Chapter 20

"Mephostophilis.Hell hath no limits, nor is circumscribedIn one self place; butwhere we are is hell,And where hell is, there we must ever be,And, to be short, when all the world dissolves,And every creature shall be purified,All places shall be hell that are not heaven."

"Mephostophilis.Hell hath no limits, nor is circumscribed

In one self place; butwhere we are is hell,

And where hell is, there we must ever be,

And, to be short, when all the world dissolves,

And every creature shall be purified,

All places shall be hell that are not heaven."

8.The Tragedie of Dido, Queene of Carthage.—This drama was written in conjunction with Thomas Nash, and printed in 1594.[248:A]

Marlowe has been lavishly panegyrised by Jonson, Heywood, Drayton, Peele, Meres, Nash, &c.; but by none so emphatically as by Phillips, who, at the very opening of his article on this poet, calls him "a kind of a second Shakspeare." This seems, however, to have been done rather with a reference to the similarities arising from his having, like Shakspeare, been actor, player, and author of a poem ona congenial subject with Venus and Adonis, namely, his Hero and Leander, than from any approximation in the value of their dramatic works.[249:A]

The death of Marlowe, which took place before the year 1593, was violent and premature, the melancholy termination of a life rendered still more melancholy by vice and infidelity.[249:B]

18.Lodge, Thomas.Two dramatic pieces have issued from the pen of this elegant miscellaneous poet. Of these the first was written in conjunction with Robert Greene, and entitledA Looking-Glass for London and England, a tragi-comedy, acted in 1591[249:C], though not published until 1598. The second is called "The Wounds of Civil War. Lively set forth in the true tragedies of Marius and Scilla," and probably performed in the year following the representation of the former play. It was printed in 1594. These dramas, though not the best of Dr. Lodge's productions, were not unpopular, nor deemed unworthy of his talents; theLooking-Glassappears to have been acted four times at the Rose theatre, in about the space of fifteen months.

19.Greene, Robert.This pleasing, but unfortunate poet, was the author of six plays, independent of that which he wrote as the coadjutor of Lodge. 1. "The Honorable Historie of Frier Bacon and Frier Bongay." 4to. As Greene died in September, 1592, there canbe no doubt that all his dramas were written, if not all performed, before Shakspeare's commencement as a writer for the stage; we find, from Henslowe's List, thatFrier Baconwas performed at the Rose theatre, in February, 1591, and repeated thrice in the course of the season[250:A]; it was printed in 1594, and being founded on a popular story, had considerable success. 2. "The Historie of Orlando Furioso, one of the twelve Peers of France." This piece was likewise performed at the same theatre, in February, 1591, and also printed in 1594; the fable is taken, with little or no alteration, from the Orlando of Ariosto. 3. "The Scottish Historie of James the Fourth, slaine at Flodden.Entermixed with a pleasant Comedie presented byOboramKing of the Fayeries." Greene, says Oldys, in plotting plays, was his craft's master, and it would be curious and interesting to ascertain how he has conducted a subject which has obtained so much celebrity in our own days, and more especially in what manner he has combined it with the romantic superstition attendant on Oberon and his fairies.[250:B]4. "The Comicall Historie of Alphonsus, King of Arragon." 5. "The History of Jobe." This play, which was never printed, and it is supposed never performed, although it was entered on the Stationers' books, in 1594, was unfortunately, with many others, destroyed by the carelessness of Dr. Warburton's servant. 6. "Fair Emm, the Miller's Daughter of Manchester, with the Love of William the Conqueror," a comedy which has been ascribed to Greene, by Phillips and Winstanley; the former, after enumerating some pieces which upon no good groundshad been attributed to the joint pens of our author and Dr. Lodge, adds, "besides which, he wrote alone the comedies of Friar Bacon andFair Emme."[251:A]It is the more probable that this drama was the composition of Greene, as it was represented at the same theatre and by the same company which brought forward his avowed productions.

We must, with Ritson, express our regret, that the dramatic works of Greene have not hitherto been collected and published together.[251:B]

20.Legge, Thomas, twice vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and the author of two plays which, though never printed, were acted with great applause, not only in the University which gave them birth, but on the public theatres. The first of these is namedThe Destruction of Jerusalem, and appears from Henslowe's List to have been performed at the Rose theatre, on the 22d of March, 1591; the second is entitled,The Life of King Richard the Third, a subject which induces us to regret, that it should not have been submitted to the press, especially when the character of Legge for dramatic talent is considered; for Meres informs us in 1598, that "Doctor Leg of Cambridge" was esteemed among the "best for tragedie," adding, that "as M. Anneus Lucanus writ two excellent tragedies, one called Medea, the other de Incendio Troiæ cum Priami calamitate: so Doctor Leg hath penned twofamoustragedies, yeone of Richard the 3, the other of the destruction of Jerusalem."[251:C]The death of Dr. Legge took place in July, 1607.

To this catalogue of dramatic writers who preceded Shakspeare, it will be necessary to annex the names, at least, of thoseanonymousplays which, as far as any record of their performance has reached us, were the property of the stage anterior to the year 1594, under the almost certain presumption, that they must have been written before Shakspeare had acquired any celebrity as a theatrical poet.

These, with the exception of the plays ascribed to Shakspeare, a few Interludes and Moralities, the tragi-comedy ofAppius and Virginia, printed in 1576, and the tragedy ofSelimus, Emperor of the Turks, must, and perhaps without danger of any very important omission, be limited to the following enumeration of dramas performed at the Rose theatre during the years 1591, 1592, and 1593; from which, however, we have withdrawn all those pieces that may be found previously noticed under the names of their respective authors:—

In order accurately to ascertain how far Shakspeare might be indebted to his predecessors, it would be highly desirable to possess a printed collection of all the dramas which are yet within the reach of the press, from the days of Sackville, to the year 1591. Such a work, so far from diminishing the claim to originality with which this great poet is now invested, would, we are convinced, place it in a still more indisputable point of view; and merely prove, that, without any servility of imitation, or even the smallest dereliction of his native talent and creative genius, he had absorbed within his own refulgent sphere the few feeble lights which, previous to his appearance, had shed a kind of twilight over the dramatic world.

The models, indeed, if such they may be called, which were presented to his view, are, as far as we are acquainted with them, so grossly defective in structure, style, and sentiment, that, if we set aside two or three examples, little or nothing could be learned fromthem. In the course of near thirty years which elapsed between Sackville and Shakspeare, the best and purest period was perhaps that which immediately succeeded the exhibition of Gorboduc, but which was speedily terminated by the appearance of Preston'sCambysesin or probably rather before the year 1570. From this era we behold a succession of playwrights who, for better than twenty years, deluged the stage as tragic poets with a torrent of bombastic and sanguinary fiction, alike disgraceful to the feelings of humanity and common sense; or as comic writers, overwhelmed us with a mass of quaintness, buffoonery, and affectation. The worthy disciples of the author of Cambyses,Whetstone,Peele,Lilly,Kydd, andMarlowe, seem to have racked their brains to produce what was unnatural and atrocious, and having, like their leader, received a classical education, misemployed it to clothe their conceptions in a scholastic, uniform, and monotonous garb, as far, at least, as a versification modulated with the most undeviating regularity, and destitute of all variety of cadence or of pause could minister to such an effect.

That so dark a picture should occasionally be relieved by gleams of light, which appear the more brilliant from the surrounding contrast, was naturally to be expected; and we have accordingly seen that the very poets who may justly be censured for their general mode of execution, for the wildness and extravagancy of their plots, now and then present us with lines, passages, and even scenes, remarkable for their beauty, strength, or poetical diction; but these, so unconnected are they, and apart from the customary tone and keeping of the pieces in which they are scattered, appear rather as the fortuitous irradiation of a meteor, whose momentary splendour serves but to render the returning gloom more heavy and oppressive, than the effect of that sober, steady, and improving light which might cheer us with the prospect of approaching day.

Of the twenty poets who have just passed in review before us, Marlowe certainly exhibits the greatest portion of genius, though debased with a large admixture of the gross and glaring faults of his contemporaries. Two of his productions may yet be read withinterest; hisEdward the Second, and hisFaustus; though the latter must be allowed to deviate from the true tract of tragedy, in presenting us rather with what is horrible than terrible in its incidents and catastrophe.

We must not be surprised, therefore, that the dramatic fabrics of these rude artists should have met with the warmest admiration, when we recollect, that, in the infancy of an art, novelty is of itself abundantly productive of attraction, and that taste, neither formed by good models, nor rendered fastidious by choice, can have little power to check the march of misguided enthusiasm.

It is necessary, however, to record an event in dramatic history, which, coming into operation just previous to the entrance of our poet into the theatric arena as an author, no doubt contributed powerfully not only to chasten his muse, but, through him, universally the national taste. In 1589 commissioners were appointed by the Queen for the purpose of reviewing and revising the productions of all writers for the stage, with full powers to reject and strike out all which they might deem unmannerly, licentious, and irreverent; a censureship which, it is evident, if properly and temperately executed, could not fail of conferring almost incalculable benefit on a department of literature at that time not much advanced in its career, and but too apt to transgress the limits of a just decorum.

This regulation ushers in, indeed, by many degrees the most important period in the annals of our theatre, when Shakspeare, starting into dramatic life, came boldly forward on the eye, leaving at an immeasurable distance behind him, and in groupes more or less darkly shaded, his immediate predecessors, and his earliest contemporaries in the art.

FOOTNOTES:

[227:A]Warton's Hist. of English Poetry, vol. iii. p. 355.

[227:B]Vide Historia Histrionica.

[227:C]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 6. 11. See, also, Percy and Warton.

[227:D]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 29; and Warton's Hist. of English Poetry, vol. ii. p. 199.

[228:A]See Ancient British Drama, vol. i. both for this play and Gammer Gurton's Needle, as edited by Walter Scott.

[229:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 404.

[230:A]Warton's Hist. of English Poetry, vol. iii. p. 210.

[231:A]Defence of Poesie, pp. 561, 562.—Vide Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, folio, 7th. edit. 1629.

[232:A]Arte of English Poesie, reprint, p. 51.

[232:B]Chalmers's English Poets, vol. ii. Turberville's Poems, p. 620.

[233:A]History of English Poetry, vol. iii. p. 474.

[234:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ix. p. 144. note by Farmer.

[234:B]MS. Digb. 133.

[234:C]Hist. of English Poetry, vol. iii. p. 376. note.

[235:A]Sign. C 4.

[235:B]Vide Censura Literaria, vol. vii. p. 305. et seq.; and Dodsley's Old Plays, by Reed, vol. ii. p. 154.

[236:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 461. Act iv. sc. 2.

[236:B]Ibid. vol. xi. p. 301.

[237:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xi. p. 302. note.

[237:B]Vide Beloe's Anecdotes of Literature, vol. i. p. 323.; and Biographia Dramatica apud Reed, vol. i. p. 362.

[238:A]Among "Six Old Plays, on which Shakspeare founded his Measure for Measure, Comedy of Errors," &c. &c.; reprinted from the original editions, 2 vols. 8vo. 1779.

[238:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. vi. p. 184.

[239:A]Biographia Dramatica, vol. i. p. 351.

[239:B]Ibid. vol. ii. p. 21.

[239:C]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xii. p. 90.

[240:A]Vide Reprint, 1809, p. 22.

[240:B]Vide Greene's Groatsworth of Witte bought with a Million of Repentance, reprint.

[240:C]Of the sweetness of versification and luxuriancy of imagery which Peele occasionally exhibits, we shall quote an instance from "The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe. With the Tragedie of Absalon;" a play which Mr.Hawkinshas re-printed in hisOrigin of the Drama, 3 vols.; observing, that the genius of Peele seems to have been kindled by reading the Prophets, and the Song of Solomon:—"Bethsabe.Come gentle Zephyr trick'd with those perfumesThat erst in Eden sweetened Adam's love,And stroke my bosom with thy silken fan:This shade (sun-proof) is yet no proof for thee,Thy body smoother than this waveless spring,And purer than the substance of the same,Can creep through that his lances cannot pierce.Thou and thy sister soft and sacred Air,Goddess of life, and governess of health,Keeps every fountain fresh and arbor sweet:No brazen gate her passage can repulse,Nor bushy thicket bar thy subtle breath.Then deck thee with thy loose delightsome robes,And on thy wings bring delicate perfumes,To play the wantons with us through the leaves."

"Bethsabe.Come gentle Zephyr trick'd with those perfumesThat erst in Eden sweetened Adam's love,And stroke my bosom with thy silken fan:This shade (sun-proof) is yet no proof for thee,Thy body smoother than this waveless spring,And purer than the substance of the same,Can creep through that his lances cannot pierce.Thou and thy sister soft and sacred Air,Goddess of life, and governess of health,Keeps every fountain fresh and arbor sweet:No brazen gate her passage can repulse,Nor bushy thicket bar thy subtle breath.Then deck thee with thy loose delightsome robes,And on thy wings bring delicate perfumes,To play the wantons with us through the leaves."

"Bethsabe.Come gentle Zephyr trick'd with those perfumes

That erst in Eden sweetened Adam's love,

And stroke my bosom with thy silken fan:

This shade (sun-proof) is yet no proof for thee,

Thy body smoother than this waveless spring,

And purer than the substance of the same,

Can creep through that his lances cannot pierce.

Thou and thy sister soft and sacred Air,

Goddess of life, and governess of health,

Keeps every fountain fresh and arbor sweet:

No brazen gate her passage can repulse,

Nor bushy thicket bar thy subtle breath.

Then deck thee with thy loose delightsome robes,

And on thy wings bring delicate perfumes,

To play the wantons with us through the leaves."

[241:A]Theatrum Poetarum, apud Brydges, pp. 199, 200.

[242:A]For these plays, Blount's republication being scarce, the reader may consult Dodsley'sOld Plays, 1780; Hawkins'sOrigin of the English Drama;Ancient British Dramaapud Walter Scott; and Old Plays, vols. 1 and 2. 8vo. 1814.

[242:B]Numerous specimens of these Songs, in case the dramas are not at hand, will be found in Ellis's Specimens of the Early English Poets, vol. ii.; and in Beloe's Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books, vol. ii.

[243:A]Biographia Dramatica, vol. ii. p. 237.

[243:B]See a further account of this play, and a specimen of the chorus, in Beloe's Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 386.

[243:C]Vide Ancient British Drama, vol. i. p. 459.

[244:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 394.

[244:B]Vol. ii. p. 197.

[245:A]"There is particularly remembered," remarks Phillips, "his tragedy Cornelia." Theatrum Poetarum, apud Brydges, p. 206.

[245:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xii. p. 92. Henry the Fourth, Part II., act ii. sc. 4.—The passage which Pistol has partially quoted will afford some idea of the wild and turgid extravagances of this poet. Tamburlaine is represented in a chariot drawn by captive monarchs with bits in their mouths; and, holding the reins in his left hand, he is in the act of scourging them with a whip:—"Tamb.Holla ye pamper'd jades of Asia:What, can ye draw but twenty miles a day,And have so proud a chariot at your heels,And such a coachman as great Tamburlaine?But from Asphaltis, where I conquered you,To Byron here, where thus I honour you?The horse that guide the golden eye of heaven,And blow the morning from their nostrils,Making their fiery gate above the clouds,Are not so honour'd in their governor,As you ye slaves in mighty Tamburlaine.The head strong jades of Thrace Alcides tamed,That King Egeas fed with human flesh,And made so wanton that they knew their strengths,Were not subdued with valour more divine,Than you by this unconquer'd arm of mine.To make you fierce and fit my appetite,You shall be fed with flesh as raw as blood,And drink in pails the strongest muscadell:If you can live with it, then live and drawMy chariot swifter than the racking clouds:If not, then die like beasts, and fit for noughtBut perches for the black and fatal ravens."

"Tamb.Holla ye pamper'd jades of Asia:What, can ye draw but twenty miles a day,And have so proud a chariot at your heels,And such a coachman as great Tamburlaine?But from Asphaltis, where I conquered you,To Byron here, where thus I honour you?The horse that guide the golden eye of heaven,And blow the morning from their nostrils,Making their fiery gate above the clouds,Are not so honour'd in their governor,As you ye slaves in mighty Tamburlaine.The head strong jades of Thrace Alcides tamed,That King Egeas fed with human flesh,And made so wanton that they knew their strengths,Were not subdued with valour more divine,Than you by this unconquer'd arm of mine.To make you fierce and fit my appetite,You shall be fed with flesh as raw as blood,And drink in pails the strongest muscadell:If you can live with it, then live and drawMy chariot swifter than the racking clouds:If not, then die like beasts, and fit for noughtBut perches for the black and fatal ravens."

"Tamb.Holla ye pamper'd jades of Asia:

What, can ye draw but twenty miles a day,

And have so proud a chariot at your heels,

And such a coachman as great Tamburlaine?

But from Asphaltis, where I conquered you,

To Byron here, where thus I honour you?

The horse that guide the golden eye of heaven,

And blow the morning from their nostrils,

Making their fiery gate above the clouds,

Are not so honour'd in their governor,

As you ye slaves in mighty Tamburlaine.

The head strong jades of Thrace Alcides tamed,

That King Egeas fed with human flesh,

And made so wanton that they knew their strengths,

Were not subdued with valour more divine,

Than you by this unconquer'd arm of mine.

To make you fierce and fit my appetite,

You shall be fed with flesh as raw as blood,

And drink in pails the strongest muscadell:

If you can live with it, then live and draw

My chariot swifter than the racking clouds:

If not, then die like beasts, and fit for nought

But perches for the black and fatal ravens."

[248:A]This rare play was purchased, at the Roxburgh sale, forseventeen guineas!

[249:A]Theatrum Poetarum, apud Brydges, p. 113.

[249:B]Two accounts, varying materially, have been given by Wood and Vaughan, of this poet's untimely fate. That by Vaughan as being little known, and apparently founded on the writer's own knowledge of the fact, I shall venture to transcribe. TheGolden Grove, from which it is extracted, was first published in 1600. Relating God's judgments on Atheists, he adds:—"Not inferiour to these was one Christopher Marlow, by profession a play-maker, who, as it is reported, about fourteen yeres a-goe, wrote a booke against the Trinitie: but see the effects of God's justice; it so hapned, that at Detford, a litle village, about three miles distant from London, as he meant to stab with his poynard one named Ingram, that had invited him thither to a feaste, and was then playing at tables; hee perceyuing it, so avoyded the thrust, that withall drawing out his dagger for his defence, he stab'd this Marlow into the eye, in such sort, that his braynes comming out at the dagger's point, hee shortly after dyed."

"Not inferiour to these was one Christopher Marlow, by profession a play-maker, who, as it is reported, about fourteen yeres a-goe, wrote a booke against the Trinitie: but see the effects of God's justice; it so hapned, that at Detford, a litle village, about three miles distant from London, as he meant to stab with his poynard one named Ingram, that had invited him thither to a feaste, and was then playing at tables; hee perceyuing it, so avoyded the thrust, that withall drawing out his dagger for his defence, he stab'd this Marlow into the eye, in such sort, that his braynes comming out at the dagger's point, hee shortly after dyed."

[249:C]Vide Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 355.

[250:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. p. 354.

[250:B]Berkenhout's Biographia Literaria, p. 319. note.—The only account which I have seen of this play, printed in 1598, is in a note by Mr. Malone, who tells us that Shakspeare does not appear to have been indebted to this piece. "The plan of it," he adds, "is shortly this: Bohan, a Scot, in consequence of being disgusted with the world, having retired to a tomb where he has fixed his dwelling, is met by Aster Oberon, king of the fairies, who entertains him with an antick or dance by his subjects. These two personages, after some conversation, determine to listen to a tragedy, which is acted before them, and to which they make a kind of chorus, by moralizing at the end of each act." Vol. ii. p. 250.

[251:A]Theatrum Poetarum apud Brydges, p. 193.

[251:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xxi. p. 37.

[251:C]Vide Censura Literaria, vol. ix. p. 98.

[252:A]This play was printed in 1594, and has fallen under the ridicule of Shakspeare, in a parody on the words,Feed and be fat, &c.

[252:B]The miserable orthography of this catalogue has frequently disguised the real titles so much as to render them almost unintelligible, and I suspectOrgastoin this place to be very remote from the genuine word.

[252:C]Called in one part of the list, "bendo and Ricardo," and in another, "Byndo and Ricardo."

[253:A]This, being the prior part of the title of the Pinner of Wakefield, mentioned below, is probably one and the same with that production.

[253:B]The Pinner of Wakefield, which is in Dodsley's Collection, and in Scott's Ancient British Drama, was printed in 1599.

[253:C]Vide Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iii. pp. 354-358.—Mr. Malone observes of the play in this catalogue, called "Richard the Confessor," that it "should seem to have been written by the Tinker, inTaming of the Shrew, who talks ofRichard Conqueror."

Back to Index Next