Close the right hand, leaving the thumb and index fully extended and separated; place the index over the forehead so that the thumb points to the right, palm toward the face; then draw the index across the forehead toward the right; then elevate the extended index, pointing upward before the shoulder or neck; pass it upward as high as the top of the head; make a short turn toward the front and pass it pointing downward toward the ground, to a point farther to the front and a little lower than at the beginning. (AbsarokaI;DakotaVI, VII;Shoshoni and BanakI;UteI;ApacheI.) "White man and chief."
Make the sign forwhite man(American), by passing the palmar surface of the extended index and thumb of the right hand across the forehead from left to right, then that forchief, and conclude by making that forparentby collecting the fingers and thumb of the right hand nearly to a point and drawing them forward from the left breast. (KaiowaI;ComancheIII;ApacheII;WichitaII.) "White man; chief; father."
Draw the palmar side of the index across the forehead from left to right, resting the thumb upon the right temple, then make the sign forchief—the white chief, "Secretary;" then make the sign forgreat lodge, council house, by making the sign forlodge, then placing both hands somewhat bent, palms facing, about ten inches apart, and passing them upward from the waist as high as the face. (ArikaraI.)
After placing the index into the mouth—mother, point the index at the individual addressed—your, then separate and extend the index and second fingers of the right hand; hold them, pointing forward, about twelve or fifteen inches before the face, and move them from side to side, eyes following the same direction—I see, then throw the flat right hand in a short curve outward to the right until the back points toward the ground—not, and look inquiringly at the individual addressed. (UteI.) "Mother your I see not; where is she?"
Point to the person and make sign forbrave, at same time looking with an inquiring expression. (AbsarokaI;Shoshoni and BanakI.)
Move the open left hand, palm to the front, toward the left and away from the body slowly (motion of the buffalo when chased). Move right hand on wrist as axis, rapidly (man on pony chasing buffalo); then extend left hand to the left, draw right arm as if drawing a bow, snap the forefinger and middle finger of left hand, and thrust the right forefinger over the left hand. (OmahaI.)
Give me. AbsarokaFig. 301.
Bring the thumb, index and second fingers to a point as if grasping a small object, the remaining fingers naturally extended, then place the hand just above the mouth and a few inches in front of it, and make repeated thrusts quickly toward the mouth several times; then place the naturally extended right hand nearly at arm's length before the body, palm up, fingers pointing toward the front and left, and make a short circular motion with the hand, as in Fig. 301, bringing the outer edge toward the body as far as the wrist will permit, throwing the hand forward again at a higher elevation. The motion being at the wrist only. (AbsarokaI;DakotaVII, VIII;ComancheIII.)
Raise the right hand above the head (J 2), palm to the front, all the fingers closed except the index, hand slanting a little to backward, then move forward and downward toward the person addressed, describing a curve. (OmahaI.)
Lean forward, and, holding the hands concavo-convex, draw them up over the limbs severally, then cross on the chest as wrapping a blanket. The arms are then extended before the body, with the hands in type-position (W), to a height indicating a large pile. The right hand then sweeps outward, showing a negative state of mind. The index of right hand finally touches the chest of the second party and approaches the body, in position (I), horizontal. (Oto and MissouriI.) "Something to put on that I don't want from you."
Hold the extended and flattened right hand, palm forward, at the height of the shoulder or face, and about fifteen inches from it, shaking the hand from side to side (at the wrist) as the arm is slightly raised, resembling the outline of an interrogation mark (?) made from belowupward. (AbsarokaI;DakotaV, VI, VII;HidatsaI;KaiowaI;ArikaraI;ComancheII, III;Pai-UteI;Shoshoni and BanakI;UteI;ApacheI, II;WichitaII.)
—— What? What is it?
First attract the person's notice by the sign forattention, viz: The right hand (T) carried directly out in front of the body, with arm fully extended and there moved sidewise with rapid motions; and then the right hand, fingers extended, pointing forward or outward, fingers joined, horizontal, is carried outward, obliquely in front of the right breast, and there turned partially over and under several times. (DakotaI.)
—— What are you doing? What do you want?
Throw the right hand about a foot from right to left several times, describing an arc with its convexity upward, palm inward, fingers slightly bent and separated, and pointing forward. (DakotaIV.)
—— When?
With its index extended and pointing forward, back upward, rotate the right hand several times to the right and left, describing an arc with the index. (DakotaIV.)
—— What are you?i.e., What tribe do you belong to?
Shake the upright open right hand four to eight inches from side to side a few times, from twelve to eighteen inches in front of the chin, the palm forward, fingers relaxed and a little separated. (DakotaIV.)
It must be remarked that in the three preceding signs there is no essential difference, either between themselves or between them and the general sign forQuestionabove given, which can be applied to the several special questions above mentioned. A similar remark may be made regarding several signs given below, which are printed in deference to collaborators.
Pass the right hand from left to right across the face. (KutineI.)
—— What do you want?
The arm is drawn to front of chest and the hand in position (N 1), modified by palms being downward and hand horizontal. From the chest center the hand is then passed spirally forward toward the one addressed; the hand's palm begins the spiral motion with a downward and ends in an upward aspect. (OtoI.) "To unwind or open."
—— Whence come you?
First the sign foryou, viz: The hand open, held upward obliquely, and pointing forward; then the hand, extended open and drawn to the breast, and lastly the sign forbringing, as follows: The hand half shut, with the thumb pressing against the forefinger, being firstmoderately extended either to the right or left, is brought with a moderate jerk to the opposite side, as if something was pulled along by the hand. (Dunbar.)
—— Who are you? or what is your name?
The right or left hand approximates close to center of the body; the arm is flexed and hand in position (D), or a little more closed. From inception of sign near center of body the hand slowly describes the arc of a quadrant, and fingers unfold as the hand recedes. We think the proper intention is for the inception of sign to be located at the heart, but it is seldom truly, anatomically thus located. (OtoI.) "To unfold one's self or make known."
—— Are you through?
With arms hanging at the side and forearms horizontal, place the fists near each other in front of body: then with a quick motion separate them as though breaking something asunder. (SahaptinI.)
—— Do you know?
Shake the right hand in front of the face, a little to the right, the whole arm elevated so as to throw the hand even with the face, and the forearm standing almost perpendicular. Principal motion with hand, slight motion of forearm, palm out. (SahaptinI.)
—— How far is it?
Sign forDo you know?followed with a precise movement throwing right hand (palm toward face) to a position as far from body as convenient, signifyingfar; then with the same quick, precise motion, bring the hand to a position near the face—near. (SahaptinI.)
—— How will you go—horseback or in wagon?
First make the sign forDo you know?then throw right hand forward—goorgoing; then throw fore and middle fingers of right astride the forefinger of the left hand, signifying,will you ride?; then swing the forefingers of each hand around each other, sign ofwheel running, signifying,or will you go in wagon? (SahaptinI.)
—— How many?
After making the sign forquestion, touch the tips of as many of the extended and separated fingers of the left hand held in front of the body upright, with back outward, with the right index as may be necessary. (DakotaI.) "Count them off to me—how many?"
Counting. How many? Shoshoni and BanakFig. 302.
Place the left hand carelessly before the breast, fingers extended and slightly separated, back to the front,then count off a few with the extended index, by laying down the fingers of the left, beginning at the little finger, as in Fig. 302. In asking the question, the sign forquestionmust precede the sign formany, the latter being also accompanied by a look of interrogation. (Shoshoni and BanakI.)
—— Has he?
Deaf-mute natural sign:
Move to and fro the finger several times toward the person spoken of (Larson.)
—— Have you?
Deaf-mute natural sign:
Move the finger to and fro several times toward the person to whom the one is speaking. (Larson.)
—— Are you?
Deaf-mute natural signs:
Point to the person spoken to and slightly nod the head, with an inquiring look. (Ballard.)
Point with the forefinger, as if to point toward the second person, at the same time nod the head as if to say "yes." (Ziegler.)
The following was obtained at Washington during the winter of 1880-'81 from Ta-tan-ka Wa-kan(Medicine Bull), a Brulé Dakota chief; by Dr.W.J. Hoffman.
(1) Place the flat hands in front of and as high as the elbows, palms down, pass each hand across to the opposite side of the body, the right above the left crossing near the wrist at the termination of the gesture (night), repeat in quick succession—nights, (2) elevate the extended index and second finger of the right hand, backs to the front—two, (3) place the tips of the extended and joined fingers of the right hand against the breast—I, (4) after touching the breast as in the preceding, pass the extended index from the breast, pointing downward, forward nearly to arm's length, and terminating by holding the hand but continuing the motion of the index until it points forward and upward—am going to, (5) throw the clinched right fist about six inches toward the earth at arm's length after the completion of the preceding gesture—my home.
It will be noticed that the gesture No. 4, "am going to," was made before the gesture No. 5, "my home," although the Dakota words pronounced were in the reverse order, showing a difference in the syntax of the gestures and of the oral speech in this instance. The other gestures, 1, 2, and 3, had been made deliberately, the Dakota word translatingeach being in obvious connection with the several gestures, but the two final words were pronounced rapidly together as if they could not in the mind of the gesturer be applied separately to the reversed order of the signs for them.
The same authority obtained the above sentence in Ponka and Pani, together with the following signs for it, from individuals of those tribes. Those signs agreed between each other, but differed from the Dakota, as will be observed, in the signsto my house, as signifyingto my home.
(1) Touch the breast with the tips of the extended fingers—I. This precedes the signs for Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, which correspond to Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the Dakota; then follows: (6) place the tips of the extended fingers of the flat hands together, leaving the wrists about six inches apart—lodge, (7) and conclude by placing the clinched fists nearly at arm's length before the body, the right several inches above the left, then throw them toward the ground—about six or eight inches—the fists retaining their relative positions—my,mine.
The following is the Ponka sentence as given by the gesturer in connection with the several gestures as made:
The following is the full sentence as spoken by Ponkas without regard to gesture, and its literal translation:
The Pani gestures were given with the accompanying words, viz:
The orthography in the above sentences, as in others where the original text is given (excepting the Dakota and Ojibwa), is that adopted by Maj.J.W. Powellin the second edition of theIntroduction to the Study of Indian Languages.Washington, 1880. The characters more particularly requiring explanation are the following, viz:
¢, asthinthen,though.
n̄, asnginsing,singer; Sp.luengo.
ʞ, an intermediate sound betweenkandgingig.
kh, as the Germanch, innacht.
ʇ, an intermediate sound betweentandd.
Nasalized vowels are written with a superiorn, thus:an,en.
The following phrases were obtained by the same authority from Antonito, son of Antonio Azul, chief of the Pimas in Arizona.
(1) Touch the breast with the tips of the extended fingers of the right hand—I, (2) place the outer edge of the flat and extended right hand against the pit of the stomach, palm upward, then make a sawing motion from side to side with the hand—hunger, (3) place the right hand before the face, back upward, and fingers pointing toward the mouth, then thrust the fingers rapidly to and from the mouth several times-eat.
ANALYSIS.
ANALYSIS.
The last sign is so intimately connected with that for hunger, that no translation can be made.
(1) Place the tips of the index and thumb together, the remaining fingers curved, forming a cup, then pass it from a point about six inches before the chin, in a curve upward, backward and downward past the mouth—water, (2) then place the flat right hand at the height of the elbow in front of or slightly to the right of the body, palm up, and in passing it slowly from left to right, give the hand a lateral motion at the wrist—give me.
ANALYSIS.
ANALYSIS.
I am going home. DakotaFig. 303.
The following was also obtained by Dr.W.J. Hoffmanfrom Ta-tan-ka Wa-kan, before referred to, at the time of his visit to Washington.
(1) Touch the breast with the extended index—I, (2) then pass it in a downward curve, outward and upward toward the right nearly to arm's length, as high as the shoulder—am going (to), (3) and when at that point suddenly clinch the hand and throw it edgewise a short distance toward the ground—my country, my home.
ANALYSIS.
ANALYSIS.
The following conversation took place at Washington in April, 1880, betweenTendoy, chief of the Shoshoni and Banak Indians of Idaho, andHuerito, one of the Apache chiefs from New Mexico, in the presence of Dr.W.J. Hoffman. Neither of these Indians spoke any language known to the other, or had ever met or heard of one another before that occasion:
Question. ApacheFig. 304.
Huerito.—Who are you?
Place the flat and extended right hand, palm forward, about twelve inches in front of and as high as the shoulder, then shake the hand from side to side as it is moved forward and upward—question, who are you?Fig. 304.
Shoshoni tribal sign. ShoshoniFig. 305.
Tendoy.—Shoshoni chief.
Place the closed right hand near the right hip leaving the index only extended, palm down; then pass the hand toward the front and left, rotating it from side to side—Shoshoni, Fig. 305; then place the closed hand, with the index extended and pointing upward, near the right cheek, pass it upward as high as the head, then turn it forward and downward toward the ground, terminating with the movement a little below the initial point—chief. Fig. 306.
Huerito.—How old are you?
Chief. ShoshoniFig. 306.
Clinch both hands and cross the forearms before the breast with a trembling motion—cold—winter, year, Fig. 307; then elevate the lefthand as high as the neck and about twelve or fifteen inches before it, palm toward the face, with fingers extended and pointing upward; then, with the index, turn down one finger after another slowly, beginning at the little finger, until three or four are folded against the palm, and look inquiringly at the person addressed—how many? See Fig. 302.
Cold, winter, year. ApacheFig. 307.
Tendoy.—Fifty-six.
Close and extend the fingers and thumbs of both hands, with the palms forward, five times—fifty; then extend the fingers and thumb of the left hand, close the right, and place the extended thumb alongside of and near the left thumb—six. Fig. 308.
"Six." ShoshoniFig. 308.
Good, very well. ApacheFig. 309.
Huerito.—Very well. Are there any buffalo in your country?
Place the flat right hand, pointing to the left, with the palm down, against the breast-bone; then move it forward and slightly to the right and in an upward curve; make the gesture rather slow and nearly to arm's length (otherwise,i.e., if made hastily and but a short distance,it would only meangood)—very good, Fig. 309; place both closed hands to their respective sides of the head, palms toward the hair, leaving the forefingers curved—buffalo, see Fig. 298, p.477; then reach out the fist to arm's length toward the west, and throw it forcibly toward the ground for a distance of about six inches, edge downward—country, away to the west; then point the curved index rather quickly and carelessly toward the person addressed—your.
Many. ShoshoniFig. 310.
Tendoy.—Yes; many black buffalo.
Pass the closed right hand, with the index partly flexed, to a position about eight inches before the right collar-bone, and, as the hand reaches that elevation, quickly close the index—yes; then make the same sign as in the preceding question forbuffalo; touch the hair on the right side of the head with the palms of the extended fingers of the right hand—black; spread the curved fingers and thumbs of both hands, place them before either thigh, pointing downward; then draw them toward one another and upward as high as the stomach, so that the fingers will point toward one another, or may be interlaced—many. Fig. 310.
Hear, heard. ApacheFig. 311.
Tendoy.—Did you hear anything from the Secretary? If so, tell me.
Close the right hand, leaving the index and thumb widely separated, pass it by the ear from the back of the ear downward and toward the chin, palm toward the head—hear, see Fig. 316, p.492; point to the individual addressed—you; close the hand again, leaving the index and thumb separated as in the sign forhearand placing the palmar surface of the finger horizontally across the forehead, pointing to the left, allow the thumb to rest against the right temple; then draw the index across the forehead from left to right, leaving the thumb touching the head—white man; then place the closed hand, with elevatedindex, before the right side of the neck or in front of the top of the shoulder; pass the index, pointing upward, as high as the top of the head; turn it forward and downward as far as the breast—chief; pass the extended index, pointing up ward and forward, forward from the mouth twice—talk; then open and flatten the hand, palm up, outer edge toward the face, place it about fifteen inches in front of the chin, and draw it horizontally inward until the hand nearly touches the neck—tell me.
Huerito.—He told me that in four days I would go to my country.
Close the right hand, leaving the index curved; place it about six inches from the ear and move it in toward the external meatus—told me, hear, I heard, Fig. 311; with the right hand still closed, form a circle with the index and thumb by allowing their tips to touch; pass the hand from east to west at arm's length—day; place the left hand before the breast, the fingers extended, and the thumb resting against the palm, back forward, and, with the index, turn down one finger after another, beginning at the little finger—four; touch the breast with the tips of the finger and thumb of the left hand collected to a point—I; drop the hand a short distance and move it forward to arm's length and slightly upward until it points above the horizon—go to*; then as the arm is extended, throw the fist edgewise toward the ground—my country.
Night. ShoshoniFig. 312.
Rain. ShoshoniFig. 313.
Tendoy.—In two days I go to my country just as you go to yours. I go to mine where there is a great deal of snow, and we shall see each other no more.
Place the flat hands horizontally, about two feet apart, move them quickly in an upward curve toward one another until the right lies across the left—night, Fig. 312, repeat this sign—two nights(literallytwo sleeps hence); point toward the individual addressed with the righthand—you; and in a continuous movement pass the hand to the right,i.e., toward the south, nearly to arm's length—go; then throw the fist edgewise toward the ground at that distance—your country; then touch the breast with the tips of the fingers of the left hand—I; move the hand off slowly toward the left,i.e., toward the north to arm's length—go to*; and throw the clinched hand toward the ground—my country; then hold both hands toward the left as high as the head, palms down, with fingers and thumbs pendent and separated; move them toward the ground two or three times—rain, Fig. 313; then place the flat hands horizontally to the left of the body about two feet from the ground—deep; (literally,deep rain)snow—and raise them until about three feet from the ground—very deep—much; place the hands before the body about twelve inches apart, palms down, with forefingers only extended and pointing toward one another; push them toward and from one another several times—see each other, Fig. 314; then hold the flat right hand in front of the breast, pointing forward, palm to the left, and throw it over on its back toward the right—not, no more.
See each other. ShoshoniFig. 314.
Explanatory Note.—Where the asterisks appear in the above dialogue the prepositiontois included in the gesture. After touching the breast forI, the slow movement forward signifiesgoing to, andcountryis signified by locating it at arm's length toward the west, to the left of the gesturer, as the stopping-place, alsopossessionby the clinched fist being directed toward the ground. It is the same as formyormine, though made before the body in the latter signs. The direction of Tendoy's hands, first to the south and afterwards to the north, was understood not as pointing to the exact locality of the two parts of the country, but to the difference in their respective climates.
The following is contributed by Rev.J. Owen Dorsey:
Question.From what quarter is the wind?
Raise the curved right hand, palm in, in front of the left shoulder. Draw in toward the body a little, then from the body several times in different directions.
Answer.From that quarter.
Hand as above; draw in towards the bodyonce, andfartherwithemphasis, according to the direction of the wind.
The following signs, forming a question and answer, were obtained by Dr.W.J. Hoffman, from Ta-tan-ka Wa-kan(Medicine Bull), a Brulé Dakota chief who visited Washington during the winter of 1880-'81:
Question.We went to the department [of the interior], shook hands with the secretary and had a conversation with him, did you hear of it?
White man, American. DakotaFig. 315.
(1) Extend and separate the thumb and index, leaving the remaining fingers closed, place the ball of the thumb against the temple above the outer corner of the eye, and the index across the forehead, the tip resting on the left temple, then draw the index across to the right until its tip touches the thumb—white man, Fig. 315; (2) Elevate the extended index before the shoulder, palm forward, pass it upward, as high as the head, and forming a short curve to the front, then downward again slightly to the front to before the breast and about fifteen inches from it—chief; (3) Fingers of both hands extended and separated; then interlace them so that the tips of the fingers of one hand protrude beyond the backs of those of the opposing one; hold the hands in front of the breast, pointing upward, leaving the wrists about six inches apart—lodge; (4) Place the left hand a short distance before the breast, palm down and slightly arched, fingers directed toward the right and front, then pass the flat and extended right hand forward, under and beyond the left, forming a downward curve, the right hand being as high as the left at the commencement and termination of the gesture—enter, entered; (5) Clasp the hands before the body, left uppermost—shook hands, friendly; (6) Place the flat right hand before the chin, palm up with fingers directed to the left, then pass the hand forward several times—talk, talked to him; (7) Reverse this motion, beginning away from the body, drawing the hand edgewise toward the chin several times—talked to me; (8) Separate the extended thumb and index as far as possible, leaving the remaining fingers closed, place the hand about six inches opposite the right ear, palm toward the head, then pass it in a curve forward and downward, terminating at the height of the elbow—hear, heard; (9) then in a continuous movement direct the extended index at the individual addressed, the face expressing a look of inquiry—you.
Hear, heard. DakotaFig. 316.
It will be observed that the interrogation point is placed under the last syllable, hu-o, the latter implying a question, though the gesture was not made to accompany it, the gestures forhearandyou, with a look of inquiry, being deemed sufficient to express the desire on the part of the speaker.
Answer.Yes, I heard of it, but did not see it.
(1) Hold the naturally closed hand before the right side of the breast or shoulder, leaving the index and thumb loosely extended, then, as the hand is thrown downward and forward, bring the index against the inner side of the thumb—yes. (2) Repeat gesture No. 8—heard, Fig. 316; (3) pass the extended index forward from the right eye—saw; (4) then in a continuous motion extend all the fingers so as to place the flat hand edgewise, and pointing forward about twelve inches before the right side of the breast, and throw it outward and slightly downward—no, not.
The following introductory notes are furnished byMr. Ivan Petroff, who contributes the Dialogue:
It has been repeatedly stated that among the natives of Alaska no trace of gesture or sign language can be found. The universal spreadof the Russian language in former times as a medium of trade and general intercourse has certainly prevented observations of this primitive linguistic feature in all the vast regions visited by the Russians. On the other hand, the homogeneous elements of the Innuit tongue, spoken along the whole seacoast from the Arctic to the Alaskan Peninsula, and the Island of Kadiak, has, to a great extent, abolished all causes for the employment of sign language between tribes in their mutual intercourse. Basing their opinions upon what they saw while touching upon the coast here and there, even the acknowledged authorities on Alaskan matters have declared that sign language did not and could not exist in all that country. Without entering into any lengthened dispute upon this question, I venture to present in the subjoined pages a succinct account of at least one instance where I saw natives of different tribes converse with each other only by means of signs and gestures within the boundaries of Alaska.
In the month of September, 1866, there arrived on the Lower Kinnik River, a stream emptying its waters into Cook's Inlet, two Indians from a distant region, who did not speak the Kenaitze language. The people of the settlement at which the strangers made their first appearance were equally at a loss to understand the visitors. At last a chief of great age, bearing the name of Chatidoolts (mentioned by Vancouver as a youth), was found to be able to interpret some of the signs made by the strangers, and after a little practice he entered into a continued conversation with them in rather a roundabout way, being himself blind. He informed me that it was the second or third time within his recollection that strangers like those then present had come to Kinnik from the northeast, but that in his youth he had frequently "talked with his hands" to their visitors from the west and east. He also told me that he had acquired this art from his father, who, as the old man expressed himself, had "seen every country, and spoken to all the tribes of the earth." The conversation was carried on with the help of the old man's sons, who described to their blind parent the gestures of the strangers, and were instructed in turn by him with what gestures to reply.
This being an entirely new experience to me I at once proceeded to carefully make notes of the desultory talk, extending over several days. My object, primarily, was to make use of the signs for purposes of trade in the future.
The notes thus obtained contain a narrative of the two strangers, interpreted to me at the time by Chatidoolts. I shall present each sign or sentence as I noted it at the time, with only casual reference to that incomplete and frequently erroneous interpretation.
The two Indians wore the pointed hunting shirt of tanned moose-skin, ornamented with beads and fringes which is still common to the Kutchin tribes. They were not tattooed, but ears and noses were encumbered with pendants of dentalium and a small red glass bead. Their feet wereclothed in moccasins. One of them had a rifle of English manufacture, and his companion carried two huge knives, one of them of copper evidently of native manufacture.
(1)Kenaitze.—Left hand raised to height of eye, palm outward, moved several times from right to left rapidly; fingers extended and closed; pointing to strangers with left hand. Right hand describes a curve from north to east—Which of the northeastern tribes is yours?
(2)Tennanah.—Right hand, hollowed, lifted to mouth, then extended and describing waving line gradually descending from right to left. Left hand describing mountainous outline, apparently one peak rising above the other, said by Chatidoolts to mean—Tenan-tnu-kohtana, Mountain-river-men.
(3)K.—Left hand raised to height of eye, palm outward, moved from right to left, fingers extended. Left index describes curve from east to west. Outline of mountain and river as in preceding sign.—How many days from Mountain-river?
(4)T.—Right hand raised toward sky, index and thumb forming first crescent and then ring. This repeated three times—moon, new and full three times.
(5) Right hand raised, palm to front, index raised and lowered at regular intervals—walked. Both hands imitating paddling of canoe, alternately right and left—traveled three months on foot and by canoe.
(6) Both arms crossed over breast, simulating shivering—cold, winter.
(7) Right index pointing toward speaker—I. Left hand pointing to the west—traveled westward.
(8) Right hand lifted cup-shaped to mouth—water. Right hand describing waving line from right to left gradually descending, pointing to the west—river running westward.
(9) Right hand gradually pushed forward, palm upward, from height of breast. Left hand shading eyes; looking at great distance—very wide.
(10) Left and right hands put together in shape of sloping shelter—lodge, camp. See Fig. 259, on p.431.
(11) Both hands lifted, height of eye, palm inward, fingers spread—many times.
(12) Both hands closed, palm outward, height of hips—surprised.
(13) Index pointing from eye forward—see.
(14) Right hand held up, height of shoulder, three fingers extended, left hand pointing to me—three white men.
(15)K.—Right hand pointing to me, left hand held up, three fingers extended—three white men.
(16) Making Russian sign of cross—Russians. Were the three white men Russians?
(17)T.—Left hand raised, palm inward, two fingers extended, sign of cross with right—two Russians.
(18) Right hand extended, height of eye, palm outward, moved outward a little to right—no.