THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT(Large-size)BIBLIOGRAPHYBooks consulted in compiling the “History of Siwa”:—Anonymous History of Siwa (Arabic).Arrian. Expeditio Alexandri.Bates, Oric. The Eastern Libyans.Blochet. History of the Arab Conquest.Bovary. Letters from Egypt.Breasted. History of Egypt.Browne, W. G. Travels in Africa (1792-6).Budge. Life of Alexander.Butler, A. J. Arab Conquest.Cailliaud. Travels in the Oases.Cameron. Egypt in the Nineteenth Century.Corripus, F. C. Johannides.Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca. History of Egypt.Edmonstone’s Journey. (1822).Ermann. Handbook of Egyptian Religion.Falls, Ewart. Three Years in the Libyan Desert.Forbes, Rosita. The Secret of the Sahara, Kufara.Gwatkin Williams, R. S. In the hands of the Senussi.Gwatkin Williams, R. S. Prisoners of the Red Desert.Hamilton, J. Wanderings in North Africa.Hareem. Ancient Commerce of Africa.Herodotus. Egypt.Hohler, T. B. Report on Oasis of Siwa (1904).Hornemann, F. C. Journal, from Cairo to Mourzouk.Hoskins, S. A. Visit to Libyan Desert (1837).Juvenal, Satires.Lane, E. W. Arabian Nights.Langles. Memoires sur les oases d’après les auteurs Arabes.Leo, Johannes. Africae Descriptio.Mercier, Ernest. Histoire de l’établissement des Arabes dans l’Afrique Septrionale.Nelson’s History of the Great War.Okley. History of the Saracens.Petrie, Flinders. History of Egypt.Pindar. Hymns to Deities.Pliny. Geography of the World.Plutarch. Life of Alexander.Quintius Curtius. Alexander.Rollins. Ancient History.R. E.Journal. Vol. 37, No. 2.St. John, Bayle. Adventures in the Libyan Desert (1849).Sale. The Koran.Silva White. From Sphinx to Oracle.Smith. Classical Dictionary.Stanley, Captain. Report on Siwa Oasis.Strabo. Geography.Virgil. Ænid.Wilkinson, SirJ. S. Manners and Customs of Ancient Egypt.Translations, mostly French, of the following Arab Historians and Geographers:—Ibn Abdel Hakim Khaldoun. History of the Berbers.Mohammed ben Ayas.El Makrizi.El Masoudi.Ibn el Wardi.Abulfeda.El Idrisi.Schemfedden Mohammed Abdel Furur.INDEXAbbas Helmi,3Abbas Pasha,108Abdel Arti, smuggler,115,117Abdel Gader, sheikh of travellers,54Abdel Moneim, cruiser,34,35Abdel Rahman, Sheikh,66Abdel Sayed,180Abdulla Homeid, Sheikh,66,247Abdulla Mansur,112Abu Zeyed,54Actium, battle of,9Aeroplanes,125African Association,101Agagia, battle of,126Age of Siwans,196Aghourmi,69,71,83,86,87,96; sheikh of,67; spring,81; temple,78Agriculture,260Ahmed Fazi,119Ahmed Hamza,112Ahmed Idris,111Ain el Hammam,81“Akaba incident,”xivAlexander the Great,84,85,176Alexandria,3,5,6,34,35; summer resort,8; Alexander buried at,85Algeria,10Ali Balli,102,104Ali Dinar, Sultan of Darfur,132,190Almsgiving,243Amaryllis,10Ammon, god,76; legends of,77,79,xixAmmonia,7,79Ammonians,76,77,79,80Amrou,89Animals at Siwa,202Antony,9Appetites of Siwans,168,239Arabia,93Arabs,5,14,17; carrying arms,18; clothes,20; characteristics,209; conversation,24; dance,44; horses,27; hospitality,22; invasion,5,89,94; at Maragi,185; refugees,201; songs,256; tents,19; wealth,26; wells,43; welcome rains,32; wives,39; women,21Arasieh, lake,103Architecture, Siwan,133,134Areg, El, oasis of,183,184Argoul,158,244Arms, seizing,73Arusia, sect,151Assiut,184Athanasius, St.,88Athenians,79Atlantic,94Atlantis,191Augerin, Bir,43Augustus,88Australian Light Horse,125Awlad Ali,6Azhar university,119Bachelors, custom of,98Bagbag,15Bahrein oasis,115,183,184Bairam, Kurban, feast of,246Baird, Miss,xxi,201Bakhr-Wahash, wild ox,202Bakshish,176Bangles, rolling the,235Barley,6Barrani,13,14; evacuation,124; reoccupation,126Bashu Habun,176Basket making,199Bates, Oric,75,76Bathing,61,63; bride,216; at Matruh,8Bazaars,141Beda, el,120Behera,110Beit el Mal,244Ben Ayas, historian,90Ben Soleim, tribe of,93Bequests, religious,235Berbers,2,88,91,94,95,209; from Europe,20,xvii; dialect,146; sacrifices,234Berseem, custom of,162Bikaner, Maharajah,xxivBilad el Kelab,57Bir Hakim,123,131Birds,31,203; eggs,204Birth-rate at Siwa,2Bisharin trackers,53Blossoms,202Booba, story of,173Booza camp,40Bramley, Captain Jennings,xxiiBread, on trek,52Bride, customs of,213,216Browne at Siwa,100Budget, economy on,34Butin, Colonel,103Byzantines,89Cairns, rock,52Calamis, statue by,80Cambyses, lost army of,80Camel Corps,2,15,26,37,38; barracks,49; exploring with,195; as garrison,131,135; soldiers,41; songs of,54; wives of,62,100Camels,25; riding,48; fly,202; in rain,32; stories of,36; drinking,45; as transport,260Camp, in the desert,49Canaanite migration,xviiCanal, Suez,123Caravans,56,86,120Carpets,189; leather,91; makers of,201Cars,11Carthage,80Cats,170Causeway,104Caves, at Kasr Hassuna,119Cemeteries,223Chess,241Childbirth preventives,211Children,146,200,211,213; festival,237; murder of,173Christianity at Siwa,88Cimon,81Cisterns,17,43,44Civil War in Siwa,99,100Clearchus, King,78Cleopatra,9Clerk, Coptic,67Climate,263Coastal belt,5Coastguards,3,4,34,37,124; fight with Abdel Arti,117; officers of,124Coffee,67Constantinople,122, 189; Sayed Ahmed retires to,131Cooks,44,60Corippus,75Cows,203Crime,172Crœsus,76Crops,155,156Customs,188Cyprus,81Cyrene,84Cyrenians,78Daftar el Ain,154Dak bungalows,13Dakhla oasis,128Dakrur, Gebel,83,93Danaus,77Dancing,46,253,254,257,258; Arab,45Darfur,56,132,190Dartmoor,14Dates, markets,137,138; harvest,152; palms,156; cultivation,157; at El Areg,184Decorations, Turkish,127Delphi,87Derna,105Desert plateau,57“Devil’s Country,”189Diodorus Siculus,77Dionysius,76,78District Officer’s house,59,60Divorce, among Siwans,172,173,214,215; Arabs,21Doctor, Syrian,67Dodona, oracle of,77,79Dogs, Arab,23; country of,57; as food,169,170; “Howa,”47,163Doré, Gustave,57Dorset Yeomanry,126Doves,77Dreams, interpretation of,232Drinking,150,249Drums,252,255Ear-rings,148Earthquakes,195Easterners,99,100Egyptian Army,38Egyptian Government,2,114; representative,64Emeralds,86,91,93,261Enver Pasha,xxvEthiopia,80,77Evening at Siwa,240Evil Eye,25,209,223; charms against,224,225Exabia oasis,185Excavations,93,178,191,192,261Ex-Khedive,3,4,93,178,261Falls, Ewart,3False dawn,47Fantasias,239Farafra oasis,203Farag Khasaf,104Fasting,244Fénelon,88Ferik,83Fever,160,189,263Fezzan,101Fikis,194,209; charms of,224Fish,212; destroy mosquitoes,160; as food,97Flies,248Flowers,32Flying Corps,124Forbes, Mrs.,xxvii,262Fortune-telling,233Fossils,88,183Fostat,92Fountain of the Sun,81French in Algeria,119Frogs,164Frontier Districts Administration,xiv,xv,2,37,201Fruit,156,158; at Siwa,202,248Fuca, Bir,6Funerals,149,222Furniture,144Gabreen, Haj,194Gaffar Pasha,125,126Gagub, oasis,185; spring at,186; wild oxen,202Gallipoli,123Gara, oasis,102,179; legends about,180,181Gardens,154,156,158Gawazi Arabs,203Gazelle,30,49,184Gebel Dakrur,83,93Geography, Strabo’s,87Germans,4,6,101; in N. Africa,118; in Tripoli,122Ghaffir,253; El Ain,154Ghouls,208“Ghrula,”221Girba, battle of,129; evacuation of,130Goats,24; quarrel about,111God of Siwa,76Governor’s House,7Governor, Western Desert,37Gramophone,164Graves,223Greece,77Greeks,5,58,79; colonists,7,13,10,263Gum trees,182Gun-running,38,190Gurzil,76Haboob,72Habun, Bashu,175,176Habun, Osman,112,113,114,115,116,117Hakim, Bir,123,131Halfia Pass,127Ham,77Hamed, Bir,44Hamilton,105,106,107Hannibal,79Hanoui,198Hares,28Harimat,39,62Hashish,241Hassan Mitnana,98Hassanein Bey,xxvi,262Hassein Bey,102,103,104Hassuna Mansur,110,111Hassuna, Kasr,119,129Hawking,27,28Hedjaz,119“Helga,”241Henna,20,226,210Hens,175Hephistion,85Herodotus,77,78Hidden cities,92Hilal tribe,93Hill of the Dead,68,94,104History, Arabic,3,74,80Holy war,118Hornemann,101Horses,27Hounds,29Houses,33; Siwan,133; interior of,142Hunter, Colonel G. G.,xv,37Hunting,29,30Husband, to obtain,228Iblis,208; to summon,230Ibrahaim el Bishari,56Idris, Sidi,132Immorality,101Inheritance,155,172Interpreters,98Ireland,18Iron,91Irrigation,153,154Islands of the Blessed,1Italians, in Tripoli,15,118,122,132; British alliance with,123Jackals,31Jalo,56,96; Senussi at,120Jerabub,56,96,110; the Senussi at,121; view of,186Jewels,91,188Jews,10Jinns,136,194Johannides,265“Joy Riders,”35Jupiter,77Juvenal,87Kareished,178Karnak,80Kasr Hassuna,103,119; caves at,120; shaft,193Keimat en Nus,53Kerdassa,148Khadria confraternity,119Khamissa,83,88,185Khamsin,7Khargeh oasis,80Khartoum,36Khedival road,7Kingfishers,8Kitchener, Lord,6Kom Ombo,38Koran,94; used by Fikis,209; quotations from,245“Kreish,”18Kufra oasis,56,96,177,190,191,262Labour, cost of,261Lagoons at Matruh,8,9Lake, magic,90Language,2,101,146Lapis lazuli,91Level, sea,1,57Libyans, ancient,xvii,4,5,76Light cars,16,31Lions,204Liquor,255Loneliness,263Lotophagi, lotus eaters,4“Lover, the,” magic stone,91Lubbok,115Lubki,242; drinkers of,249Lucky Days,43Luncheon, garden,162,165Luxor,38; snake charming at,206Lybis, king,78,79Lysander,79Macdonnel, Colonel,37Magic,207,209Mahdi, Sudanese,122Mahdi Abdel Nebi, sheikh of Aghourmi,67,69Mails,34,42Malaria,160,161Mamur,13,59,67; at Siwa,109; Arab,118; killed by Habun,116Manshia, suburb,97,108Maragie,185Marids,208Marissa,41Markaz,59,65,128Markets, date,137,138Marriage, Arab,21; Englishmen, question of,172; oldest inhabitant,197; customs,214; money,213Mashrabs,52; El Abd,53Maspero, M.,44,75Mat making,157,198Matruh, Mersa,3,11,79,84; town,7; bay,8; water supply,9; pack,29; as base,125Meat,169Mecca,95,96,101,119,234,236Mediæval historians,90Medinia, sect,112,151; revolt of,128; “zikr,”249,250Mediterranean,1,3,14Megahiz, spring,58,107Mejberry Pass,182Melfa, oasis of,185,186Memphis,80Meneclush, King,82,83Merchandise, from Jerabub,188Mesamia,104Mice,169Michael’s Mount,133Midwives,211Mihrab,119Military Administrator,37Mines,91Ministry of Health,160Mirage,14,51,189Mitnana, Hassan,98Mogabara Arabs,56Mohammed Ali,75,102,108Mohammed el Mahdi,120,121Mohammed el Sherif,121Mohammed Effendi Saleh,126,129,130,131Mohammed el Senussi,118,119,120,121Mohammed Hamman,69,70Mohammed Ithneini, of Jerabub,187Mohammed Said,112Mohammedan invasion,5,94Moorina, survivors of,130Morals, Siwan,150Morocco,xviii,119Mosques,139,242Motors,11,127,261Moussa Ibn Nosseir,90Mud pans,51Muezzins,69,155Mulids,246Mummies,192Music,255,256Nabis,79Naming children,212,213Napoleon,101Nasamonians,4Natrun Wadi,102Negb Mejberry,182Niger, river,79Night life,241Nile, river,79Noah,77Nomads,17Oases,xix,1,75,78,177Occupations at Siwa,170Officials, Egyptian,67Old age, Siwan,197Oldest inhabitant,197; his wedding,198Olives,178; press for,179; oil,178,260Omm Beyda,82Opium,241Orange tree, fabulous,91Painting,171; mural,184Palms, date,156; cultivation,157Pan-Islamic possibilities,4Parætonium,7,84Partridges,31Peyton, General,xxivPersia,81Persians,5Pharaoh,85Phœnicians,77Photography,171; photo of Siwa,4Pigeons,31; carrier,204Pilgrimage,234,235,236Pindar,79Plague,95Pliny,76Police, Siwan,65,100,253Polygamy,21Population,2Postman, Senussi,198Pottery,199Pumice stone,13Puttees, worn by Senussi,127Quail,31Quarrel of East and West,98,99Quinine,160Qur el Beid,47Rabbits,145Raid, rifle,72Rains,5,32,33,125Ram-headed divinity,xix,75,78,85,86Ramadan,244,245Rameses,75Rasheed, gunboat,124Rashwan, King,94Rats as food,169Ravens lead Alexander,85Rest houses,13Revolt of Siwans against Senussi,128Ritual of temple,85,86Rodd, Francis,xxiiiRollins history,77Romans,9,44,88; road,17Roofs,144Roses,165Routine, daily, at Siwa,63Royal Artillery,8Royle, Major,124Sacrifice of bull,234Sahara,191St. John, Bayle,105St. Menas,xxii,4Said Pasha,108Sakhit Amouou,78Saleh Said, Sheikh,65Salt,91; lakes,159; tribute,159Samovars,189Sand-storms,80Santarieh,90Sayed Ahmed,122,123; at Siwa,126; goes to Dakhla,128; flight from Siwa,129; retires to Turkey,131; character,132Sayed Mohammed,xxvScarp,14,16,17,29,31; in spring,32; ascent of,47School,139Scorpions,205Sebukh,97,159,182Semna,24Senagra tribe,4Senussi,xxiv,8; rebellion,18,38; brethren,52; power of,109,110,111; peace made by,114; operations against,117; history of,118,119,120,121; at outbreak ofwar,122; campaign against British,123-132Serpents,91Servants,61,245Shaigis,44Sharks,12Sheep,25Sheikhs, Siwan,65; in fiction,243Shells,87Sheytan,208Shops,139,140,141Shyata,185Sightseers,135Sikhs,125Silius Italicus,79Silugis,29,47Sinai,xiv,37Singer,4Siwa, whereabouts,1; arrival at,58; first impressions,61; view from,68; history of,74-132; town of,133; population of,150Slaves,95,96Slave-woman’s story,70,71Smoking,241Snakes,28,205; charmers,206Snow,88; Colonel,124Solitude,171Sollum,1,3,5,7,13,14; camp of,16; houses at33; Camel Corps camp at,40; departure from,42; garrison of,123; evacuated,124; recaptured,127Soud, Sheikh,176Sparta,79Sponge fishers,12Springs,152,153,161“Stables,”68Stanhope, Lady Hester,201Stars, shooting,227Stolen property,230,231Stone, sacred,76,91Stove, story of,39,40Strabo,87Submarines wrecked on coast,123Sudan,6,26,36,44,56,61; rest houses,13; recruiting in,38; trade,96; caravans from,87; invasion of,102; rebellion in,132Sudanese,38; conversation,57; views of,26; wives,39Sugar,142Suitors, to obtain,227,228Suliman, Haj,197Suliman, Sidi,96,98; legends of,97,212; Mulid of,246,249; tomb of,110,114,138,233,234Sulphur spring,186Sultan of Turkey,118,131; excommunicated by Senussi,121Sultan Mousa,162“Sultan” of tea ceremony,167Sunset at Siwa,69Sun worship,75Sweets,237Table manners,249Talbot Mission,xxivTamousy, spring,215Tara, torpedoed,123; rescue of crew,130Tea-drinking,167,248,250Tebu, lost army from,81Telemachus,88Telephone,181Temperature,50,61Temple of Jupiter,77Temple of Jupiter Ammon,32,77Temple of Thebes,80Tharic Ben Sayed,90Thebes,76Theft, discovery of,230Thieves,137“Thirty, The,”95Thomi, Sheikh,66,163Thorn, camel,183Thousand and One Nights,210Timasius,88Title-deeds,155Tombs, of kings,196; of sheikhs,246,247; inhabited,192Town-crier,221Toy-maker,200Trade,10,120,261Transport difficulties,260Treaty of Lausanne,118Trees,202Tripoli,1,15,71,93,96,101,105,151,187; smugglers,115; Arabs of,18,118; blankets,184; Italians,122,123; Senussi,120Tunis,10Tunnels in Gebel Hassuna,193Turks,102; in Tripoli,118,122Typhoid,160Uganda,57Viceroy of Egypt,107Wadai,96,120Wadi Natrun,102Wær, Bir,127Wahabi confraternity,151Wakf,95,235Watchmen,253Water supply in Siwa,152; rights,154,155Weddings, Arab,45; customs,217,218,219; presents,214,220; procession,216Wells,18; in Siwa,136; courting at,240; at Gara,179Westerners,99,100Westminster, Duke of,127,130,131Whitewashing custom,137“Widow’s War,”111Widow, custom of,221Wind,72-107Windows,143Witches,208,225; tea with,226; invoking demons,229; practices of,230Witnesses, female,174Wives, “taking over,”62; Siwan,213Wreckage,13Yeomanry,125Yom el Ashur,237Yusif Ali,104,105,106,107,108Zafr el Medina,151Zealand, New, Brigade,125Zebras,93Zeitoun,177Zeus,85Zigale,98,106Zikr,248,249,250Zouias,120
THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT(Large-size)
THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT(Large-size)
THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT
(Large-size)
Books consulted in compiling the “History of Siwa”:—
Translations, mostly French, of the following Arab Historians and Geographers:—