Chapter 38

"To give a stage,Ample, and true with life,—voice, action, age,To story coldly told—To raise our ancient sovereigns from their herse,To enliven their pale trunks,"

"To give a stage,

Ample, and true with life,—voice, action, age,

To story coldly told—

To raise our ancient sovereigns from their herse,

To enliven their pale trunks,"

and to make us

"Joy in their joy, and tremble at their rage,"

is, indeed, a task of the utmost magnitude and difficulty, but one in which our poet has succeeded with a felicity altogether unparalleled. Hischaracterslive and breathe before us; we perceive not only what they say and do, but what they feel and think; and we are tempted to believe, that like some magician of old, he possessed the art of transfusing himself into the frame, and of speaking through the organs, of those whom he wished to represent; so exactly has he drawn, without deviation from the general laws and broad tract of life, each class and condition of mankind.

Whether he delineate the possessor of a throne, or the tenant of a cottage; the warrior in battle, or the statesman in debate; youth in its fervour, or old age in its repose; guilt in agony, or innocence inpeace; the votaries of pleasure, or the victims of despair; we behold each character developing itself, not through the medium of self-description, but, as in actual experience, through the influence and progression of events, and through the re-action of surrounding agents. Thus, from the mutual working of conflicting interests and emotions, from their various powers of coalescence and repulsion, the characters of Shakspeare are, like those in real life, evolved with an energy and strength, with a freedom and boldness of outline which will, probably for ever, stamp them with the seal of unapproachable excellence.

Nor is he less distinguished for an illimitable sway over thePassions:—

——————————— "To moveA chilling pity—To strike—both joy and ire;To steer the affections; and by heavenly fireMold us anew,—Yet so to temper passion, that our earsTake pleasure in their pain, and eyes in tearsBoth weep and smile"—

——————————— "To move

A chilling pity—

To strike—both joy and ire;

To steer the affections; and by heavenly fire

Mold us anew,—

Yet so to temper passion, that our ears

Take pleasure in their pain, and eyes in tears

Both weep and smile"—

are some of the noblest attributes of the dramatic poet, and more peculiarly characteristic of Shakspeare than of any other writer. The birth and progress of the numerous passions which awakenpityandterror, he has unfolded, indeed, with such minute fidelity to nature, that it is scarcely possible, as Madame De Stael has observed, to sympathise thoroughly with Shakspeare's sufferers, without tasting also of the bitter experience of real life.

Thepathosof Shakspeare is either simple or figurative, in accordancy with the character, and in proportion to the intensity of the feeling, from which it emanates. The sigh of suffering merit, or the pang of unrequited love, affects us most when clothed in the language of perfect simplicity; but the energy, the paroxysm of extreme sorrow, naturally bursts into figurative language, nay often demands that very play of imagery and words, for which our bard has been ignorantly condemned, but which, like laughter amid the horrors ofmadness, can alone impress us with an adequately keen sense of the overwhelming agony of the soul. Of these two modes of exciting pity, we possess very striking examples in the sufferings of Katherine inHenry the Eighth, and in the parental afflictions of Constance inKing John.

The excitement, indeed, of unallayed pity must necessarily either be very short, or very painful, and it has therefore been the endeavour of our dramatist, according to the language of the fine old bard just quoted,

———— "so to temper passion, that our earsTake pleasure in their pain;"

———— "so to temper passion, that our ears

Take pleasure in their pain;"

and this he has effected, and often with great skill and judgment, by a transient intermixture of playful fancy or comic allusion, of which, instances without number are to be found dispersed throughout his plays.

Yet great as we acknowledge the influence of Shakspeare to have been, in eliciting the tears of pity and compassion, he has surpassed not only others, but himself, in the power and extent of his dominion over the sources and operation ofterror. "It may be said of crimes painted by Shakspeare," remarks an accomplished critic, "as the Bible says of Death, that he is theKing of Terrors[547:A];" an assertion fully warranted by an appeal toRichard, toLear, toHamlet, toMacbeth, where this soul-harrowing emotion, as derived from natural or supernatural causes, from remorseless cruelty, from phrenzy-stricken sorrow, from conscious guilt or withering fear, is depicted with an energy so awful and appalling as to blanch the cheek and chill the blood of every intellectual being. More especially do we pursue his creations with trembling hope and breathless apprehension, when he traces the wanderings of despair, when he presents to our view that"shipwreck of moral nature," in which "the storm of life surpasses its strength."[548:A]

The scenes which are necessarily required for the developement of villany and its artifices, must, of course, disclose many deeds of atrocity and vice, from which the unpolluted mind recoils with shuddering astonishment; but vividly, and justly too, as these have been portrayed by our poet, in all their native deformity, he has, with only one or two exceptions, so managed the exhibition, that, unless to very feeble minds, the impression never becomes too painful to be borne. Some qualifying property in the head or heart of the offender, or some repose from the intervention of more amiable or more cheerful characters, occurs to subdue to its proper tone what would otherwise amount to torture. Thus the disgust which would be apt to arise from contemplating the gigantic iniquity ofRichard the Third, is corrected by an almost involuntary admiration of his intellectual vigour; and the merciless revenge of Shylock, being perpetually broken in upon by the alleviating harmonies of love and pity in the characters of those who surround him, passes not beyond the due limits of tragic emotion.[548:B]

The inimitable felicity, indeed, with which Shakspeare has intermingled the finest chords ofpityand ofterror, such as we listen to, with unsated rapture in hisRomeo, hisLear, and hisOthello, has been a subject of eulogium to thousands, but never can it meet, from mortal tongue, with praise of corresponding worth. For who shall paint the beauty of those transitions, when on a night of horror breaks the first bright ray of heaven, the dawn of light and hope; when, like the sounds of an Æolian harp amid the pauses of a tempest, the still soft voice of love succeeds the tumult of despair, and whispers to the troubled spirit accents of mercy, peace, and pardon?

It is perhaps only of Shakspeare that it can be said with truth, that hiscomicpossesses the same unrivalled merit as histragicdrama. The force and versatility of hispaintingin this department, its richness, its depth, and its expression, and, more than all, the originality and fecundity of invention which it every where exhibits, astonish, and almost overwhelm the mind in its endeavour to form an estimate of powers so gigantic, and which may not be altogether incommensurate with its scope and comprehensiveness. Whether we consider his delineations of this kind as the product of pure fiction, or founded on the costume of his age, they alike delight us by their novelty and their adhesion to nature.FalstaffandParollesare, in many respects, as much the birth of fancy asCalibanorAriel; but being strictly confined within the pale of humanity, and displaying all its features with living truth and distinctness, theinventive felicityof theircombinationis apt to escape us through our familiarity with its component parts. HisFools, or Clowns, on the contrary, were, in his time, of daily occurrence, and not only to be found in the court of the monarch, and the castle of the baron, but in the hall of the squire, and even beneath the roof of the churchman; yet, from comparing what history has recorded of this motley tribe with the spirited sketches of our author, how has he heightened their wit and sarcasm!—to such a degree, indeed, that they have frequently become in his hands personages of poetic growth, wild and grotesque, it is true, yet powerfully original.

This pre-eminence of Shakspeare in the characterisation of his fools probably led to their dramatic extinction; for it must have been found very difficult to support their tone and spirit after such a model. Beaumont and Fletcher, it has been observed, have but rarely introduced them; Ben Jonson and Massinger never[550:A]; and yet thecourt-fool had not ceased to exist in the reign of Charles the First, nor thedomesticuntil the commencement of the eighteenth century.[550:B]

Another of the great distinctions which have elevated Shakspeare so completely above thedramaticclass of poets, is the splendour and infinity of hisimagination—

"To out-run hasty time, retrieve the fates,Roll back the heavens, blow ope the iron gatesOf death and Lethe——by art to learnThe physiognomy of shades, and giveThem sudden birth—'and' from 'his' lofty throne,Create and rule a world, and work uponMankind by secret engines,"

"To out-run hasty time, retrieve the fates,

Roll back the heavens, blow ope the iron gates

Of death and Lethe——by art to learn

The physiognomy of shades, and give

Them sudden birth—'and' from 'his' lofty throne,

Create and rule a world, and work upon

Mankind by secret engines,"

was deemed, even by his contemporaries, the peculiar destiny of our bard; a destination that has been still more thoroughly felt and acknowledged by succeeding ages, and by which, without sacrificing any of the more legitimate provinces of the drama, he has acquired for his poetry that stamp of glowing inspiration, which more than places it on a level with the daring flights of Homer, of Dante, or of Milton; while, at the same time, there exclusively belongs to him an insinuating loveliness of fancy that endears him to our feelings, and brings with it a recognition of that visionary happiness which charmed our earliest youth, when all around us breathed enchantment, and the heart alone responded to the fairy melodies of love and hope.

What contrast, for instance, of poetic power has ever exceeded that which we experience in passing from the mysterious horrors ofHamletandMacbeth, from the visitations of the midnight spectre, and the unhallowed rites of witchcraft, to the sportive revelry of the tripping elves, and the exquisite delights of Ariel; from the fiend-like character of Iago, from the soul-harrowing distraction of Lear, and the unearthly wildness of Edgar, to that music of paradise which falls melting from the tongue of Juliet or Miranda!

Were we to lengthen this summary by any dissertation on themoralityof our author's drama, it might justly be considered as a work of supererogation. So completely, indeed, does this, the most valuable result of composition, pervade every portion of his dramatic writings, that we can scarcely open a page of his best plays without being forcibly struck by its lessons of virtue and utility; such as are applicable, not only to extraordinary occasions, but to the common business and routine of life; and such as, while they must make every individual better acquainted with his own nature and conditional destiny, are calculated, beyond any other productions of unrevealed wisdom, to improve that nature, and to render that destiny more happy and exalted.

Still less is it necessary to comment on thefaultsof Shakspeare, for they lie immediately on the surface. When we add, that some coarsenesses and indelicacies which, however, as they excite no passion and flatter no vice, are, in a moral light, not injurious; some instances of an injudicious play on words, and a few violations, not of essential, but merely of technical, costume, form their chief amount, no little surprise, it is possible, may be excited; but let us recollect, that many of the defects which prejudice and ignorance have attributed to Shakspeare, have, on being duly weighed and investigated, assumed the character of positive excellences. Among these, for example, it will be sufficient to mention the composite or mixed nature of his drama, and his general neglect of the unities of time and place, features in the conduct of his plays which, though they have for a long period heaped upon his head a torrent of contemptuous abuse, are, at length, acknowledged to have laid the foundation, and to have furnished the noblest model of a dramatic literature, in its principles and spirit infinitely more profound and comprehensive than that which has descended to us from the shores of Greece.

It was in reference to the narrow and mistaken views which were once entertained of the genius of Shakspeare; it was in refutation of the calumnies of Rymer, and the senseless invective of Voltaire, who had charged us with an extravagant admiration of thisbarbarian,that Mr. Morgan, forty years ago, stood forward the avowed champion, and, we may add, one of the most eloquent defenders which his country has yet produced, ofEngland'scalumniatedBard.

Speaking of the magic influence which our poet almost invariably exerts over his auditors, he remarks, that "on such an occasion, a fellow, likeRymer, waking from his trance, shall lift up his Constable's staff, and charge this great Magician, this daringpracticer of arts inhibited, in the name ofAristotle, to surrender; whilstAristotlehimself, disowning his wretched officer, would fall prostrate at his feet and acknowledge his supremacy.—'O supreme of Dramatic excellence! (might he say) not to me be imputed the insolence of fools. The bards ofGreecewere confined within the narrow circle of the Chorus, and hence they found themselves constrained to practice, for the most part, the precision, and copy the details of nature. I followed them, and knew not that a larger circle might be drawn, and the drama extended to the whole reach of human genius. Convinced, I see that a more compendiousnaturemay be obtained; a nature ofeffectsonly, to which neither the relations of place, or continuity of time, are always essential. Nature, condescending to the faculties and apprehensions of man, has drawn through human life a regular chain of visible causes and effects: But Poetry delights in surprize, conceals her steps, seizes at once upon the heart, and obtains the sublime of things without betraying the rounds of her ascent: True Poesy ismagic, notnature; an effect from causes hidden or unknown. To the Magician I prescribed no laws; his law and his power are one; his power is his law.—If his end is obtained, who shall question his course? Means, whether apparent or hidden, are justified in Poesy by success; but then most perfect and most admirable when most concealed.'—

"'Yes,' whatever may be the neglect of some, or the censure of others, there are those, who firmly believe that this wild, this uncultivated Barbarian has not yet obtained one half of his fame; and who trust that some new Stagyrite will arise, who, instead of pecking at the surface of things, will enter into the inward soul of hiscompositions, and expel, by the force of congenial feelings, those foreign impurities which have stained and disgraced his page. And as to thosespotswhich still remain, they may perhaps become invisible to those who shall seek them thro' the medium of his beauties, instead of looking for those beauties, as is too frequently done, thro' the smoke of some real or imputed obscurity. When the hand of time shall have brushed off his present Editors and Commentators, and when the very name ofVoltaire, and even the memory of the language in which he has written, shall be no more, theApalachianmountains, the banks of theOhio, and the plains ofSciolashall resound with the accents of this Barbarian: In his native tongue he shall roll the genuine passions of nature; nor shall the griefs ofLearbe alleviated, or the charms and wit ofRosalindbe abated by time."[554:A]

Since this eloquently prophetic passage was written, how has the fame of Shakspeare increased! Not only in England has the growth of a more enlightened criticism operated in his favour, but on the continent an enthusiasm for his genius has been kindled, which, we may venture to say, will never be extinguished. In Germany, the efforts of Herder[554:B], of Goethe[554:C], of Tieck[554:D], and, above all, of Augustus William Schlegel, the "new Stagyrite," as he may justly be termed, the best critic on, and the best translator, of our author[554:E], have, as it were, naturalised the poet; and if in France the labours of Le Mercier and Ducis have failed to produce a similar effect, yet a taste for Shakspeare in the original has been very powerfully heightened by the nervous and elegant compositions of De Stael.

Nor has Europe alone borne testimony to the progress of his reputation; not twenty years had passed over the glowing predictions of Morgan, when the first transatlantic edition of Shakspeare appearedat Philadelphia[555:A]; nor is it too much to believe that, ere another century elapse, the plains of Northern America, and even the unexplored wilds of Australasia, shall be as familiar with the fictions of our poet, as are now the vallies of his native Avon, or the statelier banks of the Thames.

It is, indeed, a most delightful consideration for every lover and cultivator of our literature, and one which should excite, amongst our authors, an increased spirit of emulation, that the language in which they write, is destined to be that of so large a portion of the new world; a field of glory to which the genius of Shakspeare will assuredly give an imperishable permanency; for the diffusion and durability of his fame are likely to meet with no limit save that which circumscribes the globe, and closes the existence of time.

FOOTNOTES:

[492:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xvi. p. 422.

[494:A]The representation of the character of Coriolanus by Mr. Kemble, which realises the very conception of the poet, and which in spirit, manner, and costume, can scarcely be deemed susceptible of improvement, has rendered this drama very popular in our own day.

[495:A]Winter's Tale, act i. sc. 2.

[495:B]Illustrations, vol. i. p. 347.

[495:C]Osborne's Works, 9th edit. 8vo. 1689, p. 477.

[496:A]History of Great Britain, folio, 1653, p. 12.

[496:B]"I am inclined to think," says Mr. Malone, "that he (Jonson) joined these plays in the same censure, in consequence of their having been produced at no great distance of time from each other."—Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ii. p. 326. note. That this passage was intended, however, as a censure on Shakspeare remains doubtful.

[496:C]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ii. p. 326.

[497:A]It appears, from Mr. Malone, that the copy of The Winter's Tale, licensed by Sir George Buck, had been lost.—Vide Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ii. p. 326. note.

[498:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ix. p. 209.

[498:B]Illustrations of Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 364.

[498:C]Lectures on Dramatic Literature, vol. ii. p. 181.—That Shakspeare considered the romantic incidents of this play as properly designated by the appellation ofan old tale, is evident from his own application of the phrase to several parts of the plot. Thus, in the second scene of the fifth act, we find it used in the following passages:—"How goes it now, sir? this news, which is called true, is so likean old tale.""2d Gent.What, pray you, became of Antigonus, that carried hence the child?3d Gent.Likean old talestill."And again, in the next scene:—"Paul.That she is living,Were it but told, you should be hooted at,Likean old tale."

"How goes it now, sir? this news, which is called true, is so likean old tale."

"2d Gent.What, pray you, became of Antigonus, that carried hence the child?3d Gent.Likean old talestill."

"2d Gent.What, pray you, became of Antigonus, that carried hence the child?

3d Gent.Likean old talestill."

And again, in the next scene:—

"Paul.That she is living,Were it but told, you should be hooted at,Likean old tale."

"Paul.That she is living,

Were it but told, you should be hooted at,

Likean old tale."

[499:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ix. p. 362. Act iv. sc. 3.

[499:B]Ibid. vol. ix. p. 343. Act iv. sc. 3.

[500:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ix. pp. 366, 367. Act iv. sc. 3.

[500:B]Winwood's Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 422.

[500:C]Supplemental Apology, pp. 438, 439.

[501:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. ii. p. 363.

[502:A]Wilson's Historie of Great Britain, pp. 64, 65.

[502:B]The idea of the witch, says Mr. Steevens, might have been caught from Dionyse Settle'sReporte of the Last Voyage of Captaine Frobisher, 12mo. bl. l. 1577. He is speaking of a woman found on one of the islands described:—"The old wretch, whome divers of our Saylers supposed to be a Divell, or aWitche, plucked off her buskins, to see if she were clouen footed, and for her ougly hewe and deformitie, we let her goe."—Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 33.Steevens.Eden tells us in his History of Travayle, 1577, that "the giantes, when they found themselves fettered, roared like bulls, and cried uponSetebosto help them."—Ibid. vol. iv. p. 43. note by Farmer.Mr. Douce thinks that the name of Caliban's mother, Sycorax, was probably taken by Shakspeare from the following passage inBatman uppon Bartholome, 1582:—"The raven is calledcorvusofCorax. . . . . . it is said thatravens birdesbe fed withdeawof heaven all the time that they have no blackfeathers, by benefite of age." Lib. xii. c. 10.—Illustrations, vol. i. p. 8.

Eden tells us in his History of Travayle, 1577, that "the giantes, when they found themselves fettered, roared like bulls, and cried uponSetebosto help them."—Ibid. vol. iv. p. 43. note by Farmer.

Mr. Douce thinks that the name of Caliban's mother, Sycorax, was probably taken by Shakspeare from the following passage inBatman uppon Bartholome, 1582:—"The raven is calledcorvusofCorax. . . . . . it is said thatravens birdesbe fed withdeawof heaven all the time that they have no blackfeathers, by benefite of age." Lib. xii. c. 10.—Illustrations, vol. i. p. 8.

[503:A]Vide Chalmers's Apology, p. 578.

[503:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 3.

[504:A]As the passage which we have just quoted from Jourdan's pamphlet is, as Mr. Chalmers confesses, in the first edition of 1610, what necessity was there for referring us, for Shakspeare's obligation, to little more than a second edition of it, under the title of "A Plaine Description," &c.?—Vide Chalmers's Apology, p. 580.

[504:B]Illustrations of Shakspeare, vol. i. pp. 5-7.

[505:A]"Alon.If thou beest Prospero,Give us particulars of thy preservation:How thou hast met us here, whothree hours sinceWere wreck'd upon this shore."Act v. sc. 1. Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. pp. 160, 161."Alon.What is this maid, with whom thou wast at play?Your eld'st acquaintance cannot bethree hours."Act v. p. 163.

[505:A]

"Alon.If thou beest Prospero,Give us particulars of thy preservation:How thou hast met us here, whothree hours sinceWere wreck'd upon this shore."

"Alon.If thou beest Prospero,

Give us particulars of thy preservation:

How thou hast met us here, whothree hours since

Were wreck'd upon this shore."

Act v. sc. 1. Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. pp. 160, 161.

"Alon.What is this maid, with whom thou wast at play?Your eld'st acquaintance cannot bethree hours."

"Alon.What is this maid, with whom thou wast at play?

Your eld'st acquaintance cannot bethree hours."

Act v. p. 163.

[509:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, edit. of 1584. pp. 467-469.

[509:B]Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 33.

[510:A]Worthies of England, Part II. p. 116.

[511:A]Dibdin's Bibliomania, pp. 313-346. Mr. Dibdin has given us the following account ofDee's Library, "as drawn up by our philosopher himself.""400 Volumes—printed and unprinted—bound and unbound—valued at 2000 lib."1 Greek, 2 French, and 1 High Dutch, volumes of MSS., alone worth 533 lib. 40 years in getting these books together."Appertaining thereto."Sundry rare and exquisitely made Mathematical Instruments."A radius Astronomicus, ten feet long."A magnet stone, or Load stone: of great virtue—which was sold out of the library but for v shill. and for it afterwards (yea piece-meal divided) was more than xx lib. given in money and value."A great case or frame of boxes, wherein some hundreds of very rare evidences of divers Irelandish territories, provinces, and lands, were laid up. Which territories, provinces, and lands, were therein notified to have been in the hands of some of the ancient Irish princes. Then, their submissions and tributes agreed upon, with seals appendant to the little writings thereof in parchment: and after by some of those evidences did it appear, how some of those lands came to the Lascies, the Mortuomars, the Burghs, the Clares, &c."A Box of Evidencesantient of some Welch princes and noblemen—the like of Norman donation—their peculiar titles noted on the forepart with chalk only, which on the poor boxes remaineth. This box, with another containing similar deedes, were embezzled."One great bladderwith about 4 pound weight, of a very sweetish thing, like a brownish gum in it, artificially prepared by thirty times purifying of it, hath more, than I could well afford him for 100 crownes; as may be proved by witnesses yet living."To these he adds his threeLaboratories, 'serving for Pyrotechnia,'—which he got together after twenty years labor. 'All which furniture and provision, and many things already prepared, is unduly made away from me by sundry meanes, and a few spoiled or broken vessels remain, hardly worth 40 shillings.' But one feature more in poor Dee's character—and that is, his unparalleled serenity and good nature under the most griping misfortunes—remains to be described: and then we may take farewel of him with aching hearts."In the 10th chapter, speaking of the wretched poverty of himself and family ('having not one penny of certain fee, revenue, stipend, or pension, either left him or restored unto him')—Dee says that 'he has been constrained now and then to send parcels of his little furniture of plate to pawn upon usury; and that did he so oft till no more could be sent. After the same manner went his wive's jewels of gold, rings, bracelets, chains, and other their rarities, under the thraldom of the usurer's gripes: 'tillnon pluswas written upon the boxes at home.'"In the 11th chapter, he anticipates the dreadful lot of being brought 'to the stepping out of doors (his house being sold). He, and his, with bottles and wallets furnished, to become wanderers as homish vagabonds; or, as banished men, to forsake the kingdom!' Againe: 'with bloody tears of heart, he, and his wife, their seven children, and their servants, (seventeen of them in all) did that day make their petition unto their honors,' &c. Can human misery be sharper than this—and to be the lot of a philosopher and bibliomaniac? ButVeniet Felicius Ævum."—Bibliomania, pp. 347-349.

[511:A]Dibdin's Bibliomania, pp. 313-346. Mr. Dibdin has given us the following account ofDee's Library, "as drawn up by our philosopher himself."

"400 Volumes—printed and unprinted—bound and unbound—valued at 2000 lib.

"1 Greek, 2 French, and 1 High Dutch, volumes of MSS., alone worth 533 lib. 40 years in getting these books together.

"Appertaining thereto.

"Sundry rare and exquisitely made Mathematical Instruments.

"A radius Astronomicus, ten feet long.

"A magnet stone, or Load stone: of great virtue—which was sold out of the library but for v shill. and for it afterwards (yea piece-meal divided) was more than xx lib. given in money and value.

"A great case or frame of boxes, wherein some hundreds of very rare evidences of divers Irelandish territories, provinces, and lands, were laid up. Which territories, provinces, and lands, were therein notified to have been in the hands of some of the ancient Irish princes. Then, their submissions and tributes agreed upon, with seals appendant to the little writings thereof in parchment: and after by some of those evidences did it appear, how some of those lands came to the Lascies, the Mortuomars, the Burghs, the Clares, &c.

"A Box of Evidencesantient of some Welch princes and noblemen—the like of Norman donation—their peculiar titles noted on the forepart with chalk only, which on the poor boxes remaineth. This box, with another containing similar deedes, were embezzled.

"One great bladderwith about 4 pound weight, of a very sweetish thing, like a brownish gum in it, artificially prepared by thirty times purifying of it, hath more, than I could well afford him for 100 crownes; as may be proved by witnesses yet living.

"To these he adds his threeLaboratories, 'serving for Pyrotechnia,'—which he got together after twenty years labor. 'All which furniture and provision, and many things already prepared, is unduly made away from me by sundry meanes, and a few spoiled or broken vessels remain, hardly worth 40 shillings.' But one feature more in poor Dee's character—and that is, his unparalleled serenity and good nature under the most griping misfortunes—remains to be described: and then we may take farewel of him with aching hearts.

"In the 10th chapter, speaking of the wretched poverty of himself and family ('having not one penny of certain fee, revenue, stipend, or pension, either left him or restored unto him')—Dee says that 'he has been constrained now and then to send parcels of his little furniture of plate to pawn upon usury; and that did he so oft till no more could be sent. After the same manner went his wive's jewels of gold, rings, bracelets, chains, and other their rarities, under the thraldom of the usurer's gripes: 'tillnon pluswas written upon the boxes at home.'

"In the 11th chapter, he anticipates the dreadful lot of being brought 'to the stepping out of doors (his house being sold). He, and his, with bottles and wallets furnished, to become wanderers as homish vagabonds; or, as banished men, to forsake the kingdom!' Againe: 'with bloody tears of heart, he, and his wife, their seven children, and their servants, (seventeen of them in all) did that day make their petition unto their honors,' &c. Can human misery be sharper than this—and to be the lot of a philosopher and bibliomaniac? ButVeniet Felicius Ævum."—Bibliomania, pp. 347-349.

[512:A]"In his edition ofJohn Confrat. Monach. de. rebus. gestis Glaston., vol. ii., where twelve chapters (from whence the above note is partly taken) are devoted to the subject of our philosopher's travels and hardships." Bibliomania, p. 343. note.

[513:A]Vide Theatrum Chemicum, p. 481.

[513:B]Worthies of England, Pt. III. pp. 172, 173.

[514:A]Vide Weaver's Funeral Monuments, p. 45., and Wood's Athenæ Oxon. vol. i. col. 279.

[514:B]In what estimation Kelly was held in 1662, is evident from the opinion of Fuller, who closes his account of this daring impostor with the following sentence:—"If his pride and prodigality were severed from him, he would remain a person, on other accounts, for his industry and experience in practical Philosophy, worthy recommendation to posterity." Worthies, p. 174.That Shakspeare was exempt from the astrological mania of his age, we learn from his fourteenth sonnet, where he tells us,—"Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;And yet methinks I have astronomy,But not to tell of good, or evil luck,Of plagues, of dearths, or season's quality:Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,Pointing to each his thunder, rain, and wind;Or say with princes if it shall go well,By oft predict that I in heaven find."

That Shakspeare was exempt from the astrological mania of his age, we learn from his fourteenth sonnet, where he tells us,—

"Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;And yet methinks I have astronomy,But not to tell of good, or evil luck,Of plagues, of dearths, or season's quality:Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,Pointing to each his thunder, rain, and wind;Or say with princes if it shall go well,By oft predict that I in heaven find."

"Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;

And yet methinks I have astronomy,

But not to tell of good, or evil luck,

Of plagues, of dearths, or season's quality:

Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,

Pointing to each his thunder, rain, and wind;

Or say with princes if it shall go well,

By oft predict that I in heaven find."

[515:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, book xv. chap. 42. p. 466.

[516:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, p. 415.

[516:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 53. Act i. sc. 2.

[516:C]Ibid. p. 152. Act v. sc. 1.

[517:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, p. 451.

[517:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 100. Act iii. sc. 1.

[517:C]Ibid. p. 152.

[517:D]Ibid. vol. iv. p. 106. Act iii. sc. 2.

[517:E]Ibid. p. 134. Act iv. sc. 1.

[518:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 148. 167.

[520:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, pp. 401, 402. 404-407.

[520:B]"Go," says Prospero, addressing Ariel,———————————— "Go, bring the rabble,O'er whom I give thee power, here, to this place."Act iv. sc. 1.

[520:B]"Go," says Prospero, addressing Ariel,

———————————— "Go, bring the rabble,O'er whom I give thee power, here, to this place."

———————————— "Go, bring the rabble,

O'er whom I give thee power, here, to this place."

Act iv. sc. 1.

[521:A]"Batman uppon Bartholome, His Booke,De Proprietatibus Rerum," &c. folio, 1582, p. 168. col. 4.—He tells us, however, in another place, that "in the region of the sunne, the spirits of the sunne are of more force than the rest. In the region of the moone, those spirites of the moone, and so of the residue." P. 170. col. 4.

[522:A]Batman uppon Bartholome, p. 84. col. 3, 4.

[522:B]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 28. Act i. sc. 2.

[523:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. pp. 43-46. Act i. sc. 2.—This song has been admirably imitated by Kirke White in the opening of his fine fragment, entitled "The Dance of the Consumptives."—Vol. i. p. 295. 1st edit.

[524:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 81. Act ii. sc. 2.

[524:B]Ibid. p. 147. Act iv. sc. 1.

[524:C]Ibid. p. 134. Act iv. sc. 1.

[524:D]Ibid. p. 109. Act iii. sc. 2.

[525:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. iv. p. 154. Act v. sc. 1.

[525:B]Ibid. pp. 38, 39. Act i. sc. 2.

[525:C]Ibid. p. 151. Act v. sc. 1.

[525:D]Ibid. vol. xviii. pp. 24, 25. Act i. sc. 1.

[526:A]Reed's Shakspeare, vol. xvii. p. 471. Act iii. sc. 4.

[526:B]Ibid. vol. iv. pp. 151, 152. Act v. sc. 1.

[527:A]Discoverie of Witchcraft, p. 377.

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