebraska1,215In Wisconsin (1889)930At Carlisle, Pennsylvania27At Lawrence, Kansas2At Hampton, Virginia102,184Mandan:On Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota251At Hampton, Virginia1252Hidatsa, on Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota522Crow, on Crow Reservation, Montana2,287Tutelo, about a dozen mixed bloods on Grand River Reserve, Ontario, Canada, and a few more near Montreal (?), say, about20Biloxi:In Louisiana, about25At Atoka, Indian Territory126Catawba:In York County, South Carolina, about80Scattered through North Carolina, about40?120?SKITTAGETAN FAMILY.> Skittagets, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, c, 1848 (the equivalent of his Queen Charlotte’s Island group, p. 77).> Skittagetts, Berghaus, Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852.> Skidegattz, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 403, 1853 (obvious typographical error; Queen Charlotte Island).X Haidah, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Northern family; see below).= Haidah, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (Skittegats, Massets, Kumshahas, Kyganie). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856 (includes Skittigats, Massetts, Kumshahas, and Kyganie of Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and Prince of Wales Archipelago). Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 673, 1859. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (as in 1856). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n. 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and southern part of Alexander Archipelago). Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 604, 1882.> Hai-dai, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 489, 1855. Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, app., 1859, (Work’s census, 1836-’41, of northwest coast tribes, classified by language).= Haida, Gibbs in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 135, 1877. Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 15, 1884 (vocabs. of Kaigani Sept, Masset, Skidegate, Kumshiwa dialects; also map showing distribution). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 375, 1885 (mere mention of family).< Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 473, 1878 (enumerates Massets, Klue, Kiddan, Ninstance, Skid-a-gate, Skid-a-gatees, Cum-she-was, Kaiganies, Tsimsheeans, Nass, Skeenas, Sebasses, Hailtzas, Bellacoolas).> Queen Charlotte’s Island, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 15, 306, 1836 (no tribe indicated). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (based on Skittagete language). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond., 1, 154, 1848. Latham, Opuscula, 349, 1860.X Northern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 219, 1841 (includes Queen Charlotte’s Island and tribes on islands and coast up to 60° N.L.; Haidas, Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 433, 1847 (follows Scouler).= Kygáni, Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. or Haidahs).X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 1882 (contains Quane, probably of present family; Quactoe, Saukaulutuck).The vocabulary referred by Gallatin95to “Queen Charlotte’s Islands” unquestionably belongs to the present family. In addition to being a compound word and being objectionable as a family name on account of its unwieldiness, the term is a purely geographic one and is based upon no stated tribe; hence it is not eligible for use in systematic nomenclature. As it appears in the Archæologia Americana it represents nothing but the locality whence the vocabulary of an unknown tribe was received.The family name to be considered as next in order of date is the Northern (or Haidah) of Scouler, which appears in volumeXI, Royal Geographical Society, page 218, et seq. The term as employed by Scouler is involved in much confusion, and it is somewhat difficult to determine just what tribes the author intended to cover by the designation. Reduced to its simplest form, the case stands as follows: Scouler’s primary division of the Indians of the Northwest was into two groups, the insular and the inland. The insular (and coast tribes) were then subdivided into two families, viz, Northern or Haidah family (for the terms are interchangeably used, as on page 224) and the Southern or Nootka-Columbian family. Under the Northern or Haidah family the author classes all the Indian tribesin the Russian territory, the Kolchians (Athapascas of Gallatin, 1836), the Koloshes, Ugalentzes, and Tun Ghaase (the Koluscans of Gallatin, 1836); the Atnas (Salish of Gallatin, 1836); the Kenaians (Athapascas, Gallatin, 1836); the Haidah tribes proper of Queen Charlotte Island, and the Chimesyans.It will appear at a glance that such a heterogeneous assemblage of tribes, representing as they do several distinct stocks, can not have been classed together on purely linguistic evidence. In point of fact, Scouler’s remarkable classification seems to rest only in a very slight degree upon a linguistic basis, if indeed it can be said to have a linguistic basis at all. Consideration of “physical character, manners, and customs” were clearly accorded such weight by this author as to practically remove his Northern or Haidah family from the list of linguistic stocks.The next family name which was applied in this connection is the Skittagets of Gallatin as above cited. This name is given to designate a family on pagec, volumeII, of Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1848. In his subsequent list of vocabularies, page 77, he changes his designation to Queen Charlotte Island, placing under this family name the Skittagete tribe. His presentation of the former name of Skittagets in his complete list of families is, however, sufficiently formal to render it valid as a family designation, and it is, therefore, retained for the tribes of the Queen Charlotte Archipelago which have usually been called Haida.From a comparison of the vocabularies of the Haida language with others of the neighboring Koluschan family, Dr. Franz Boas is inclined to consider that the two are genetically related. The two languages possess a considerable number of words in common, but a more thorough investigation is requisite for the settlement of the question than has yet been given. Pending this the two families are here treated separately.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The tribes of this family occupy Queen Charlotte Islands, Forrester Island to the north of the latter, and the southeastern part of Prince of Wales Island, the latter part having been ascertained by the agents of the Tenth Census.96PRINCIPAL TRIBES.The following is a list of the principal villages:Haida:Aseguang.Cumshawa.Kayung.Kung.Kunχit.Massett.New Gold Harbor.Skedan.Skiteiget.Tanu.Tartanee.Uttewas.Kaigani:Chatcheeni.Clickass.Howakan.Quiahanless.Shakan.Population.—The population of the Haida is 2,500, none of whom are at present under an agent.TAKILMAN FAMILY.= Takilma, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 1882 (Lower Rogue River).This name was proposed by Mr. Gatschet for a distinct language spoken on the coast of Oregon about the lower Rogue River. Mr. Dorsey obtained a vocabulary in 1884 which he has compared with Athapascan, Kusan, Yakonan, and other languages spoken in the region without finding any marked resemblances. The family is hence admitted provisionally. The language appears to be spoken by but a single tribe, although there is a manuscript vocabulary in the Bureau of Ethnology exhibiting certain differences which may be dialectic.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The Takilma formerly dwelt in villages along upper Rogue River, Oregon, all the latter, with one exception, being on the south side, from Illinois River on the southwest, to Deep Rock, which was nearer the head of the stream. They are now included among the “Rogue River Indians,” and they reside to the number of twenty-seven on the Siletz Reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon, where Dorsey found them in 1884.TAÑOAN FAMILY.> Tay-waugh, Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V. 689, 1855 (Pueblos of San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe. San Il de Conso, and one Moqui pueblo). Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878.> Taño, Powell in Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, Nov., 1878 (includes Sandia, Téwa, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojoaque, Nambé, Tesuque, Sinecú, Jemez, Taos, Picuri).> Tegna, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (includes S. Juan, Sta. Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tesugue, S. Ildefonso, Haro).= Téwan, Powell in Am. Nat., 605, Aug., 1880 (makes five divisions: 1. Taño (Isleta, Isleta near El Paso, Sandía); 2. Taos (Taos, Picuni); 3. Jemes (Jemes); 4. Tewa or Tehua (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Pojoaque, Nambe, Tesuque, Santa Clara, and one Moki pueblo); 5. Piro).> E-nagh-magh, Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 689, 1855 (includes Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, Ystete, and two pueblos near El Paso, Texas). Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (follows Lane, but identifies Texan pueblos with Lentis? and Socorro?).> Picori, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (or Enaghmagh).= Stock of Rio Grande Pueblos, Gatschet in U.S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th M., vii, 415, 1879.= Rio Grande Pueblo, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 258, 1882.Derivation: Probably from “taínin,” plural of tá-ide, “Indian,” in the dialect of Isleta and Sandia (Gatschet).In a letter97from Wm. Carr Lane to H. R. Schoolcraft, appear some remarks on the affinities of the Pueblo languages, based in large part on hearsay evidence. No vocabularies are given, nor does any real classification appear to be attempted, though referring to such of his remarks as apply in the present connection, Lane states that the Indians of “Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, and Ystete, and of two pueblos of Texas, near El Paso, are said to speak the same language, which I have heard called E-nagh-magh,” and that the Indians of “San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, San Il de Conso, and one Moqui pueblo, all speak the same language, as it is said: this I have heard called Tay-waugh.” The ambiguous nature of his reference to these pueblos is apparent from the above quotation.The names given by Lane as those he had “heard” applied to certain groups of pueblos which “it is said” speak the same language, rest on too slender a basis for serious consideration in a classificatory sense.Keane in the appendix to Stanford’s Compendium (Central and South America), 1878, p. 479, presents the list given by Lane, correcting his spelling in some cases and adding the name of the Tusayan pueblo as Haro (Hano). He gives the group no formal family name, though they are classed together as speaking “Tegua or Tay-waugh.”The Taño of Powell (1878), as quoted, appears to be the first name formally given the family, and is therefore accepted. Recent investigations of the dialect spoken at Taos and some of the other pueblos of this group show a considerable body of words having Shoshonean affinities, and it is by no means improbable that further research will result in proving the radical relationship of these languages to the Shoshonean family. The analysis of the language has not yet, however, proceeded far enough to warrant a decided opinion.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The tribes of this family in the United States resided exclusively upon the Rio Grande and its tributary valleys from about 33° to about 36°. A small body of these people joined the Tusayan in northern Arizona, as tradition avers to assist the latter against attacks by the Apache—though it seems more probable that they fled from the Rio Grande during the pueblo revolt of 1680—and remained to found the permanent pueblo of Hano, the seventh pueblo of the group. A smaller section of the family lived upon the Rio Grande in Mexico and Texas, just over the New Mexico border.Population.—The following pueblos are included in the family, with a total population of about 3,237:Hano (of the Tusayan group)132Isleta (New Mexico)1,059Isleta (Texas)fewJemez428Nambé79Picuris100Pojoaque20Sandia140San Ildefonso148San Juan406Santa Clara225Senecú (below El Paso)fewTaos409Tesuque91TIMUQUANAN FAMILY.= Timuquana, Smith in Hist. Magazine,II, 1, 1858 (a notice of the language with vocabulary; distinctness of the language affirmed). Brinton. Floridian Peninsula, 134, 1859 (spelled also Timuaca, Timagoa, Timuqua).= Timucua, Gatschet in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,XVI, April 6, 1877 (from Cape Cañaveral to mouth of St. John’s River). Gatschet, Creek Mig. LegendI, 11-13, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.= Atimuca, Gatschet in Science, ibid, (proper name).Derivation: From ati-muca, “ruler,” “master;” literally, “servants attend upon him.”In the Historical Magazine as above cited appears a notice of the Timuquana language by Buckingham Smith, in which is affirmed its distinctness upon the evidence of language. A short vocabulary is appended, which was collated from the “Confessionario” by Padre Pareja, 1613. Brinton and Gatschet have studied the Timuquana language and have agreed as to the distinctness of the family from any other of the United States. Both the latter authorities are inclined to take the view that it has affinities with the Carib family to the southward, and it seems by no means improbable that ultimately the Timuquana language will be considered an offshoot of the Carib linguistic stock. At the present time, however, such a conclusion would not be justified by the evidence gathered and published.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.It is impossible to assign definite limits to the area occupied by the tribes of this family. From documentary testimony of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the limits of the family domain appear to have been about as follows: In general terms the present northern limits of the State of Florida may be taken as the northern frontier, although upon the Atlantic side Timuquanan territory may have extended into Georgia. Upon the northwest the boundary line was formed in De Soto’s time by the Ocilla River. Lake Okeechobee on the south, or as it was then called Lake Sarrape or Mayaimi, may be taken as the boundary between the Timuquanan tribes proper and the Calusa province upon the Gulf coast and the Tegesta province upon the Atlantic side. Nothing whatever of the languagesspoken in these two latter provinces is available for comparison. A number of the local names of these provinces given by Fontanedo (1559) have terminations similar to many of the Timuquanan local names. This slender evidence is all that we have from which to infer the Timuquanan relationship of the southern end of the peninsula.PRINCIPAL TRIBES.The following settlements appear upon the oldest map of the regions we possess, that of De Bry (Narratio; Frankf. a.M. 15, 1590):(A) Shores of St. John’s River, from mouth to sources:Patica.Saturiwa.Atore.Homolua or Molua.Alimacani.Casti.Malica.Melona.Timoga or Timucua.Enecaqua.Choya.Edelano (island).Astina.Utina.Patchica.Chilili.Calanay.Onochaquara.Mayarca.Mathiaca.Maiera.Mocoso.Cadica.Eloquale.Aquonena.(B) On a (fictitious) western tributary of St. John’s River,from mouth to source:Hicaranaou.Appalou.Oustaca.Onathcaqua.Potanou.Ehiamana.Anouala.(C) East Floridian coast, from south to north:Mocossou.Oathcaqua.Sorrochos.Hanocoroucouay.Marracou.(D) On coast north of St. John’s River:Hiouacara.(E) The following are gathered from all other authorities,mostly from the accounts of De Soto’s expedition:Acquera.Aguile.Basisa or Vacissa (1688).Cholupaha.Hapaluya.Hirrihiqua.Itafi (perhaps a province).Itara Machaua (1688).Napetuca.Osile (Oxille).San Juan de Guacara (1688).San Mateo (1688).Santa Lucia de Acuera (SE. coast).Tacatacuru.Tocaste.Tolemato.Topoqui.Tucururu (SE. coast) Ucita.Urriparacuxi.Yupaha (perhaps a province).TONIKAN FAMILY.= Tunicas, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 115, 116, 1836 (quotes Dr. Sibley, who states they speak a distinct language). Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 341, 1850 (opposite mouth of Red River; quotes Dr. Sibley as to distinctness of language).= Tonica, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 39, 1884 (brief account of tribe).= Tonika, Gatschet in Science, 412, April 29, 1887 (distinctness as a family asserted; the tribe calls itself Túniχka).Derivation: From the Tonika word óni, “man,” “people;” t- is a prefix or article; -ka, -χka a nominal suffix.The distinctness of the Tonika language, has long been suspected, and was indeed distinctly stated by Dr. Sibley in 1806.98The statement to this effect by Dr. Sibley was quoted by Gallatin in 1836, but as the latter possessed no vocabulary of the language he made no attempt to classify it. Latham also dismisses the language with the same quotation from Sibley. Positive linguistic proof of the position of the language was lacking until obtained by Mr. Gatschet in 1886, who declared it to form a family by itself.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The Tonika are known to have occupied three localities: First, on the Lower Yazoo River (1700); second, east shore of Mississippi River (about 1704); third, in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana (1817). Near Marksville, the county seat of that parish, about twenty-five are now living.TONKAWAN FAMILY.= Tonkawa, Gatschet, Zwölf Sprachen aus dem Südwesten Nordamerikas, 76, 1876 (vocabulary of about 300 words and some sentences). Gatschet, Die Sprache der Tonkawas, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 64, 1877. Gatschet (1876), in Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc.,XVI, 318, 1877.Derivation: the full form is the Caddo or Wako term tonkawéya, “they all stay together” (wéya, “all”).After a careful examination of all the linguistic material available for comparison, Mr. Gatschet has concluded that the language spoken by the Tonkawa forms a distinct family.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The Tónkawa were a migratory people and acolluvies gentium, whose earliest habitat is unknown. Their first mention occurs in 1719; at that time and ever since they roamed in the western and southern parts of what is now Texas. About 1847 they were engaged as scouts in the United States Army, and from 1860-’62 (?) were in the Indian Territory; after the secession war till 1884 they lived in temporary camps near Fort Griffin, Shackelford County, Texas, and in October, 1884, they removed to the Indian Territory (now on Oakland Reserve). In 1884 there were seventy-eight individuals living; associated with them were nineteen Lipan Apache, who had lived in their company for many years, though in a separate camp. They have thirteen divisions (partly totem-clans) and observe mother-right.UCHEAN FAMILY.= Uchees, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II., 95, 1836 (based upon the Uchees alone). Bancroft, Hist. U.S.,III., 247, 1840. Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.II., pt. 1, xcix, 77, 1848. Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 472, 1878 (suggests that the language may have been akin to Natchez).= Utchees, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II., 306, 1836. Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III., 401, 1853. Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 472, 1878.= Utschies, Berghaus (1845), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1848. Ibid., 1852.= Uché, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 338, 1850 (Coosa River). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond.,II., 31-50, 1846. Latham, Opuscula, 293, 1860.= Yuchi, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 17, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.The following is the account of this tribe given by Gallatin (probably derived from Hawkins) in Archæologia Americana, page 95:The original seats of the Uchees were east of Coosa and probably of the Chatahoochee; and they consider themselves as the most ancient inhabitants of the country. They may have been the same nation which is called Apalaches in the accounts of De Soto’s expedition, and their towns were till lately principally on Flint River.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The pristine homes of the Yuchi are not now traceable with any degree of certainty. The Yuchi are supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his memorable march, and the town of Cofitachiqui chronicled by him, is believed by many investigators to have stood at Silver Bluff, on the left bank of the Savannah, about 25 miles below Augusta. If, as is supposed by some authorities, Cofitachiqui was a Yuchi town, this would locate the Yuchi in a section which, when first known to the whites, was occupied by the Shawnee. Later the Yuchi appear to have lived somewhat farther down the Savannah, on the eastern and also the western side, as far as the Ogeechee River, and also upon tracts above and below Augusta, Georgia. These tracts were claimed by them as late as 1736.In 1739 a portion of the Yuchi left their old seats and settled among the Lower Creek on the Chatahoochee River; there they established three colony villages in the neighborhood, and later on a Yuchi settlement is mentioned on Lower Tallapoosa River, among the Upper Creek.99Filson100gives a list of thirty Indian tribes and a statement concerning Yuchi towns, which he must have obtained from a much earlier source: “Uchees occupy four different places of residence—at the head of St. John’s, the fork of St. Mary’s, the head of Cannouchee, and the head of St. Tillis” (Satilla), etc.101Population.—More than six hundred Yuchi reside in northeastern Indian Territory, upon the Arkansas River, where they are usually classed as Creek. Doubtless the latter are to some extent intermarried with them, but the Yuchi are jealous of their name and tenacious of their position as a tribe.WAIILATPUAN.= Waiilatpu, Hale, in U.S. Expl. Exp.,VI, 199, 214, 569, 1846 (includes Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and Molele). Gallatin, after Hale, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, c, 14, 56, 77, 1848 (after Hale). Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 628, 1859. Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 565, 1882 (Cayuse and Mollale).= Wailatpu, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (Cayuse and Molele).X Sahaptin, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 323, 1850 (cited as including Cayús?).X Sahaptins, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 474, 1878 (cited because it includes Cayuse and Mollale).= Molele, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 324, 1850 (includes Molele, Cayús?).> Cayús?, Latham, ibid.= Cayuse, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 166, 1877 (Cayuse and Moléle). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 442, 1877.Derivation: Wayíletpu, plural form of Wa-ílet, “one Cayuse man” (Gatschet).Hale established this family and placed under it the Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and the Molele. Their headquarters as indicated by Hale are the upper part of the Walla Walla River and the country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The Cayuse lived chiefly near the mouth of the Walla Walla River, extending a short distance above and below on the Columbia, between the Umatilla and Snake Rivers. The Molále were a mountain tribe and occupied a belt of mountain country south of the Columbia River, chiefly about Mounts Hood and Jefferson.PRINCIPAL TRIBES.Cayuse.Molále.Population.—There are 31 Molále now on the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon,102and a few others live in the mountains west of Klamath Lake. The Indian Affairs Report for 1888 credits 401 and the United States Census Bulletin for 1890, 415 Cayuse Indians to the Umatilla Reservation, but Mr. Henshaw was able to find only six old men and women upon the reservation in August, 1888, who spoke their own language. The others, though presumably of Cayuse blood, speak the Umatilla tongue.WAKASHAN FAMILY.> Wakash, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 15, 306, 1836 (of Nootka Sound; gives Jewitt’s vocab.). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (based on Newittee). Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852. Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (includes Newittee and Nootka Sound). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 73, 1856 (of Quadra and Vancouver’s Island). Latham, Opuscula, 340, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 403, 1862 (Tlaoquatsh and Wakash proper; Nutka and congeners also referred here).X Wakash, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 301. 1850 (includes Naspatle, proper Nutkans, Tlaoquatsh, Nittenat, Klasset, Klallems; the last named is Salishan).X Nootka-Columbian, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 221, 1841 (includes Quadra and Vancouver Island, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, Tlaoquatch, Kawitchen, Noosdalum, Squallyamish, Cheenooks). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 435, 1847 (follows Scouler). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 162, 1848 (remarks upon Scouler’s group of this name). Latham, Opuscula, 257, 1860 (the same).< Nootka, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp.,VI, 220, 569, 1846 (proposes family to include tribes of Vancouver Island and tribes on south side of Fuca Strait).> Nutka, Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 329, 1858.> Nootka, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 170, 1877 (mentions only Makah, and Classet tribes of Cape Flattery). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 446. 1877.X Nootkahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Muchlahts, Nitinahts, Ohyahts, Manosahts, and Quoquoulths of present family, together with a number of Salishan tribes).X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 607, 1882 (a heterogeneous group, largely Salishan, with Wakashan, Skittagetan, and other families represented).> Straits of Fuca, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 134, 306, 1836 (vocabulary of, referred here with doubt; considered distinct by Gallatin).X Southern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Noctka-Columbian above).X Insular, Scouler ibid. (same as his Nootka-Columbian above).X Haeltzuk, Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 155, 1848 (cities Tolmie’s vocab. Spoken from 50°30' to 53°30' N.L.). Latham, Opuscula, 251, 1860 (the same).> Haeeltsuk and Hailtsa, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (includes Hyshalla, Hyhysh, Esleytuk, Weekenoch, Nalatsenoch, Quagheuil, Tlatla-Shequilla, Lequeeltoch).> Hailtsa, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856. Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 322, 1858. Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (includes coast dialects between Hawkesbury Island, Broughton’s Archipelago, and northern part of Vancouver Island).> Ha-eelb-zuk, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 487, 1855. Kane, Wand. of an Artist, app., 1859 (or Ballabola; a census of N.W. tribes classified by language).> Ha-ilt´-zŭkh, Dall, after Gibbs, in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 144, 1877 (vocabularies of Bel-bella of Milbank Sound and of Kwákiūtl’).< Nass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt 1, c, 1848.< Naass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (includes Hailstla, Haceltzuk, Billechola, Chimeysan). Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (includes Huitsla).X Nass, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 606, 1882 (includes Hailtza of present family).> Aht, Sproat, Savage Life, app., 312, 1868 (name suggested for family instead of Nootka-Columbian).> Aht, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 50, 1884 (vocab. of Kaiookwāht).X Puget Sound Group, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 474, 1878.X Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Hailtzas of the present family).> Kwakiool, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 27-48, 1884 (vocabs. of Haishilla, Hailtzuk, Kwiha, Likwiltoh, Septs; also map showing family domain).> Kwā´kiūtl, Boas in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, 130, 1887 (general account of family with list of tribes).Derivation:Waukash, waukash, is the Nootka word“good” “good.”When heard by Cook at Friendly Cove, Nootka Sound, it was supposed to be the name of the tribe.Until recently the languages spoken by the Aht of the west coast of Vancouver Island and the Makah of Cape Flattery, congeneric tribes, and the Haeltzuk and Kwakiutl peoples of the east coast of Vancouver Island and the opposite mainland of British Columbia, have been regarded as representing two distinct families. Recently Dr. Boas has made an extended study of these languages, has collected excellent vocabularies of the supposed families, and as a result of his study it is now possible to unite them on the basis of radical affinity. The main body of the vocabularies of the two languages is remarkably distinct, though a considerable number of important words are shown to be common to the two.Dr. Boas, however, points out that in both languages suffixes only are used in forming words, and a long list of these shows remarkable similarity.The above family name was based upon a vocabulary of the Wakash Indians, who, according to Gallatin, “inhabit the island on which Nootka Sound is situated.” The short vocabulary given was collected by Jewitt. Gallatin states103that this language is the one “in that quarter, which, by various vocabularies, is best known to us.” In 1848104Gallatin repeats his Wakash family, and again gives the vocabulary of Jewitt. There would thus seem to be no doubt of his intention to give it formal rank as a family.The term “Wakash” for this group of languages has since been generally ignored, and in its place Nootka or Nootka-Columbian has been adopted. “Nootka-Columbian” was employed by Scouler in 1841 for a group of languages, extending from the mouth of SalmonRiver to the south of the Columbia River, now known to belong to several distinct families. “Nootka family” was also employed by Hale105in 1846, who proposed the name for the tribes of Vancouver Island and those along the south side of the Straits of Fuca.The term “Nootka-Columbian” is strongly condemned by Sproat.106For the group of related tribes on the west side of Vancouver Island this author suggests Aht, “house, tribe, people,” as a much more appropriate family appellation.Though by no means as appropriate a designation as could be found, it seems clear that for the so-called Wakash, Newittee, and other allied languages usually assembled under the Nootka family, the term Wakash of 1836 has priority and must be retained.GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.The tribes of the Aht division of this family are confined chiefly to the west coast of Vancouver Island. They range to the north as far as Cape Cook, the northern side of that cape being occupied by Haeltzuk tribes, as was ascertained by Dr. Boas in 1886. On the south they reached to a little above Sooke Inlet, that inlet being in possession of the Soke, a Salishan tribe.The neighborhood of Cape Flattery, Washington, is occupied by the Makah, one of the Wakashan tribes, who probably wrested this outpost of the family from the Salish (Clallam) who next adjoin them on Puget Sound.The boundaries of the Haeltzuk division of this family are laid down nearly as they appear on Tolmie and Dawson’s linguistic map of 1884. The west side of King Island and Cascade Inlet are said by Dr. Boas to be inhabited by Haeltzuk tribes, and are colored accordingly.PRINCIPAL AHT TRIBES.Ahowsaht.Ayhuttisaht.Chicklesaht.Clahoquaht.Hishquayquaht.Howchuklisaht.Kitsmaht.Kyoquaht.Macaw.Manosaht.Mowachat.Muclaht.Nitinaht.Nuchalaht.Ohiaht.Opechisaht.Pachenaht.Seshaht.Toquaht.Yuclulaht.Population.—There are 457 Makah at the Neah Bay Agency, Washington.107The total population of the tribes of this family under the West Coast Agency, British Columbia, is 3,160.108The grand total for this division of the family is thus 3,617.PRINCIPAL HAELTZUK TRIBES.Aquamish.Belbellah.Clowetsus.Hailtzuk.Haishilla.Kakamatsis.Keimanoeitoh.Kwakiutl.Kwashilla.Likwiltoh.Mamaleilakitish.Matelpa.Nakwahtoh.Nawiti.Nimkish.Quatsino.Tsawadinoh.Population.—There are 1,898 of the Haeltzuk division of the family under the Kwawkewlth Agency, British Columbia. Of the Bellacoola (Salishan family) and Haeltzuk, of the present family, there are 2,500 who are not under agents. No separate census of the latter exists at present.WASHOAN FAMILY.

I.Dakota.

(A) Santee: include Mde´-wa-kan-ton-wan(Spirit Lake village, Santee Reservation, Nebraska), and Wa-qpe´-ku-te (Leaf Shooters); some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.

(B) Sisseton (Si-si´-ton-wan), on Sisseton Reservation, South Dakota, and part on Devil’s Lake Reservation, North Dakota.

(C) Wahpeton (Wa-qpe´-ton-wan, Wa-hpe-ton-wan); Leaf village. Some on Sisseton Reservation; most on Devil’s Lake Reservation.

(D) Yankton (I-hañk´-ton-wan), at Yankton Reservation, South Dakota.

(E) Yanktonnais (I-hañk´-ton-wan´-na); divided intoUpperandLower. Of theUpper Yanktonnais, there are some of theCut-head band(Pa´-ba-ksa gens) on Devil’s Lake Reservation.Upper Yanktonnais, most are on Standing Rock Reservation, North Dakota;Lower Yanktonnais, most are on Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota, some are on Standing Rock Reservation, and some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.

(F) Teton (Ti-ton-wan); some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.

(a)Brulé(Si-tcan´-xu); some are on Standing Rock Reservation. Most of theUpper Brulé(Highland Sitcanxu) are on Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota. Most of theLower Brulé(Lowland Sitcanxu) are on Lower Brulé Reservation, South Dakota.

(b)Sans Arcs(I-ta´-zip-tco´, Without Bows). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation. South Dakota; some on Standing Rock Reservation.

(c)Blackfeet(Si-ha´sa´-pa). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation; some on Standing Rock Reservation.

(d)Minneconjou(Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju). Most are on Cheyenne Reservation, some are on Rosebud Reservation, and some on Standing Rock Reservation.

(e)Two Kettles(O-o´-he-non´-pa, Two Boilings), on Cheyenne Reservation.

(f)Ogalalla(O-gla´-la). Most on Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota; some on Standing Rock Reservation.Wa-ża-ża(Wa-ja-ja, Wa-zha-zha), a gens of the Oglala (Pine Ridge Reservation);Loafers(Wa-glu-xe, In-breeders), a gens of the Oglala; most on Pine Ridge Reservation; some on Rosebud Reservation.

(g)Uncpapa(1862-’63),Uncapapa(1880-’81), (Huñ´-kpa-pa), on Standing Rock Reservation.

II.Assinaboin(Hohe, Dakota name); most in British North America; some on Fort Peck Reservation, Montana.

III.Omaha(U-man´-han), on Omaha Reservation, Nebraska.

IV.Ponca(formerlyPonkaon maps; Ponka); 605 on Ponca Reservation, Indian Territory; 217 at Santee Agency, Nebraska.

[K] and [S] represent inverted K and S.

V.Kaw([K]an´-ze; the Kansa Indians); on the Kansas Reservation. Indian Territory.VI.Osage; Big Osage(Pa-he´-tsi, Those on a Mountain);Little Osage(Those at the foot of the Mountain);Arkansas Band([S]an-ʇsu-ʞ¢in, Dwellers in a Highland Grove), Osage Reservation, Indian Territory.VII.Quapaw(U-ʞa´-qpa; Kwapa). A few are on the Quapaw Reserve, but about 200 are on the Osage Reserve, Oklahoma. (They are theArkansaof early times.)VIII.Iowa, on Great Nemaha Reserve, Kansas and Nebraska, and 86 on Sac and Fox Reserve, Indian Territory.IX.Otoe(Wa-to´-qta-ta), on Otoe Reserve, Indian Territory.X.MissouriorMissouria(Ni-u´-t’a-tci), on Otoe Reserve.XI.Winnebago(Ho-tcañ´-ga-ra); most in Nebraska, on their reserve: some are in Wisconsin; some in Michigan, according to Dr. Reynolds.XII.Mandan, on Fort Berthold Reserve, North Dakota.XIII.Gros Ventres(a misleading name; syn.Minnetaree; Hi-da´-tsa); on the same reserve.XIV.Crow(Absáruqe, Aubsároke, etc.), Crow Reserve, Montana.XV.Tutelo(Ye-san´); among the Six Nations, Grand River Reserve, Province of Ontario, Canada.XVI.Biloxi(Ta´-neks ha´-ya), part on the Red River, at Avoyelles, Louisiana; part in Indian Territory, among the Choctaw and Caddo.XVII.Catawba.XVIII.Woccon.

V.Kaw([K]an´-ze; the Kansa Indians); on the Kansas Reservation. Indian Territory.

VI.Osage; Big Osage(Pa-he´-tsi, Those on a Mountain);Little Osage(Those at the foot of the Mountain);Arkansas Band([S]an-ʇsu-ʞ¢in, Dwellers in a Highland Grove), Osage Reservation, Indian Territory.

VII.Quapaw(U-ʞa´-qpa; Kwapa). A few are on the Quapaw Reserve, but about 200 are on the Osage Reserve, Oklahoma. (They are theArkansaof early times.)

VIII.Iowa, on Great Nemaha Reserve, Kansas and Nebraska, and 86 on Sac and Fox Reserve, Indian Territory.

IX.Otoe(Wa-to´-qta-ta), on Otoe Reserve, Indian Territory.

X.MissouriorMissouria(Ni-u´-t’a-tci), on Otoe Reserve.

XI.Winnebago(Ho-tcañ´-ga-ra); most in Nebraska, on their reserve: some are in Wisconsin; some in Michigan, according to Dr. Reynolds.

XII.Mandan, on Fort Berthold Reserve, North Dakota.

XIII.Gros Ventres(a misleading name; syn.Minnetaree; Hi-da´-tsa); on the same reserve.

XIV.Crow(Absáruqe, Aubsároke, etc.), Crow Reserve, Montana.

XV.Tutelo(Ye-san´); among the Six Nations, Grand River Reserve, Province of Ontario, Canada.

XVI.Biloxi(Ta´-neks ha´-ya), part on the Red River, at Avoyelles, Louisiana; part in Indian Territory, among the Choctaw and Caddo.

XVII.Catawba.

XVIII.Woccon.

Population.—The present number of the Siouan family is about 43,400, of whom about 2,204 are in British North America, the rest being in the United States. Below is given the population of the tribes officially recognized, compiled chiefly from the Canadian Indian Report for 1888, the United States Indian Commissioner’s Report for 1889, and the United States Census Bulletin for 1890:

Mdewakantonwan and Wahpekute (Santee) on Santee Reserve, Nebraska

Sisseton and Wahpeton on Sisseton Reserve, South Dakota

Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cuthead (Yanktonnais) at Devil’s Lake Reservation

A few on Crow Creek Reservation, South Dakota

A few on Lower Brulé Reservation, South Dakota

Upper Yanktonnais on Standing Rock Reservation

Lower Yanktonnais on Crow Creek Reservation

Brulé, Upper Brulé on Rosebud Reservation

Lower Brulé at Crow Creek and Lower Brulé Agency

Minneconjou (mostly) and Two Kettle, on Cheyenne River Reserve

Wajaja (Oglala gens) on Rosebud Reservation

Wagluxe (Oglala gens) on Rosebud Reservation

Dakota at Carlisle, Lawrence, and Hampton schools

Dakota in British North America (tribes not stated):

On Bird Tail Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency, Northwest Territory

On Oak River Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency

On Oak Lake Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency

On Turtle Mountain Sioux Reserve, Birtle Agency

On Standing Buffalo Reserve, under Northwest Territory

White Cap Dakota (Moose Woods Reservation)

Pheasant Rump’s band, at Moose Mountain (of whom 6 at Missouri and 4 at Turtle Mountain)

Ocean Man’s band, at Moose Mountain (of whom 4 at Missouri)

The-man-who-took-the-coat’s band, at Indian Head (of whom 5 are at Milk River)

Chee-pooste-quahn band, at Wolf Creek, Peace Hills Agency

Chiniquy band, Reserve, at Sarcee Agency

In Indian Territory (under the Ponka agent)

On Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota

Hidatsa, on Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota

Scattered through North Carolina, about

> Skittagets, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, c, 1848 (the equivalent of his Queen Charlotte’s Island group, p. 77).> Skittagetts, Berghaus, Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852.> Skidegattz, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 403, 1853 (obvious typographical error; Queen Charlotte Island).X Haidah, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Northern family; see below).= Haidah, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (Skittegats, Massets, Kumshahas, Kyganie). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856 (includes Skittigats, Massetts, Kumshahas, and Kyganie of Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and Prince of Wales Archipelago). Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 673, 1859. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (as in 1856). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n. 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and southern part of Alexander Archipelago). Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 604, 1882.> Hai-dai, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 489, 1855. Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, app., 1859, (Work’s census, 1836-’41, of northwest coast tribes, classified by language).= Haida, Gibbs in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 135, 1877. Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 15, 1884 (vocabs. of Kaigani Sept, Masset, Skidegate, Kumshiwa dialects; also map showing distribution). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 375, 1885 (mere mention of family).< Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 473, 1878 (enumerates Massets, Klue, Kiddan, Ninstance, Skid-a-gate, Skid-a-gatees, Cum-she-was, Kaiganies, Tsimsheeans, Nass, Skeenas, Sebasses, Hailtzas, Bellacoolas).> Queen Charlotte’s Island, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 15, 306, 1836 (no tribe indicated). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (based on Skittagete language). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond., 1, 154, 1848. Latham, Opuscula, 349, 1860.X Northern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 219, 1841 (includes Queen Charlotte’s Island and tribes on islands and coast up to 60° N.L.; Haidas, Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 433, 1847 (follows Scouler).= Kygáni, Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. or Haidahs).X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 1882 (contains Quane, probably of present family; Quactoe, Saukaulutuck).

> Skittagets, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, c, 1848 (the equivalent of his Queen Charlotte’s Island group, p. 77).

> Skittagetts, Berghaus, Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852.

> Skidegattz, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 403, 1853 (obvious typographical error; Queen Charlotte Island).

X Haidah, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Northern family; see below).

= Haidah, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (Skittegats, Massets, Kumshahas, Kyganie). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856 (includes Skittigats, Massetts, Kumshahas, and Kyganie of Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and Prince of Wales Archipelago). Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 673, 1859. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (as in 1856). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n. 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. and southern part of Alexander Archipelago). Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 604, 1882.

> Hai-dai, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 489, 1855. Kane, Wanderings of an Artist, app., 1859, (Work’s census, 1836-’41, of northwest coast tribes, classified by language).

= Haida, Gibbs in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 135, 1877. Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 15, 1884 (vocabs. of Kaigani Sept, Masset, Skidegate, Kumshiwa dialects; also map showing distribution). Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 375, 1885 (mere mention of family).

< Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 473, 1878 (enumerates Massets, Klue, Kiddan, Ninstance, Skid-a-gate, Skid-a-gatees, Cum-she-was, Kaiganies, Tsimsheeans, Nass, Skeenas, Sebasses, Hailtzas, Bellacoolas).

> Queen Charlotte’s Island, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 15, 306, 1836 (no tribe indicated). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (based on Skittagete language). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond., 1, 154, 1848. Latham, Opuscula, 349, 1860.

X Northern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond.,XI, 219, 1841 (includes Queen Charlotte’s Island and tribes on islands and coast up to 60° N.L.; Haidas, Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 433, 1847 (follows Scouler).

= Kygáni, Dall in Proc. Am. Ass’n, 269, 1869 (Queen Charlotte’s Ids. or Haidahs).

X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 1882 (contains Quane, probably of present family; Quactoe, Saukaulutuck).

The vocabulary referred by Gallatin95to “Queen Charlotte’s Islands” unquestionably belongs to the present family. In addition to being a compound word and being objectionable as a family name on account of its unwieldiness, the term is a purely geographic one and is based upon no stated tribe; hence it is not eligible for use in systematic nomenclature. As it appears in the Archæologia Americana it represents nothing but the locality whence the vocabulary of an unknown tribe was received.

The family name to be considered as next in order of date is the Northern (or Haidah) of Scouler, which appears in volumeXI, Royal Geographical Society, page 218, et seq. The term as employed by Scouler is involved in much confusion, and it is somewhat difficult to determine just what tribes the author intended to cover by the designation. Reduced to its simplest form, the case stands as follows: Scouler’s primary division of the Indians of the Northwest was into two groups, the insular and the inland. The insular (and coast tribes) were then subdivided into two families, viz, Northern or Haidah family (for the terms are interchangeably used, as on page 224) and the Southern or Nootka-Columbian family. Under the Northern or Haidah family the author classes all the Indian tribesin the Russian territory, the Kolchians (Athapascas of Gallatin, 1836), the Koloshes, Ugalentzes, and Tun Ghaase (the Koluscans of Gallatin, 1836); the Atnas (Salish of Gallatin, 1836); the Kenaians (Athapascas, Gallatin, 1836); the Haidah tribes proper of Queen Charlotte Island, and the Chimesyans.

It will appear at a glance that such a heterogeneous assemblage of tribes, representing as they do several distinct stocks, can not have been classed together on purely linguistic evidence. In point of fact, Scouler’s remarkable classification seems to rest only in a very slight degree upon a linguistic basis, if indeed it can be said to have a linguistic basis at all. Consideration of “physical character, manners, and customs” were clearly accorded such weight by this author as to practically remove his Northern or Haidah family from the list of linguistic stocks.

The next family name which was applied in this connection is the Skittagets of Gallatin as above cited. This name is given to designate a family on pagec, volumeII, of Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1848. In his subsequent list of vocabularies, page 77, he changes his designation to Queen Charlotte Island, placing under this family name the Skittagete tribe. His presentation of the former name of Skittagets in his complete list of families is, however, sufficiently formal to render it valid as a family designation, and it is, therefore, retained for the tribes of the Queen Charlotte Archipelago which have usually been called Haida.

From a comparison of the vocabularies of the Haida language with others of the neighboring Koluschan family, Dr. Franz Boas is inclined to consider that the two are genetically related. The two languages possess a considerable number of words in common, but a more thorough investigation is requisite for the settlement of the question than has yet been given. Pending this the two families are here treated separately.

The tribes of this family occupy Queen Charlotte Islands, Forrester Island to the north of the latter, and the southeastern part of Prince of Wales Island, the latter part having been ascertained by the agents of the Tenth Census.96

The following is a list of the principal villages:

Population.—The population of the Haida is 2,500, none of whom are at present under an agent.

= Takilma, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 1882 (Lower Rogue River).

This name was proposed by Mr. Gatschet for a distinct language spoken on the coast of Oregon about the lower Rogue River. Mr. Dorsey obtained a vocabulary in 1884 which he has compared with Athapascan, Kusan, Yakonan, and other languages spoken in the region without finding any marked resemblances. The family is hence admitted provisionally. The language appears to be spoken by but a single tribe, although there is a manuscript vocabulary in the Bureau of Ethnology exhibiting certain differences which may be dialectic.

The Takilma formerly dwelt in villages along upper Rogue River, Oregon, all the latter, with one exception, being on the south side, from Illinois River on the southwest, to Deep Rock, which was nearer the head of the stream. They are now included among the “Rogue River Indians,” and they reside to the number of twenty-seven on the Siletz Reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon, where Dorsey found them in 1884.

> Tay-waugh, Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V. 689, 1855 (Pueblos of San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe. San Il de Conso, and one Moqui pueblo). Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878.> Taño, Powell in Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, Nov., 1878 (includes Sandia, Téwa, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojoaque, Nambé, Tesuque, Sinecú, Jemez, Taos, Picuri).> Tegna, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (includes S. Juan, Sta. Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tesugue, S. Ildefonso, Haro).= Téwan, Powell in Am. Nat., 605, Aug., 1880 (makes five divisions: 1. Taño (Isleta, Isleta near El Paso, Sandía); 2. Taos (Taos, Picuni); 3. Jemes (Jemes); 4. Tewa or Tehua (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Pojoaque, Nambe, Tesuque, Santa Clara, and one Moki pueblo); 5. Piro).> E-nagh-magh, Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 689, 1855 (includes Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, Ystete, and two pueblos near El Paso, Texas). Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (follows Lane, but identifies Texan pueblos with Lentis? and Socorro?).> Picori, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (or Enaghmagh).= Stock of Rio Grande Pueblos, Gatschet in U.S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th M., vii, 415, 1879.= Rio Grande Pueblo, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 258, 1882.

> Taño, Powell in Rocky Mountain Presbyterian, Nov., 1878 (includes Sandia, Téwa, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojoaque, Nambé, Tesuque, Sinecú, Jemez, Taos, Picuri).

> Tegna, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (includes S. Juan, Sta. Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tesugue, S. Ildefonso, Haro).

= Téwan, Powell in Am. Nat., 605, Aug., 1880 (makes five divisions: 1. Taño (Isleta, Isleta near El Paso, Sandía); 2. Taos (Taos, Picuni); 3. Jemes (Jemes); 4. Tewa or Tehua (San Ildefonso, San Juan, Pojoaque, Nambe, Tesuque, Santa Clara, and one Moki pueblo); 5. Piro).

> E-nagh-magh, Lane (1854) in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 689, 1855 (includes Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, Ystete, and two pueblos near El Paso, Texas). Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (follows Lane, but identifies Texan pueblos with Lentis? and Socorro?).

> Picori, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 479, 1878 (or Enaghmagh).

= Stock of Rio Grande Pueblos, Gatschet in U.S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th M., vii, 415, 1879.

= Rio Grande Pueblo, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 258, 1882.

Derivation: Probably from “taínin,” plural of tá-ide, “Indian,” in the dialect of Isleta and Sandia (Gatschet).

In a letter97from Wm. Carr Lane to H. R. Schoolcraft, appear some remarks on the affinities of the Pueblo languages, based in large part on hearsay evidence. No vocabularies are given, nor does any real classification appear to be attempted, though referring to such of his remarks as apply in the present connection, Lane states that the Indians of “Taos, Vicuris, Zesuqua, Sandia, and Ystete, and of two pueblos of Texas, near El Paso, are said to speak the same language, which I have heard called E-nagh-magh,” and that the Indians of “San Juan, Santa Clara, Pojuaque, Nambe, San Il de Conso, and one Moqui pueblo, all speak the same language, as it is said: this I have heard called Tay-waugh.” The ambiguous nature of his reference to these pueblos is apparent from the above quotation.

The names given by Lane as those he had “heard” applied to certain groups of pueblos which “it is said” speak the same language, rest on too slender a basis for serious consideration in a classificatory sense.

Keane in the appendix to Stanford’s Compendium (Central and South America), 1878, p. 479, presents the list given by Lane, correcting his spelling in some cases and adding the name of the Tusayan pueblo as Haro (Hano). He gives the group no formal family name, though they are classed together as speaking “Tegua or Tay-waugh.”

The Taño of Powell (1878), as quoted, appears to be the first name formally given the family, and is therefore accepted. Recent investigations of the dialect spoken at Taos and some of the other pueblos of this group show a considerable body of words having Shoshonean affinities, and it is by no means improbable that further research will result in proving the radical relationship of these languages to the Shoshonean family. The analysis of the language has not yet, however, proceeded far enough to warrant a decided opinion.

The tribes of this family in the United States resided exclusively upon the Rio Grande and its tributary valleys from about 33° to about 36°. A small body of these people joined the Tusayan in northern Arizona, as tradition avers to assist the latter against attacks by the Apache—though it seems more probable that they fled from the Rio Grande during the pueblo revolt of 1680—and remained to found the permanent pueblo of Hano, the seventh pueblo of the group. A smaller section of the family lived upon the Rio Grande in Mexico and Texas, just over the New Mexico border.

Population.—The following pueblos are included in the family, with a total population of about 3,237:

= Timuquana, Smith in Hist. Magazine,II, 1, 1858 (a notice of the language with vocabulary; distinctness of the language affirmed). Brinton. Floridian Peninsula, 134, 1859 (spelled also Timuaca, Timagoa, Timuqua).= Timucua, Gatschet in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,XVI, April 6, 1877 (from Cape Cañaveral to mouth of St. John’s River). Gatschet, Creek Mig. LegendI, 11-13, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.= Atimuca, Gatschet in Science, ibid, (proper name).

= Timucua, Gatschet in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,XVI, April 6, 1877 (from Cape Cañaveral to mouth of St. John’s River). Gatschet, Creek Mig. LegendI, 11-13, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.

= Atimuca, Gatschet in Science, ibid, (proper name).

Derivation: From ati-muca, “ruler,” “master;” literally, “servants attend upon him.”

In the Historical Magazine as above cited appears a notice of the Timuquana language by Buckingham Smith, in which is affirmed its distinctness upon the evidence of language. A short vocabulary is appended, which was collated from the “Confessionario” by Padre Pareja, 1613. Brinton and Gatschet have studied the Timuquana language and have agreed as to the distinctness of the family from any other of the United States. Both the latter authorities are inclined to take the view that it has affinities with the Carib family to the southward, and it seems by no means improbable that ultimately the Timuquana language will be considered an offshoot of the Carib linguistic stock. At the present time, however, such a conclusion would not be justified by the evidence gathered and published.

It is impossible to assign definite limits to the area occupied by the tribes of this family. From documentary testimony of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the limits of the family domain appear to have been about as follows: In general terms the present northern limits of the State of Florida may be taken as the northern frontier, although upon the Atlantic side Timuquanan territory may have extended into Georgia. Upon the northwest the boundary line was formed in De Soto’s time by the Ocilla River. Lake Okeechobee on the south, or as it was then called Lake Sarrape or Mayaimi, may be taken as the boundary between the Timuquanan tribes proper and the Calusa province upon the Gulf coast and the Tegesta province upon the Atlantic side. Nothing whatever of the languagesspoken in these two latter provinces is available for comparison. A number of the local names of these provinces given by Fontanedo (1559) have terminations similar to many of the Timuquanan local names. This slender evidence is all that we have from which to infer the Timuquanan relationship of the southern end of the peninsula.

The following settlements appear upon the oldest map of the regions we possess, that of De Bry (Narratio; Frankf. a.M. 15, 1590):

= Tunicas, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 115, 116, 1836 (quotes Dr. Sibley, who states they speak a distinct language). Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 341, 1850 (opposite mouth of Red River; quotes Dr. Sibley as to distinctness of language).= Tonica, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 39, 1884 (brief account of tribe).= Tonika, Gatschet in Science, 412, April 29, 1887 (distinctness as a family asserted; the tribe calls itself Túniχka).

= Tonica, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 39, 1884 (brief account of tribe).

= Tonika, Gatschet in Science, 412, April 29, 1887 (distinctness as a family asserted; the tribe calls itself Túniχka).

Derivation: From the Tonika word óni, “man,” “people;” t- is a prefix or article; -ka, -χka a nominal suffix.

The distinctness of the Tonika language, has long been suspected, and was indeed distinctly stated by Dr. Sibley in 1806.98The statement to this effect by Dr. Sibley was quoted by Gallatin in 1836, but as the latter possessed no vocabulary of the language he made no attempt to classify it. Latham also dismisses the language with the same quotation from Sibley. Positive linguistic proof of the position of the language was lacking until obtained by Mr. Gatschet in 1886, who declared it to form a family by itself.

The Tonika are known to have occupied three localities: First, on the Lower Yazoo River (1700); second, east shore of Mississippi River (about 1704); third, in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana (1817). Near Marksville, the county seat of that parish, about twenty-five are now living.

= Tonkawa, Gatschet, Zwölf Sprachen aus dem Südwesten Nordamerikas, 76, 1876 (vocabulary of about 300 words and some sentences). Gatschet, Die Sprache der Tonkawas, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 64, 1877. Gatschet (1876), in Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc.,XVI, 318, 1877.

Derivation: the full form is the Caddo or Wako term tonkawéya, “they all stay together” (wéya, “all”).

After a careful examination of all the linguistic material available for comparison, Mr. Gatschet has concluded that the language spoken by the Tonkawa forms a distinct family.

The Tónkawa were a migratory people and acolluvies gentium, whose earliest habitat is unknown. Their first mention occurs in 1719; at that time and ever since they roamed in the western and southern parts of what is now Texas. About 1847 they were engaged as scouts in the United States Army, and from 1860-’62 (?) were in the Indian Territory; after the secession war till 1884 they lived in temporary camps near Fort Griffin, Shackelford County, Texas, and in October, 1884, they removed to the Indian Territory (now on Oakland Reserve). In 1884 there were seventy-eight individuals living; associated with them were nineteen Lipan Apache, who had lived in their company for many years, though in a separate camp. They have thirteen divisions (partly totem-clans) and observe mother-right.

= Uchees, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II., 95, 1836 (based upon the Uchees alone). Bancroft, Hist. U.S.,III., 247, 1840. Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.II., pt. 1, xcix, 77, 1848. Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 472, 1878 (suggests that the language may have been akin to Natchez).= Utchees, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II., 306, 1836. Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III., 401, 1853. Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 472, 1878.= Utschies, Berghaus (1845), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1848. Ibid., 1852.= Uché, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 338, 1850 (Coosa River). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond.,II., 31-50, 1846. Latham, Opuscula, 293, 1860.= Yuchi, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 17, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.

= Utchees, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II., 306, 1836. Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III., 401, 1853. Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 472, 1878.

= Utschies, Berghaus (1845), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1848. Ibid., 1852.

= Uché, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 338, 1850 (Coosa River). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond.,II., 31-50, 1846. Latham, Opuscula, 293, 1860.

= Yuchi, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend,I, 17, 1884. Gatschet in Science, 413, April 29, 1887.

The following is the account of this tribe given by Gallatin (probably derived from Hawkins) in Archæologia Americana, page 95:

The original seats of the Uchees were east of Coosa and probably of the Chatahoochee; and they consider themselves as the most ancient inhabitants of the country. They may have been the same nation which is called Apalaches in the accounts of De Soto’s expedition, and their towns were till lately principally on Flint River.

The pristine homes of the Yuchi are not now traceable with any degree of certainty. The Yuchi are supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his memorable march, and the town of Cofitachiqui chronicled by him, is believed by many investigators to have stood at Silver Bluff, on the left bank of the Savannah, about 25 miles below Augusta. If, as is supposed by some authorities, Cofitachiqui was a Yuchi town, this would locate the Yuchi in a section which, when first known to the whites, was occupied by the Shawnee. Later the Yuchi appear to have lived somewhat farther down the Savannah, on the eastern and also the western side, as far as the Ogeechee River, and also upon tracts above and below Augusta, Georgia. These tracts were claimed by them as late as 1736.

In 1739 a portion of the Yuchi left their old seats and settled among the Lower Creek on the Chatahoochee River; there they established three colony villages in the neighborhood, and later on a Yuchi settlement is mentioned on Lower Tallapoosa River, among the Upper Creek.99Filson100gives a list of thirty Indian tribes and a statement concerning Yuchi towns, which he must have obtained from a much earlier source: “Uchees occupy four different places of residence—at the head of St. John’s, the fork of St. Mary’s, the head of Cannouchee, and the head of St. Tillis” (Satilla), etc.101

Population.—More than six hundred Yuchi reside in northeastern Indian Territory, upon the Arkansas River, where they are usually classed as Creek. Doubtless the latter are to some extent intermarried with them, but the Yuchi are jealous of their name and tenacious of their position as a tribe.

= Waiilatpu, Hale, in U.S. Expl. Exp.,VI, 199, 214, 569, 1846 (includes Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and Molele). Gallatin, after Hale, in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, c, 14, 56, 77, 1848 (after Hale). Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 628, 1859. Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 565, 1882 (Cayuse and Mollale).= Wailatpu, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (Cayuse and Molele).X Sahaptin, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 323, 1850 (cited as including Cayús?).X Sahaptins, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 474, 1878 (cited because it includes Cayuse and Mollale).= Molele, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 324, 1850 (includes Molele, Cayús?).> Cayús?, Latham, ibid.= Cayuse, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 166, 1877 (Cayuse and Moléle). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 442, 1877.

= Wailatpu, Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (Cayuse and Molele).

X Sahaptin, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 323, 1850 (cited as including Cayús?).

X Sahaptins, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 474, 1878 (cited because it includes Cayuse and Mollale).

= Molele, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 324, 1850 (includes Molele, Cayús?).

> Cayús?, Latham, ibid.

= Cayuse, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 166, 1877 (Cayuse and Moléle). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 442, 1877.

Derivation: Wayíletpu, plural form of Wa-ílet, “one Cayuse man” (Gatschet).

Hale established this family and placed under it the Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and the Molele. Their headquarters as indicated by Hale are the upper part of the Walla Walla River and the country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.

The Cayuse lived chiefly near the mouth of the Walla Walla River, extending a short distance above and below on the Columbia, between the Umatilla and Snake Rivers. The Molále were a mountain tribe and occupied a belt of mountain country south of the Columbia River, chiefly about Mounts Hood and Jefferson.

Population.—There are 31 Molále now on the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon,102and a few others live in the mountains west of Klamath Lake. The Indian Affairs Report for 1888 credits 401 and the United States Census Bulletin for 1890, 415 Cayuse Indians to the Umatilla Reservation, but Mr. Henshaw was able to find only six old men and women upon the reservation in August, 1888, who spoke their own language. The others, though presumably of Cayuse blood, speak the Umatilla tongue.

> Wakash, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 15, 306, 1836 (of Nootka Sound; gives Jewitt’s vocab.). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (based on Newittee). Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1852. Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (includes Newittee and Nootka Sound). Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 73, 1856 (of Quadra and Vancouver’s Island). Latham, Opuscula, 340, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 403, 1862 (Tlaoquatsh and Wakash proper; Nutka and congeners also referred here).X Wakash, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 301. 1850 (includes Naspatle, proper Nutkans, Tlaoquatsh, Nittenat, Klasset, Klallems; the last named is Salishan).X Nootka-Columbian, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 221, 1841 (includes Quadra and Vancouver Island, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, Tlaoquatch, Kawitchen, Noosdalum, Squallyamish, Cheenooks). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 435, 1847 (follows Scouler). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 162, 1848 (remarks upon Scouler’s group of this name). Latham, Opuscula, 257, 1860 (the same).< Nootka, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp.,VI, 220, 569, 1846 (proposes family to include tribes of Vancouver Island and tribes on south side of Fuca Strait).> Nutka, Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 329, 1858.> Nootka, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 170, 1877 (mentions only Makah, and Classet tribes of Cape Flattery). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 446. 1877.X Nootkahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Muchlahts, Nitinahts, Ohyahts, Manosahts, and Quoquoulths of present family, together with a number of Salishan tribes).X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 607, 1882 (a heterogeneous group, largely Salishan, with Wakashan, Skittagetan, and other families represented).> Straits of Fuca, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 134, 306, 1836 (vocabulary of, referred here with doubt; considered distinct by Gallatin).X Southern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Noctka-Columbian above).X Insular, Scouler ibid. (same as his Nootka-Columbian above).X Haeltzuk, Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 155, 1848 (cities Tolmie’s vocab. Spoken from 50°30' to 53°30' N.L.). Latham, Opuscula, 251, 1860 (the same).> Haeeltsuk and Hailtsa, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (includes Hyshalla, Hyhysh, Esleytuk, Weekenoch, Nalatsenoch, Quagheuil, Tlatla-Shequilla, Lequeeltoch).> Hailtsa, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856. Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 322, 1858. Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (includes coast dialects between Hawkesbury Island, Broughton’s Archipelago, and northern part of Vancouver Island).> Ha-eelb-zuk, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 487, 1855. Kane, Wand. of an Artist, app., 1859 (or Ballabola; a census of N.W. tribes classified by language).> Ha-ilt´-zŭkh, Dall, after Gibbs, in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 144, 1877 (vocabularies of Bel-bella of Milbank Sound and of Kwákiūtl’).< Nass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt 1, c, 1848.< Naass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (includes Hailstla, Haceltzuk, Billechola, Chimeysan). Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (includes Huitsla).X Nass, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 606, 1882 (includes Hailtza of present family).> Aht, Sproat, Savage Life, app., 312, 1868 (name suggested for family instead of Nootka-Columbian).> Aht, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 50, 1884 (vocab. of Kaiookwāht).X Puget Sound Group, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 474, 1878.X Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Hailtzas of the present family).> Kwakiool, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 27-48, 1884 (vocabs. of Haishilla, Hailtzuk, Kwiha, Likwiltoh, Septs; also map showing family domain).> Kwā´kiūtl, Boas in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, 130, 1887 (general account of family with list of tribes).

X Wakash, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 301. 1850 (includes Naspatle, proper Nutkans, Tlaoquatsh, Nittenat, Klasset, Klallems; the last named is Salishan).

X Nootka-Columbian, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 221, 1841 (includes Quadra and Vancouver Island, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, Tlaoquatch, Kawitchen, Noosdalum, Squallyamish, Cheenooks). Prichard, Phys. Hist. Mankind,V, 435, 1847 (follows Scouler). Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 162, 1848 (remarks upon Scouler’s group of this name). Latham, Opuscula, 257, 1860 (the same).

< Nootka, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp.,VI, 220, 569, 1846 (proposes family to include tribes of Vancouver Island and tribes on south side of Fuca Strait).

> Nutka, Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 329, 1858.

> Nootka, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 170, 1877 (mentions only Makah, and Classet tribes of Cape Flattery). Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 446. 1877.

X Nootkahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Muchlahts, Nitinahts, Ohyahts, Manosahts, and Quoquoulths of present family, together with a number of Salishan tribes).

X Nootka, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 607, 1882 (a heterogeneous group, largely Salishan, with Wakashan, Skittagetan, and other families represented).

> Straits of Fuca, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc.,II, 134, 306, 1836 (vocabulary of, referred here with doubt; considered distinct by Gallatin).

X Southern, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc.,XI, 224, 1841 (same as his Noctka-Columbian above).

X Insular, Scouler ibid. (same as his Nootka-Columbian above).

X Haeltzuk, Latham in Jour. Eth. Soc. Lond.,I, 155, 1848 (cities Tolmie’s vocab. Spoken from 50°30' to 53°30' N.L.). Latham, Opuscula, 251, 1860 (the same).

> Haeeltsuk and Hailtsa, Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 300, 1850 (includes Hyshalla, Hyhysh, Esleytuk, Weekenoch, Nalatsenoch, Quagheuil, Tlatla-Shequilla, Lequeeltoch).

> Hailtsa, Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 72, 1856. Buschmann, Neu-Mexico, 322, 1858. Latham, Opuscula, 339, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 401, 1862 (includes coast dialects between Hawkesbury Island, Broughton’s Archipelago, and northern part of Vancouver Island).

> Ha-eelb-zuk, Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,V, 487, 1855. Kane, Wand. of an Artist, app., 1859 (or Ballabola; a census of N.W. tribes classified by language).

> Ha-ilt´-zŭkh, Dall, after Gibbs, in Cont. N.A. Eth.,I, 144, 1877 (vocabularies of Bel-bella of Milbank Sound and of Kwákiūtl’).

< Nass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt 1, c, 1848.

< Naass, Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc.,II, pt. 1, 77, 1848 (includes Hailstla, Haceltzuk, Billechola, Chimeysan). Gallatin in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes,III, 402, 1853 (includes Huitsla).

X Nass, Bancroft, Nat. Races,III, 564, 606, 1882 (includes Hailtza of present family).

> Aht, Sproat, Savage Life, app., 312, 1868 (name suggested for family instead of Nootka-Columbian).

> Aht, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 50, 1884 (vocab. of Kaiookwāht).

X Puget Sound Group, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 460, 474, 1878.

X Hydahs, Keane, App. Stanford’s Comp. (Cent. and So. Am.), 473, 1878 (includes Hailtzas of the present family).

> Kwakiool, Tolmie and Dawson, Comp. Vocabs., 27-48, 1884 (vocabs. of Haishilla, Hailtzuk, Kwiha, Likwiltoh, Septs; also map showing family domain).

> Kwā´kiūtl, Boas in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, 130, 1887 (general account of family with list of tribes).

Derivation:Waukash, waukash, is the Nootka word“good” “good.”When heard by Cook at Friendly Cove, Nootka Sound, it was supposed to be the name of the tribe.

Until recently the languages spoken by the Aht of the west coast of Vancouver Island and the Makah of Cape Flattery, congeneric tribes, and the Haeltzuk and Kwakiutl peoples of the east coast of Vancouver Island and the opposite mainland of British Columbia, have been regarded as representing two distinct families. Recently Dr. Boas has made an extended study of these languages, has collected excellent vocabularies of the supposed families, and as a result of his study it is now possible to unite them on the basis of radical affinity. The main body of the vocabularies of the two languages is remarkably distinct, though a considerable number of important words are shown to be common to the two.

Dr. Boas, however, points out that in both languages suffixes only are used in forming words, and a long list of these shows remarkable similarity.

The above family name was based upon a vocabulary of the Wakash Indians, who, according to Gallatin, “inhabit the island on which Nootka Sound is situated.” The short vocabulary given was collected by Jewitt. Gallatin states103that this language is the one “in that quarter, which, by various vocabularies, is best known to us.” In 1848104Gallatin repeats his Wakash family, and again gives the vocabulary of Jewitt. There would thus seem to be no doubt of his intention to give it formal rank as a family.

The term “Wakash” for this group of languages has since been generally ignored, and in its place Nootka or Nootka-Columbian has been adopted. “Nootka-Columbian” was employed by Scouler in 1841 for a group of languages, extending from the mouth of SalmonRiver to the south of the Columbia River, now known to belong to several distinct families. “Nootka family” was also employed by Hale105in 1846, who proposed the name for the tribes of Vancouver Island and those along the south side of the Straits of Fuca.

The term “Nootka-Columbian” is strongly condemned by Sproat.106For the group of related tribes on the west side of Vancouver Island this author suggests Aht, “house, tribe, people,” as a much more appropriate family appellation.

Though by no means as appropriate a designation as could be found, it seems clear that for the so-called Wakash, Newittee, and other allied languages usually assembled under the Nootka family, the term Wakash of 1836 has priority and must be retained.

The tribes of the Aht division of this family are confined chiefly to the west coast of Vancouver Island. They range to the north as far as Cape Cook, the northern side of that cape being occupied by Haeltzuk tribes, as was ascertained by Dr. Boas in 1886. On the south they reached to a little above Sooke Inlet, that inlet being in possession of the Soke, a Salishan tribe.

The neighborhood of Cape Flattery, Washington, is occupied by the Makah, one of the Wakashan tribes, who probably wrested this outpost of the family from the Salish (Clallam) who next adjoin them on Puget Sound.

The boundaries of the Haeltzuk division of this family are laid down nearly as they appear on Tolmie and Dawson’s linguistic map of 1884. The west side of King Island and Cascade Inlet are said by Dr. Boas to be inhabited by Haeltzuk tribes, and are colored accordingly.

Population.—There are 457 Makah at the Neah Bay Agency, Washington.107The total population of the tribes of this family under the West Coast Agency, British Columbia, is 3,160.108The grand total for this division of the family is thus 3,617.

Population.—There are 1,898 of the Haeltzuk division of the family under the Kwawkewlth Agency, British Columbia. Of the Bellacoola (Salishan family) and Haeltzuk, of the present family, there are 2,500 who are not under agents. No separate census of the latter exists at present.

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