Plate I.Fig.1. Normal ♀.Fig.2. Sable ♀.Fig.3. Lemon ♂.Fig.4. Abnormal abdomen ♀.Fig.5. Abnormal abdomen ♀.Fig.6. Yellow ♀.Plate II.Fig.7. Eosin, miniature, black ♂.Fig.8. Eosin, miniature, black ♀.Fig.9. Cherry.Fig.10. Vermilion.Fig.11. White.Fig.12. Bar (from above).Fig.13. Bar (from side).Fig.14. Spot ♀ (abdomen from above).Fig.15. Spot ♀ (abdomen from side).Fig.16. Spot ♂ (abdomen from above).Fig.17. Spot ♂ (abdomen from side).
Plate I.
Plate I.
Fig.1. Normal ♀.
Fig.1. Normal ♀.
Fig.2. Sable ♀.
Fig.2. Sable ♀.
Fig.3. Lemon ♂.
Fig.3. Lemon ♂.
Fig.4. Abnormal abdomen ♀.
Fig.4. Abnormal abdomen ♀.
Fig.5. Abnormal abdomen ♀.
Fig.5. Abnormal abdomen ♀.
Fig.6. Yellow ♀.
Fig.6. Yellow ♀.
Plate II.
Plate II.
Fig.7. Eosin, miniature, black ♂.
Fig.7. Eosin, miniature, black ♂.
Fig.8. Eosin, miniature, black ♀.
Fig.8. Eosin, miniature, black ♀.
Fig.9. Cherry.
Fig.9. Cherry.
Fig.10. Vermilion.
Fig.10. Vermilion.
Fig.11. White.
Fig.11. White.
Fig.12. Bar (from above).
Fig.12. Bar (from above).
Fig.13. Bar (from side).
Fig.13. Bar (from side).
Fig.14. Spot ♀ (abdomen from above).
Fig.14. Spot ♀ (abdomen from above).
Fig.15. Spot ♀ (abdomen from side).
Fig.15. Spot ♀ (abdomen from side).
Fig.16. Spot ♂ (abdomen from above).
Fig.16. Spot ♂ (abdomen from above).
Fig.17. Spot ♂ (abdomen from side).
Fig.17. Spot ♂ (abdomen from side).
Plate I
Plate II
[1]For a fuller discussion see "The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity" by Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller, and Bridges. Henry Holt & Co., 1915.[2]B. C.here and throughout stands for back-cross.[3]The first dark body-color mutation "black" (seeplate II, figs. 7, 8) had appeared much earlier (Morgan 1911b, 1912c). It is an autosomal character, a member of the second group of linked gens. Still another dark mutant, "ebony," had also appeared, which was found to be a member of the third group of gens.[4]Wherever reference numbers are given, these denote the pages in the note-books of Bridges upon which the original entries for each culture are to be found.[5]In addition to these expected F1wild-type females there occurred 13 females of an eye-color like that of the mutant pink. So far as was seen none of the F1males differed in eye-color from the expected eosin vermilion. Since the eosin vermilion and sable stocks were unrelated and neither was known to contain a "pink" as an impurity, these "pinks" must be due to mutation of an unusual kind. That these "pinks" were really products of the cross is proven by the result of crossing one of them to one of her eosin vermilion brothers, for she showed herself to be heterozygous for eosin, vermilion, and sable.F1"pink" (Ref. 51 C) ♀ × F1eosin vermilion ♂.Reference.Wild-type.Eosin vermilion.Eosin.Vermilion.♀♂♀♂♀♂♀♂59 C593843401591617In addition to the combinations of eosin and vermilion, sable also appeared in its proper distribution though no counts were made. The four smaller classes are cross-overs between eosin and vermilion. Since no "pinks" appeared the color is recessive, and the brother was not heterozygous for it.Two other "pink" females mated to wild males gave similar results in their sons.F1"pink" ♀ × wild ♂.Reference.Wild-type ♀.Wild-type ♂.Eosin vermilion ♂.Eosin ♂.Vermilion ♂.61 C1013337911These F1flies should all be heterozygous for "pink." A pair of wild-type flies which were mated gave a 3 : 1 ratio—wild type 51 to "pink" 18. From the "pinks" which appeared in this cross a stock was made which was lost through sterility. Females tested to males of true pink were also sterile, so that no solution can be given of the case.[6]Purple is an eye-color whose gen is in the second chromosome.[7]The curve published by Miss Stark included by mistake 6 cultures from the succeeding generations, and these coming from only one of the lethals (lethalsb) increase its mode so that the mode of the other lethal (lethalsa) becomes submerged. If these cultures are taken out the curve shows two modes more clearly.[8]The figures to the left in each double column correspond to the symbols above the heavy line, as, in the first example 6,219 white miniature. The similar figure to the right corresponds to the symbol below the heavy line. If no symbols are present below, as in the first example, the column to the right should be read wild-type.
[1]For a fuller discussion see "The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity" by Morgan, Sturtevant, Muller, and Bridges. Henry Holt & Co., 1915.
[2]B. C.here and throughout stands for back-cross.
[3]The first dark body-color mutation "black" (seeplate II, figs. 7, 8) had appeared much earlier (Morgan 1911b, 1912c). It is an autosomal character, a member of the second group of linked gens. Still another dark mutant, "ebony," had also appeared, which was found to be a member of the third group of gens.
[4]Wherever reference numbers are given, these denote the pages in the note-books of Bridges upon which the original entries for each culture are to be found.
[5]In addition to these expected F1wild-type females there occurred 13 females of an eye-color like that of the mutant pink. So far as was seen none of the F1males differed in eye-color from the expected eosin vermilion. Since the eosin vermilion and sable stocks were unrelated and neither was known to contain a "pink" as an impurity, these "pinks" must be due to mutation of an unusual kind. That these "pinks" were really products of the cross is proven by the result of crossing one of them to one of her eosin vermilion brothers, for she showed herself to be heterozygous for eosin, vermilion, and sable.
F1"pink" (Ref. 51 C) ♀ × F1eosin vermilion ♂.
In addition to the combinations of eosin and vermilion, sable also appeared in its proper distribution though no counts were made. The four smaller classes are cross-overs between eosin and vermilion. Since no "pinks" appeared the color is recessive, and the brother was not heterozygous for it.
Two other "pink" females mated to wild males gave similar results in their sons.
F1"pink" ♀ × wild ♂.
These F1flies should all be heterozygous for "pink." A pair of wild-type flies which were mated gave a 3 : 1 ratio—wild type 51 to "pink" 18. From the "pinks" which appeared in this cross a stock was made which was lost through sterility. Females tested to males of true pink were also sterile, so that no solution can be given of the case.
[6]Purple is an eye-color whose gen is in the second chromosome.
[7]The curve published by Miss Stark included by mistake 6 cultures from the succeeding generations, and these coming from only one of the lethals (lethalsb) increase its mode so that the mode of the other lethal (lethalsa) becomes submerged. If these cultures are taken out the curve shows two modes more clearly.
[8]The figures to the left in each double column correspond to the symbols above the heavy line, as, in the first example 6,219 white miniature. The similar figure to the right corresponds to the symbol below the heavy line. If no symbols are present below, as in the first example, the column to the right should be read wild-type.